常考知识点
2）语义方面：
单词的引申意义，多一次，同义词，近义词，反义词等。
3）逻辑关系方面：（参照test three）
列举，原因，结果，让步，对照，补充，时间顺序，目的，条件等（包括连接词和关系代词或关系副词）等。
表示列举的连词：first , second, third...;firstly, secondly, thirdly...; first,next, then...;in the first place, in the second place...; for one thing, for another thing...; to begin with, to conclude...
表示原因的连词：because , since, as ,now that...
表示结果的连词：so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently ,as a result
表示让步和转折的连词：however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still ,though,
yet ,in spite of, at any rate, in any case, whoever ,whatever
表示对照的连词：on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison,
by comparison, conversely
表示补充的连词：also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover,
in addition, what`s More, too, either, neither, not...but..., not only...but also...
表示时间顺序的连词：when, while, as, after, before, since, until, as soon as, once
表示目的的连词：that, so that, in order that, lest,for fear that
表示条件的连词：if, suppose, unless, in case, so(as) long as, so far as,
on condition(that), provided(that)
完形填空的说明
1篇幅：200词左右 2类型：理解为主 3侧重：考察以词义、篇章理解、逻辑关系为主；从词汇语义语篇考查 4涉及：短语用法，词组辨析 5难易：考察对文章的理解；在读懂的基础上并不难
一、完形填空概述
完形填空的内容：语法，词组，根据上下文不可缺少的词汇等。
语法主要指：句型，连接词的选择，介词的用法，动词的各种形式，比较级等。词组主要指：一些固定词组的搭配
根据上下文来理解判断的词汇是非常重要的填空形式。这必须结合上下文，看懂文章，否则就会造成选择上的失误。
此外，背景知识，考生的常识也列在测试之内。
二、命题特点
1、备选答案一实词为主，虚词为辅。
2、完形填空与考核词汇和语法的单句有根本区别
完形主要考学生对实词的掌握理解，不是考语法结构，进行语法选择，因为虚词更多地反映语言问题。往往影响语法结构。
测试考生使用词汇和语法结构的能力
1）填空词项包括结构词和实义词
2）结构词（虚词）：包括代词、冠词、介词、连词、关系词等。主要是表示语法结构关系
3）实义词（实词）：包括名词、形容词、数词、动词、和副词。既要看其意思用在句中是否得当，也要看他与其他词的搭配关系是否合适。
三、解题步骤及注意事项：
文章首句非常重要，首句往往是该文章的主题句。
在做题时要联系上下文，注意代词在文章里的前后关系。
语法结构不再是这类题的基本内容，但考生需要一定的语法知识来理解文章。
词汇部分是该项报的考察重点。
词组搭配和习惯用语是英语学习的重点和难点之一，也是该部分必考内容。例如：介词+名词（by /with /through /out of practice）动词+副词、介词（catch on/at/up/out）
词汇干扰（dependence independence respondence correspondence extensive exclusive）
考试的重点:词汇方面的语义辨析和搭配语法结构方面的固定搭配语篇衔接1.词汇方面
实义词-----名词，动词，形容词，副词
名词--------同义词和防反义词辩义
动词------短语，习惯用语，虚拟语气
形容词----形容词做定于表语，形容词最高级和比较级
副词------各类副词：地点副词、时间副词、方式副词、程度副词、连接副词和人疑问副词
1.1近义词辨析
At this moment, the air hostess( ),she looked pale , but was quite (calm)
A)Showed B) presented C )exposed D) appeared
1.2形容词辨析
Human brains are the ( )
A)Same B) identical C) similar D) alike
1.3介词的搭配
Students can learn the right answers ( ) heart in class, and yet never combines them with their working models of the world.
A)With B) by C) to D）in
1.4形容词与介词的搭配
The man had to (circle) the airport several times in order to become ( ) with the controls of the plane.
A) Intimate B) familiar C) understood D) close
2、语法结构方面
1）虚拟语气；
2）定语从句（连接词，限定与非限定定语从句的区别，定语从句与其他主从复合句的区别）
3）状语从句；
4）非谓语动词(动词不定式，现在分词，过去分词，动名词)；
5）主谓搭配一致（时态，语态，语气，人称，数）；
6）并列句，省略句，倒装句及割裂的复杂句子；
7）逻辑主语（主要是非谓语动词的逻辑主语），在句法上不是主谓关系，但在语义上为施动者与动作的关系；
8）词类之间的搭配要求，如名词需要形容词，名词，冠词，非谓语动词，词组及定语从句修饰；动词需要副词词组修饰；及物动词后应加宾语
语法结构练习1
Even those who had (little) or no training in science might not have made their inventions( ) a ground-work had not been laid by scientists years before
A) As B) if C) because D) while
语法结构练习2
The behavior and ideals of people change according to circumstances , but they can always go back or go on to something new ( ) is better and higher than anything (in ) the past.
A) That B) what C) whichever D) whatever
语法结构练习3
Never ask a child (whether) he likes and dislikes a food and never (discuss) in front of him or allow______ else to do so.
A) Everybody B) anybody C) somebody D) nobody
逻辑关系练习1
Arguably the most important conclusion that emerges from the data,______, is not something that we found -----but what we did not.
A) Yet B) still C) moreover D) however
同义词、反义词的复现，上义词下以词复现，概括词复现，代词复现等。
逻辑关系练习2
Many teachers believe that responsibilities for learning lie with the students……it is the _____responsibility to find books , magazines ,and articles in the library.
A)Student’s B) professor’s C) assistant’s D)librarian’s
答题技巧
1）首先从语篇角度考虑，因为语篇考察要占70%以上。
2）再从句意着手，透彻理解句子的意思。
3）不要轻易推翻第一反应（第一反应往往来自于语感）。
4）先易后难，标记题目。
5）掌握语法结构和规律，记住短语搭配。
第二步：逐句通读全文，各个击破，做到通读与猜测并行
第三步：检查核实，通读赏析通读选定答案后的全文。
语法结构辅导
一、概述
1.1词类
实词：有实义，能在句子中独立担当一定的成分。1名词2代词3数词4形容词5动词6副词
虚词：没有实义，不能在句中独立担当一定的成分。7冠词8介词9连词10感叹词
1.2句子的成分
主要成分主语谓语
次要成分宾语、定语、状语、补语（分为主语补足语和宾语补足语）
补语是用来补充主语和宾语的意思的，一般都着重于说明主语或宾语的身份和特征。表语是表述主语的身份或特征飞的，常由名词或形容词担当，置于连系动词之后，也可以叫做主语补足语。
1.3短语
短语或词组是具有一定意义但不构成从句或句子的一组词。短语在句中可以单独作为一种句子成分。名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、副词短语、介词短语、不定式短语、动名词短语、分词短语
1.4从句
从句是具有主语部分和谓语部分但不构成分句或独立句子的一组词。
分为：名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）、定语从句、状语从句
1.5句子
句子是具有主语部分和谓语部分并有完整意义的可以独立的一组词。
基本句型：
1）主语+谓语 Day dawns .天亮了
2）主语+连系动词+表语 Tom’s father is professor.
3) 主语+谓语+宾语 Rose understands French.
4) 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 He told us the whole story.
5) 主语+谓语+主语补语 He died a poor man.他穷困而死。
6）主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补语 He found George intelligent.他发现乔治很聪明。
使用的目的：1陈述句2疑问句（一般疑问、特殊疑问、反意问句）3祈使句4感叹句
句子结构 1简单句 2并列句3复合句
简单句：有一个主语和一个动词组成，不含从句 Birds flew away.
并列句：由并列连词（and , or ,but….）连接两个以上的简单句而成。
句型：简单句+连词+简单句
He went upstairs, and I came downstairs.
复合句：由一个主语加从句组合而成
句型：主句+从属连词+从句
I believe that he is honest. 名词从句
The man whom you met yesterday is my uncle.定语从句
If it rains, I will stay at home. 状语从句
二、主谓语一致常见结构
2.1动名词短语，不定式短语，名词性从句单独作主语时，谓语用单数。Making friends with new classmates is a pleasant thing.
Whether they will come or not is still uncertain.
2.2主语带有together/along with ,as well as , such as ,including , accompanied by等附加成分时，谓语的数不受附加成分的影响。
The teacher together with his students has already left school.
当先行词one of +名词复数在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语用复数形式；而当先行词为 the only one of +名词复数时，定语从句的谓语则用单数形式。
He is only of those persons who are never satisfied.
She is the only one who knows the truth.
2.4当用 and 连接的主语表示一个概念时，谓语用单数。
The manager and director is going to visit workshop next week.经理兼董事长
2.5某些固定结构：
（a great ）many +可数名词复数谓语用复数
Many a + 可数名词单数单数
A number of+可数名词复数复数
The number of +可数名词复数单数
The majority of+可数名词复数复数
More than one+可数名词单数
A large proportion of /30%/one fifth of /plently of /the rest of 接名词作主语时，谓语的数与of 后的名词保持一致。
1.be和的do:
否定句：助动词+not 疑问句：主语+助动词
He isn’t coming. Does she see us?
2.Have 位置一般与助动词相同：
Has he (got) to go? 但有时也用do /did 形式：
Does he have to go?
3.be 与带to的动词不定式连用：
They are to wait for us at the station.
4.在be , have , do 作普通动词使用而有自己的意思（have:拥有；do:干、
从事）时，它们只能是句子中唯一的动词。.
2.6当neither….nor…, either…or….,not only….but also….,not….but….等词组引导的名词作主语时，谓语的数则采取就近原则，与主语的第二部分保持一致。
Neither she nor I am willing to accept his suggestion.
2.7 the+形容词（表示一类人）作主语，谓语用复数。
the+形容词（表示一类物）作主语，谓语用复数。
三、动词分类
（1.实义动词、2.连系动词、3.助动词）
3.1连系动词（用法：连系动词词义不完整，必须和表语一起构成合成谓语。）
E.g. The recorder appears (to be)simple on structure.
常见动词：be appear 看起来， become 变成，get 变得，remain仍旧是，seem 似乎是，look看来，turn变成，等。
表示感觉和知觉的动词：feel感觉，taste尝，smell嗅，sound听起来
表示状态上的变化：grow变得，blow（open）开，blush（red）脸发红，fall （ill），prove（wrong），stand（quiet）静立
3.2助动词
主要助动词：
be have do
这些词之所以被称为助动词，是因为它们帮助构成某种时态或某种表达方法。
它们与动词的现在分词，过去分词或不定式结合，
帮助构成各种动词时态。
I am coming.
He has finished.
I didn`t see them.
形式与句型
不定式现在式过去式过去分
词
to be am,is
are was,wer
e
been
to have have,ha
s
had had to do do,does did done
3.3情态动词
can,could, may, might, must, ought, will, would, shall, should是情态动词，也称情态助动词。
主要功能：
may和can 表示许可和可能；can和be able to 表示能力；will和would表示预告；
ought，should, must, have to, need 表示义务。
must, have, will 和should表示推断和假设，
must主要指不可推卸的责任。
need not表示说话人允许不去做某事，或仅仅表示某事并非必要。“不用...”must not 表示说话人叫你不要如何或是特别地劝告你不可如何。“不能，不许...”
肯定程度排列
You You Might
May
Could
Can
Should
Ought
Would
Will
Must
are
Be
right
right
很不肯定
↓
几乎可以肯
定
肯定
一般现在时：
A.用来表示习惯动作。
B.一般现在时常与副词或副词短语连用，如：
always ,never ,occasionally ,often ,sometimes ,usually ,every ,on Mondays ,twice a year.
或与表示惯例或习惯性动作的时间从句连用。
Whenever ,when.
E.g. Whenever it rains the roof leaks.
现在进行时：
A.表示动作现在正在发生或进行。
B.表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但说话时该动作并不一定正在进行。
I am reading a play by Shaw.我在读一本由萧伯纳写的剧本。
He is teaching French and learning Greek.
C.表示最近的将来已定的安排。
一般过去时：
A.表示在过去某一特定时间结束的动作。
I met him yesterday.
B.表示一个并未表明发生在过去何时的动作。
C.表示过去的习惯。
He always carried an umbrella.
过去进行时：
A.主要用来表示过去持续了一段时间的动作，但动作延续的界限不清楚，也无关紧要。
······_________······（······表示这一动作的开始或结束时不明确的。)
B.不与实践状语连用时，表示逐步的发展。
It was getting darker.
C.与表示某一时刻的词语连用，表示动作在那一时刻之前开始，并可能继续下去。
At eight he was having breakfast. 8点他正在吃饭。
现在完成时：
1.表示时间尚未指明或不确定的过去发生的动作。
I have read the instructions but I don’t understand.
我已经看了说明，但没看懂。
I read the instructions last night.我昨晚看了说明。
2.表示一个尚未过去的时间段内发生或延续发生的动作。
He`s had alot of bad luck lately/recently.进来他的脾气坏得很。
现在完成进行时：
表示一个过去开始，现在仍在继续中的动作，或一个过去开始。现在刚刚结束的动作。
现在完成时进行时常用动词为：
live ,learn ,lie ,stay ,sit ,wait ,stand ,rest ,study等，并常和all this time ,this week ,all night ,all the morning等状语连用。
What have you been doing all this time?
你一直都在干什么来着？
I`ve been writing letters all this morning.
我写了一上午信。
时态的呼应：
1.从句
一个句子可以包含一个主句和一个或多个从句，如：
We knew that the bridge was unsafe.
He gave it to me because he trusted me.
*识别主句中的主要动词
2.时态的呼应
*从句动词时一般现在时，现在完成时，一般将来时，从句的动词可以按照句意用任何时态。
动词的语态：
被动语态的主要用法：
1.动作的施动者很明显，没有必要提到；
2.不知道，不确切知道或忘记了谁是施动者时；
3.主动动词的语句是人们时；
4.主动句的主语是不定代词one 时。如：
One sees this sort of advertisement everywhere. ---This sort of advertisement is seen everywhere.
虚拟语气
凡表达与事实不符的假定，想象，愿望等时，一定哟啊把动词的习惯使用法加以改变，这种特殊的动词使用法，叫做虚拟语气。
一、与现在事实相反
二、与过去事实相反
主动
被动
条件语气 Would keep
Would be kept
条件语气
Would have kept Would have been kept 不定时一般式 To keep
To be kept
不定时完成式 To have kept To have been kept 现在分词/动名词
Keeping Being kept 分词完成式
Having kept
Having been kept
连词 条件从句 主句
If 主 语+ Were ， 主 语 + Should
+V
过去式 V Would 过去式助动词+V
Could
might 连词 条件从句 主句
If 主语+had+p.p ， 主 语 + Should +have +p.p Would Could Might
三、与将来事实相反的假设
二、I wish +虚拟语气
三、As if (as though)+虚拟语气
主语+V as if+主语
（=as
though ）
were/过去式V had+p.p 四、
It is was (about/high)time (that)+主语+过去式V
for N toV
六、在宾语从句中的应用
主语+ insist +that 主语（should ）+ v.
sugges t
be+p.p
八、在表语从句或同位语从句中的用法
在表示提议，要求或命令等意义的名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中，谓语一般用should 加动词原形，也可省略should 只用动词原形。
E.g. They amde a request that the problem be discussed at the meeting.
3.8动词的倒装
某些副词和副词短语，主要是含有限定或否定意义的副词和副词短语，为了表示强调可放在句首，后面应跟动词的倒装（即疑问形式）。如：
连词 条件从句 主句 If
主语+were to+V ，+过去式V+should+V
主 语 +
Should +V
Would Could Might I wish （that ）
主语+
Were/过去式V Had+p.p
hardly ever; hardly...when ;only ;never ;scarcely ever ;no sooner...than ;not only ;seldom ;barely ;little ;nowhere等
表示地点副词的倒装句型
Here comes your bus.
Here you are.
Down fell the trees!
Down it fell!
虚拟语气
If+主+were/had/should....
1)Were/had/should+主+...
Were John here now, he would give me a hand.
假如约翰在的话，他会帮助我。
4）Had you studied hard, you would have passed the exam.
假如你学习努力，就能考及格的。
5）If it should rain tomorrow, I will stay home.
=Should it rain tomorrow, I will stay home.
万一明天下雨，我就留在家里。
让步状语从句的倒装
（Al)though ＋主+ v + adv./adj./n.,主+ V...
=adv./adj./n.+as+主+v...,主+V...
E.g. Although he worked hard, he failed.
=Hard as he worked, he failed.
主语补语的倒装
主语补语+V+S
His manner was so absurb that everyone stared at him.
=So absurb was his manner that everyone stared at him.
他的行为如此怪异，所以每个人都盯着他看。
四、不定式
To learn English well is easy.
He likes to read novels.
特征："to"是不定式的“注册商标”。但有时不定式把"to"省略。如：I saw him come.
不定式分为两类：带to的不定式，不带to的不定式。
功用：作名词，形容词，副词。
1.To climb the mountain is very difficult.
2.I want some water to drimk.
3.She stopped to have a rest.
4.1用法：
一．名词用法（主语）
To +V+单数动词To tell a lie is wrong.
(也可用it作形式主语：It is wrong to tell a lie.)
It is +adj.+for/of +n.+to +v.
It is difficult for him to do so.
{for:(与实务有关的非人称形容词）
possible, important, necessary, essentia, convenient, difficult, hard, useless
of:(与人有关的赞美或批评的形容词）
nice, kind, wise, good, polite, right, clever bad, wrong, cruel, stupid, foolish,等}
（宾语）
S+V+to+v. I want to see him.
S+V+宾语+to+v. I told you not to do it.
S+V+it+adj./n.+to+v.
We consider it our duty to observe the laws.
二．形容词用法
（代）名词+to+v.
（代）名词+to+v.+介词
This is the best way to cure a headache.
三．副词用法
in order to, so as to, too...to
4.2省略to的不定式
1.感观动词
see/watch/look at 1)原形v. 事实的发现
hear/listen to +宾语+2）v-ing 动作进行
feel/notice 3)p.p. 被动
2.使役动词 have, make, let
3.惯用语
had better, would rather, do nothing but 只是，
may well 有足够的理由，may/might as well 不妨，
All...have to do is(to)所要做的
E.g. I would rather die than do it.
You may as well know the truth. 你知道真实情形也无妨。
She could do nothing but wait there. 他只能在那等。
4.3不定式的时态
句型一
S+V.+to v. 表示同时发生
+to have p.p. 表示发生在先
He seems to be ill.他现在好像有病。
He seems to have been ill.他好像生过病。
I am glad to have met you. 很高兴见过你。
I am glad to have met you.很高兴见过了你。
I am glad to meet you.很高兴见到了你。
4.4不定式的语态
to+V 主动
to be+p.p. 被动
To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness on earth.
(爱人且被爱是世界上最幸福的事。）
下列一主动形式表示被动：
You are to blame.
The house is to let.
当副词用的不定式都用主动形式
Smoking is hard to get rid of.
He is not easy to get along with.
关系代词兼有代词和连词的作用，关系代词所代替的词或词组称为先行词，由关系代词所引导的从句称为关系从句。
I have an uncle.
He lives in Shanghai.
I have an uncle who lives in Shanghai.
先行词定语从句
W hat的用法：
由what引导的从句常为名词从句，作主语、宾语或主语补语。
What本身兼有先行词和关系代词的作用，因此使用what时，前面不要有先行词。This is what I need.(the thing which)所...的事或物
He saves what he earns.(all that) 所有...的
What he said is true. （主语）
I can `t believe what he said. （宾语）
Thank you. This is just what I have wanted. （补语）
句型二
S+希望v+to v. 未来时间
希望v（一般过去时）+to have p.p. 过去未实现的愿望
I hope to see you again. 我希望再见到你。
I hoped to have finished the book. 我原本希望读完这本输，但没有。
此类动词有：hope/wish/want 希望
mean/intedn/plan 打算
expet 期待，promise 答应
1. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking. 依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。 2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework. 最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。 3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet. 没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。 4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation. 人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。 5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation. 越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。 6. When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study. 说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。 7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person's physical fitness. 许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。 8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism. 应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。 9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert
大学英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如： I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如： He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间 接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给 我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
初二英语语法总结 1) leave的用法 1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如： When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的？ 2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如： Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。 3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如： Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京？ 2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用 should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如：How should I know? 我怎么知道？ Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？ should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如： We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。 我们在使用时要注意以下几点： 1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如： You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如： You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。 3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如： We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。 3) What...? 与 Which...? 1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如：What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？ 该句相当于： What does your father do?
Unit 1 Mr.Doherty Builds His Dream Life! 一、课文内容背诵 12 I suspect not everyone who loves the country would be happy living the way we do. It takes a couple of special qualities. One is a tolerance for solitude. Because we are so busy and on such a tight budget, we don't entertain much. During the growing season there is no time for socializing anyway. Jim and Emily are involved in school activities, but they too spend most of their time at home. 我想，不是所有热爱乡村的人都会乐意过我们这种生活的。这种生活需要一些特殊的素质。其一是耐得住寂寞。由于我们如此忙碌，手头又紧，我们很少请客。在作物生长季节，根本就没工夫参加社交活动。吉米和埃米莉虽然参加学校的各种活动，但他俩大多数时间也呆在家里。 13 The other requirement is energy -- a lot of it. The way to make self-sufficiency work on a small scale is to resist the temptation to buy a tractor and other expensive laborsaving devices. Instead, you do the work yourself. The only machinery we own (not counting the lawn mower) is a little three-horsepower rotary cultivator and a 16-inch chain saw. 另一项要求是体力――相当大的体力。小范围里实现自给自足的途径是抵制诱惑，不去购置拖拉机和其他昂贵的节省劳力的机械。相反，你要自己动手。我们仅有的机器（不包括割草机）是一台3马力的小型旋转式耕耘机以及一架16英寸的链锯。 14 How much longer we'll have enough energy to stay on here is anybody's guess -- perhaps for quite a while, perhaps not. When the time comes, we'll leave with a feeling of sorrow but also with a sense of pride at what we've been able to accomplish. We should make a fair profit on the sale of the place, too. We've invested about $35,000 of our own money in it, and we could just about double that if we sold today. But this is not a good time to sell. Once economic conditions improve, however, demand for farms like ours should be strong again. 没人知道我们还能有精力在这里再呆多久--也许呆很长一阵子，也许不是。到走的时候，我们会怆然离去，但也会为自己所做的一切深感自豪。我们把农场出售也会赚相当大一笔钱。我们自己在农场投入了约35，000美金的资金，要是现在售出的话价格差不多可以翻一倍。不过现在不是出售的好时机。但是一旦经济形势好转，对我们这种农场的需求又会增多。 15 We didn't move here primarily to earn money though. We came because we wanted to improve the quality of our lives. When I watch Emily collecting eggs in the evening, fishing with Jim on the river or enjoying an old-fashioned picnic in the orchard with the entire family, I know we've found just what we were looking for. 但我们主要不是为了赚钱而移居至此的。我们来此居住是因为想提高生活质量。当我
大学英语语法及练习 Last updated at 10:00 am on 25th December 2020
大学英语语法及练习 第一讲虚拟语气 I. 考点分析：分四级语法复习 虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。 虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。考查历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题，有时甚至3-4题。虚拟语气的考查要点有： 1. 虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主从句的动词形式十分重要，因此我们把所有虚拟语气的不同类型列表归纳并进行对比，以便于同学们记忆掌握。
2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。 例如：If I were invited, I would come. If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things. 3. if条件句中如谓语动词是were, had, should, could时，可以省略if, 把它们前置。
例如： Had my father a lot of money, he would send me abroad. Could I do it, I would surely do it. Should the Black Death reappear, what should we do?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办） 4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，如99年1月第60题: If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldn’t be smiling now.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时） 又如：If I were you, I would have gone to the film last night.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)； If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在) 5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句，如： I would have written the paper before, but I have been ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.); A true friend would have acted differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.) 6. 注意介词短语 without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件。
Vocabulary Unit 1 A 1、There are no simple solutions to the problem of overpopulation. 2、We often ignore advice which we do not wish to hear. 3、Even the doctor couldn’t persuade Tom to give up smoking. 4、The evening newspaper is going to assign a couple of reporters to cover(报道) the Olympic Games in Sydney. 5、“Next Monday is the deadline for handing in this essay,”said the professor to his class. “Be sure to meet it.” 6、I don’t think we can solve the problem this way. We should try a different approach 7、Alex bought a map of the world and stuck it on his bedroom wall. 8、He earns $ 200 a week and has little money for anything except the essentials of life. 9、Though she was very busy with her studies, Amanda managed to find time to play tennis regularly. 10、He is very rich, but that does not necessarily mean that he is happy. 11、Short-term memories are those which are retained only for a few minutes. 12、The essay is due next Monday. I have done a rough draft but haven’t written it up yet. 13、The doctor suggested that both of them put in 20 minutes a day doing taijiquan. 14、Tom studied hard. He wanted to make the most of his time in college to learn as much as he could. 15、In taking notes, you don’t have to put down everything the teacher says. 16、Active reading, according to education experts, will lead to a better understanding of what is being read. 17、During those years in the countryside, she was reading everything she could get her hands on. 18、It’s going to rain: we’d better put away and go indoors. 19、In spite of the new difficulties, we’ve decided to stick to our plan. 20、I have told you time after time not to exercise immediately after lunch or supper. 21、Taking his doctor’s advice, my uncle has cut down on smoking as the first step. 22、Knowing how to make the most of your abilities counts for much more than working hard. Unit 1 B 1、Tom is a very calm person, but his wife is just the opposite 2、Do you have any preference for a particular kind of music? 3、Many power stations are located on coastal land so that they are near to a good supply of water. 4、I like your idea but I don’t think it’s technically feasible 5、Alex said the sudden death of his best friend had given him a new perspective on life. 6、Public attention has shifted recently from the World Cup to the rising house prices. 7、The rise in unemployment is of great concern to the government. 8、The salary they’re offering is very attractive, but Amada still doesn’t want the job. 9、Thanks to the intensive care of the zoo-keepers, the animals there managed to survive the severe winter last year.
＜英语语法＞ 阅卷须知：阅卷用红色墨水笔书写，得分用阿拉伯数字写在每小题题号前，用正分表示，不得分则在题E号前写0;大题得分登录在对应的题号前；统一命题的课程应集体阅卷，流水作业；阅卷后要进行复核，发现漏评、漏记或总分统计错误应及时更正； Rewrite the follow ing senten ces using the two patters. (40%) We expect that he will be coming. a) It is expected that he will be coming. b) He is expected to be coming. 1. People think that he is coming. 2. They believe that he is hon est. 3. We know that you were in town on the night of the crime. 4. we un dersta nd that she was the best sin ger that Australia has ever produced. 5. People suppose that he is in Paris. 6. People say that the murderer is hidi ng in the woods. 7. There is a report that unidentified flying objects were seen over New Jersey last night. 8. There is a rumour that he has escaped to Dubli n. 9. People expect that electricity supply will be adequate n ext year. 10. People know him to be a good teacher. Part II A) Rewrite the following sentences using “ adjective+infinitive ” constructions.(10%) It is easy to remember this rule. This rule is easy to remember. 1.1 was sorry whe n I lear nt that he had had an accide nt. 2. You will be sad whe n you hear what I have to tell you. 3. They would be very surprised if they were to receive an invitation. 4. She is happy that she has found such a nice place to live in. 5. I was afraid at the thought of going past the hau nted house alone. 6. Bob was pleased whe n he heard he had bee n promoted. 7. I very much want to meet you. 8. We received your telegram and were delighted. 9. It was sen sible of you to stay in doors. 10 The clerk answered the call promptly. B) Replace the words in italics by an infin itive or an -ng con structi on .(10%) The headmaster suggested that I should try the exam in ati on aga in the followi ng year. The headmaster suggested my tryi ng the exam in ati on aga in the followi ng year.
Unit 1 The Dinner Party 1. shortly before WW1 一战前不久 2. track down 追溯，追查 3. be seated 就座 4. spring up 突然出现，开始 5. outgrow the jumping-on-a-chair-at the sight of a mouse era 不再像过去那样见到老鼠就跳到椅子上 6. That last ounce of self-control is what really counts.这多出来的一点自制力才是真正起作用的。 7. motion to sb 向某人示意signal to sb 8. whisper sth to sb 向某人嘀咕，耳语9. the America comes to with a start. 这个美国博物学家突然醒悟了.Startle-----startle10. bait for a snake 蛇的诱饵 11. an empty room 一个空房子a bare marble floor 没铺地毯的大理石地板 barely any hair====hardly/scarcely any hair 12. serve the next course 上下一道菜a course of dish 一道菜13. frighten sb into doing sth 吓得某人去做…persuade sb into doing sthtalk sb into doing sth threaten sb into doing sth14. out of the corner of his eyes 从他的眼角里 15. Stare straight ahead 盯着往前看16. Not move a muscle 纹丝不动 17. Make for 前往18.Ring out 19. Slam the door shut20. Exclaim 21. at the sight of 一看见at the thought of 一想起 22. a heated/spirited discussion 一场激烈的争论 22. an example of perfect self-control 一个镇定自若的典范 23. A faint sm ile lights up the hostess’s face.Two spots of color brightened her face.A strange expression came over her face. 24. a colonial official 一个殖民地官员 25. give a large dinner party 办一个盛大的晚宴 26. a visiting American naturalist 美国访问博物学家 27. a spacious dining room 宽敞的餐厅28. the major 少校the colonel 29. feel like doing sth 想要/喜欢做某事30. commotion 混乱，骚动 31. The tone of his voice is so commanding that it silences everyone. 他的语调很威严，让每个人都静下来不出声.32. count three hundred 数三百下count up to three hundred 数到第三百下33. sit like stone images 像石雕一样坐着 Sit rooted Unit 2 Lessons from Jefferson be of interest/important 很有趣/很重要obtain knowledge from many sources从许多源头获取知识personal investigation 个人调查 appoint him to a committee 派他去一个委员会 study papers on the subject 研究该课题的文件
八年级下册英语语法知识点归纳总结 （2021最新版） 作者：______ 编写日期：2021年__月__日 【导语】要想取得好的学习成绩，必须要有良好的学习习惯。习惯是经过重复练习而巩固下来的稳重持久的条件反射和自然需要。建立良好的学习习惯，就会使自己学习感到有序而轻松。以下是小编为您整理的《八年级下册英语语法知识点归纳总结》，供大家查阅。 【篇一】 He said I was hard-working. 重点语法：宾语从句结构：主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语从句(主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语/表语) 例句：----Im good at English. He says. (改为加宾语从句的复合句)
----He says Im good at English. 注意：①主句是一般现在时态，宾语从句的时态不受其影响。例句：He says Im good at English now. He says I was good at mathematics when I was young. ②主句是过去时态，宾语从句也要用过去时态。例句：He said I was good at mathematics when I was young yesterday. He said I was good at English now yesterday. ③宾语从句是客观真理时永远用一般现在时态。例句：Our teacher says 24 hours make a day. Our teacher said the sun gives us so many energy yesterday. ④动词原形不能作主语，必须用其 -ing 形式。例句：She said helping others changed her life. 重点短语：direct speech 直接引语 reported speech = indirect speech 间接引语 first of all = at first 首先 pass on 传递 be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事 be good at = do well in 在某方面做得好 in good health 身体健康 get over 克服 open up 打开 care for = take care of = look after 照料;照顾 not any more = not any longer = no longer 不再 have a cold 感冒 end-of-year exam 年终考试 get nervous 变得紧张 forget to do sth. 忘记做某事(该事未做) forget doing sth. 忘记做某事(该事已做) its + adj. + [for sb.] + to do sth. 做某事[对某人来说](加形容词) context 上下文 Reading Strategy(阅读方法) First read for meaning， not for detail. (首先理解文段的大致意思，不在于文段的细节部分。) You can understand the meaning of a word you dont know from the context. (至于不懂的单词，
大学英语语法 (CET--4) 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。 如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名 词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如： He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接 宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了 一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力) 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)/ He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课)/ The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语) ☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？)
班级：_______________ 学号：_______________ 姓名：_______________ Ⅰ.Multiple choices. (1分×15 =15分) (Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.) 1. Give him an inch_____ he will take a mile. A. but B. and C. yet D. or 2. We’ve produced _____this yers as we did ten years ago. A. twice cotton B. as twice cotton C. twice as much cotton D. as much twice cotton 3. I ____ to go out when a friend of mine dropped in. A. was B. was able C. wanted D. was about 4. What we are amused is_____ you told us . A. what B. which C. whichever D. whoever 5. My father works in_____ hospital. _____ hospital is near my house. A. an, The B. a, The C. a, A D. \, The 6.Children should be taught how to get along with ______. A. another B. other C. others D. any other 7. Children often wish they were_______and old people wish they were youngsters again. A.growns up B. grown ups C. growns-up D. grown-ups 8. I found _______difficult for _______to finish the task on time. A. it; him B. it; he C. that; him D. that; he 9. The truth is_____ the boy took the wrong cap in a hurry. A. that B. which C. when D. what 10. Those colleagues always help______ in their work. A. each other B. each another C. the other each D .each one 11. The cloth that she bought looks ____, feels _____ and sells_____. A. beautiful; soft; well B. beauty; softly; well C. beautifully; softly; good D. beautiful; soft; good 12. The mayor _____ to inspect our company next week. A. comes B. is to come to C. is going to come D. is coming 13. She siad she would be late,_____ she arrivcd on time. A. and B. yet C. or else D. since 14. The singer was accompanied by her sister at ____ piano. A. a B. an C.\ D. the 15. The output of wheat is double_____it was five years ago. A. what B. that C. which D. \ Ⅱ.Match column A with column B.(1分×10 =10分) A B 1. 1999s a. March the sixteenth 2. 10:15 b. nineteen nineties 3. 3月16日 c. ups and downs 4. 受压迫的人 d. the chemist’s 5. 理发店 e. on the average 6. 药店 f. all the year round 7. 一年到头g. the barber’s 8. 无论如何都不h. the oppressed 9. 平均i. a quarter past ten 10. 大起大落j. by no means Ⅲ.Complete the following sentences with the proper forms of words given. Each word can only be usedonce. (2分×10＝20 分)
高中英语语法权威解析 目录: 第01章名词性从句 第02章“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解 第03章高中英语语法中的省略现象 第04章主谓一致 第05章动词不定式 第06章倒装结构 第07章定语从句 第08章被动语态 第09章祈使句 第10章感叹句 第11章疑问句 第12章名词 第一章名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语
法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一．主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。 b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型） d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型） 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构