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托福考试日常生活相关词汇积累
托福考试日常生活相关词汇积累
【导语】托福考试前大家需要积累大量的词汇，帮助大家在考试中自如的应对考试。
以下是小编带来的托福考试日常生活相关词汇积累，欢迎阅读。
acrophobia n. 恐高症
aperitif n. 饭前酒，开胃酒
appetizer n. 开胃菜，开胃食品，开胃物
baggage claim n. 行李提领处
banner n. 标语;旗帜
billiards n. 台球，撞球
boarding pass n. 登机牌
brainstorm n. 脑力激荡，集思广益
brochure n. 小册子
buckle up v. 系安全带
buffet n. 自助餐;(车站、餐车等处打)餐柜
burglar n. 窃贼;夜间入屋行窃的小偷
checkout n. 结帐退房的时间
chef n. 主厨;大厨
choreography n. 舞蹈设计;编舞
circular n. 广告;传单;通告
commitment n. 承诺;许诺
concierge n. 管理员;门房
consignee n. 收件人;受托人contagious adj. 接触传染的` contractor n. 立契约人;承包商convertible adj. 敞篷车，可改变的conveyance n. 运输;交通工具
cost-effective adj. 符合成本效益的courier n. 递送急件的信差;邮物专递公司crash landing n. 迫降
cross-reference n. 前后参照;(使)前后参照下载文档。
托福听力分类词汇汇总植物学botany植物学botanical / botanic 植物学的horticulture 园艺学aquatic PIaIIt 水生植物ParaSite PIant 寄生植物root 根CanOPy树冠层 /顶棚foliage / Ieaf 叶Ieaflet小叶rosette （叶的）丛生Steln 茎StaIk 杆IeafStaIk 叶柄ShOOt/ SPrOUt 嫩芽/抽枝flower 花bud花蕾PetaI花瓣Peel / SkilI果皮Shen （硬）果壳husk （干）果壳/ （玉米苞叶trunk树干bark树皮branch树枝bough大或者粗的树枝twig小树枝jungle丛林IaWll 草meadow 草地/牧场Prairie大草原InOSSeS苔W ShrUb Zbush灌木CIUSter 一簇（灌木）fern蕨类植物horsetails 木贼类植物ClUb mosses石松类植物herb 草PhOtOSylltheSiS光合作用ChIOrOPhyn叶绿素SymbiOSiS 共生SynlbiotiC 共生的Wither /ShriVeI / fade 凋谢blossom 花POlIen花粉pollinate 传授(starch) 碳水larch 落叶松花粉petal 花化合物（淀粉）pine 松树瓣nectar 花蜜glucose 葡萄spruce 云杉tissue 组织糖starch 淀粉juniper 刺organ 器官fat 脂肪柏；杜松system 系统protein 蛋白sequoia 红杉seeds种子质elm 榆树everlasting 永vitamin 维他walnut 核桃树久的命redwood 红木crossbreed 杂malnourished 树交营养不良的plum blossomroot pressure nutrition 营养梅花根压perennial 多年orchid 兰花bore 腔/肠一生的chrysanthemu cohesion-tensi annual 一年一m 菊花on 凝聚压力生的water lily 荷花column 花柱verdant 嫩绿/莲花necrosis 坏死的，翠绿的rhododendron barren 贫瘠evergreen 常杜鹃花的；不生育的青树carnation 康futile 无用的conifer tree 针乃馨carbohydrate 叶树jasmine 茉莉花mealie 玉米rye 黑麦helianthus / pumpkin 南瓜barley 大麦heliotrope / tomato 番茄oats 燕麦sunflower 向lettuce 莴苣日葵cabbage 卷心camellia 茶花菜corn / maize / wheat 小麦微生物学antibody 抗体bacteria 细菌virus 病毒toxin 毒素fermentation disinfection 消immunity 免发酵毒sterilization 疫inflection 传染灭菌immunology / 感染免疫学microorganisvaccine 疫苗m / microbefungus 真菌微生物生物学biology 生物biology 海洋虫学学生物学ornithology 鸟marine entomology 昆类学microbiology 微生物学underwater 水下的survival of thefittest 适者生genetics 遗传marine 海洋的存学scuba 水下呼origin of speciology 物吸器species物种起种学diving 潜水/ 源parasitology 跳水wild寄生虫学one-celled environmentpaleontology organism 单细野生环境古生物学胞有机体insecticide 杀paleontologist tissue（动植物虫剂古生物学家细胞的）组织prenatal caredinosaur 恐龙protective 产后护理die out / camouflage 保habitat 栖息地extinction 灭护色tentacle 触须绝predator 捕猎prey 捕食mammal 哺乳者navigate 导航动物oceanic snail tiny receptor carnivore 食蜗牛a 接收器肉动物nimal nerve /rodent 啮齿类adaptation 动specimen 物种动物物适应性amphibian 两栖类动物decline in the hatch 孵化incubation 孵酶cell 细胞number 数量化nucleus 细胞减少nest 巢核gene 基因offspring 子孙cytoplasm 细genetic 基因的chew up 咀嚼胞质endangered unfertilized plasma lemma species濒危动eggs未受精卵/ cell 物nutrient 营养membrane survival 活着品细胞膜的nourishment cell wall 细胞transition 转变营养品/ 食壁/过渡物protein 蛋白microbe 微生feed 喂养质物cannibalism amino acid yeast 酵母同类相食核酸（菌）respiration 呼plankton 浮游bacteria 细菌吸生物single-cell 单ingestion 摄食heredity 遗传细胞digestion 消化mutation of reptile 爬行类digestive species 物种变动物enzyme 消化异chromosome 染色体solitary 独居social 群居s 变态/ 变形mutation 变种genetic bio-diversity variation 变异engineering 遗生物多样性传工程metamorphosi动物学zoology 动物无脊椎动物ruminant 反刍学vertebrate 脊动物Darwinism 达椎动物parasitic尔文学说aquatic life animal 寄生动natural 水生动物物selection 自然reptile 爬行动primate 灵长选择物动物phylum 门amphibian / plankton 浮游class 纲order amphibious 生物目animal 两栖动mollusk 软体suborder 亚目物动物family 科protozoa 原生coelenterate genus 属动物腔肠动物species种rodent 啮齿动（如水母、海invertebrate 物蜇、珊瑚等）herbivore 食草动物mammal 哺乳动物homotherm 恒温动物cold-blooded animal 冷血动物poikilotherm 变温动物scavenger 食腐动物carnivorous 食肉的herbivorous 食草的omnivorous 杂食的bird 鸟类camouflage 伪装hibernate 冬眠；蛰伏卫生设施regeneration monogamous 再生一夫一妻的predatory / /一雌一雄的carnivore 食polygamous 肉的一夫多妻的predator 捕食/一雄多雌的者prey 捕食polyandrous hordes / 一妻多夫的swarms（昆虫/一雌多雄的等）群nomadic 游牧flock （牛、羊的；流浪的等）群trapper 诱捕community 动动物者物的群落或人niche 小生态的部落环境population 种vestige 退化器群fertilizer 使受herd 兽群精hygiene 卫生metabolism 新sanitation 陈代谢公共卫生；breed（名词）品种；（动词）system 消化系esophagus 食繁殖统excretory 管stomach 胃multiply / system 排泄系small intestine reproduce 繁统小肠large 殖reproductive intestine 大肠spawn ( 鱼、syste生殖系统anus 肛门虾、蛙等）孵circulatory digestive anatomy 解剖system 循环系gland 消化腺学统salivary gland appetite 食欲respiratory 唾液腺creature 生物system 呼吸系liver 肝scales鳞统gallbladder 胆feathers 羽毛hormonal pancreas 胰armor 甲system 内分泌spinal cord 系脊椎digestive ductdigestive 消化管水生动物jellyfish 水母coral 珊瑚shrimp 小虾nettle fish 海dolphin 海豚prawn 对虾蜇whale 鲸鱼lobster 龙虾crab 螃蟹sponge 海绵octopus 章鱼mussel 贻贝；starfish 海星sole 鳎；鳎目蚌类squid 鱿鱼；乌鱼clam 蛤蜊贼plaice 鲽，红oyster 牡蛎burro / 斑比目鱼哺乳动物squirrel 松鼠猩猩牛hippo 河马marten 貂baboon 狒狒sloth 树懒bat 蝙蝠hyena 鬣狗slothful 懒惰squeak（老鼠moose 驼鹿的等）吱吱beaver 海狸otter 水獭elk 麋鹿antelope 羚羊reindeer 驯鹿gorilla 大猩猩giraffe 长颈鹿chimpanzee 黑rhinoceros 犀两栖动物、爬行动物frog 青蛙scorpion 蝎子色龙tadpole 蝌蚪turtle 龟cay men / salamander 蝾lizard 蜥蜴crocodile 鳄鱼螈chameleon 变centipede 蜈蚣鸟类robin 知更鸟vulture 秃鹫装wing 翅膀owl 猫头鹰crane 鹤bill （鸟）嘴barnacle 北极stork 鹳beak（鹰等的）鹅ptarmigan 雷嘴penguin 企鹅鸟canary 金丝雀migrate 迁移chirp （鸟、虫plumage 羽体的叫声）camouflage 伪昆虫insect 昆虫worm 虫/蠕虫earthworm 蚯wasp 黄蜂cicada 蝉蚓hornet 大黄蜂mantis 螳螂antenna / spider 蜘蛛cockroach tentacle 触须pest 害虫蟑螂larva 幼虫生态学ecology 生态balance of flora 植物群学nature 自然界rain forest 雨ecosystem 生生态平衡林态系统fauna 动物群food chain 食物链acid rain 酸雨制air pollutionwastewater 污水greenhouse 温空气控制sewage室效应water purification 污infrared pollution 水污水净化radiation 红外染swage线辐noxious / toxic disposal 污水ozone layer / 有毒的处理ozonosphere fumes ( 有毒decibe（l 噪音）臭氧层的）废气分贝ultraviolet waste 废物radiation 紫外solid waste辐pollution 固体废物control 污染控sewage /能源和环境fossil fuel 矿物solar energy 保护能源燃料太阳能resource 资源process of nonrenewable energy source photo 不可再生的能源资源synthesis 光合energy tidal energy 潮作用conservation 汐能fuel-efficient 节能型的rush hour 高峰期zero emission 零辐射wildness 野生/天然preservation 保护atmosphere 大气carbon 碳dioxide 二氧化物burning of coal and oil 煤油燃烧global warming 全球变暖greenhouse level 海平面上升long-term climatic change 长期的气候变化environmentalrecyclingcenter 再循环利用中心litter/trashgarbage 垃圾pollutant 污染物desertification沙漠化deforest 滥伐森林drought干旱offshorespillage 近海岸溢出carbondioxide release二氧化碳排放industrialsewage工业污水recycling 再循环purify 净化deteriorate恶化acid rain酸雨sewagedisposal 污水处理environment effect 温室效water 应shortage 水源rise in sea 缺乏protection 环境保护废物处理emission（汽车尼诺现象ozone layer 臭废气的）排放氧层soot 烟尘waste disposal El Ni? o 厄尔天文学astronomy 天cosmology 宇sky atlas 天体文学宙图astronomical infinite 无限的celestialobservatory cosmic 宇宙的sphere 天球天文台cosmic dwarf / dwarfplanetarium radiation 宇宙star 矮星天文馆辐射quasar 类星体astrophysics cosmic rays 宇constellation 天文物理学宙射线星座astrology 占星celestial 天体galaxy / Milky 学的Way 银河系pseudoscience celestial body star cluster 星伪科学/ heavenly 团cosmos / body 天体asterism 星群universe 宇宙celestial map / solar system太阳系Uranus 天王飞船solar corona 星space shuttle 日冕Neptune 海王航天飞机solar eclipse 星space日食Pluto 冥王星telescope 空间solar orbit 轨道望远镜radiation 太阳spin 旋转astronaut /辐射satellite 卫星spaceman 宇planet 行星lunar 月球的航员planetoid / meteor 流星space suit 宇asteroid 小行meteor 航服星shower 流星雨stellar 恒星的revolve 旋转star 恒星intergalactic twinkle 闪烁meteoroid 流星系间的naked eye 肉星体interstellar 恒眼meteorite 陨石星间的Mercury 水星comet 彗星interplanetary Venus 金星space / outer 行星间的Earth 地球space 太空，asteroid 小行Mars 火星外层空间星nebula 星云Jupiter 木星spacecraft / space debris Saturn 土星spaceship 宇宙太空垃圾ammonia 氨日珥（发生幻影体photosphere 在色球层）faint 微弱的光球；光球层convection image 影像chromosphere zone 对流层gravitational s 色球；色球层vacuum 真空force 吸引力chromosphere infrared ray molten 融化的s-corona 红外线leap year 闰年transition absolute rotation 自传zone 色球- 日magnitude 绝revolution 公冕过渡层对量级转sunglow 日冕emission 发射/ black hole 黑sunspot 太阳散发洞黑子（发生在high-resolutio ultraviolet ray 光球层）n 高清晰度紫外线flare 耀斑（发interferomete luminosity生在色球层）r 干扰仪，干光度solar 涉仪light year 光prominence illusive object 年气象学meteorology meteorologist meteorologica 气象气象学家l station 气象站forecast / moisture 潮湿，水气torrential rain大雨predict 预报spell 某种天气tempest climate 气候持续一段时(storm) / atmosphere 大vapor 蒸汽torrential rain 气层evaporate 蒸暴风雨troposphere 发drizzle 细雨对流层damp / moist / shower 阵雨stratosphere humid 潮湿hail 冰雹平流层humidity 湿度blizzard /mesosphere中moisture 潮湿snowstorm 暴间层saturate 饱和风雪ionosphere 电dew 露avalanche / 离层frost 霜fog / snow slide雪exosphere mist 雾smog 崩逸散层烟precipitation cold front 冷droplet 小水（雨、露、雪锋condense浓缩等）降水warm air crystal 水晶体thunder 雷mass 热气团shee（t 水、冰、breeze 微风current (气)雪的）一层sandstorm 沙流downpour / 暴monsoon 季风tidal wave 潮流gale 大风汐；浪潮wind velocity whirlwind 旋upper 风速风typhoon atmosphere 上wind direction层大气funnel 风向台hurricane 飓漏斗云long-range风disaster / forecast 长期tornado / calamity / 预报twister / catastrophe 灾numerical cyclone 龙卷难weather风devastation 破prediction wind scale 风坏数值天气预级submerge 淹报tsunami / 没drought 旱nephanalysis seismic sea 灾云层分析；wave 海啸convection 对卫星云图地理学hemisphere parallel 平行/ 经度半球圈elevation meridian 子latitude 纬线海拔午线/ 经线longitude 经线altitude 高度/ 海拔aurora 极光lowland 低地basin 盆地horizon 地平tropics of线Cancer 北回oasis绿洲equator 赤道归线enclave 飞地temperature tropics of peak 山峰latitudes 温带Capricorn 南cordillera /地区回归线ranges 山脉tropics 热带地international carven / cave 区date line 国际洞穴Arctic / the 日期变更线terrain 地域North Pole time subterranean 北极difference 地底下Antarctic / 时差coastland 沿海Antarctic a 南time zone 时地区极the 区coastline 海岸Antarctic topography 线Continent 南地形/ 地watershed极洲形学分水岭the Antarctic plain 平原upper reaches Circle 南极圈plateau / 上游the Arctic highland 高lower reaches Circle 北极圈地下游tributary volcanic continental 支流island 火山岛shelf 大陆架deposit 沉积coral island canyon / spring / 珊瑚岛gorge 峡谷fountain 泉水islet 小岛channel /iceberg 冰山peninsular 半strait 海峡riverbed 河床岛remote-sensingulf / bay archipelago g 遥感的海湾群岛terrestrialwaterfall delta 三角洲地球的/ 瀑布landlocked 陆地的cascade 小瀑area 内陆terrestrial 布；喷流inland heat /reef 暗礁tide waterway 内陆geothermal 湖水河地热torrent 水的急subcontinent terrestrial流次大陆magnetism 地tropical rain cliff 山崖磁forest 热带雨valley 山谷continental林hillside / drift 大陆漂continental mountain 移学说island 大陆岛slope 山坡sea-floorspreading the primeval Pyrenees 比利海床扩展forest 原始森牛斯山脉evaporation 林Carpathians 蒸发Scandinavia 喀尔巴阡山脉salinity 含盐度斯堪的纳维Vesuvius 维苏ocean bottom 亚（半岛）（瑞威火山海床典、挪威、丹Pompeii 庞贝sediment 沉积麦、冰岛的泛precipice 悬崖物称）eon 世；纪；tropical 热带fjord 峡湾代的coral reef 珊瑚glacier 冰河temperate 礁Pangaea 盘古温带的Chalk 白垩纪大陆frigid 寒带的cataclysm dune 沙丘frost heaving 大洪水Lagoon 咸水冻胀现象ridge 山脊；湖tundra 苔原，分水岭冻原abyss 深渊fieldstone 卵石territory 版Mediterranea 图；领土；地n Sea 地中海域地质学crust 地n ore 矿石壳mantle 地幔分解deposit 矿床core 地核erosion 腐蚀rubble 碎石continental fossil 化石debris 残骸crust 大陆地igneous rock platinum 白金壳火成岩/铂金silver 银oceanic crust sedimentary copper 黄铜海洋地壳rock 沉积岩aluminum 铝layer / metamorphic tin 锡lead 铅stratum 地层rock 变质岩zinc 锌stratigraphy limestone 石nickel 镍地层学灰岩mercury 汞/ fault 断层granite 花岗岩水银fault plane 断marble 大理石sodium 钠gem层面lithosphere 岩宝石fault zone 断层石圈diamond 钻石带magma / emerald 绿宝rift / crack / molten lava 岩石split 断裂浆ruby 红宝石disintegration quartz 石英glacier 冰川/decompositio mineral 矿物glacial 冰川的glacial epoch / 锥状火山地震age / period 冰（陡峭）seismic地震的川期eruption 火山seismology glacial drift 冰喷发地震学渍crater 火山口magnitude moraines 冰碛caldera (开口震级iceberg 冰山较大）火山口seismic volcano 火山depression 洼intensity scale active volcano 地，凹陷处；震烈度活火山盆地seismic waveextinct lava 火山岩浆地震波volcano 死火volcanic dust transverse山火山尘wave 横波dormant volcanic ash longitudinal volcano 休眠火山灰wave 纵波火山geyser 间歇喷epicenter 震中(sloping) 泉epicentral shield volcano hot spring distance 震中盾状火山温泉距（平缓）earthquake / aftershock 余(steep-sided) quake / 震cone volcano tremor / seism cataclysm 灾变tsunami / tidal swamp 沼泽peat bog 泥炭crumpleszones 地质缓/ force 海啸沼泽冲地带undersea Great Canyon bedrock 岩床landslide 海底大峡谷bulge 凸起物山崩Nile River 尼melt global 罗河warming 全球Colorado逐渐变暖river 科罗拉aquifer 蓄水层多河考古学archaeology 学家ancestor 祖先考古学ecological hominid 人paleontology anthropologist （科）古生物学生态人类学家homogeneousanthropology psychological 同以种族（种人类学anthropologist 类）的archaeologist 心理人类学tribe 部落clan 人类学家家氏族pale-anthropo originate 起源excavation 挖logist 古人类于掘excavate / unearth 挖掘ruins 遗迹/ 废墟remains 遗产/ 遗骸artifact 手工艺品relic 遗物/ 文物antique 古物/ 古董antiquity 古代/古老Stone Age 石建筑学architecture 建筑学architect 建筑学家construct 结构青铜器时代Iron Age 铁器时代Paleolithic 旧石器时代的Mesolithic 中石器时代的Neolithic 新石器时代的morphology 形态学skull 颅骨cranial 颅骨的wing 辐楼/侧楼design设计elevator电梯skyscraper 摩天大楼civilization 古代文明caveman 山顶洞人cultural relics文物rockpainting 岩画designelement 设计元素log structure 原木结构器时代fossil 化石Bronze Age ancientcabin 小木屋天文馆神像beam 梁aquarium 水the triumphal prototype 原型族馆arch 凯旋门building archives 档案sphinx 狮身人technique 建筑馆office 面像工艺building 写字pyramid 金字new material 楼塔新材料cathedral 大教castle 城堡metal-frame 堂金属结构mosque 清真repair person 寺修理工the statue ofplanetarium liberty 自由女政治、经济学类subsistence 存的生活水平据；账单活，生活kinship 亲属bank loan 银subsistence 关系，血缘关行贷款wage 刚够养系interest 利息家糊口的工资commodity 商withdraw 从subsistence 品银行账户中提level 收支平衡check 支票；收款人物artist 艺术家 choreographe r 舞蹈编排家honor (cheque/bill/d raft) 承兑 a runon a bank 挤兑 the Great Depression 大萧条 consumerism 消费主义（认为高消费对个人和社会有利的看法）； 保护消费者权益主义 affluence 富 裕，富足 sophisticated 世故的，老练 的；复杂的，尖端的教育学highereducation 高 等教育moralcharacter 道 德品质domain 领域 faculty 全体教treasurer 生活委员/财务大 臣 elective system 选课制 度curriculum 课程（总称）discipline 学科 /管理learn by rote 死记硬背encyclopedias 百科全书/ 专科全书员alumni 校友critic 批评家誉领袖的satirist 讽刺作disciple 学徒innocent 天真家apprentice 学的/无罪的inventor 发明徒lovelorn 相思家mechanic 机械病苦的biographer 自工emotional 情传作家minimalist 简绪的/情感的sculptor 雕塑单抽象派艺术sentimental家家感伤的/多feminist 女权avant-garde 愁善感的主义者前卫派cheerless 无精humanitarian territory 领域打采的/无生人道主义者genre 风格/ 命力的imagist 意象体裁patriarchal派诗人eccentric 古怪家长的/族philanthropist 的长的慈善家odd 怪诞的/奇rigid 僵化的proprietor 业数的spare 简朴的主mortal 犯人erratic 奇怪的clumsy 笨拙的precursor 先weird 怪异的/ zigzag 曲折的驱不可思议的contemporary figurehead 名romantic 浪漫当代的acclaimed 受欢迎的genuine 真正的emotive 感人的preeminent 杰authentic 逼真prodigious 巨出的的/原汁原味大的versatile （人）的classic 经典的多才多艺的/ symbolic 象征posthumous （物）多功能性的死后的的immortal 不朽household 的/神家庭的/家nostalgia 怀旧喻户晓的主义/思乡摄影photographer 景exposure 曝光摄影家background instantpanorama 全背景camera 拍立景照片high 得snap shot 快照definition 高camera lens相developing 清晰度机镜头冲洗close-up 特写tripod 三脚架enlarge 放大out of focus 调dark room foreground 前焦不准暗室wide angle lens 广角镜头long focus lens长镜头filter 滤色镜文学pose 散文model 人物原流派diary 日记型comparative autobiograph leading literature 比较y 传记character 主文学editorial 社论人公realism 现实narrative main plot 主主义prose 叙述性要情节surrealism descriptive prelude 序曲超现实主义prose 描写性prologue 序言futurism 未来essay 随笔epilogue 尾声主义poetry 诗歌literary modernism 现ballad 民谣criticism 文学代主义lullaby 催眠曲批评aestheticism fiction 小说literary 唯美主义allegory 寓言studies 文学研fairy tale 童话究legend 传说schools ofproverb 谚语literature 文学音乐musical pop music 流管instrument 乐行音乐oboe 双簧管器classical keyboard orchestra （管music 古典音instrument 弦）乐队乐键盘乐器shook rattle 摇Jazz 爵士乐percussion 震拨浪鼓symphony 交荡/打击乐器pound drum 响乐vocal music 击鼓rock and roll 声乐foot beat 跺脚摇滚乐concerto 协奏note 音符band music / 曲score 乐谱wind music sonata 奏鸣曲movement 乐管乐serenade 小夜章string 弦乐曲fanatical 狂热violin 小提琴solo 独奏/独唱的viola 中提琴duet 二重唱hillbilly music cello 大提琴conducting 指乡村音乐harp 竖琴挥folk music 民horn 号；喇叭podium 指挥间音乐clarinet 单簧台accompanime harmony 和声epilogue 尾声nt 伴奏rest 休止quality 音质time 节拍volume 音量lullaby 催眠曲chord 和弦prelude 序曲美术（绘画和雕塑）fine arts 美术画caricatureoil painting 油mural 漫画画painting / pigment 颜色，water color fresco 壁画色素水彩画engraving 版canvas 油画布tempera 蛋彩画brush 画笔画lithograph 石drawing sketch 速写/素板画board 画板描landscape perspective pastel 彩色蜡painting 风景透视画法笔画画original 原作poster 海报/招still life 静物copy 临本贴画画reproduction / charcoal portrait 肖像replica 复制品drawing 木炭画genuine 真的fake 假的gallery 美术馆autograph真迹panorama 全景画calligraphy 书法paste 裱糊impressionisti c style 印象派风格framing 装框sculpture 雕塑sculptor 雕塑家figurine 小雕像bust 半身雕塑像statue 塑像unique 唯一的/独特的animator 漫画家saxophonist 萨克斯风管吹奏者indigo 靛蓝purple 紫色。
PART 1托福听力对话场景高频词汇校园设施类：dormitory 口.宿舍auditorium=lecture hall n.会堂，礼堂computer lab 计算实验室, 机房dining hall=canteen=refectory食堂；cafeteria.自助餐厅administration building 行政大楼main building 主楼wing/annex 配楼teaching building 教学楼enrollment 登记，注册opening ceremony n.开业典礼，仪式commencement ceremony毕业典礼convocation.正式会议（可指简单的毕业典礼）orientation meeting开学说明会staff n.全体职员freshman （大学）一年级学生sophomore （大学）二年级学生junior （大学）三年级学生senior （大学）四年级学生tuition, fee费用placement test开学测试excellent出色的average平均的,一般的below average低于平均水平的，差的校园人员类：university- president 大学，校长chancellor 名誉校长college 学院school 学院graduate/grad school研究生院dean 院长principal 中学校长professor 教授associate professor 副教授assistant professor 助理教授coordinator 班主任，协调人counselor辅导员advisor指导老师instructor讲师tutor个人辅导supervisor 管理人undergraduate 本科graduate 研究生custodian管理人faculty教工，系receptionist前台接待员registrar课程注册员教授lecturer = instructor 讲师teaching assistant = TA 助教research assistant = RA 助研counselor, adviser 咨询者，顾问president 大学校长teacher/faculty 教师student's advisor 学生顾问physicist 物理学家mathematician 数学家chemist化学家historian 历史学家statistician 统计学家学科类：学科major主修minor 副修science 理科,arts 文科,engineering 工科Mathematics 数学physics 物理chemistry 化学biology 生物学geography 地理学electronics 电子学computer science 计算机科学astronomy 天文学electronics engineering 电子工程学botany 植物学psychology 心理学zoology 动物学architecture 建筑学oceanography 海洋学ecology 生态学medical science 医学archaeology 考古学history 历史学linguistics 语言学pedagogies 教育学，教学法anthropology 人类学economics 经济学statistics 统计学accounting 会计学philosophy 哲学类型required> compulsory course 必修课selective/optional course 选修课elective course 选修课lecture 讲座discussion讨论会seminar高级研讨性课colloquium n.报告课tutorial 个人辅导课程workshop专题课程,讨论会级别Introductory入门级elementary, fundamental 初级Intermediate, secondary 中级Advanced 高级Prerequisite先修课程，必要前提上课：Attend class上课Miss class缺课Skip class逃课Syllabus教学大纲Required textbook要求的课本Attendance出勤Grading system 打分体系Class participation 课堂参与semester/term 学期quarter 小学期course guideline 课程纲要major 主修minor 副修exemption 免修syllabus教学大纲Professor's signa^U S e的签字（用于注册课程）Course cap 课程容量（可以招收的学生数），openings （可供注册的名额）Take 选（课）,drop 退（课）Late registration 晚注册作业类:assignment= homework = coursework = schoolwork 作业lab report 实验报告book report 读书报告project 作业presentation 发言term paper 学期论文（research paper） thesis/essay/dissertation 论文journal 学术期干刊social investigation 社会调查survey 调查questionnaire n.调查表，问卷observation n. 观察interview v./n.采访，面试collect data收集数据broad （论文等）内容宽泛narrow down （论文等）缩小范围source （写论文的）参考资料critical thinking 评判性思维lack your own ideas缺少自己的想法deadline n.最终期限extension 延期due date/time 期限outline n.大纲，提纲（roadmap）bibliography n 书目，参考书目reference 参考plagiarism n.抄袭revise v.修改rewrite v.重写final draft 完成稿speech n.演讲presentation 演讲，陈述eye contact 目光接触intonation 音调考试类:mid-term exam 期中考final exams = finals 期末考cumulative final 总结性考试take-home exam（拿回家的开卷考试，一般有限定的时间）open-book exam开卷考试subjective test主观性测试objective test客观性测试pop quiz抽查式测验blue book 答题本assessment n 估价appraisal n.评价，估价make up for 补考，resit=retake 重考grade=mark =$3区分数perfect grade 优异成绩low grade 低分high mark 高分passing grade 及格分failing grade 不及格分full marks 满分straight A's 全A be all A's and B's 全是A和B B plus B 力口A minus A 减pass the exam with flying colors 以优异成绩通过考试graduate with honors 以荣誉毕业diploma, degree, certificate 文凭，学位，证书reference letter/recommendation letter 推荐信，Certification 认证，qualification 资格， qualified 合格的Resume, CV financial aid 经济援助ScholarshipFellowship Teaching assistantship 助教奖学金Research assistantship 研究奖学金Grant助学金Loan贷款Need-based以需求为基础Merit-based以优秀为基础Student union学生会Clubs俱乐部Membership成员资格Career service图书馆类:library图书馆librarian图书管理员publication出版物periodical期刊magazine 杂志book catalogue 图书目录classified catalogue 分类目录bibliography参考书目title index书目索引alphabetic index按字母顺序排列的索引circulation desk借书处reserved books馆藏书（只能在图书馆内借阅）library card 借书证overdue fine 过期罚金periodical reading room 期刊阅览室online journal在线期刊video tape录像带back issue过期杂志current issue近期杂志archive档案non-fiction非小说类文学作品science-fiction科幻小说copier复印机check out办理（借、还）手续renew续借overdue过期interlibrary service 馆际服务部分名称information desk n.服务台delivery/circulation desk 借书台shelf 口.书架photocopy room 复印室return area 还书处students locker学生存储间reference section参考书部住宿类：宿舍：accommodation n.住处，膳宿residence hall 宿舍suite 套间studio 工作室，独立套间village村落（校内一栋一栋的房子，可以用做宿舍）lounge n.公共大厅（可以用做娱乐）home-stay在国外住在房东家里的那种roommate同屋者，室友corridor n.走廊,过道，租房lease n.租借，租约landlord房东landlady 女房东rent 租金tenant 房客patio n.阳台，sliding door n.推拉门single room 单人房twin room 双人房two-bedroom apartment house key 房锁匙床上用品：pillow n.枕头bed linen n.床上用品sheet n.被单mattress n.床垫blanket 口.毯子towel 口.手巾，毛巾quilt n.棉被electric appliance（instrument; equipment）电器heater, furnace 力口热器,炉子heating unit 暖气片air conditioner 空调设备stove 炉子microwave oven 微波炉washer / dryer 洗衣机/烘干机（laundry洗衣店）utensil器皿;用具kitchen utensil炊具oven烤箱；烤炉range煤气灶dishwasher 洗碟机washing machine 洗衣机（hot-water） heater 热水器coffeepot 咖啡壶refrigerator （freezer）冰箱vacuum cleaner 吸尘器tape player 录音机CD player CD 机Laundromat 自动洗衣店maintenance 维修，保养bookshelf书架bookcase书柜couch沙发chest柜子;橱;箱子dresser （bureau）梳妆台cabinet （电视机等）机箱;储藏柜；陈列柜cupboard （closet）碗橱storage wall 壁橱rug 小地毯carpet 地毯curtain 窗帘bathtub 浴缸fixture （房屋）固定装置furnishings室内陈设personalpossessions/property/belongings 个人财产get insurance forpossessions/property/belongs garbage/rubbish/waste n.垃圾dispose v. 处理gas meter 煤气表insect n.昆虫burglar n.夜贼leaking/leakage n.泄漏lost key 丢钥匙break in闯入PART 2托福听力学术讲座高频词汇文学pose 散文diary 日记autobiography 传记editorial 社论narrative prose 叙述性descriptive prose 描写性essay 随笔poetry 诗歌ballad 民谣lullaby 催眠曲fiction 小说allegory寓言fairy tale童话legend传说proverb谚语model人物原型leading character 主人公main plot 主要情节prelude 序曲prologue 序言epilogue 尾声literary criticism 文学批评literary studies 文学研究schools of literature 文学流派comparative literature 比较文学realism 现实主义surrealism 超现实主义futurism 未来主义modernism现代主义aestheticism唯美主义音乐musical instrument 乐器orchestra （管弦）乐队shook rattle 摇拨浪鼓pound dru 击鼓 foot beat 跺脚note 音符score 乐谱movement 乐章fanatical 狂热的hillbilly music 乡村音乐folk music 民间音乐pop music 流行音乐classical music 古典音乐Jazz 爵士乐symphony 交响乐rock and roll 摇滚乐band music / wind music 管乐string弦乐violin小提琴viola中提琴cello大提琴harp竖琴horn号；喇叭clarinet 单簧管oboe双簧管keyboard instrument键盘乐器percussion震荡/打击乐器vocal music声乐concerto协奏曲sonata奏鸣曲serenade小夜曲solo独奏/独唱duet二重唱conducting 指挥podium 指挥台accompaniment 伴奏quality 音质volume 音量chord和弦harmony和声rest休止time节拍lullaby催眠曲prelude序曲epilogue 尾声建筑architecture建筑学architect建筑学家construct结构wing辐楼/侧楼design设计elevator 电梯skyscraper 摩天大楼design element 设计元素log structure 原木结构cabin 小木屋beam 梁prototype 原型building technique 建筑工艺new material 新材料metal-frame 金属结构repair person 修理工planetarium 天文馆aquarium 水族馆archives 档案馆office building 写字楼cathedral 大教堂mosque 清真寺the statue of liberty自由女神像the triumphal arch凯旋门sphinx狮身人面像pyramid金字塔castle城堡美术fine arts 美术oil painting 油画water color 水彩画tempera 蛋彩画sketch 速写/素描pastel 彩色蜡笔画poster 海报/招贴画charcoal drawing 木炭画mural painting / fresco 壁画engraving 版画lithograph 石板画landscape painting 风景画still life 静物画portrait肖像画caricature漫画pigment颜色，色素canvas油画布brush画笔drawing board 画板perspective 透视画法original 原作copy 临本reproduction / replica 复制品genuine 真的fake 假的gallery 美术馆autograph 真迹panorama 全景画calligraphy 书法paste 裱糊impressionistic style 印象派风格framing 装框sculpture雕塑sculptor雕塑家figurine小雕像bust半身雕塑像statue塑像animator 漫画家人类学artist艺术家choreographer舞蹈编排家critic批评家satirist讽刺作家inventor发明家biographer自传作家sculptor雕塑家feminist女权主义者humanitarian人道主义者imagist意象派诗人philanthropist慈善家proprietor业主mortal犯人precursor 先驱figurehead 名誉领袖disciple 学徒apprentice 学徒mechanic 机械工minimalist 简单抽象派艺术家avant-garde前卫派territory领域genre风格/体裁eccentric古怪的odd怪诞的/奇数的erratic奇怪的weird怪异的/不可思议的romantic浪漫的innocent天真的/无罪的lovelorn相思病苦的emotional情绪的/情感的sentimental 感伤的/多愁善感的cheerless无精打采的/无生命力的patriarchal 家长的/族长的rigid僵化的spare简朴的clumsy笨拙的zigzag曲折的contemporary 当代的acclaimed受欢迎的preeminent杰出的versatile （人）多才多艺的/ （物）多功能的household家庭的/家喻户晓的genuine真正的authentic逼真的/原汁原味的symbolic象征性的immortal不朽的/神nostalgia怀旧主义/思乡emotive感人的prodigious 巨大的classic 经典的posthumous心理学infant婴儿kid儿童teenager十三至十九岁的人young people年轻人adult 成年人old people/the aged/elderly people /senior citizens 老年人mature 成熟的majority多数人minority少数人conformity从众，一致individual个体，个人self-reliance 依靠自己,自立behaviour 行为，举止behaviorism 行为主义psychoanalysis.精神分析egocentric自我中心的;利己主义的mental心理的founder创始人Archimedes.阿基米德Plato柏拉图mental process思维过程thought 思想,想法cognition 认识cognitive capacity 认知能力motor 运动motivation动机;积极性;推动intention意图,目的intuitive直觉的hypotheses 假定，假说conscience道德心，良心virtuous善良的;有道德的curiosity好奇心patriarchal家长的/族长的internal内部的external外部的;表面的optimism乐观;乐观主义generous慷慨的，大方identity身份;同一性fame名声，名望spiritual心灵的soul灵魂;心灵physical身体的，物质的,物理的habit习惯muscle肌肉sign language手语，符号语音throat喉咙，嗓子larynx =voice box 喉头subjective 主观的objective 客观的positive/negative electrode正/负电极maze迷宫questionnaire问卷subject受实验对象obsession困扰deaf聋的blind 盲abnormal反常的distracted心烦意乱的amnesia健忘症，记忆缺失动物学zoology 动物学Darwinism 达尔文学说natural selection 自然选择phylum 门class 纲order 目suborder 亚目family 科genus 属species 种invertebrate 无脊椎动物vertebrate 脊椎动物aquatic life 水生动物reptile 爬行动物amphibian/amphibious animal两栖动物protozoa原生动物rodent啮齿动物ruminant 反刍动物parasitic animal寄生动物primate灵长动物plankton浮游生物mollusk软体动物coelenterate 腔肠动物（如水母、海蜇、珊瑚等）herbivore食草动物mammal哺乳动物homotherm 恒温动物cold-blooded animal冷血动物poikilotherm 变温动物scavenger食腐动物carnivorous 食肉的herbivorous 食草的omnivorous 杂食的bird 鸟类camouflage 伪装hibernate 冬眠；蛰伏regeneration 再生predatory / carnivore 食肉的predator 捕食者prey捕食hordes/swarms （昆虫等）群flock （牛、羊等）群community动物的群落或人的部落population种群herd 兽群hygiene卫生sanitation公共卫生；卫生设施monogamous 一夫一妻的/一雌一雄的polygamous 一夫多妻的/一雄多雌的polyandrous 一妻多夫的/一雌多雄的nomadic游牧的；流浪的trapper诱捕动物者niche小生态环境vestige退化器fertilizer使受精metabolism新陈代谢breed（名词）品种；（动词）繁殖multiply / reproduce繁殖spawn （鱼、虾、蛙等）孵anatomy 解剖学appetite 食欲creature 生物scales 鳞feathers 羽毛armor 甲spinal cord 脊椎digestive system 消化系统excretory system 排泄系统reproductive system 生殖系统circulatory system 循环系统respiratory system 呼吸系统hormonal system 内分泌系统digestive duct 消化管esophagus 食管stomach 胃small intestine 小肠large intestine 大肠anus 肛门digestive gland 消化腺salivary gland 唾液腺liver 肝gallbladder 胆pancreas 胰squirrel 松鼠marten 貂bat 蝙蝠squeak （老鼠等）吱吱otter水獭antelope羚羊gorilla大猩猩chimpanzee黑猩猩baboon狒狒hyena鬣狗moose 驼鹿beaver 海狸elk 麋鹿reindeer 驯鹿giraffe 长颈鹿rhinoceros 犀牛hippo 河马sloth树懒slothful懒惰的frog青蛙tadpole蝌蚪salamander蝾螈scorpion 蝎子turtle 龟lizard 蜥蜴chameleon 变色龙caymen / crocodile 鳄鱼centipede 蜈蚣robin知更鸟owl猫头鹰barnacle北极鹅penguin企鹅canary金丝雀chirp （鸟、虫的叫声）vulture 秃鹫crane 鹤stork 鹳ptarmigan 雷鸟migrate 迁移plumage 羽体camouflage伪装wing翅膀bill （鸟）嘴beak （鹰等的）嘴insect昆虫wasp 黄蜂hornet大黄蜂spider蜘蛛pest害虫worm虫/蠕虫cicada蝉mantis螳螂cockroach 蟑螂earthworm 蚯蚓antenna / tentacle 触须larva幼虫jellyfish 水母nettle fish海蜇coral珊瑚dolphin海豚whale鲸鱼shrimp小虾prawn对虾lobster龙虾crab螃蟹mussel贻贝；蚌类clam蛤蜊oyster牡蛎sponge海绵starfish海星squid 鱿鱼；乌贼burro / octopus章鱼sole鳎；鳎目鱼plaice鲽，红斑比目鱼植物学botany 植物学botanical / botanic 植物学的horticulture 园艺学aquatic plant 水生植物parasite plant 寄生植物root 根canopy 树冠层/顶棚foliage / leaf 叶leaflet 小叶rosette（叶的）丛生stem 茎stalk 杆leafstalk 叶柄shoot / sprout 嫩芽/抽枝flower 花bud花蕾petal花瓣peel / skin果皮shell （硬）果壳husk （干）果壳/ （玉米）苞叶trunk树干bark树皮branch树枝bough大或者粗的树枝twig小树枝jungle丛林lawn草坪meadow草地/牧场prairie大草原mosses苔藓shrub / bush灌木cluster 一簇（灌木）fern蕨类植物horsetails木贼类植物club mosses石松类植物herb草photosynthesis 光合作用chlorophyll 叶绿素symbiosis 共生symbiotic 共生的wither / shrivel / fade 凋谢blossom 花pollen 花粉pollinate 传授花粉petal 花瓣nectar 花蜜tissue 组织organ 器官system 系统seeds 种子everlasting 永久的crossbreed 杂交root pressure 根压bore 腔/肠cohesion-tension 凝聚压力column 花柱necrosis 坏死barren贫瘠的；不生育的futile无用的carbohydrate （starch）碳水化合物（淀粉）glucose 葡萄糖starch 淀粉fat 脂肪protein 蛋白质vitamin 维他命malnourished 营养不良的nutrition营养perennial多年一生的annual 一年一生的verdant绿油油的，嫩绿的，翠绿的evergreen常青树conifer tree针叶树larch 落叶松pine松树spruce云杉juniper刺柏；杜松sequoia红杉elm榆树walnut核桃树redwood红木树plum blossom 梅花orchid 兰花chrysanthemum 菊花water lily 荷花/莲花rhododendron杜鹃花rose玫瑰carnation康乃馨lily百合jasmine茉莉花helianthus / heliotrope / sunflower 向日葵camellia 茶花corn / maize / mealie 玉米pumpkin 南瓜tomato 番茄lettuce 莴苣cabbage 卷心菜wheat 小、麦rye 黑麦barley 大麦oats燕麦气象学meteorology 气象meteorologist 气象学家meteorological station 气象站forecast / predict 预报climate 气候atmosphere 大气层troposphere 对流层stratosphere 平流层mesosphere 中间层ionosphere 电离层exosphere 逸散层cold front 冷锋warm air mass热气团current（气）流moisture潮湿，水气spell某种天气持续一段时间vapor 蒸汽evaporate 蒸发damp / moist / humid 潮湿humidity 湿度moisture 潮湿/ 水分saturate 饱和dew 露frost 霜fog / mist 雾smog 烟雾droplet 小水condense 浓缩crystal 水晶体sheet （水、冰、雪的）一层downpour / torrential rain 大雨tempest（storm） / torrential rain 暴风雨drizzle 细雨shower 阵雨hail 冰雹blizzard / snowstorm 暴风雪avalanche / snow slide 雪崩precipitation （雨、露、雪等）降水thunder 雷breeze 微风sandstorm 沙暴monsoon 季风gale 大风whirlwind 旋风typhoon 台风hurricane 飓风tornado / twister / cyclone 龙卷风wind scale 风级tsunami / seismic sea wave 海啸tidal wave 潮汐；浪潮upper atmosphere 上层大气funnel 漏斗云disaster / calamity / catastrophe 灾难devastation 破坏submerge 淹没drought 旱灾convection 对流wind velocity 风速wind direction 风向long-range forecast 长期预报numerical weather prediction 数值天气预报nephanalysis 云层分析；卫星云图环境科学ecosystem生态系统balance of nature自然界生态平衡fauna动物群flora植物群rain forest 雨林food chain 食物链acid rain 酸雨greenhouse 温室效应infrared radiation红外线辐射ozone layer / ozonosphere 臭氧层ultraviolet radiation 紫外辐射pollution control 污染控制air pollution 空气控制water pollution 水污染noxious / toxic 有毒的fumes （有毒的）废气waste废物solid waste固体废物sewage / wastewater 污水sewage purification 污水净化swage disposal 污水处理decibel（噪音）分贝fossil fuel 矿物燃料process of photo synthesis 光合作用solar energy 太阳能nonrenewable 不可再生的energy conservation 保护能源resource 资源energy source 能源资源tidal energy 潮汐能fuel-efficient 节能型的rush hour 高峰期zero emission 零辐射wildness 野生/天然preservation 保护atmosphere 大气carbon 碳dioxide 二氧化物burning of coal and oil 煤油燃烧global warming 全球变暖greenhouse effect 温室效应rise in sea level 海平面上升long-term climatic change 长期的气候变化environmental recycling center 再循环利用中心litter/trash garbage 垃圾pollutant 污染物desertification 沙漠化deforest 滥伐森林drought 干旱water shortage 水源缺乏offshore spillage 近海岸溢出carbon dioxide release 二氧化碳排放industrial sewage 工业污水recycling 再循环purify 净化deteriorate 恶化acid rain 酸雨sewage disposal 污水处理environment protection 环境保护ozone layer 臭氧层waste disposal废物处理emission （汽车废气的）排放soot烟尘El Nino厄尔尼诺现象地质学crust 地壳mantle 地幔core 地核continental crust 大陆地壳oceanic crust 海洋地壳layer / stratum 地层stratigraphy 地层学fault 断层fault plane 断层面fault zone 断层带rift / crack / split 断裂disintegration / decomposition 分解erosion 腐蚀fossil 化石igneous rock 火成岩sedimentary rock 沉积岩metamorphic rock 变质岩limeston 石灰岩granite 花岗岩marble 大理石lithosphere 岩石圈magma / molten lava岩浆quartz石英mineral矿物ore矿石deposit矿床rubble 碎石debris残骸platinum 白金/铂金silver 银copper 黄铜aluminum 铝tin 锡lead 铅zinc 锌nickel 镍mercury 汞/水银sodium钠gem 宝石diamond 钻石emerald 绿宝石ruby 红宝石glacier 冰川glacial 冰川的glacial epoch / age / period 冰川期glacial drift 冰渍moraines 冰碛iceberg 冰山volcano 火山active volcano 活火山extinct volcano 死火山dormant volcano 休眠火山（sloping） shield volcano 盾状火山（平缓）（steep-sided） cone volcano 锥状火山（陡峭）eruption 火山喷发crater 火山口caldera （开口较大的）火山口depression洼地，凹陷处；盆地lava火山岩浆volcanic dust 火山尘volcanic ash 火山灰geyser 间歇喷泉hot spring 温泉earthquake / quake / tremor / seism 地震seismic 地震的seismology 地震学magnitude 震级seismic intensity scale 震烈度seismic wave 地震波transverse wave 横波longitudinal wave 纵波epicenter 震中epicentral distance 震中距aftershock 余震cataclysm 灾变tsunami / tidal / force 海啸undersea landslide 海底山崩melt global warming全球逐渐变暖叫uifer 蓄水层swamp沼泽peat bog泥炭沼泽Great Canyon 大峡谷Nile River 尼罗河Colorado river科罗拉多河crumples zones 地质缓冲地带bedrock岩床bulge凸起物地理学hemisphere 半球meridian 子午线/ 经线parallel 平行圈latitude 纬线longitude经线/经度elevation海拔altitude高度/海拔horizon地平线equator赤道temperature latitudes 温带地区tropics 热带地区Arctic / the North Pole 北极Antarctic / Antarctica 南极the Antarctic Continent 南极洲the Antarctic Circle 南极圈the Arctic Circle 北极圈aurora 极光tropics of Cancer 北回归线tropics of Capricorn 南回归线international date line 国际日期变更线time difference 时差time zone 时区topography 地形/ 地形学plain 平原plateau / highland 高地lowland 低地basin 盆地oasis 绿洲enclave 飞地peak 山峰cordillera / ranges 山脉carven / cave 洞穴terrain 地域subterranean 地底下coastland 沿海地区coastline 海岸线watershed 分水岭upper reaches 上游lower reaches 下游tributary 支流deposit 沉积spring / fountain 泉水iceberg 冰山riverbed 河床gulf / bay 海湾waterfall 瀑布cascade小瀑布；喷流reef暗礁tide湖水torrent水的急流tropical rain forest热带雨林continental island 大陆岛volcanic island 火山岛coral island 珊瑚岛islet 小岛peninsular 半岛archipelago 群岛delta 三角洲landlocked area 内陆inland waterway 内陆河subcontinent 次大陆cliff 山崖valley 山谷hillside / mountain slope 山坡continental shelf 大陆架canyon / gorge 峡谷channel / strait 海峡remote-sensing 遥感的terrestrial 地球的/陆地的terrestrial heat / geothermal 地热terrestrial magnetism 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学sea-floor spreading 海床扩展evaporation 蒸发salinity 含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment 沉积物tropical 热带的temperate温带的frigid寒带的frost heaving冻胀现象tundra苔原，冻原fieldstone 卵石the Mediterranean Sea 地中海the primeval forest 原始森林Scandinavia斯堪的纳维亚（半岛）（瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛的泛称为。
托福写作动物食物类常用词总结分享托福写作常用词分类汇总：动物类伙伴 n. paons人类 man/ humans/ the human race/ humaty/ humankind/ Ho sapiens n.&vt. abuse替代物 n. replacement= alternatives爆发的传染病 n. epidemic囚禁 n. captivity动物 n. creatures驱散我们的寂寞 drive off our loneliness表现很乖的 adj. well-behed保护 vt. preserve栖息地 n. habitat残忍的 adj. brutal/ callous/ merciless/ inhuman/ ruthless生物多样性 n. biodiversity濒危动物 endangered species兽皮 n. hide兽毛 n. fur制药 pharmaceutical pany生物医学研究 bXXedical research临床的 adj. clical实验室 n. laboratory(用实验、仪器等的)模拟 n. sXXlation动物权益保护主义者 amal right activists医学研究 medical research残忍的 adj. cruel/ merciless/ inhuman/ callous/ brutal活体解剖 n. vivisectionn. anesthetic减轻动物的relieve/ alleviate/ ease amals’ pain宠物是主人的伙伴pets are their masters’ paons给主人心理安慰 afford their masters consolation and fort偷猎 v. ach某一种事物是没有替代物的 there are no replacements/ substXXtes/ alternatives forsth.托福写作常用词分类汇总：食物类味道好的 adj. tasty风味 n. flor香味儿 n. aroma超级好吃的 adj. scrumptious美味食品 n. delicacy地道的，正宗的 adj. authentic多样性 n. variety有机的 adj. orgac摄入量 n. intake……的摄入过多excessive intake of …肥胖症 obesity冠心病 coronary heart disease (CHD)油腻的 adj. greasy食品卫生 food hygiene奶制品 dairy products缺乏运动的生活方式 sedentary lifestyle很不健康的外卖或者速冻食品 TV dinner糖尿病 n. diabetes心血管疾病 cardiovascular disease营养不良的 adj. malnourished无法的病 incurable disease治疗 n. treatment治疗 n. therapy营养成分构成表 nutrition fact有营养的 adj. nutritious/ nourishing素食主义者 n. vegetarian冷冻食品 frozen food罐装食品 canned food让人发胖的 adj. fatteng控制饮食 watch your diet食品，小物品 n. groceries低热量的 adj. low-calorie低脂肪的 adj. low-fat低胆固醇的 adj. low-cholesterol以不破坏健康的速度去减肥 lose weight at a healthy pace 钙 n. calcium高纤维 n. high in fiber发胖 gain weight超重的 adj. overweight慢性病 chroc diseases(疾病的)症状 n. symptoms虚弱的 adj. feeble对于某种饮食或者物品上瘾的人 n. junkie菜系 n. cuisine某种菜的制作方法 recipe饿得不行了的 adj. starving保持健康 keep fit精力充沛的 adj. invigorated原料 n. ingredient饮料 n. beverage有益健康的 adj. XXlesome/ healthy均衡的饮食 balanced diet饮食习惯 dietary habits主食;主要的 n.&adj. staple厨具 cooking utensils餐具 eating utensils西式餐具 n. silverware过敏 n. allergy碳水化合物 n. carbohydrate蛋白质 n. protein维生素 n. vitamin矿物质 n. mineral微量园素 trace elements对……提供补充 vt. supplementDo you agree or dXXgree with the following statement: It is better torelax bya vie or reading a book than doing physical exercise.托福写作模板：英文例文Preference in methods of relaxation varies from person to person. Angthese methods, staying indoors and reading or watching a vie is re pularthan going outside and doing physical exercise. As for me, I prefer relaxing byreading a book and watching a vie.Reading books or watching vies helps me relax physically. My days arebusy with fishing all of my work, muting to my office on the other side ofthe city, , and doing household chores that I do not he much time or energy toexercise. However, openg a book or playing a vie helps me slow down andrestore my vitality. For example, when I read or watch a vie, I can sit backon a sofa or recline in bed. In this way, my muscles can rest. In contrast, whe exercise, I by no means rest or relax my body. In addition, I he to addwashing my workout clothes to my already long list of chores.Reading books and watching vies also helps me relax mentally. The tedioueetings, repeated routines and limited new tasks of my job makes me mentallyexhausted. At these ments I like to enjoy an interesting story from a book ora faus vie. Then, all of the disturbing feelings, like boredom anddepression, go away and I e away feeling inspired. For instance, I rXXntlyread the Biography of Steve Jobs and learned how this leader conueredadversity. In one of my forite vies, The Shawshank Redemption, the mainracter Andy shows that no matter what difficulty we may confront, as long aswe keep hope in our hearts, all the pressure will pass and the sun will stillshine torrow.Admittedly, exercising can help us relax to some degree. Football matcheswith co-workers, playing badminton in the backyard with family, and even abasketball game with some strangers could provide an escape from daily stress.However, viewed from a different perspective, doing physical activity has sometential risks. Forinstance, it is not unn to hear that people getphysical injuries during physical exercise. What is worse, even some people hedied suddenly from overstress their already tired bodies during exercise.In conclusion, even though doing srts sometimes makes me feel rerelaxed, I prefer reading a book or watching a vie when I t to relax.一、可以先表明自己的立场，再阐述原因Businesses are as likely as are governments to establish largebureaucracies，but bureaucracy is far re damaging to a business than it is toa government.Contrary to the statement’s premise， my view is that businesses are lesslikely than government to establish large bureaucracies， bXXuse businesses knowthat they are re vulnerable than government to damage resulting frombureaucratic inefficiencies. My sition is well suprted by n sense andby observation.二、比较新颖、有创意的开头“As technologies and the demand for certain services nge， many workerswill lose their jobs. The resnsibility for those people to adjust to suchnge should belong to the individual worker， not to government or tobusiness.As a saying goes，“God helps those help themselves”， which is true in stcases. But as far as the large numbers of laid-off workers caused by thetechnological and market nges are concerned， I believe the government and thebusiness certainly he an unshakable resnsibility to take.三、可以适当的复述一下题目，然后稍作让步，再表达自己的观点和立场“Work greatly influences people’s personal lives—their special interests，their leisure activities， even their appearance way from the work place.”The speaker claims that our jobs greatly influence our personal interests，recreational activities and even appearance. While I agree that the personallives of some people are largely determined by their work， in my view it wouldbe a mistake to draw this conclusion generally. In my observation， the extent towhich occupation influences personal life depends on the nature of the work， andhow central the work is to one’s sense of self.“We shape our buildings and afterwards our buildings shape us.”I believe this statement should be interpreted broadly—to mean that we areinfluenced by the exterior shape of buildings， as well as by the arrangement ofmultiple buildings and by a building’s various architectural and aestheticelements. While I doubt that buildings determine our racter or basicpersonality traits， I agree that they can greatly influence our attXXdes，ods， and even life styles.四、新托福写作可以以提问方式开头，阐述自己的观点，再表明自己的立场“As technologies and the demand for certain services nge， many workerswill lose their jobs. The resnsibility for those people to adjust to suchnge should belong to the individual worker，not to government or tobusiness.”As technology and nging social needs render re and re jobs obsolete，XX is resnsible for helping displaced workers adjustWhile individuals heprimary resnsibility for learng new skills and finding work， both industryand government he some obligation to provide them the means of doing so.。
托福听力分类词汇汇总pollinate传授花粉petal花瓣nectar花蜜tissue 组织organ器官system 系统seeds种子everlasting永久的crossbreed杂交root pressure 根压bore腔/肠cohesion-tensi on凝聚压力column花柱necrosis坏死barren 贫瘠的；不生育的futile无用的carbohydrate (starch)碳水化合物（淀粉）glucose葡萄糖starch淀粉fat 脂肪protein蛋白质vitamin 维他命malnourished营养不良的nutrition 营养perennial 多年一生的annual一年一生的verdant 嫩绿的，翠绿的evergreen常青树conifer tree针叶树larch 落叶松pine松树spruce云杉juniper 刺柏；杜松sequoia红杉elm榆树walnut核桃树redwood红木树plum blossom梅花orchid兰花chrysanthemum 菊花water lily荷花/莲花rhododendron杜鹃花carnation康乃馨jasmine茉莉花helianthus / heliotrope / sunflower向日葵camellia 茶花corn / maize / mealie玉米pumpkin南瓜tomato番茄lettuce莴苣cabbage卷心菜wheat小麦rye黑麦barley大麦oats燕麦微生物学antibody 抗体toxin毒素immunity免疫immunology 免疫学vaccine疫苗fungus真菌bacteria细菌fermentation发酵inflection 传染/ 感染microorganism / microbe微生物virus病毒disinfection消毒sterilization灭菌生物学biology生物学marine biology海洋生物学entomology昆虫学ornithology鸟类学microbiology 微生物学genetics遗传学speciology物种学parasitology寄生虫学paleontology 古生物学paleontologist 古生物学家dinosaur恐龙die out / extinction灭绝mammal哺乳动物carnivore食肉动物rodent啮齿类动物underwater水下的marine海洋的scuba水下呼吸器diving潜水/跳水one-celledorganism单细胞有机体tissue（动植物细胞的）组织protectivecamouflage保护色predator 捕猎者oceanic snail蜗牛animaladaptation动物适应性survival of thefittest适者生存origin ofspecies物种起源wildenvironment野生环境insecticide杀虫剂prenatal care产后护理habitat栖息地tentacle触须prey 捕食navigate 导航tiny receptor接收器nerve /specimen 物种amphibian两栖类动物decline in the number数量减少gene基因genetic基因的endangered species濒危动物survival活着的transition 转变/过渡microbe 微生物yeast酵母（菌）bacteria细菌single-cell单细胞reptile爬行类动物hatch孵化incubation孵化nest巢offspring子孙chew up咀嚼unfertilizedeggs未受精卵nutrient营养品nourishment营养品/ 食物feed喂养cannibalism同类相食respiration呼吸ingestion摄食digestion消化digestiveenzyme消化酶cell细胞nucleus细胞核cytoplasm细胞质plasma lemma/ cellmembrane细胞膜cell wall 细胞壁protein蛋白质amino acid核酸plankton 浮游生物heredity遗传mutation ofspecies 物种变异chromosome 染色体genetic engineering遗传工程solitary独居social群居bio-diversity生物多样性metamorphosis变态/ 变形mutation变种variation变异动物学zoology动物学Darwinism达尔文学说natural selection自然选择phylum门class纲order 目suborder 亚目family科genus属species种invertebrate 无脊椎动物vertebrate脊椎动物aquatic life水生动物reptile 爬行动物amphibian /amphibiousanimal 两栖动物protozoa 原生动物rodent 啮齿动物ruminant 反刍动物parasiticanimal寄生动物primate灵长动物plankton浮游生物mollusk软体动物coelenterate腔肠动物（如水母、海蜇、珊瑚等）herbivore 食草动物mammal哺乳动物homotherm 恒温动物cold-blooded animal冷血动物poikilotherm 变温动物scavenger食腐动物carnivorous 食肉的herbivorous 食草的omnivorous杂食的bird鸟类camouflage伪装hibernate冬眠；蛰伏regeneration再生predatory /carnivore食肉的predator捕食者prey捕食hordes /swarms（昆虫等）群flock（牛、羊等）群community动物的群落或人的部落population种群herd 兽群hygiene卫生sanitation公共卫生；卫生设施monogamous一夫一妻的/一雌一雄的polygamous一夫多妻的/一雄多雌的polyandrous一妻多夫的/一雌多雄的nomadic游牧的；流浪的trapper诱捕动物者niche小生态环境vestige退化器fertilizer使受精metabolism新陈代谢breed（名词）品种；（动词）繁殖multiply / reproduce繁殖spawn（鱼、虾、蛙等）孵anatomy 解剖学appetite食欲creature生物scales鳞feathers羽毛armor甲spinal cord 脊椎digestive system消化系统excretorysystem排泄系统reproductivesyste生殖系统circulatorysystem循环系统respiratorysystem呼吸系统hormonalsystem内分泌系digestive duct消化管esophagus食管stomach胃small intestine小肠largeintestine大肠anus肛门digestivegland 消化腺salivary gland唾液腺liver肝gallbladder胆pancreas 胰水生动物jellyfish水母nettle fish海蜇coral珊瑚dolphin 海豚whale鲸鱼shrimp 小虾prawn对虾lobster龙虾crab螃蟹mussel贻贝；蚌类clam 蛤蜊oyster牡蛎sponge海绵starfish海星squid鱿鱼；乌贼burro /octopus 章鱼sole 鳎；鳎目鱼plaice 鲽，红斑比目鱼哺乳动物squirrel松鼠marten貂bat蝙蝠squeak（老鼠等）吱吱otter水獭antelope羚羊gorilla大猩猩chimpanzee黑猩猩baboon狒狒hyena鬣狗moose驼鹿beaver海狸elk麋鹿reindeer 驯鹿giraffe长颈鹿rhinoceros犀牛hippo河马sloth 树懒slothful 懒惰的两栖动物、爬行动物frog 青蛙tadpole 蝌蚪salamander蝾螈scorpion蝎子turtle龟lizard蜥蜴chameleon变色龙cay men /crocodile鳄鱼centipede蜈蚣鸟类robin知更鸟owl猫头鹰barnacle 北极鹅penguin企鹅canary 金丝雀chirp（鸟、虫的叫声）vulture秃鹫crane鹤stork鹳ptarmigan雷鸟migrate迁移plumage羽体camouflage伪装wing翅膀bill （鸟）嘴beak（鹰等的）嘴昆虫insect昆虫wasp黄蜂hornet 大黄蜂spider 蜘蛛pest 害虫worm虫/蠕虫cicada蝉mantis 螳螂cockroach蟑螂earthworm蚯蚓antenna /tentacle触须larva幼虫生态学ecology生态学ecosystem生态系统balance ofnature自然界生态平衡fauna动物群flora植物群rain forest雨林food chain食物链acid rain酸雨greenhouse温室效应infrared radiation红外线辐ozone layer / ozonosphere臭氧层ultraviolet radiation紫外辐pollution control污染控制air pollution空气控制waterpollution水污染noxious / toxic有毒的fumes（有毒的）废气waste废物solid waste固体废物sewage /wastewater污水sewagepurification污水净化swagedisposal污水处理decibel（噪音）分贝能源和环境fossil fuel 矿物燃料process of photo synthesis光合作用solar energy太阳能nonrenewable不可再生的energyconservation保护能源resource资源energy source能源资源tidal energy潮汐能fuel-efficient 节能型的rush hour 高峰期zero emission 零辐射wildness 野生/天然preservation 保护atmosphere大气carbon碳dioxide二氧化物burning of coal and oil煤油燃烧global warming全球变暖greenhouse effect温室效应rise in sealevel海平面上升long-termclimaticchange长期的气候变化environmentalrecyclingcenter再循环利用中心litter/trashgarbage 垃圾pollutant污染物desertification沙漠化deforest滥伐森林drought干旱watershortage水源缺乏offshorespillage近海岸溢出carbondioxiderelease二氧化碳排放industrialsewage工业污水recycling再循环purify净化deteriorate恶化acid rain 酸雨sewagedisposal污水处理environmentprotection环境保护ozone layer臭氧层waste disposal废物处理emission（汽车废气的）排放soot 烟尘El Niño 厄尔尼诺现象天文学astronomy天文学astronomical observatory天文台planetarium天文馆astrophysics天文物理学astrology 占星学pseudoscience 伪科学cosmos / universe 宇宙cosmology宇宙infinite无限的cosmic宇宙的cosmicradiation宇宙辐射cosmic rays宇宙射线celestial 天体的celestial body/ heavenlybody 天体celestial map /sky atlas 天体图celestialsphere 天球dwarf / dwarfstar 矮星quasar 类星体constellation星座galaxy / MilkyWay银河系star cluster星团asterism星群solar system太阳系solar corona 日冕solar eclipse 日食solar radiation太阳辐射planet行星planetoid / asteroid 小行星revolve旋转twinkle 闪烁naked eye肉眼Mercury水星Venus金星Earth地球Mars火星Jupiter 木星Saturn土星Uranus天王星Neptune海王星Pluto冥王星orbit轨道spin 旋转satellite卫星lunar月球的meteor流星meteorshower流星雨star恒星meteoroid流星体meteorite陨石comet彗星space / outerspace 太空，外层空间spacecraft /spaceship 宇宙飞船space shuttle航天飞机spacetelescope空间望远镜astronaut /spaceman宇航员space suit宇航服stellar 恒星的intergalactic星系间的interstellar恒星间的interplanetary行星间的asteroid小行星nebula星云space debris太空垃圾ammonia氨photosphere 光球；光球层chromosphere s色球；色球层chromosphere s-corona transition zone色球-日冕过渡层sunglow日冕sunspot太阳黑子（发生在光球层）flare耀斑（发生在色球层）solar prominence日珥（发生在色球层）convectionzone对流层vacuum真空infrared ray红外线absolutemagnitude绝对量级emission发射/散发high-resolution高清晰度interferometer 干扰仪，干涉仪illusive object幻影体faint 微弱的image 影像gravitationalforce 吸引力molten融化的leap year 闰年rotation 自传revolution公转black hole黑洞ultraviolet ray紫外线luminosity光度light year光年气象学meteorology 气象meteorologist气象学家meteorological station气象站forecast / predict预报climate气候atmosphere大气层troposphere对流层stratosphere平流层mesosphere中间层ionosphere电离层exosphere逸散层cold front冷锋warm air mass 热气团current（气）流moisture 潮湿，水气spell某种天气持续一段时vapor 蒸汽evaporate蒸发damp / moist /humid潮湿humidity湿度moisture潮湿saturate 饱和dew 露frost霜fog /mist雾smog烟droplet小水condense浓缩crystal水晶体sheet（水、冰、雪的）一层downpour /torrential rain大雨tempest(storm) /torrential rain暴风雨drizzle细雨shower阵雨hail冰雹blizzard /snowstorm暴风雪avalanche /snow slide雪崩precipitation（雨、露、雪等）降水thunder 雷breeze微风sandstorm沙暴monsoon季风gale大风whirlwind旋风typhoon 台hurricane飓风tornado / twister / cyclone龙卷风wind scale风级tsunami / seismic sea wave 海啸tidal wave潮汐；浪潮upperatmosphere上层大气funnel漏斗云disaster /calamity /catastrophe灾难devastation破坏submerge淹没drought旱灾convection对流wind velocity风速wind direction风向long-rangeforecast 长期预报numericalweatherprediction数值天气预报nephanalysis云层分析；卫星云图地理学hemisphere 半球meridian子午线/ 经线parallel 平行圈latitude 纬线longitude 经线/ 经度elevation海拔altitude 高度/ 海拔horizon 地平线equator 赤道temperature latitudes温带地区tropics 热带地区Arctic / the North Pole 北极Antarctic / Antarctica 南极the Antarctic Continent南极洲the Antarctic Circle 南极圈the Arctic Circle北极圈aurora极光tropics ofCancer 北回归线tropics ofCapricorn 南回归线internationaldate line 国际日期变更线timedifference时差time zone时区topography地形/ 地形学plain平原plateau /highland 高地lowland 低地basin盆地oasis绿洲enclave飞地peak 山峰cordillera /ranges 山脉carven / cave洞穴terrain 地域subterranean地底下coastland 沿海地区coastline 海岸线watershed分水岭upper reaches上游lower reaches下游tributary支流deposit沉积spring / fountain 泉水iceberg 冰山riverbed 河床gulf / bay 海湾waterfall瀑布cascade 小瀑布；喷流reef 暗礁tide 湖水torrent 水的急流tropical rain forest 热带雨林continental island 大陆岛volcanicisland 火山岛coral island珊瑚岛islet 小岛peninsular半岛archipelago群岛delta 三角洲landlockedarea 内陆inlandwaterway 内陆河subcontinent次大陆cliff 山崖valley 山谷hillside /mountainslope 山坡continentalshelf 大陆架canyon /gorge 峡谷channel /strait 海峡remote-sensing 遥感的terrestrial地球的/陆地的terrestrialheat /geothermal地热terrestrialmagnetism 地磁continentaldrift 大陆漂移学说sea-floorspreading海床扩展evaporation 蒸发salinity 含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment 沉积物tropical 热带的temperate温带的frigid 寒带的frost heaving 冻胀现象tundra 苔原，冻原fieldstone 卵石Mediterranea n Sea地中海the primevalforest 原始森林Scandinavia斯堪的纳维亚(半岛)(瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛的泛称)fjord 峡湾coral reef 珊瑚礁Chalk 白垩纪cataclysm大洪水ridge 山脊；分水岭abyss深渊territory 版图；领土；地域Pyrenees 比利牛斯山脉Carpathians喀尔巴阡山脉Vesuvius 维苏威火山Pompeii 庞贝precipice 悬崖eon 世；纪；代glacier 冰河Pangaea 盘古大陆dune 沙丘Lagoon 咸水湖地质学crust 地壳mantle地幔core 地核continental crust大陆地壳oceanic crust 海洋地壳layer / stratum地层stratigraphy 地层学fault断层fault plane断层面fault zone 断层带rift / crack / split断裂disintegration /decompositio n分解erosion 腐蚀fossil化石igneous rock火成岩sedimentaryrock沉积岩metamorphicrock 变质岩limestone 石灰岩granite花岗岩marble大理石lithosphere岩石圈magma /molten lava岩浆quartz石英mineral矿物ore矿石deposit矿床rubble碎石debris 残骸platinum 白金/铂金silver银copper黄铜aluminum铝tin锡lead铅zinc锌nickel镍mercury 汞/水银sodium钠gem宝石diamond 钻石emerald 绿宝石ruby红宝石glacier冰川glacial 冰川的glacial epoch / age / period冰川期glacial drift冰渍moraines 冰碛iceberg冰山volcano 火山active volcano 活火山extinct volcano 死火山dormant volcano休眠火山(sloping) shield volcano 盾状火山（平缓）(steep-sided) cone volcano锥状火山（陡峭）eruption 火山喷发crater 火山口caldera（开口较大）火山口depression洼地，凹陷处；盆地lava 火山岩浆volcanic dust火山尘volcanic ash火山灰geyser 间歇喷泉hot spring温泉earthquake /quake /tremor / seism地震seismic地震的seismology地震学magnitude震级seismicintensity scale震烈度seismic wave地震波transversewave 横波longitudinalwave 纵波epicenter 震中epicentraldistance 震中距aftershock余震cataclysm灾变tsunami / tidal / force海啸undersea landslide 海底山崩melt global warming全球逐渐变暖aquifer 蓄水层swamp沼泽peat bog 泥炭沼泽Great Canyon大峡谷Nile River尼罗河Coloradoriver 科罗拉多河crumpleszones地质缓冲地带bedrock 岩床bulge凸起物考古学archaeology 考古学paleontology 古生物学anthropology 人类学archaeologist 人类学家pale-anthropo logist 古人类学家ecologicalanthropologist生态人类学家psychological anthropologist心理人类学家originate 起源于ancestor祖先hominid人（科）homogeneous同以种族（种类）的tribe部落clan氏族excavation挖掘excavate / unearth挖掘ruins 遗迹/废墟remains遗产/遗骸artifact手工艺品relic遗物/文物antique古物/古董antiquity古代/古老Stone Age石器时代Bronze Age青铜器时代Iron Age铁器时代Paleolithic旧石器时代的Mesolithic中石器时代的Neolithic新石器时代的morphology形态学skull颅骨cranial颅骨的fossil化石ancientcivilization古代文明cave man山顶洞人cultural relics文物rock painting岩画建筑学architecture 建筑学architect 建筑学家construct 结构wing辐楼/侧楼design设计elevator电梯skyscraper摩天大楼designelement设计元素log structure原木结构cabin小木屋beam梁prototype 原型building technique 建筑工艺new material 新材料metal-frame 金属结构repair person 修理工planetarium 天文馆aquarium水族馆archives档案馆officebuilding写字楼cathedral 大教堂mosque清真寺the statue ofliberty 自由女神像the triumphalarch凯旋门sphinx狮身人面像pyramid 金字塔castle 城堡政治、经济学类subsistence存活，生活subsistence wage刚够养家糊口的工资subsistence level 收支平衡的生活水平kinship亲属关系，血缘关系commodity商品check支票；收据；账单bank loan银行贷款interest利息withdraw从银行账户中提款honor (cheque/bill/d raft) 承兑a run on a bank 挤兑the Great Depression大萧条consumerism消费主义（认为高消费对个人和社会有利的看法）；保护消费者权益主义affluence 富裕，富足sophisticated世故的，老练的；复杂的，尖端的教育学higher education高等教育moral character道德品质domain 领域faculty 全体教员alumni校友treasurer 生活委员/财务大臣electivesystem选课制度curriculum课程（总称）discipline学科/管理learn by rote死记硬背encyclopedias百科全书/专科全书人物artist 艺术家choreographe r舞蹈编排家critic批评家satirist讽刺作家inventor发明家biographer自传作家sculptor雕塑家feminist女权主义者humanitarian 人道主义者imagist意象派诗人philanthropist 慈善家proprietor业主mortal犯人precursor先驱figurehead名誉领袖disciple学徒apprentice学徒mechanic机械工minimalist简单抽象派艺术家avant-garde前卫派territory领域genre 风格/体裁eccentric古怪的odd怪诞的/奇数的erratic奇怪的weird怪异的/不可思议的romantic浪漫的innocent 天真的/无罪的lovelorn 相思病苦的emotional情绪的/情感的sentimental感伤的/多愁善感的cheerless无精打采的/无生命力的patriarchal家长的/族长的rigid僵化的spare简朴的clumsy笨拙的zigzag曲折的contemporary当代的acclaimed受欢迎的preeminent杰出的versatile（人）多才多艺的/（物）多功能的household家庭的/家喻户晓的genuine真正的authentic 逼真的/原汁原味的symbolic象征性的immortal不朽的/神nostalgia怀旧主义/思乡emotive感人的prodigious巨大的classic经典的posthumous死后的摄影photographer 摄影家panorama全景照片snap shot快照developing冲洗enlarge放大foreground前景background背景highdefinition高清晰度close-up特写out of focus调焦不准exposure 曝光instantcamera拍立得camera lens相机镜头tripod 三脚架dark room暗室wide angle lens广角镜头long focuslens 长镜头filter 滤色镜文学pose 散文diary日记autobiograph y传记editorial社论narrative prose叙述性descriptive prose描写性essay随笔poetry诗歌ballad民谣lullaby催眠曲fiction小说allegory寓言fairy tale童话legend传说proverb谚语model人物原型leadingcharacter主人公main plot主要情节prelude序曲prologue序言epilogue尾声literarycriticism文学批评literarystudies文学研究schools ofliterature 文学流派comparativeliterature比较文学realism现实主义surrealism超现实主义futurism 未来主义modernism现代主义aestheticism唯美主义音乐musical instrument乐器orchestra（管弦）乐队shook rattle摇拨浪鼓pound drum 击鼓foot beat跺脚note 音符score乐谱movement乐章fanatical狂热的hillbilly music 乡村音乐folk music民间音乐pop music流行音乐classicalmusic古典音乐Jazz爵士乐symphony交响乐rock and roll摇滚乐band music /wind music管乐string弦乐violin小提琴viola中提琴cello大提琴harp 竖琴horn号；喇叭clarinet 单簧管oboe 双簧管keyboardinstrument键盘乐器percussion震荡/打击乐器vocal music声乐concerto 协奏曲sonata 奏鸣曲serenade小夜曲solo独奏/独唱duet二重唱conducting指挥podium 指挥台accompanime nt伴奏quality音质volume音量chord 和弦harmony 和声rest 休止time节拍lullaby 催眠曲prelude序曲epilogue 尾声美术（绘画和雕塑）fine arts 美术oil painting油画water color 水彩画tempera蛋彩画sketch速写/素描pastel 彩色蜡笔画poster海报/招贴画charcoal drawing 木炭画muralpainting /fresco壁画engraving版画lithograph石板画landscapepainting风景画still life静物画portrait肖像画caricature漫画pigment颜色，色素canvas油画布brush画笔drawingboard画板perspective透视画法original原作copy临本reproduction /replica复制品genuine真的fake假的gallery美术馆autograph真迹panorama全景画calligraphy书法paste裱糊impressionisti c style 印象派风格framing装框sculpture雕塑sculptor雕塑家figurine 小雕像bust半身雕塑像statue塑像unique唯一的/独特的animator漫画家saxophonist萨克斯风管吹奏者indigo靛蓝purple紫色。
雅思听力中关于厨房场景的高频词汇下面是我搜集的雅思听力中关于厨房场景的高频词汇：meat 肉beef 牛肉veal 小牛肉lamb 羊肉sirloin 牛脊肉steak 牛排chop 连骨肉,排骨cutlet 肉条stew 炖肉roast 烤肉pork 猪肉ham 火腿bacon 咸肉sausage 香肠black pudding, blood sausage 血肠cold meats 冷盘(美作:cold cuts)chicken 鸡turkey 火鸡duck 鸭fish 鱼vegetables 蔬菜dried legumes 干菜chips 炸薯条,炸土豆片(美作:French fries) mashed potatoes 马铃薯泥pasta 面条noodles 面条,挂面macaroni 通心粉consomme 肉煮的清汤broth 肉汤milk 奶cheese 奶酪butter 奶油bread 面包slice of bread 面包片crust 面包皮crumb 面包心egg 蛋boiled eggs, soft-boiled eggs 水煮蛋hard-boiled eggs 煮硬了的蛋fried eggs 煎蛋poached eggs 荷包蛋scrambled eggs 炒鸡蛋,摊鸡蛋omelet 煎蛋卷pastry 糕点sponge cake 奶油鸡蛋,蜂糕tart 果焰糕点biscuits (英)饼干,(美)小面包fruit 水果ice cream 冰激凌。
托福写作动物食物类常用词总结分享许多时候考生遇到的问题并非没有写作思路，而是想到了某些内容却无法很好地用英语表述出来。
下面我就和大家共享托福写作词汇分类汇总动物食物类常用词总结，盼望能够协助到大家，来观赏一下吧。
托福写作词汇分类汇总动物食物类常用词总结共享托福写作常用词分类汇总：动物类伙伴n. companions人类man/ humans/ the human race/ humanity/ humankind/ Homo sapiens虐待n.vt. abuse替代物n. replacement= alternatives爆发的传染病n. epidemic囚禁n. captivity动物n. creatures驱散我们的孤独drive off our loneliness表现很乖的adj. well-behaved爱护vt. preserve栖息地n. habitat残忍的adj. brutal/ callous/ merciless/ inhuman/ ruthless生物多样性n. biodiversity濒危动物endangered species兽皮n. hide兽毛n. fur制药公司pharmaceutical company生物医学探究biomedical research临床的adj. clinical试验室n. laboratory(用试验、仪器等的)模拟n. simulation动物权益爱护主义者animal right activists医学探究medical research残忍的adj. cruel/ merciless/ inhuman/ callous/ brutal活体解剖n. vivisection麻醉n. anesthetic减轻动物的苦痛relieve/ alleviate/ ease animals’ pain宠物是主子的伙伴pets are their masters’ companions给主子心理劝慰afford their masters consolation and comfort偷猎v. poach某一种事物是没有替代物的there are no replacements/ substitutes/ alternatives for sth.托福写作常用词分类汇总：食物类味道好的adj. tasty风味n. flavor香味儿n. aroma超级好吃的adj. scrumptious美味食品n. delicacy地道的，正宗的adj. authentic多样性n. variety有机的adj. organic摄入量n. intake……的摄入过多excessive intake of …肥胖症obesity冠心病coronary heart disease (CHD)油腻的adj. greasy食品卫生food hygiene奶制品dairy products缺乏运动的生活方式sedentary lifestyle 很不安康的外卖或者速冻食品TV dinner 糖尿病n. diabetes心血管疾病cardiovascular disease养分不良的adj. malnourished无法治愈的病incurable disease治疗n. treatment治疗n. therapy养分成分构成表nutrition fact有养分的adj. nutritious/ nourishing素食主义者n. vegetarian冷冻食品frozen food罐装食品canned food让人发胖的adj. fattening限制饮食watch your diet食品，小物品n. groceries低热量的adj. low-calorie低脂肪的adj. low-fat低胆固醇的adj. low-cholesterol以不破坏安康的速度去减肥lose weight at a healthy pace 钙n. calcium高纤维n. high in fiber发胖gain weight超重的adj. overweight慢性病chronic diseases(疾病的)病症n. symptoms虚弱的adj. feeble对于某种饮食或者物品上瘾的人n. junkie菜系n. cuisine某种菜的制作方法recipe饿得不行了的adj. starving保持安康keep fit精力充足的adj. invigorated原料n. ingredient饮料n. beverage有益安康的adj. wholesome/ healthy均衡的饮食balanced diet饮食习惯dietary habits主食;主要的n.adj. staple厨具cooking utensils餐具eating utensils西式餐具n. silverware过敏n. allergy碳水化合物n. carbohydrate蛋白质n. protein维生素n. vitamin矿物质n. mineral微量元素trace elements对……供应补充vt. supplement托福写作模板：看电影看书放松比做运动更好吗Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: It is better to relax by a movie or reading a book than doing physical exercise.托福写作模板：英文例文Preference in methods of relaxation varies from person to person.Among these methods, staying indoors and reading or watching a movie is more popular than going outside and doing physical exercise. As for me, I prefer relaxing by reading a book and watching a movie.Reading books or watching movies helps me relax physically. My days are busy with finishing all of my work, commuting to my office on the other side of the city, , and doing household chores that I do not have much time or energy to exercise. However, opening a book or playing a movie helps me slow down and restore my vitality. For example, when I read or watch a movie, I can sit back on a sofa or recline in bed. In this way, my muscles can rest. In contrast, when I exercise, I by no means rest or relax my body. In addition, I have to add washing my workout clothes to my already long list of chores.Reading books and watching movies also helps me relax mentally. The tedious meetings, repeated routines and limited new tasks of my job makes me mentally exhausted. At these moments I like to enjoy an interesting story from a book or a famous movie. Then, all of the disturbing feelings, like boredom and depression, go away and I come away feeling inspired. For instance, I recently read the Biography of Steve Jobs and learned how this leader conquered adversity. In one of my favorite movies, The Shawshank Redemption, the main character Andy shows that no matter what difficulty we may confront, as long as we keep hope in our hearts, all the pressure will pass and the sun will stillshine tomorrow.Admittedly, exercising can help us relax to some degree. Football matches with co-workers, playing badminton in the backyard with family, and even a basketball game with some strangers could provide an escape from daily stress. However, viewed from a different perspective, doing physical activity has some potential risks. For instance, it is not uncommon to hear that people get physical injuries during physical exercise. What is worse, even some people have died suddenly from overstress their already tired bodies during exercise.In conclusion, even though doing sports sometimes makes me feel more relaxed, I prefer reading a book or watching a movie when I want to relax.托福写作模板4大开篇方法教你如何起头一、可以先说明自己的立场，再阐述缘由Businesses are as likely as are governments to establish large bureaucracies，but bureaucracy is far more damaging to a business than it is to a government.Contrary to the statement’s premise，my view is that businesses are less likely than government to establish large bureaucracies，because businesses know that they are more vulnerable than government to damage resulting from bureaucratic inefficiencies. My position is well supported by common sense and by observation.二、比拟新奇、有创意的开头“As technologies and the demand for certain services change，many workers will lose their jobs. The responsibility for those people to adjust to such change should belong to the individual worker，not to government or to business.As a saying goes，“God helps those help themselves”，which is true in most cases. But as far as the large numbers of laid-off workers caused by the technological and market changes are concerned，I believe the government and the business certainly have an unshakable responsibility to take.三、可以适当的复述一下题目，然后稍作让步，再表达自己的观点和立场“Work greatly influences people’s personal lives—their special interests，their leisure activities，even their appearance way from the work place.”The speaker claims that our jobs greatly influence our personal interests，recreational activities and even appearance. While I agree that the personal lives of some people are largely determined by their work，in my view it would be a mistake to draw this conclusion generally. In my observation，the extent to which occupation influences personal life depends on the nature of the work，and how central the work is to one’s sense of self.“We shape our buildings and afterwards our buildings shape us.”I believe this statement should be interpreted broadly—to mean that we are influenced by the exterior shape of buildings，as well as by the arrangement of multiple buildings and by a building’s various architectural and aesthetic elements. While I doubt that buildings determine our character or basic personality traits，I agree that they can greatly influence our attitudes，moods，and even life styles.四、新托福写作可以以提问方式开头，阐述自己的观点，再说明自己的立场“As technologies and the demand for certain services change，many workers will lose their jobs. The responsibility for those people to adjust to such change should belong to the individual worker，not to government or to business.”As technology and changing social needs render more and more jobs obsolete，who is responsible for helping displaced workers adjustWhile individuals have primary responsibility for learning new skills and finding work，both industry and government have some obligation to provide them the means of doing so.。
植物学parasite 植物学botanical / botanic 植物学的水生植物horticulture园艺学aquatic plant botanystem 叶leaflet小叶rosette（叶的）丛生canopyplant寄生植物root 根树冠层/顶棚foliage / leaf果皮flower 花bud花蕾petal花瓣peel / skin茎stalk杆leafstalk叶柄shoot / sprout 嫩芽/抽枝trunk树干bark 树皮branch树枝（硬）果壳shellhusk（干）果壳/（玉米）苞叶大草原prairielawn草坪meadow 草地/bough牧场大或者粗的树枝twig小树枝jungle丛林灌木地衣）shrub / bushcluster蕨类植物一簇（灌木）fernmoss苔藓（lichen 光合作用木贼类植物club mosses石松类植物herb草photosynthesishorsetails 花共生symbiotic共生的wither / shrivel / fade凋谢blossomchlorophyll叶绿素symbiosis 花蜜花粉pollinate传授花粉petal花瓣nectarpollen 杂交seeds种子everlasting永久的crossbreedtissue组织organ器官system系统坏死cohesion-tension凝聚压力column花柱necrosisroot pressure根压bore腔/肠,barren贫瘠的不生育的futile无用的蛋白质starch淀粉fat 脂肪proteincarbohydrate (starch)碳水化合物（淀粉）glucose葡萄糖营养perennial常年的;多年生植物vitamin维他命malnourished营养不良的nutrition松叶conifer tree针叶树larch 落annual,一年一生的verdant嫩绿的翠绿的evergreen常青树榆树杜松sequoia红杉elm桑树,桑葚spruce云杉juniper刺柏,pine松树mulberryorchid兰花chrysanthemum菊花plum blossomwalnut核桃树redwood红木树梅花茉莉花康乃馨lily百合jasmine荷花/莲花rhododendron杜鹃花rose玫瑰carnationwater lily南茶花corn / maize / mealie玉米pumpkin(helianthus / heliotrope /) sunflower向日葵camellia 大麦oats燕麦cabbage卷心菜wheat小麦rye黑麦barley番茄瓜tomatolettuce莴苣微生物学疫苗fungus真菌毒素immunity免疫immunology免疫学vaccineantibody 抗体toxin 病毒微生物virus发酵inflection传染/感染microorganism / microbe 细菌bacteriafermentationv.) 消毒灭菌(sterilize disinfection消毒sterilization生物学鸟类学entomology昆虫学ornithologybiology生物学marine biology海洋生物学寄生虫学物种学parasitologymicrobiology微生物学genetics遗传学speciology 灭绝恐龙die out / extinctionpaleontology古生物学paleontologist古生物学家dinosaur海洋的marineunderwater水下的carnivore食肉动物rodent啮齿类动物mammal哺乳动物one-celled organism单细胞有机体潜水diving / 跳水scuba水下呼吸器蜗牛oceanic snailcamouflage保护色predator捕猎者tissue（动植物细胞的）组织protectiveorigin of species物种起源动物适应性survival of the fittest适者生存animal adaptation habitat栖息地杀虫剂prenatal care产后护理wild environment野生环境insecticide 物种tiny receptor接收器nerve / specimententacle触须prey捕食navigate导航遗传的,genetic基因的the in number数量减少gene基因amphibian两栖类动物decline（菌）yeast酵母过渡转变/microbe微生物endangered species濒危动物survival活着的transition 巢nest孵化incubation孵化single-cellbacteria细菌单细胞reptile爬行类动物hatch 营养品未受精卵nutrient产物, chew up咀嚼unfertilized eggs后代offspring,子孙ingestion摄食同类相食cannibalismrespiration呼吸食物nourishment营养品/feed喂养digestion消化digestive enzyme消化酶cell细胞nucleus细胞核cytoplasm细胞质蛋白质protein细胞壁cell wall 细胞膜plasma lemma / cell membrane遗传mutation of species物种变异amino acid核酸plankton浮游生物heredity social群居solitarychromosome染色体genetic engineering遗传工程独居variation变异bio-diversity生物多样性metamorphosis变态/ 变形mutation变种动物学order目zoology动物学Darwinism达尔文学说natural selection自然选择phylum门class纲种suborder 亚目family科genus属species 爬行动物invertebrate无脊椎动物vertebrate脊椎动物aquatic life 水生动物reptile rodent 啮齿动物amphibian / amphibious animal两栖动物protozoa原生动物浮游生物primateruminant 反刍动物parasitic anima寄生动物灵长动物plankton herbivoremollusk软体动物食草动物coelenterate腔肠动物（如水母、海蜇、珊瑚等）变温动物冷血动物poikilothermmammal哺乳动物homeotherm恒温动物cold-blooded animal bird鸟类scavenger食腐动物carnivorous食肉的herbivorous食草的omnivorous杂食的食肉的camouflage 伪装hibernate冬眠；蛰伏regeneration 再生predatory / carnivore （牛、羊等）群predator捕食者prey捕食hordes / swarms（昆虫等）群flock 兽群community动物的群落或人的部落population 卫生种群hygieneherd一雌一雄的monogamous一夫一妻的/公共卫生；卫生设施sanitation一雌多雄的polyandrous一妻多夫的/polygamous一夫多妻的/一雄多雌的使受精fertilizer小生态环境vestige退化器nomadic游牧的；流浪的trapper诱捕动物者niche multiply / reproduce breed （名词）品种；（动词）繁殖metabolism新陈代谢生物scales鳞（鱼、虾、蛙等）孵anatomy 解剖学appetite食欲creature繁殖spawn排泄系统systemsystem消化系统甲spinal cord 脊椎excretory digestive armorfeather羽毛呼吸系统循环系统respiratory system reproductive system生殖系统circulatory system胃食管stomach内分泌系统digestive duct 消化管esophagushormonal system唾液腺salivary glanddigestive gland消化腺小肠large intestine大肠anus肛门small intestine 胰胆pancreasliver肝gallbladder水生动物prawn对虾鲸鱼shrimp 小虾水母nettlefish 海蜇coral珊瑚dolphin 海豚whalejellyfish 龙虾crab螃蟹mussel贻贝；蚌clam蛤蜊oyster牡蛎sponge海绵starfish海星lobstersquid鱿鱼；乌贼burro / octopus 章鱼sole 鳎；鳎目鱼plaice 鲽鱼，红斑比目鱼哺乳动物squirrel松鼠marten貂bat蝙蝠squeak（老鼠等）吱吱otter水獭antelope羚羊gorilla大猩猩chimpanzee黑猩猩baboon狒狒hyena鬣狗moose驼鹿beaver海狸elk麋鹿reindeer 驯鹿giraffe 长颈鹿rhinoceros犀牛hippo河马(hippopotamus; hippopotami(pl.)) sloth树懒slothful懒惰的lynx猞猁coyote 郊狼两栖动物、爬行动物frog 青蛙tadpole蝌蚪salamander蝾螈scorpion蝎子turtle龟lizard蜥蜴chameleon变色龙caiman(宽吻鳄,凯门鳄)/crocodile鳄鱼alligator 短吻鳄centipede蜈蚣鸟类robin知更鸟owl猫头鹰barnacle北极鹅penguin企鹅canary 金丝雀chirp（鸟、虫的叫声）vulture秃鹫crane鹤stork鹳ptarmigan雷鸟migrate迁移plumage羽体camouflage伪装wing翅膀bill （鸟）嘴/喙beak（鹰等的）嘴,鹰钩鼻昆虫insect昆虫wasp黄蜂hornet 大黄蜂spider 蜘蛛pest 害虫worm虫/蠕虫cicada蝉mantis螳螂( (praying) mantis shrimp 皮皮虾) cockroach 蟑螂earthworm蚯蚓antenna / tentacle触须larva幼虫(lava 岩浆)生态学ecology生态学ecosystem生态系统balance of nature自然界生态平衡fauna动物群(megafauna大型动物群) flora植物群(mega flora大型植物群) rain forest雨林food chain食物链acid rain酸雨greenhouse温室效应infrared radiation 红外线辐射ozone layer / ozonosphere臭氧层ultraviolet radiation紫外辐射pollution control污染控制air pollution空气控制water pollution水污染noxious / toxic有毒的fumes（有毒的）废气waste废物solid waste 固体废物sewage / wastewater污水sewage purification污水净化swage disposal污水处理decibel（噪音）分贝能源和环境fossil fuel 矿物燃料process of photo synthesis光合作用solar energy太阳能nonrenewable不可再生的energy conservation保护能源resource资源energy source能源资源tidal energy潮汐能fuel-efficient节能型的rush hour 高峰期zero emission零辐射wildness 野生/天然preservation保护atmosphere大气carbon碳dioxide二氧化物burning of coal and oil煤油燃烧global warming全球变暖greenhouse effect温室效应rise in sea level海平面上升long-term climatic change长期的气候变化environmental recycling center再循环利用中心litter/trash garbage 垃圾pollutant污染物desertification沙漠化deforest滥伐森林drought干旱water shortage水源缺乏offshore spillage近海岸溢出carbon dioxide release二氧化碳排放industrial sewage工业污水recycling再循环purify净化deteriorate 恶化acid rain 酸雨sewage disposal污水处理environment protection环境保护ozone layer臭氧层waste disposal 废物处理emission （汽车废气的）排放soot烟尘El Ni?o厄尔尼诺现象天文学astronomy天文学astronomical observatory 天文台planetarium天文馆astrophysics天文物理学astrology 占星学pseudoscience伪科学cosmos / universe 宇宙cosmology宇宙infinite无限的cosmic宇宙的cosmic radiation宇宙辐射cosmic rays宇宙射线celestial天体的celestial body / heavenly body 天体celestial map / sky atlas 天体图celestial sphere 天球dwarf / dwarf star 矮星quasar 类星体constellation星座galaxy / Milky Way银河系star cluster星团asterism星群solar system太阳系solar corona日冕solar eclipse日食solar radiation太阳辐射planet行星planetoid / asteroid 小行星revolve旋转twinkle 闪烁naked eye肉眼Mercury水星Venus金星orbit冥王星Pluto海王星Neptune天王星Uranus土星Saturn星木Jupiter 火星Mars地球Earth轨道spin 旋转satellite卫星lunar 月球的meteor流星meteor shower流星雨star恒星meteoroid流星体meteorite陨石comet 彗星space / outer space 太空，外层空间spacecraft / spaceship 宇宙飞船space shuttle航天飞机space telescope空间望远镜astronaut / spaceman宇航员space suit宇航服stellar 恒星的intergalactic星系间的interstellar恒星间的interplanetary行星间的asteroid小行星nebula星云space debris太空垃圾ammonia氨photosphere光球；光球层chromospheres色球；色球层chromosphere-corona transition zone色球-日冕过渡层sunglow日冕sunspot太阳黑子（发生在光球层）flare耀斑（发生在色球层）solar prominence 日珥（发生在色球层）convection zone 对流层vacuum真空infrared ray 红外线absolute magnitude绝对量级emission发射/散发high-resolution 高清晰度interferometer 干扰仪，干涉仪illusive object 幻影体faint 微弱的image影像gravitational force 吸引力molten融化的leapyear 闰年rotation 自传revolution公转black hole黑洞ultraviolet ray 紫外线luminosity 光度light year光年气象学meteorology气象meteorologist气象学家meteorological station气象站forecast / predict预报climate气候atmosphere大气层troposphere对流层stratosphere平流层mesosphere中间层ionosphere 电离层exosphere 逸散层cold front冷锋warm air mass 热气团current（气）流moisture 潮湿，水气spell某种天气持续一段时间vapor 蒸汽evaporate蒸发damp / moist /humid潮湿humidity湿度moisture潮湿/ 水分saturate 饱和dew 露frost霜fog / mist雾smog烟雾droplet小水condense浓缩crystal水晶体sheet（水、冰、雪的）一层downpour / torrential rain大雨tempest (storm) / torrential rain暴风雨drizzle细雨shower阵雨hail冰雹blizzard / snowstorm暴风雪avalanche / snow slide雪崩precipitation（雨、露、雪等）降水thunder 雷breeze微风sandstorm沙暴monsoon季风gale大风whirlwind旋风typhoon 台hurricane飓风tornado / twister / cyclone龙卷风wind scale风级tsunami / seismic sea wave 海啸tidal wave潮汐；浪潮upper atmosphere上层大气funnel漏斗云disaster / calamity / catastrophe灾难devastation破坏submerge淹没drought旱灾convection对流wind velocity风速wind direction风向long-range forecast长期预报numerical weather prediction 数值天气预报nephanalysis 云层分析；卫星云图地理学hemisphere 半球meridian 子午线/ 经线parallel 平行圈latitude 纬线longitude 经线/ 经度elevation 海拔altitude 高度/ 海拔horizon 地平线equator 赤道temperature latitudes 温带地区tropics 热带地区Arctic / the North Pole 北极Antarctic / Antarctica 南极the Antarctic Continent南极洲the Antarctic Circle 南极圈the Arctic Circle北极圈aurora极光tropics of Cancer 北回归线tropics of Capricorn 南回归线international dateline 国际日期变更线time difference 时差time zone时区topography 地形/ 地形学plain平原plateau / highland 高地lowland 低地basin 盆地oasis 绿洲enclave 飞地peak 山峰cordillera / ranges山脉carven / cave 洞穴terrain 地域subterranean 地底下coastland 沿海地区coastline 海岸线watershed 分水岭upper reaches上游lower reaches下游tributary 支流deposit 沉积spring / fountain 泉水iceberg 冰山riverbed 河床gulf / bay 海湾waterfall 瀑布cascade 小瀑布；喷流reef 暗礁tide 湖水torrent 水的急流火山岛volcanic island 大陆岛continental island 热带雨林tropical rain forestcoral island 珊瑚岛islet 小岛peninsular 半岛archipelago 群岛delta 三角洲landlocked area 内陆inland waterway 内陆河subcontinent 次大陆cliff 山崖valley山谷hillside / mountain slope山坡continental shelf 大陆架canyon / gorge 峡谷channel / strait 海峡remote-sensing遥感的terrestrial地球的/ 陆地的terrestrial heat / geothermal 地热terrestrial magnetism 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学说sea-floor spreading 海床扩展evaporation 蒸发salinity 含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment 沉积物tropical 热带的temperate 温带的frigid 寒带的frost heaving 冻胀现象tundra 苔原，冻原fieldstone 卵石the Mediterranean Sea 地中海the primeval forest 原始森林Scandinavia 斯堪的纳维亚(半岛)(瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛的泛称)fjord 峡湾coral reef珊瑚礁Chalk 白垩纪cataclysm 大洪水ridge 山脊；分水岭abyss 深渊territory 版图；领土；地域Pyrenees 比利牛斯山脉Carpathians 喀尔巴阡山脉Vesuvius 维苏威火山Pompeii 庞贝precipice 悬崖eon 世；纪；代glacier 冰河Pangaea 盘古大陆dune 沙丘Lagoon 咸水湖地质学crust 地壳mantle地幔core 地核continental crust大陆地壳oceanic crust 海洋地壳layer / stratum地层stratigraphy地层学fault断层fault plane断层面fault zone 断层带rift / crack / split断裂disintegration / decomposition分解erosion 腐蚀fossil化石igneous rock火成岩sedimentary rock沉积岩metamorphic rock 变质岩limestone 石灰岩granite花岗岩marble大理石lithosphere岩石圈magma / molten lava岩浆quartz石英mineral矿物ore矿石deposit矿床rubble碎石debris残骸platinum白金/铂金silver银copper黄铜aluminum铝tin锡lead铅zinc锌nickel镍mercury 汞/水银sodium钠gem 宝石diamond 钻石emerald 绿宝石ruby红宝石glacier 冰川glacial 冰川的glacialepoch / age / period冰川期glacial drift冰渍moraines冰碛iceberg 冰山volcano 火山active volcano 活火山extinct volcano 死火山dormant volcano 休眠火山(sloping) shield volcano 盾状火山（平缓）(steep-sided) conevolcano 锥状火山（陡峭）eruption 火山喷发crater 火山口caldera（开口较大的）火山口depression 洼地，凹陷处；盆地lava火山岩浆volcanic dust火山尘volcanic ash火山灰geyser 间歇喷泉hot spring温泉earthquake / quake / tremor / seism地震seismic地震的seismology 地震学magnitude 震级seismic intensity scale 震烈度seismic wave 地震波transverse wave 横波longitudinal wave 纵波epicenter 震中epicentral distance 震中距aftershock余震cataclysm灾变tsunami / tidal / force 海啸undersea landslide 海底山崩The Big Melt - global warming全球逐渐变暖aquifer蓄水层swamp沼泽peat bog泥炭沼泽Great Canyon 大峡谷Nile River尼罗河Colorado river科罗拉多河crumples zones地质缓冲地带bedrock岩床(修辞义-基础) bulge凸起物考古学archaeology考古学paleontology古生物学anthropology人类学archaeologist人类学家paleoanthropologist 古人类学家ecological anthropologist生态人类学家psychological anthropologist 心理人类学家originate 起源于ancestor祖先hominid原始人挖掘excavate / unearth挖掘excavation氏族clan部落tribe的（种类）同以种族homogeneous ruins遗迹/废墟remains遗产/遗骸artifact手工艺品relic遗物/文物antique古物/古董antiquity古代/古老Stone Age石器时代Bronze Age青铜器时代Iron Age铁器时代Paleolithic旧石器时代的Mesolithic中石器时代的Neolithic新石器时代的morphology形态学skull颅骨cranial颅骨的fossil化石ancient civilization古代文明cave man山顶洞人cultural relics文物rock painting岩画建筑学architecture建筑学architect 建筑学家construct 结构wing辐楼/侧楼design设计elevator电梯skyscraper摩天大楼design element设计元素log structure原木结构cabin小木屋beam梁prototype原型building technique 建筑工艺new material 新材料metal-frame金属结构repair person修理工planetarium天文馆aquarium水族馆archives档案馆office building写字楼cathedral 大教堂mosque清真寺the Statue of Liberty自由女神像the Triumphal Arch凯旋门sphinx狮身人面像pyramid 金字塔castle 城堡政治、经济学类subsistence存活,生活subsistence wage刚够养家糊口的工资subsistence level收支平衡的生活水平kinship亲属关系，血缘关系commodity商品check支票；收据；账单bank loan银行贷款interest 利息withdraw从银行账户中提款honor (a cheque/bill/draft) 承兑a run on a bank挤兑the Great Depression大萧条consumerism 消费主义（认为高消费对个人和社会有利的看法）；保护消费者权益主义affluence 富裕，富足sophisticated世故的，老练的；复杂的，尖端的;精密的（仪器）教育学higher education高等教育moral character 道德品质domain 领域faculty 全体教员alumni校友treasurer生活委员/财务大臣elective system选课制度curriculum课程（总称）discipline 学科/管理cram/ learn by rote死记硬背encyclopedia 百科全书/专科全书人物artist艺术家choreographer舞蹈编排家critic批评家satirist讽刺作家inventor发明家biographer自传作家sculptor雕塑家feminist女权主义者humanitarian人道主义者imagist意象派诗人philanthropist慈善家proprietor业主mortal犯人precursor先驱figurehead名誉领袖disciple门徒,弟子apprentice学徒mechanic机械工minimalist简单抽象派艺术家avant-garde前卫派territory领域genre风格/体裁eccentric古怪的odd怪诞的/奇数的erratic奇怪的weird怪异的/不可思议的romantic浪漫的innocent 天真的/无罪的lovelorn 相思病苦的emotional情绪的/情感的sentimental 感伤的/多愁善感的cheerless无精打采的/无生命力的patriarchal 家长的/族长的rigid僵化的spare 简朴的clumsy笨拙的zigzag曲折的contemporary当代的acclaimed受欢迎的preeminent杰出的versatile（人）多才多艺的/（物）多功能的household 家庭的/家喻户晓的genuine真正的authentic 逼真的/原汁原味的symbolic象征性的immortal不朽的/神nostalgia怀旧主义/思乡emotive感人的prodigious巨大的classic经典的posthumous 死后的摄影大enlarge放developing 冲洗photographer摄影家panorama全景照片snap shot快照out of focus调焦不准高清晰度close-up特写foreground前景background背景high definition室暗三脚架相机镜头tripod dark room exposure 曝光instant camera拍立得camera lens 滤色镜long focus lens 长镜头filter wide angle lens广角镜头文学prosedescriptive narrative prose叙述性pose 散文diary日记autobiography传记editorial社论taleallegory寓言fairy 诗歌描写性essay随笔poetryballad 民谣lullaby催眠曲fiction小说主人公protagonist 主角童话legend传说proverb谚语model人物原型leading character 与主角对立) main plot主要情节antagonist 反派角色( literary studies文学研究序曲preludeprologue序言epilogue尾声literary criticism文学批评超现实主义surrealism schools of literature 文学流派comparativeliterature比较文学realism aestheticism唯美主义现实主义futurism 未来主义modernism现代主义音乐foot beat击鼓乐器musical instrumentorchestra（管弦）乐队shook rattle摇拨浪鼓pound drummusicfolk 乐谱movement乐章fanatical狂热的hillbilly music乡村音乐跺脚note 音符scorerock and 交响乐pop music流行音乐classical music古典音乐Jazz爵士乐symphony民间音乐弦乐violin小提琴viola中提琴cello大提琴roll 摇滚乐band music / wind music 管乐string 器oboe 双簧管keyboard instrument 键盘乐竖琴harp horn号；喇叭clarinet 单簧管soloserenade 小夜曲协奏曲sonata 奏鸣曲vocal music percussion震荡/打击乐器声乐concerto质音伴奏qualitypodium 独奏/独唱duet二重唱conducting指挥指挥台accompaniment曲曲prelude 序rest chord 和弦harmony 和声休止time节拍lullaby 催眠volume音量epilogue 尾声美术（绘画和雕塑）彩pastel /蛋彩画sketch速写fine arts 素描美术oil painting油画water color 水彩画tempera mural painting / fresco壁画/招贴画charcoal drawing 木炭画色蜡笔画poster海报portrait肖像画风景画still life静物画版画engravinglithograph石板画landscape painting 一笔笔画brushstroke 油画布pigment颜色，色素canvasbrush画笔stoke caricature 漫画复制品reproduction / replica原作copy临本画板perspective透视画法originaldrawing board 美术馆galleryfake假的counterfeit 赝品genuine真的impressionistic style 印象派风格calligraphy书法paste裱糊真迹autographpanorama全景画装框sculpture雕塑[sculpture泛指(一件)雕刻或雕塑品] sculptor雕塑家framingportrait sculpture 肖像雕塑relief sculpture 浮雕figurine小雕像bust半身雕塑像statue塑像[statue指和实物大小相仿的雕像或雕塑品] unique唯一的/独特的animator漫画家saxophonist萨克斯风管吹奏者indigo靛蓝[用于印染或食用,药用；也有自称可以看到灵异现象的靛蓝儿童indigo children] purple紫色。
植物学botany 植物学botanical / botanic 植物学的horticulture 园艺学aquatic plant 水生植物parasite plant 寄生植物root 根 canopy 树冠层 / 顶棚foliage / leaf 叶leaflet 小叶rosette （叶的）丛生stem 茎 stalk 杆 leafstalk 叶柄shoot / sprout 嫩芽 / 抽枝flower 花 bud 花蕾 petal 花瓣peel / skin 果皮shell（硬）果壳husk（干）果壳 / （玉米苞叶trunk 树干 bark 树皮branch 树枝bough 大或许粗的树枝twig 小树枝 jungle 森林lawn 草 meadow 草地 / 牧场prairie 大草原 mosses苔藓shrub / bush 灌木cluster 一簇（灌木）fern 蕨类植物horsetails 木贼类植物clubmosses 石松类植物微生物学antibody 抗体 toxin 毒素immunity 免疫immunology 免疫学vaccine 疫苗 fungus 真菌生物学biology 生物学marine biology 大海生物学entomology 昆虫学ornithology 鸟类学microbiology 微生物学genetics 遗传学speciology 物种学parasitology 寄生虫学paleontology 古生物学 herb 草photosynthesis 光合作用chlorophyll 叶绿素symbiosis 共生symbiotic 共生的wither/shrivel/fade 凋零blossom 花 pollen 花粉pollinate 教授花粉 petal 花瓣nectar 花蜜 tissue 组织organ 器官 system 系统seeds种子everlasting 永远的crossbreed 杂交root pressure 根压bore 腔/ 肠cohesion-tension 凝集压力column 花柱 necrosis坏死barren 贫乏的；不生育的futile 无用的carbohydrate(starch)碳水化合物（淀粉）glucose 葡萄糖 starch 淀粉fat 脂肪 protein 蛋白质vitamin 维他命malnourished 营养不良的nutrition 营养bacteria 细菌fermentation 发酵inflection 传染 / 感染microorganism/microbepaleontologist 古生物学家dinosaur 恐龙die out / extinction 灭绝mammal 哺乳动物carnivore 食肉动物rodent 啮齿类动物underwater 水下的marine 大海的scuba 水下呼吸器 perennial 多年一世的 annual 一年一世的 verdant 嫩绿的，葱绿的 evergreen 常青树 conifer tree 针叶树 larch 落叶松 pine 松树 spruce 云杉juniper 刺柏；杜松 sequoia 红杉 elm 榆树 walnut 核桃树redwood 红木树plum blossom 梅花 orchid 兰花chrysanthemum 菊花 water lily 荷花 / 莲花 rhododendron 杜鹃花 carnation 康乃馨 jasmine 茉莉花helianthus/heliotrope/sunflower向日葵camellia茶花corn / maize / mealie 玉米 pumpkin 南瓜 tomato 番茄 lettuce 莴苣 cabbage卷心菜 wheat 小麦 rye 黑麦 barley 大麦 oats 燕麦微生物virus 病毒 disinfection 消毒 sterilization 灭菌 diving 潜水 / 跳水 one-celledorganism 单细胞有机体tissue（动植物细胞的）组织protectivecamouflage 保护色predator 捕猎者 oceanic snail蜗牛 animal adaptation 动物适应性 survival of the fittest 适者生存origin of species 物种发源wild environment 野生环境insecticide 杀虫剂prenatal care 产后护理habitat 栖息地 tentacle 触须prey 捕食 navigate 导航tiny receptor 接收器nerve / specimen 物种amphibian 两栖类动物decline in the number 数目减少gene 基因 genetic 基因的endangeredspecies濒危动物survival 活着的transition 转变 / 过渡动物学zoology 动物学Darwinism 达尔文学说natural selection 自然选择phylum 门 class 纲 order 目suborder 亚目family 科 genus属 species种invertebrate 无脊椎动物vertebrate 脊椎动物aquatic life 水生动物reptile 爬行动物amphibian/amphibious animal 两栖动物protozoa 原生动物rodent 啮齿动物ruminant 反刍动物parasitic animal 寄生动物primate 灵长动物plankton 浮游生物mollusk 软体动物coelenterate 腔肠动物（如水母、海蜇、珊瑚等）herbivore 食草动物mammal 哺乳动物homotherm 恒温动物 microbe 微生物yeast 酵母（菌）bacteria 细菌single-cell 单细胞reptile 爬行类动物hatch 孵化 incubation 孵化nest 巢 offspring 后代chew up 咀嚼unfertilized eggs 未受精卵nutrient 营养品nourishment 营养品 / 食品feed 饲养cannibalism 同类相食respiration 呼吸ingestion 摄食 digestion 消化digestive enzyme 消化酶cell 细胞 nucleus 细胞核cytoplasm 细胞质cold-blooded animal 冷血动物poikilotherm 变温动物scavenger 食腐动物carnivorous 食肉的herbivorous 食草的omnivorous 杂食的 bird 鸟类camouflage 假装hibernate 冬眠；冬眠regeneration 重生predatory / carnivore 食肉的predator 捕食者 prey 捕食hordes/swarms（昆虫等）群flock（牛、羊等）群community 动物的群落或人的部落population 种群herd 兽群hygiene 卫生sanitation 公共卫生；卫生设施monogamous 一夫一妻的 /一雌一雄的 plasmalemma/cellmembrane 细胞膜 cell wall 细胞壁 protein 蛋白质amino acid 核酸 plankton 浮游生物 heredity 遗传mutation of species 物种变异chromosome 染色体 geneticengineering 遗传工程solitary 独居 social 群居 bio-diversity 生物多样性 metamorphosis 变态 / 变形mutation 变种 variation 变异 polygamous 一夫多妻的 / 一雄多雌的polyandrous 一妻多夫的 / 一雌多雄的nomadic 游牧的；漂泊的trapper 诱捕动物者 niche 小生态环境 vestige 退化器fertilizer 使受精metabolism 新陈代谢 breed（名词）品种；（动词）生殖multiply / reproduce 生殖 spawn（鱼、虾、蛙等）孵 anatomy 解剖学appetite 食欲creature 生物 scales鳞 feathers 羽毛 armor 甲 spinal cord 脊椎digestivesystem 消化系统 excretory system 排泄系统 reproductive syste 生殖系统circulatory system 循环系统 respiratory system 呼吸系统 hormonal system 内分泌系digestive duct 消化管esophagus食管 stomach 胃水生动物jellyfish 水母 nettle fish 海蜇coral 珊瑚 dolphin 海豚whale 鲸鱼 shrimp 小虾prawn 对虾 lobster 龙虾哺乳动物squirrel 松鼠 marten 貂bat 蝙蝠squeak（老鼠等）吱吱otter 水獭 antelope 羚羊两栖动物、爬行动物frog 青蛙 tadpole 蝌蚪salamander 蝾螈scorpion 蝎子 turtle 龟鸟类robin 知更鸟 owl 猫头鹰barnacle 北极鹅penguin 企鹅canary 金丝雀昆虫insect 昆虫 wasp 黄蜂hornet 大黄蜂spider 蜘蛛 pest 害虫生态学ecology 生态学ecosystem 生态系统balanceofnature 自然界生态均衡fauna 动物群 flora 植物群rain forest 雨林food chain 食品链acid rain 酸雨greenhouse 温室效应能源和环境fossil fuel 矿物燃料 smallintestine 小肠 large intestine 大肠 anus 肛门digestive gland 消化腺crab 螃蟹 mussel 贻贝；蚌类clam 蛤蜊 oyster 牡蛎sponge 海绵 starfish 海星squid 鱿鱼；乌贼gorilla 大猩猩chimpanzee 黑猩猩baboon 狒狒 hyena 鬣狗moose 驼鹿 beaver 海狸lizard 蜥蜴chameleon 变色龙cay men / crocodile 鳄鱼chirp（鸟、虫的喊声）vulture 秃鹫 crane 鹤stork 鹳 ptarmigan 雷鸟migrate 迁徙 plumage 羽体worm 虫/ 蠕虫 cicada 蝉mantis 螳螂cockroach 蟑螂infrared radiation 红外线辐ozone layer / ozonosphere 臭氧层ultravioletradiation 紫外辐pollution control 污染控制air pollution 空气控制water pollution 水污染noxious / toxic 有毒的fumes（有毒的）废气process of photo synthesis光 salivary gland唾液腺 liver 肝 gallbladder 胆pancreas胰burro / octopus 章鱼 sole 鳎；鳎目鱼 plaice 鲽，红斑比目鱼 elk 麋鹿reindeer 驯鹿 giraffe 长颈鹿rhinoceros 犀牛 hippo 河马 sloth 树懒 slothful 懒散的 centipede 蜈蚣camouflage 假装 wing 翅膀 bill（鸟）嘴beak（鹰等的）嘴 earthworm 蚯蚓antenna / tentacle 触须 larva 幼虫waste 废物solid waste 固体废物 sewage / wastewater 污水 sewagepurification 污水净化swage disposal污水办理 decibel（噪音）分贝合作用solar energy 太阳能nonrenewable 不行重生的energyconservation 保护能源resource 资源energy source 能源资源tidal energy 潮汐能fuel-efficient 节能型的rush hour 顶峰期zero emission 零辐射wildness 野生 / 天然preservation 保护atmosphere 大气carbon 碳 dioxide 二氧化物burning of coal and oil 煤油天文学astronomy 天文学astronomicalobservatory天文台planetarium 天文馆astrophysics 天文物理学astrology 占星学pseudoscience伪科学cosmos / universe 宇宙cosmology 宇宙infinite 无穷的cosmic 宇宙的cosmic radiation 宇宙辐射cosmic rays宇宙射线celestial 天体的celestialbody/heavenly body 天体celestial map / sky atlas 天体图celestial sphere 天球dwarf / dwarf star 矮星quasar 类星体constellation 星座galaxy / Milky Way 银河系star cluster 星团asterism 星群solar system 太阳系solar corona 日冕焚烧global warming 全世界变暖greenhouse effect 温室效应rise in sea level海平面上涨long-term climatic change 长期的天气变化environmentalrecycling center 再循环利用中心litter/trash garbage 垃圾pollutant 污染物desertification 荒漠化deforest 滥伐森林drought 干旱water shortage 水源缺少offshore spillage 近海岸溢出solar eclipse 日蚀solar radiation 太阳辐射planet 行星planetoid / asteroid 小行星revolve 旋转twinkle 闪耀naked eye 肉眼Mercury 水星 Venus金星Earth 地球 Mars 火星Jupiter 木星 Saturn 土星Uranus 天王星Neptune 海王星Pluto 冥王星 orbit 轨道spin 旋转 satellite 卫星lunar 月球的 meteor 流星meteor shower 流星雨star 恒星 meteoroid 流星体meteorite 陨石 comet 彗星space / outer space太空，外层空间spacecraft / spaceship宇宙飞船space shuttle 航天飞机space telescope空间望远镜astronaut / spaceman 宇航员space suit 宇航服stellar 恒星的 carbondioxiderelease 二氧化碳排放industrial sewage 工业污水 recycling 再循环 purify 净化 deteriorate 恶化 acid rain 酸雨sewage disposal污水办理 environmentprotection 环境保护ozone layer 臭氧层 waste disposal废物办理 emission（汽车废气的）排放soot 烟尘El Ni?o 厄尔尼诺现象 intergalactic 星系间的 interstellar 恒星间的interplanetary 行星间的 asteroid 小行星 nebula 星云 space debris太空垃圾ammonia 氨photosphere 光球；光球层 chromospheres 色球；色球层 chromospheres-coronatransitionzone 色球 -日冕过渡层sunglow 日冕sunspot 太阳黑子（发生在光球层）flare 耀斑（发生在色球层） solar prominence 日珥（发生在色球层）convection zone 对流层 vacuum 真空infrared ray 红外线 absolutemagnitude 绝对量级emission 发射 / 发散 high-resolution 高清楚度 interferometer 扰乱仪，干预仪illusive object 幻影体 faint 轻微的 image 影像gravitational force 吸引力molten 消融的leap year 闰年气象学meteorology 气象meteorologist 气象学家meteorologicalstation 气象站forecast / predict 预告climate 天气atmosphere 大气层troposphere 对流层stratosphere 平流层mesosphere 中间层ionosphere 电离层exosphere 逸散层cold front 冷锋warm air mass 热气团current （气）流moisture 湿润，水气spell 某种天气连续一段时vapor 蒸汽evaporate 蒸发damp / moist / humid 湿润humidity 湿度 moisture 湿润地理学hemisphere 半球meridian 子午线 / 经线parallel 平行圈latitude 纬线longitude 经线 / 经度elevation 海拔altitude 高度 / 海拔horizon 地平线equator 赤道temperaturelatitudes 温带地区tropics 热带地区Arctic / the North Pole 北极Antarctic/Antarctica 南极 rotation 自传 revolution 公转black hole 黑洞ultraviolet ray 紫外线saturate 饱和 dew 露frost 霜 fog / mist 雾 smog 烟droplet 小水 condense浓缩crystal 水晶体sheet（水、冰、雪的）一层downpour / torrential rain 大雨tempest(storm)/torrentialrain 狂风雨drizzle 小雨 shower 阵雨hail 冰雹blizzard / snowstorm 狂风雪avalanche / snow slide 雪崩precipitation （雨、露、雪等）降水 thunder 雷breeze 细风 sandstorm 沙暴monsoon 季风 gale 狂风whirlwind 旋风 typhoon 台hurricane 飓风tornado / twister / cyclone 龙卷风the Antarctic Continent 南极洲the Antarctic Circle 南极圈the Arctic Circle 北极圈aurora 极光tropics of Cancer 北回归线tropicsofCapricorn 南回归线international date line 国际日期更改线time difference 时差time zone 时区topography 地形 / 地形学plain 平原 luminosity 光度 light year 光年wind scale 风级tsunami/seismicseawave 海啸tidal wave 潮汐；浪潮 upperatmosphere 上层大气 funnel 漏斗云disaster/calamity/catastrophe 灾害devastation 损坏submerge 吞没 drought 旱灾 convection 对流wind velocity 风速 wind direction 风向 long-range forecast 长久预告numerical weather prediction数值天气预告nephanalysis云层剖析；卫星云图plateau / highland 高地 lowland 低地basin 盆地 oasis绿洲 enclave 飞地 peak 山岳 cordillera / ranges 山脉 carven / cave 洞窟 terrain 地区subterranean 地底下 coastland 沿海地区 coastline 海岸线 watershed 分水岭upper reaches 上游 lower reaches 下游 tributary 支流 deposit 堆积 spring / fountain 泉水iceberg 冰山riverbed 河床gulf / bay 海湾waterfall 瀑布cascade小瀑布；喷流reef 暗礁 tide 湖水torrent 水的急流tropical rain forest 热带雨林continental island 大陆岛volcanic island 火山岛coral island 珊瑚岛islet 小岛 peninsular 半岛archipelago 群岛delta 三角洲landlocked area 内地inland waterway 内地河subcontinent 次大陆cliff 山崖 valley 山谷hillside / mountain slope 山坡continental shelf 大陆架地质学crust 地壳 mantle 地幔core 地核continental crust 大陆地壳oceanic crust 大海地壳layer / stratum 地层stratigraphy 地层学fault 断层 fault plane 断层面fault zone 断层带rift / crack / split 断裂disintegration/decomposition 分解erosion 腐化 fossil 化石igneous rock 火成岩sedimentary rock 堆积岩metamorphic rock 变质岩limestone 石灰岩granite 花岗岩marble 大理石lithosphere 岩石圈magma / molten lava 岩浆 canyon / gorge 峡谷channel / strait 海峡remote-sensing 遥感的terrestrial 地球的 / 陆地的terrestrialheat/geothermal地热terrestrial magnetism 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学说sea-floor spreading 海床扩展evaporation 蒸发salinity 含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment 堆积物tropical 热带的temperate 温带的frigid 寒带的frost heaving 冻胀现象tundra 苔原，冻原fieldstone 卵石Mediterranean Sea 地中海quartz 石英 mineral 矿物ore 矿石 deposit 矿床rubble 碎石 debris 残骸platinum 白金 / 铂金 silver 银copper 黄铜 aluminum 铝tin 锡 lead 铅 zinc 锌nickel 镍 mercury 汞/ 水银sodium 钠 gem 宝石diamond 钻石emerald 绿宝石ruby 红宝石 glacier 冰川glacial 冰川的glacialepoch/age/period冰川期glacial drift 冰渍moraines 冰碛 iceberg 冰山volcano 火山active volcano 活火山extinct volcano 死火山dormant volcano 休眠火山 the primeval forest 原始森林Scandinavia斯堪的纳维亚 (半岛 )(瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛的泛称 )fjord 峡湾coral reef 珊瑚礁 Chalk 白垩纪 cataclysm 大洪水 ridge 山脊；分水岭abyss深渊territory 疆域；国土；地区Pyrenees比利牛斯山脉 Carpathians喀尔巴阡山脉Vesuvius维苏威火山 Pompeii 庞贝precipice 绝壁eon 世；纪；代 glacier 冰河Pangaea盘古大陆 dune 沙丘 Lagoon咸水湖 (sloping) shield volcano盾状火山（缓和） (steep-sided)conevolcano锥状火山（峻峭） eruption 火山喷发 crater 火山口 caldera（张口较大）火山口 depression 凹地，凹陷处；盆地lava 火山岩浆volcanic dust 火山尘 volcanic ash火山灰 geyser间歇喷泉 hot spring 温泉earthquake / quake / tremor /seism 地震seismic 地震的seismology 地震学 magnitude 震级 seismic intensity scale震烈度seismic wave 地震波transverse wave 横波longitudinal wave 纵波epicenter 震中epicentral distance 震中距aftershock 余震cataclysm 灾变考古学archaeology 考古学paleontology 古生物学anthropology 人类学archaeologist 人类学家pale-anthropologist 先人类学家ecologicalanthropologist 生态人类学家psychologicalanthropologist 心理人类学家originate 发源于ancestor 先人hominid 人（科）建筑学architecture 建筑学architect 建筑学家construct 构造wing 辐楼 / 侧楼 design 设计elevator 电梯skyscraper摩天大楼design element 设计元素log structure 原木构造cabin 小木屋政治、经济学类subsistence存活，生活subsistencewage刚够养家生活的薪资subsistence level进出平衡的生活水平kinship 家属关系，血缘关系commodity 商品check 支票；收条；账单tsunami / tidal / force 海啸undersea landslide海底山崩meltglobalwarming 全世界逐渐变暖aquifer 蓄水层swamp 沼泽peat bog 泥炭沼泽homogeneous 同以种族（种类）的tribe 部落 clan 氏族excavation 发掘excavate / unearth 发掘ruins 古迹 / 废墟remains 遗产 / 遗骸artifact 手工艺品relic 遗物 / 文物antique 古物 / 古玩antiquity 古代 / 古老Stone Age石器时代Bronze Age青铜器时代beam 梁 prototype 原型building technique 建筑工艺new material 新资料metal-frame 金属构造repair person 维修工planetarium 天文馆aquarium 水族馆archives 档案馆 officebank loan 银行贷款interest 利息withdraw 从银行账户中提款honor (cheque/bill/draft) 承兑a run on a bank挤兑the Great Depression大冷清 Great Canyon大峡谷 Nile River尼罗河 Colorado river 科罗拉多河 crumpleszones地质缓冲地带bedrock 岩床 bulge 突出物 Iron Age 铁器时代 Paleolithic 旧石器时代的Mesolithic 中石器时代的 Neolithic 新石器时代的 morphology 形态学 skull 颅骨cranial 颅骨的 fossil 化石ancient civilization 古代文明 cave man山顶洞人 cultural relics 文物 rock painting 岩画 building 写字楼cathedral 大教堂 mosque 清真寺the statue of liberty 自由女神像the triumphal arch 凯旋门 sphinx 狮身人面像 pyramid 金字塔 castle 城堡consumerism 花费主义（以为高花费对个人和社会有益的见解）；保护花费者权益主义affluence 富饶，富裕 sophisticated 世故的，干练的；复杂的，尖端的教育学higher education 高等教育moral character 道德质量domain 领域faculty 全体教员alumni 校友人物artist 艺术家choreographer 舞蹈编排家critic 责备家satirist 嘲讽作家inventor 发明家biographer 自传作家sculptor 雕塑家feminist 女权主义者humanitarian 人道主义者imagist 意象派诗人philanthropist 慈善家proprietor 业主 mortal 罪犯precursor 前驱figurehead 声誉领袖disciple 学徒 apprentice 学徒mechanic 机械工minimalist 简单抽象派艺术家avant-garde 前卫派拍照photographer 拍照家panorama 全景照片snap shot 快照developing 冲刷enlarge 放大 foreground 远景background 背景文学pose 散文 diary 日志autobiography 列传editorial 社论narrative prose 表达性descriptive prose 描绘性essay漫笔 poetry 诗歌 treasurer 生活委员 / 财务大臣elective system 选课制度curriculum 课程（总称）discipline 学科 / 管理territory 领域genre 风格 / 体裁eccentric 独到的odd 荒诞的 / 奇数的erratic 奇异的weird 独到的 / 不行思议的romantic 浪漫的innocent 天真的 / 无罪的lovelorn 相思病苦的emotional 情绪的 / 感情的sentimental 感慨的 / 多愁善感的cheerless 垂头丧气的 / 无生命力的patriarchal 家长的 / 族长的rigid 僵化的 spare 朴实的clumsy 蠢笨的zigzag波折的high definition 高清楚度close-up 特写out of focus 调焦禁止exposure 曝光instant camera 拍立得camera lens相机镜头ballad 民谣 lullaby 催眠曲fiction 小说 allegory 寓言fairy tale 童话 legend 传说proverb 谚语model 人物原型leading character 主人公 learn by rote 照本宣科 encyclopedias 百科全书 / 专科全书contemporary 今世的 acclaimed 受欢迎的 preeminent 优秀的 versatile（人）多才多艺的 / （物）多功能的 household 家庭的 / 人人皆知的genuine 真实的authentic 传神的 / 原汁原味的symbolic 象征性的 immortal 不朽的 / 神 nostalgia 怀旧主义 / 思乡 emotive 感人的prodigious 巨大的 classic经典的posthumous 死后的 tripod 三脚架 dark room 暗室 wide angle lens 广角镜头long focus lens长镜头 filter 滤色镜main plot 主要情节 prelude 序曲 prologue 前言 epilogue 结尾literary criticism 文学责备 literary studies 文学研究 schools of literature 文学流派comparativeliterature 比较文学音乐musical instrument 乐器orchestra（管弦）乐队shook rattle 摇拨浪鼓pound drum 敲鼓foot beat 顿足 note 音符score 曲谱 movement 乐章fanatical 狂热的hillbilly music 农村音乐folk music 民间音乐pop music 流行音乐classical music古典音乐Jazz爵士乐symphony 交响乐美术（绘画和雕塑）fine arts 美术oil painting 油画water color 水彩画tempera 蛋彩画sketch 速写 / 素描pastel 彩色蜡笔划poster 海报 / 招贴画charcoal drawing 木炭画mural painting / fresco 壁画engraving 版画lithograph 石板画landscape painting 景色画still life 静物画 realism 现实主义surrealism 超现实主义futurism 将来主义rock and roll 摇滚乐band music / wind music 管乐string 弦乐 violin 小提琴viola 中提琴 cello 大提琴harp 竖琴 horn 号；喇叭clarinet 单簧管oboe 双簧管keyboard instrument 键盘乐器percussion 震荡 / 打击乐器vocal music 声乐concerto 协奏曲portrait 肖像画caricature 漫画pigment 颜色，色素canvas油画布 brush 画笔drawing board 画板perspective 透视画法original 原作 copy 临本reproduction / replica 复制品genuine 真的 fake 假的gallery 美术馆autograph 真迹panorama 全景画calligraphy 书法 paste 裱糊 modernism 现代主义 aestheticism 唯美主义sonata 奏鸣曲 serenade 小夜曲solo 独奏 / 独唱 duet 二重唱 conducting 指挥podium 指挥台 accompaniment 伴奏 quality 音质 volume 音量 chord 和弦harmony 和声 rest 休止 time 节拍 lullaby 催眠曲 prelude 序曲epilogue 结尾impressionistic style 印象派风格framing 装框 sculpture 雕塑 sculptor 雕塑家figurine 小塑像 bust 半身雕塑像 statue 塑像unique 独一的 / 独到的 animator 漫画家saxophonist 萨克斯风管演奏者indigo 靛蓝 purple 紫色。
听力分科词汇（熟悉读音）第一类动物学ZoologyPrimate 灵长类Rodent 啮齿类Vertebrate 脊椎动物Invertebrate 无脊椎动物Reptile 爬行动物Amphibian 两栖动物Carnivore 食肉动物Carnivorous 食肉类的Herbivore 食草动物Omnivore 杂食动物Homoiotherm 恒温动物Poikilotherm 变温动物；冷血动物Tissure 组织Organ 器官Liver 肝Lung 肺Kidney 肾Front/back/rear legRespiratory system 呼吸系统Reproductive system 生殖系统Nerve system 神经系统Immune system 免疫系统Endocrine system 内分泌系统Excretory system 排泄系统Circulatory system 循环系统Blood vessel 血管Vein 静脉Artery 动脉Membrane 隔膜；细胞膜Compound 复眼Sloth 树懒Bat 蝙蝠Dolphin 海豚Turtle 绿毛龟Penguin 企鹅Phylum 门——class 纲——order 目——family 科——species 种Adder 小毒蛇Alge (复数algae)Anatomy 解剖学Anthropoid 类人猿Aquatic 水生的Armor 甲Asymmetric 不对称Baboon 狒狒Alligator 美洲鳄Ancestry 系谱；血统Animal cognition 动物的认知能力Antenna（复数antennae）触须Aquarium 养鱼池Arachnid 节肢动物Auk 海雀Beaver 水懒Biological vacuum 生物演变真空期Bivalve 双壳类Brant 黑雁Breed n.品种v.繁殖Burrow 洞穴Buffalo 美洲野牛Canary 金丝雀Carrion crow 吃腐肉的乌? Caterpillar 毛虫Caviar 鱼子酱Centipede 蜈蚣Chameleon 变色龙Chemical composition 化学成分Chimpanzee 黑猩猩Chipmunk 花栗鼠Chirp 叽叽喳喳叫Cicada 蝉Clam 蛤蜊Claw 爪子Cobra 眼镜蛇Cockroach 蟑螂Cocoon 蚕茧Coelenterate 腔肠动物Cricket 蟋蟀Darwinism 达尔文学说Degeneration 退化Digestive enzyme 消化酶Domesticate 驯养Echolocation 声波定位Entomology 昆虫学Fauna 动物群Fertilize 受精Genus 种类Grasshopper 蚂蚱Gregarious 群居的Hatch 孵化Herd 兽群Heredity 遗传Hibernation 冬眠Hormone 荷尔蒙Ingestion 摄食Insecticide 杀虫剂Larva 幼虫（复数larvae）Mandible 下颚Metamorphosis 变形Lizard 蜥蜴Mate 交配Mollusk 软体动物Monogamous 一雄一雌的Mutation 变种Offspring 后代Order 目Ornithology 鸟类学Oyster 牡蛎Paleontology 古生物学Parasite 寄生虫Polyandrous 一雌多雄的Prairie dog 草原犬鼠Rattlesnake 响尾蛇Regeneration 再生Rhinoceros 犀牛Ruminant 反刍动物Salamander 蝾螈Scale 鳞片Scuba 水下呼吸器Secretion 分泌Solitary 独居的Spawn 卵；产卵Spine 脊骨Spleen 脾Squid 鱿鱼Symbiosis 共生现象symbiotic 共生的Symmetry 对称Tentacle 触须Venom 毒液第二类植物学BotanyFoliage 叶子Stem 茎Trunk 树干Branch 树枝Bark 树皮Bud 花蕾Nectar 花蜜Moss 苔类Herb 草本类Fern 蕨类Fungus 菌类Hybrid 杂交植物Phobia 恐性Hydro-phobia 狂犬病Petal 花瓣Chlorophyll 叶绿素Stamen 花蕊Jasmine 茉莉Peony 牡丹Orchid 兰花Lotus 莲花Plum 梅花；李子第三类生物、微生物学Biology and Micro-biology Amino acid 氨基酸Antibody 抗体Biotical agency 生物媒介Calcium 钙Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Carbohydrate 碳水化合物Chromosome 染色体Disinfection 消毒Enzymes 酵母Fatigue （组织、器官等对刺激失去反应能力的）疲劳Fermentation 发酵Fungus 真菌Glucose 葡萄糖Immunology 免疫学Incubation 孵蛋Malaria 疟疾；瘴气Microorganism 微生物Microscopic 精微的Nucleus 细胞核Oxidation 氧化Parasitic disease 寄生虫病Pathogen 病菌Penicillin 青霉素Sanitation 卫生Schistosomiasis 血吸虫病Sterilization 杀菌Toxin 毒素Vaccine 疫苗Yeast 酵母第四类人类学与考古学Anthropology and archeology Excavate 挖掘excavation 出土Relics 文物古迹Stone Age 石器时代Iron Age 黑铁时代Bronze Age 青铜时代Neolithic 新石器时代Mesolithic 中石器时代Paleolithic 旧石器时代Matriarchy 母系氏族Patrilineal 父系氏族Pottery 陶Ancient civilization 古代文明Antique 古董Archaic 古老的Artifact 人造物品Ascend 攀登Chronological 按年代排序的Clan 氏族Cranial 颅骨的Cultural relics 文物Exhume 掘出Hominid 原始人类Porcelain 瓷器Prehistoric 史前的Primitive 原始的Scoop 铲子Skull 头骨Tribe 部落第五类地理地质学Geography and geology美国五大湖：Huron 休伦湖Ontario 安大略湖Michigan 密歇根湖Erie 伊利湖Superior 苏比利尔湖Extinct volcano 死火山active volcano 活火山dormant 休眠火山Erupt 火山爆发eruption 爆发Magma 岩浆lava 岩浆Crater 火山口Core 地核Crust 地壳Mantle 地幔Layer/stratum 地层South Pole 南极North Pole 北极Antarctic 南极的Antarctica 南极洲Arctic 北极的Aurora 极光Equator 赤道Longitude 经度Latitude 纬度Altitude 海拔the Tropic of Cancer 北回归线the Tropic of Capricorn 南回归线Glacier 冰川Ice berg 冰山Seismology 地震学seismic waves 地震波Magnitude 震级Epicenter 震中Basin 盆地Plane 平原Plateau 高原Low land 低地Arm/gulf/bay 海湾the Great Salt Lake 大盐湖Yellowstone National Park 黄石公园Grand Canyon 大峡谷the Dead Valley 死谷Arid 干旱的Canal 运河Cleft 缝隙Cliff 悬崖Continental drift 大陆漂移Continental shelf 大陆架Contour 轮廓；等高线Cosmopolitan 世界性的Crack 裂缝Crest 山顶Debris 碎片Demolish 破坏；粉碎Deposit 堆积物；沉积物Diffuse 传播；扩散Disintegration 分解Elevation 抬高；高地Endemic 风土的；地方的Evaporation 蒸发Expedition 探险Extract 开采Fault plane 断层面Fieldstone 卵石Frost heaving 冻胀现象Geothermal 地热的Gorge 峡谷Hemisphere 半球Igneous rock 火成岩Incandescent 白炽的Infertile 贫瘠的Insular 海岛Insulate 隔离Ledge 矿脉Margin 边缘Marine 航海的Meridian 子午线Navigation 航海的Oasis 绿洲Offshore 离岸的Parallel 纬线Peninsula 半岛Precipice 悬崖Salinity 盐度Sediment 沉淀物Smelt 冶炼Strait 海峡Subsidiary 辅助的；补充的Subterrane 表层下基岩subterranean 地下的Tectonics 构造学Temperate 温带的Terrain 地形Terrestrial 地球的；陆地的Terrestrial magnetism 地磁Topography 地形；地形学Tropic 热带的Aluminum 铝Bonanza 富矿带Fault 断层Geologic survey 地质调查Geomagnetism 地磁学Granite 花岗岩Jurassic period 侏罗纪时期Landlocked area 内陆Lead 铅Limestone 石灰岩Lithosphere 岩石圈Lower reach 下游Metamorphic rock 变质岩Nickel 镍Northern Hemisphere 北半球Petrify 石化Platinum 白金；铂Quartz 石英Ravine 峡谷Reclaim 开垦Sedimentary rock 沉积岩Seismic prospecting 地震勘探Seismograph 地震仪Sodium 钠Speculate 推测Swamp 沼泽Sulfur 硫磺Tributary 支流Tropical rain forest 热带雨林Vertical 垂直的Watershed 分水岭Zinc 锌第六类法学Law庭审的三种方式：trial=prosecution 审判（private/public）、arbitration 仲裁、hearing 听证会Defendant 被告Prosecutor 刑事原告Plaintiff 民事原告Cop 警察Attorney 律师Judge 法官Suit 上诉Appeal 申诉appealent 申诉人Aerdict 陪审团意见Judgement 二审最终结果Jury panel 陪审团Capital punishment 极刑Sentence 刑期第七类商科Business and economyCompete competition competitorFree/pure compete 自由竞争Monopolistic compete 垄断竞争Supply and demand 供求Surplus 盈余Deficit 赤字run in redBoycott 联合抵制Devaluation 贬值Bubble economy 泡沫经济GDP gross domestic product 国内生产总值GNP gross national product 国民生产总值CPI consumer price index 消费价格指数Anti-dumping 反倾销Revenue/duty/tax 税收The federal 美联储Marketing: do market research (segmentation 市场细分/high-eral/low-eral) Sales: pre-sales after-sales第八类文学LiteratureRealism 现实主义Surrealism 超现实主义Modernism 现代主义Postmodernism 后现代主义Romance of three kingdoms 三国演义Red dreams of mansion 红楼梦Western journey 西游记Outlaws of marsh 水浒传Biography 传记文学Autobiography 自传Essay 杂记Prose 散文Epic 史诗Criticism 文学评论Thriller 恐怖小说Detective story 侦探小说Novel/fiction（虚构的）小说Editorial 社论的Leading character 主人公Legend 传说Proverb 谚语Schools of literature 文学流派第九类艺术Music Accompaniment 伴奏Aestheticism 唯美主义Allegory 寓言Ballad 民谣Epilogue 尾声Serenade 小夜曲Sonata 奏鸣曲Symphony 交响乐Time 节拍Architecture 建筑Art gallery 美术馆Autograph 真迹Calligraphy 书法Cathedral 大教堂Imitating 临摹Impressionistic style 印象派风格Landscape painting 山水画Mosque 清真寺Panorama 全景画Perspective 透视画法Portrait 肖像画Sketch 素描The statue of liberty 自由女神像The triumphal arch 凯旋门第十类哲学Philosophy Socrates 苏格拉底Plato 柏拉图Aristotle 亚里士多德The republic 理想国The law 法律Idealism 唯心主义Materialism 唯物主义Ration 理性emotion 感性第十一类气象学Meteorology Formation 形成Hail 冰雹Atmosphere 大气层Stratosphere 平流层Troposphere 对流层Current-air 气流Mass 气团warm/coldVapor 蒸汽evaporate 蒸发Droplet 小水珠Ice crystal 冰晶体Stratum 地层Updraft air 上升气流Downdraft air 下沉气流Temperate zone 温带Tropical 热带Frigid 寒带亚前加sub~Dew 露珠Mist 薄雾Drizzle 毛毛雨Avalanche snow 雪崩Tornado 龙卷风Blizzard 暴雪Tsunami 海啸Balmy 温和的Barometer 气压计Convection 对流Cumulonimbus 积雨云Damp 潮湿的Devastation 破坏Downpour 倾盆大雨Humidity 湿度Monsoon 季风Precipitation 降水Tempest 暴风雨Tepid 微温的Torrential rain 暴雨Tropical depression 热带低气压Typhoon 台风Wind scale 风级Wind velocity 风速第十二类天文学Astronomy Comet 彗星Star 恒星Planet 行星Mercury 水星Venus 金星Mars 火星Jupiter 木星Saturn 土星Uranus 天王星Neptune 海王星Pluto 冥王星Planet solar system 太阳系Asteroid belt 小行星带Meteor 流星Rotation 自转Revolution 公转Galaxy 银河Light year 光年Constellation 星座Sign 属相Orbit 轨道Astrology 占星术Ammonia 氨Astronaut 宇航员Astronomical object 天体Big dipper 北斗七星Celestial 天上的celestial body 天体Centrifugal force 离心力Centripetal force 向心力第十三类生理学PhysiologyNeutron nerve cell 神经元细胞Conduct bioelectricity 传导生物电Gliacell 胶质细胞：support neutron、conduct chemistryNuclear 细胞核Cytoplasm 细胞质Membrane 细胞膜Cell-wall 细胞壁Enzyme 酶Chromosome 染色体Gene mutation 基因突变Mutation of species 物种突变第十四类物理、化学和农业Physics、Chemistry and Agriculture Element table 元素周期表Platinum 铂金Aluminum 铝Lead 铅Nickel 镍Magnesium 镁Sodium 钠Uranium 铀Calcium 钙Mercury 水银Oxygen 氧Nitrogen 氮Ammonia 氨Silicon 硅Sulfur 硫Atom 原子Molecule 分子Nuclear 核Proton 质子Neutron 中子Electron 电子Particle 粒子Acceleration 加速度Acceleration of gravity 重力加速度Acoustics 声学Anode 正极Cathode 负极Combustion 燃烧Conservation of energy 能量守恒Decomposition 分解Dilution 稀释Distillation 蒸馏Electrode 电极Fluorescence 荧光Inorganic chemistry 无机化学Isotope 同位素Magnet 磁铁Mechanics 力学Newton’s laws of motion 牛顿运动定律Optics 光学Reagent 试剂Reduction 还原Reflection 反射Refraction 折射Resonance 共振Solution 溶液Test tube 试管Ultrasonic 超声波Ultraviolet ray 紫外线Uniform motion 匀速运动Voltage 电压Aquaculture 水产业Arable 可耕的Conservatory 温室Fertile 肥沃的Fodder 饲料Garlic 大蒜Granary 谷仓Graze 放牧Haystack 干草堆Horticulture 园艺Husbandry 管理Hydroponics 水耕法Indigenous 本土的Livestock 家畜Orchard 果园Plantation 种植园Prolific 多产的Silt 淤泥Tractor 拖拉机。
历年托福听力食物类场景词汇（二）5）饮食评价类
名词结构类
nutrient 营养（成分）
fat 脂肪
protein 蛋白质
vitamin 维生素
calorie 卡（路里）
nutrition 营养
dietitian 营养学家
health food (green foodstuff) 保健食品（绿色食品）convenience food 方便食品
形容词结构类
nourishing (nutritious) 有营养的
malnourished 营养不良的
edible 可食用的
sour 酸的
sweet 甜的
bitter 苦的
spicy = hot 辣的
salty 咸的
bland 无味儿的；淡的
tangy 味道浓的
awful 味道糟糕的
hit the spot = out of this world = delicious好吃的
rare （肉）生的；嫩的
medium （肉）中等程度的，适中的
well-done （肉）熟透的
overdone （肉）过老的
burnt 烧焦的
canned 罐装的
fresh 新鲜的
6）烹调类
名词结构类
cuisine 烹调
recipe 食谱；配方
spice(seasoning) 香料；调味品
spread 涂抹食品的酱
dressing 填馅；调料
gourmet 美食家
connoisseur 鉴赏家
condiment 调味品
动词结构类
to bake 烘（糕点等）
to roast 烤（肉等）
to barbecue 烧烤
to broil = grill = roast （在烤架等上面）烤
to toast 烤（面包）
to stew (simmer) 炖；焖
to boil 煮
7）付帐类
to pick up the bill = to foot the bill 付帐
to be on sb. = to be one’s dollar (buck) 由某人请客to take care of the bill 请客
to treat sb. 请某人的客
to split the bill 各付各的
to split the expense 各付各的
to go fifty fifty 各付各的
to share the expense 各付各的
8）饭店类
restaurant 饭店
coffee shop 咖啡馆；小吃店
cafeteria 自助餐馆
menu 菜谱
cook 厨师
bakery 面包店
kitchen 厨房
appetizer 开胃品
dessert 甜食；点心
snack = refreshments小吃；茶点
speciality 特色菜肴,特产
menu 菜单
a course 一道菜
waiter (waitress) 侍者
chef 厨师
tableware 餐具
banquet 宴会
paper napkin 餐巾纸
be stuffed 吃饱
work up an appetite 促进食欲
on a diet 节食
grab a snack = have a bite 吃点小吃或点心。
