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学术论文写作术语

学术论文写作术语
学术论文写作术语

Academic Writing Terms

1.Abstract

2.Academic Writing Styles

3.Access information

4.Acknowledgements

5.Ampersand

6.Angle brackets

7.Anonymous

8.APA

9.APA Style

10.Appendix

11.Background citation

12.Bibliography

13.Block quotation

14.Caption

https://www.doczj.com/doc/e415469506.html,KI

16.Co-authors

17.Co-publishers

18.Copyright

19.Column spanner

20.Decimal pattern

21.Dissertation

22.Documentation

23.Edition

24.Empirical studies

25.Endnote

26.Experiment

27.Falsification

28.Figure

29.Footnote

30.Hanging indent

31.Hypothesis

32.In press

33.Index

34.Indirect source

35.In-text citation

36.Italics

37.Key words

38.Legend

39.Literature

40.Literature review

41.Major citation

42.Margin

43.Materials

44.Method

45.MLA

46.MLA style

47.Number-letter sequence

48.Outline

49.Paragraph indent

50.Parenthetical documentation

51.Personal communication

52.Plagiarism

53.Re-production note

54.Procedure

55.Publication date

56.Publication date suffix

57.Publisher

58.Rationale

59.References

60.Replication

61.Research paper

62.Retrieval information

63.Secondary source

64.Sentence outline

65.Spine

66.Subjects

67.Subscript

68.Subtitle

69.Superscript

70.Survey

71.Table of contents

72.Thesis

73.Thesis proposal

74.Thesis statement

75.Title page

76.Topic outline

77.URL

78.Variable

79.Verification

80.Works Cited

学术写作中常用高级用词替换

常用词的学术替换 动词替换: 1.Improve 提高: Promote: 促进AC之间的贸易promote the trade between A and C; He was promoted to senior manager in this company. Advance: our understanding of human genetics has considerably(非常的,可换做vastly) advanced. Enhance: the publi city has enhanced his reputation.这次宣传提高了他的名望 2.change 改变: Transform:多指改头换面,完全改变,不能用于形容slight change。说到人口变化:the increasing population has transformed the landscape and structure of local industry structure.人口剧增改变了小镇的景色以及当地的工业结构 3.Emphasize 强调: Highlight:the report highlight the decline in the numbers of native(可以换作local) plants and insects. Stress: He stresses the need for parents to listen to their children. Accentuate: the crisis accentuates the gap between rich and poor. (highlight and emphasize 的区别:highlight是告诉人们重点,因而能够让别人注意,类似于老师勾重点;而emphasize则是使重点清晰,不管别人是否能注意得到。而stress则和emphasize差不多) 4.Develop培养: Cultivate: cultivate the ability of … ;培养情操;cultivate a more relaxed and positive way towards life. Nurture: 养育,同样可以指培养人才(talents)the sea nutures ample marine animals. 5.Break 破坏: Impair:impair ability; 主要是破坏能力,莫乱用。 Undermine这个词也是指的是抽象意义上的破坏,有逐渐削弱之意,重点是循序渐进的过程。Undermine one’s ability/confidence/authority/position/credibility Jeopardize: 不能乱用,破坏的东西要上一定的等级才能配上此词。比如Jeopardize the process of peace.破坏和平进程 Devastate特指毁灭、蹂躏the earthquake devastated the whole city. 6.Keep 保存 Preserve、Conserve 保护资源用的就是这个词,不要用protect,protect这个词用在保护具体的东西。 7.deal With解决 Tackle: tackle the problem. Resolve: resolve dispute争论/conflict冲突/problem/issue/crisis危机;来自拉丁语,比较正式。 8.need 需要 Require:xxx requires courage and confidence. Necessitate: 用法不简单,没有摸透。 call for(这也是个很高级的用法,奥巴马就用这个【我不晓得奥巴马咋个用的,原帖是这样

学术论文常用词汇

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英文学术论文常用词句

英语学术论文常用词句 1. 常用词汇与短语 差别:gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies,no intergroup difference 存在,出现:occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present 多数,少数:the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ,a marked majority, handful 方法:approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools 发生率:Incidence, frequency, prevalence 发现,阐明,报道,证实:verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate,demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest,suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose,report, describe,facilitate the identification of ,screening ,isolation 改变:change, alteration, 高,增加:high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced 各种,多种:in multiple types of, in various types of, in a variety of 关系,相关,参与:closely involved in, associated, 广泛的:in an extensive survey 执行:perform, carry out 降,少,缺:decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack ,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completely absent, frequently lost or down-expressed 角色,起作用:role, part (limited, potential, early, possible role) 可能性:feasibility 密切地:intimately 难理解的,似谜的:enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)

如何撰写高水平的学术论文

如何撰写高水平的学术论文 说了这么多题外话,下面浅谈一下学术论文的写作。究竟如何撰写高水平的学术论文呢?其实写一篇论文与读一篇论文是相同的,需要解决以下几个问题: What is the major question addressed in this study? Is this question important? why? What are the approaches used in this study? whether are they adequate for these questions? What are the novel ideas or useful innovative approaches? What is the concept coming out of this paper? Do the results present support this new concept? 下面我们从题目开始谈一下里学术论文的写作。取题目的时候首先要体现研究的重要性及创新点,应该用论文中的主要结论作为标题,且尽量包含所有的关键词。在此基础上力求吸引人,有些时候可以用动词和句子等。最好不用“…的研究”、“…的意义”、“…的发现”、“…的特征”、“…的讨论”、“…的分析”等词,也不要说是某某问题的研究、初步研究等。 接下来是摘要。摘要的写作一般包含以下部分: 第一,写文章的目的,这个一句话就可以,有些时候甚至可以不写; 第二,研究过程和使用的方法,同样要尽可能精简; 第三,主要结果和结论,这个应该是摘要的核心部分。基础研究应体现创新,但不宜过分强调;应用研究要提出应用前景。 此外,摘要的写作要与结论分开,不要照搬文中内容作为摘要。尽量以重要事实开头,尽量避免第一人称或辅助从句。时态上要注意叙述作者工作用过去时,表达主要结论用现在时。摘要写作应该达到的效果就是让国内外同行根据英文摘要和图表,可以大致看懂全文。 下一步是前言的写作,这部分可能是很多初学者认为最难写的部分,呵呵~~实际上,只要把握了前言的思路,基本上就没什么问题了。我写文章前言一般都这么写: (1) “为什么要做?”这部分中简要回顾本文所涉及到的研究领域或某个科学问题的研究历史,阐述本课题的研究目的。 (2) “别人做了什么工作? 存在什么问题?”该部分应当对国内外在本课题上的研究作一总结。总结用表的形式比较好,再辅以适当的论述。不要引一大堆参考文献,要引自己看过的参考文献,这一点请特别注意。这同时也要求看文献的时候一定要把握本领域中的重要文献。 (3) “准备做什么?”针对他人研究工作中存在的问题,提出自己的思路和研究内容,简明扼要交代本研究所采用的方法和技术手段等,强调研究的重要性。 这三个部分分别作为前言的三个段落,能做到以上要求,前言部分基本上就不会存在什么问题了。 前言后面一般都是材料与方法。材料与方法是论文中非常重要的一个环节。国外期刊对此尤其重视,国内限于文章篇幅,对此要求不是很严格。该部分应该达到的效果是:让他人看到你的论文后能重复所开展的研究工作。 后面紧跟着的是结果与讨论。绝大部分研究者写论文的时候都是结果和讨论放在一起。有些国外专家认为我们中国人写文章讨论不够深入,因此我写文章倾向于把结果和讨论分开来写。这样也显得更干净利索。下面我先说一下结果部分。一般情况下,在结果的开始部分需要简单介绍原理和实验目的,一句话就可以。然后按照图表,看图说明,描述具体结果。按照结果在正文和图表中的逻辑顺序,不能遗漏。实验结果的顺序,绝不是按获得数据

Summary的写作技巧和常见句型

S u m m a r y 的写作技巧和常见句型 、概括原文 一)阅读 1. 读懂文章读文章的时候,要养成良好的阅读习惯,划划写写,英文阅读的时候,用铅笔轻轻划出重点词汇。 认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解,就多读两遍。阅读次数越多,你对原文的理解就越深刻。 2. 拆分文章按照作者的思路,把文章分段,每个段落用几个词,几个短语概括。尽量简短,精 炼。 段落中心句,在段落的开头或末尾。有时也会变态的在当中。 3. 概括主旨写出文章的thesis, 一句话概括文章的主旨。 二)基本结构和技巧 1.重新拟定标题给summary 起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。 2. 阐述观点 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。写概述的时候,如果能够明确是他人写作的文章,注意要把作者的名字放在第一句(或者是接着写出要阐述的main ideas (主要观点)和supporting points (对主要观点的the author .. )。

支持)。 3. 词汇运用 注意概述的cohere nee (连贯性),运用好tran siti on words (过渡 词) , like however, furthermore, nonetheless, besides, therefore etc. 4. 删除细节 只保留主要观点。 5. 选择一至两个有代表性的例子 原文中可能包括5 个或更多的例子,你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 6. 把长句变成短句,把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。 He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor. 可以概括为:“ He was in finan cial difficulties. His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion- like. ” 可以概括为:” He was very brave in battle. He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor. 可以概括为:“ He was in finan cial difficulties. 6)你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子: Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago. ” 可以概括为:” Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays,

长期整理的英文论文写作常用词汇和短语

长期整理的英文论文写作常用词汇和短语 这几年看文献和写论文的时候整理了一些写作常用词汇和短语,希望大家也能用得上: 差别 gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies,no intergroup difference No statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA. Although MMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage, this difference failed to achieve statistical significance. 存在,出现 occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present 多数,少数 the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ,a marked majority, handful 方法 approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools 发生率 Incidence, frequency, prevalence In contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show a high prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs. 发现,阐明,报道,证实 verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate,demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest,suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose,report, describe,facilitate the identification of ,screening ,isolation

英文学术论文常用替换词

1. individuals, characters, folks 替换people , persons. 2. positive, favorable, rosy, promising, perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior 替换good. rosy ;adj. 蔷薇色的,玫瑰红色的;美好的;乐观的;涨红脸的 3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill 替换bad(如果bad做表语,可以有be less impressive 替换。) Adverse;adj. 不利的;相反的;敌对的(名词adverseness,副词adversely) 4. an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, if not most 替换many. if not most:即使不是大多数 5. a slice of, quite a few 替换some. a slice of:一片,一份 6. harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that 替换think。 harbor v/n庇护;怀有 7. affair, business, matter 替换thing. 8. shared 替换common . 9. reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits. 10. for my part ,from my own perspective 替换in my opinion. 11. Increasing, growing 替换more and more(注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing修饰形容词,副词用increasingly.) 12. little if anything或little or nothing 替换hardly. 13. beneficial, rewarding 替换helpful. 14. shopper, client, consumer, purchaser 替换customer. 15. overwhelmingly, exceedingly, extremely, intensely 替换very. 16. hardly necessary, hardly inevitable…替换unnecessary, avoidable. 17. indispensable 替换necessary. 18. sth appeals to sb., sth. exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换sb. take interest in / sb. be interested in. 19. capture one's attention 替换attract one's attention. 20. facet, dimension, sphere 替换aspect. 21. be indicative of, be suggestive of, be fearful of 替换indicate, suggest, fear. 22. give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause. 23. There are several reasons behind sth. 替换…reasons for sth. 24. desire 替换want. 25. pour attention into 替换pay attention to. 26. bear in mind that 替换remember. 27. enjoy, possess 替换have(注意process是过程的意思)。 28. interaction 替换communication. 29. frown on sth 替换be against , disagree with sth. 30. as an example 替换for example, for instance. 31. next to / virtually impossible 替换nearly / almost impossible. 32. regarding / concerning 替换about. 33. crucial /paramount 替换important. 34. 第一(in the first place/the first and foremost);

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