Actual depth; the true depth of water as opposed to a predicted depth、Tidal height from table added to the charted depth、
Almanac; an annual publication containing Tide Tables astronomical ephemerals etc、
Altitude; the angular distance of a celestial body above the viewers horizon、
Anabatic Winds; caused by warm air rising up a slope to be replaced by cooler air, as opposed to kabatic, descending winds、
Apparent wind; the wind as felt on board, this will be the actual wind modified by the wind created by the vessels movement、
Aries; the constellation of the Ram in the Northern Celestial Hemisphere, see also, First Point of Aries、
Astrolabe; an instrument used to determine the altitude of celestial objects before the introduction of the sextant、The first recorded use by Greek astronomers in around 200 B、C、
Azimuth; the horizontal angular distance from a reference position to a celestial body, usually measured clockwise in degrees from the direction of the nearest pole、
Barometer; an instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure、
Barometric Gradient; the rate at which atmospheric pressure rises of falls、
Bars Harbor Bar、
Beacon; an unlit navigation mark、
Bearing; the compass reading taken of a object in relation to the observer、
Beaufort Scale; a numerical method of describing wind strength、Body; a celestial object、
Buoyage Marks and Systems;
Cape; a piece of land that that projects out into a large body of water、
Cardinal Marks; buoyage marks indicating the direction of safe water with reference to the cardinal points、
Cardinal Points; the four main points of the compass, North, East, South and West、
Cartography; the study and the construction of maps、Cartographer; a map maker、
CC or Compass Course; the course to steer which has been corrected for current, variation, and deviation、
Celestial navigation; a method of navigating by referring to the stars or other objects in the sky、
Celestial sphere; an imaginary sphere with the earth at its center, on whose surface the stars, planets and other heavenly bodies appear to be situated、
Characteristics; the distinctive pattern of flashes used to identify a light、
Chart datum; the reference level on charts to which tidal heights are referred、
Charted depth; the depth shown on the chart for a particular point on the sea bed、
Chronometer; a very accurate clock or watch that is used for determining one's longitude at sea
Circumnavigate; to travel around the entire Earth、
Civil twilight; times given in the almanac, for listed latitudes for approximately the best time to take a morning or evening sight, when both the horizon and the heavenly bodies are visible、
CMG; the Course Made Good is the course over the ground、
Cocked hat; a triangle formed by a series of three LOPs which do not meet at an exact point、
COLREGS; the international rules for prevent of collisions at sea、
Compass; a device that always points towards magnetic north, used for navigation、
Compass Rose; is a design on a chart that shows direction、It points which way is north, south, east, west, and some intermediate directions、
Constellations; Star groups、
Conversion tables; used to convert units of one system to units in another、
Copernicus; 1473-1543, Polish astronomer credited with disproving the Ptolemaic System、
Course; the direction in which a vessel is heading or is intended to be steered, the direction through the water、
Course made good; the direction in which the vessel is actually traveling as opposed to the direction in which it is pointing、
Corrections; alterations made to charts to update navigational information、
Cross bearing; using LOPs from several navigational aids or marks to obtain a position fix、
Crux; the Southern Cross a constellation seen in the southern hemisphere、
Dead reckoning; determining a position by plotting courses and speeds from a known position、
Declination; the angular distance to a point on the celestial sphere measured north and south from the celestial equator along the hour circle、
Deviation; the compass errors caused by metallic o magnetic objects on board the vessel、
Dip; a correction to be applied to sextant attitudes to compensate for height of eye above sea level、
Doldrums; the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (or ITCZ) a belt of very still air between 5 degrees north and 5 degrees south of the equator、
Drift; the speed in knots of the effect of current or tide on a vessel's progress、
Drying height; the height above chart datum, on a chart, of any areas which are uncovered at low water、
Duration of tide; the time between high an low water, normally just over 6 hours、
Ebb; out-flowing tide、
Electronic logs or E log books; a method of standardising the keeping of logs digitally on commercial vessels、
Electronic charts; there are two different types see Vector charts and Raster marine charts、
ENT; , Evening Nautical Twilight、
EP; Estimated Position, the DR plus the effects of current、
Ephemerals; a published collection of tables giving coordinates for astronomical bodies for specific times、
Estimated Position; a DR position which has been adjusted to allow for Set and Drift、
ETA; estimated time of arrival、
Equator; an imaginary circle around the earth, halfway between the north and south poles、
Fathom; an old fashioned unit of measurement to measure depth, approximately equal to 6 feet or 1、8 meters、
Flood; incoming tide、
First Point of Aries;a point on the celestial sphere which is used as a reference point, it is in fact where the ‘Ecliptic’ and the Celestial Equator cross、
Fix; a position verified by reference to bearings take off a known point such as a conspicuous land mark、
Flotsam; the floating debris resulting from a shipwreck、
Forecasting Terms; used to convey specific, concise, information on weather conditions、
Gates Tidal、
Geographical Position or GP; in celestial navigation it is the point on the earths surface directly beneath the Zenith, and the bit of the surface you are standing on is yo ur body’s Geographical Position or GP、
GHA, Greenwich Hour Angle; the measurement of a position, in degrees, westward from the Greenwich meridian、Read more
GMT, Greenwich Mean Time; now referred to as UTC, Coordinated Universal Time, or UT, it is the mean of the times of noon at the Greenwich Meridian、
GPS, Global Positioning System; a system which uses information broadcast from orbiting satellites to calculate the longitude and latitude of a receiving device、
Greenwich meridian;the Prime Meridian it is the 0°longitude line, it is referred to as the Greenwich Meridian because it passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich in the UK、
Gyrocompass; a non magnetic type of compass、
Harbor Bars
Hand held, Compass; a small portable compass、
Heading; the direction in which a vessel is pointing, as opposed to the course made good、
HE, Height of Eye;the height of a sextant user’s eye above sea level, needed to add as a correction to a site reduction、
Height of tide; a figure taken from the tide tables indicating the depth of water above the chart datum、
Horizon;the apparent line, for an observer where the earth’s surface and the sky meet、Also a circle formed on the celestial sphere by a plane tangent to a point on the Earth's surface、
Horizon Glass;or Horizon Mirror half clear glass half mirror, on a sextant it allows the observer to view the horizon at the same time as a reflection of whatever is showing in the Index Mirror、Read more:
Horse Latitudes; See Doldrums and ITCZ、
internationally recognised systems of buoyage
Index mirror; the mirror at the apex of a sextant frame which pivots with the index arm、
Intercept; where two or more lines such as LOPs cross、
International Date Line; the imaginary line in the Pacific Ocean at which the date changes、This line varies from the 180? meridian to avoid populated land areas、
International marine signal flags; a system of flag shapes and designes used to communicate messages at sea、
Interpolation Tables; almanac tables to estimate value between the tabulated results、
ITCZ, Intertropical Convergence Zone; the varying area of normally still air lying approximately between 5? north and south of the equator、
Isolated Danger Mark; buoyage marks indicating a hazard, a such as a wreck directly below the mark,
Jetsam; are objects that have been thrown overboard from a vessel, originally stuff jettisoned by a ship which was in trouble、
Knot, (Kts、); a unit of speed, nautical miles per hour、
Landfall; the approach to or sighting of land after an ocean passage、
Lateral Marks; buoyage indicating the edge of a safe water channel、
Latitude; the angular distance north or south from the equator on the earth surface、
Leading lights or Range Lights; a pair of lights deliberately placed to provide a transit along a narrow channel、
Leading or Range marks; transit markers、
Leeway; sideways movement of a vessel usually caused by the wind、Limb; when taking a sun or moon sight it is difficult to guess where the center is so the observer aligns either the top edge (Upper Limb) or more usually the bottom edge (Lower Limb) of the object on to the horizon、The sight is then corrected using the appropriate correction
tables、
Line Of Position, LOP; a line drawn on a chart on which the position of the vessel must lie、The line deduced from either a compass bearing of a mark or a sight reduction、A minimum of two or preferably more are necessary to establish a fix、
Local Noon; the time when the sun reaches its highest altitude at your position and is directly north or south of you、it will then be at your Zenith and its GHA will correspond to your longitude、
Local time; solar time at your position、
Local Hour Angle, LHA; the angular distance of an observed celestial object to the west of the observers meridian、
Localized weather phenomena; alterations made to the prevailing weather by local topography、Log; an instrument used to calculate speed and distance travelled, through the water、
Log book; a book in which the navigator records data about the vessels progress
Longitude; the angular distance east or west from the Greenwich or Prime Meridian (0?) on the earth’s surface、
Lower limb; see Limb、LOP; see Line of Position、
Magnetic Compass; a device used for navigation which aligns with the earths magnetic field thus indicating th direction of magnetic north、
Magnetic bearing; a baring taken from a magnetic compass、
Magnetic north; the northerly position of the earths magnetic field, this is varies from the True North、
Making; used to denote progress, as in making way or a rising tide as making、
Mark; a fixed buoyage indicator、
Mercator projection; a method for representing the spherical globe as a flat map with lines of latitude and longitude intersecting at right angles、Devised by Geradus Mercato in 1569、
Meridian; a line of longitude, the imaginary great circles on the surface of the earth which converge at the poles and have their center at the center of the earth、
Nautical Almanac; see Almanac、
英语翻译论文开题报告 精编版 MQS system office room 【MQS16H-TTMS2A-MQSS8Q8-MQSH16898】
英语翻译论文开题报告 时间:2015-03- 12Bell.?Translation?and?Translating:?Theory?and?Practice.?Beijing:?Forei gn?Language?Teaching?and?Research?Press,?2006. 崔长青,?张碧竹.?翻译的要素[M].?苏州:?苏州大学出版社,?2007. 李琏.?英式显性词性转换与英语写作[J].?新疆教育学学 报,?2003,?19(1):?85-89. 李连生.?英汉互译中的词性转换[J].?武汉交通管理干部学院学 报,?1996,?(1):102-107. 项伙珍.?谈翻译中的转性译法[J].?长江职工大学学报,?2000,?17(3):?46-48. 叶海燕.?翻译中的词性转换及换形[J].?安徽工业大学学报(社会科学 版),?2005,?22(3):60-61. (责任编辑：1025) 三、对英文翻译中词类转换的引入 从语言的角度来分析，对一门语言中的词性以及在语句中的成分进行分析，?从转喻理论的相关知识出发，来探讨英汉语言翻译中词类转换的概念和知识，并就其异同和特性进行对比，不仅是当前国内外学者研究的重点问题，也是大学英语教学中始终关注的热点。?为?此?，从英文翻译的实践中，?通过例证或典型问题的互译，从语言结构及表达习惯上进行探讨英文翻译中的转换方法，以增强语言翻译的可读性和准确性，并从中探讨出词类转换的规律，帮助更多的学生从中获得有益的指
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
大连海事大学英语2580题库中英文对照学习完整版 [1]______, as the chemical extinguisher agent, should be used for an electric fire. A. dry chemical or foam B. foam or soda acid C. carbon dioxide or foam D. carbon dioxide or dry chemical KEY: D二氧化碳或干粉灭火器作为化学灭火器，用于扑灭电器火灾。 [2]______: A room on or near the bridge provided with the necessary fittings and furniture for the handling and stowage of charts and where the chronometers are placed. A. Captain’s cabin B. Chief Officer’s locker C. Chartroom D. Pilot’s cabin KEY: C在驾驶台或附近提供必要的装卸设备或用具和海图的存放和天文钟布置的房间叫做海图室。 [3]______:The main center-line structural member, running fore and aft along the bottom of a ship, sometimes referred to as the backbone. A. Frame B. Deckbeam C. Stringer D. Keel KEY: D在船舶底部沿首尾向铺设有时提及当做主骨架的主要首尾结构是龙骨。 [4]______:the vertical distance measured on the vessel’s side amidships from the load water line to the upper side of the freeboard deck or a point corresponding to it. A. Buoyancy B. Freeboard C. Draft D. Displacement KEY: B船中部从载重水线垂直测量到干舷甲板上边缘或相应的点的距离叫干舷。 [5]______20 targets can be tracked at one time. When maximum tracking capacity is reached, no further acquisitions are possible. A. As many as B. So many as C. As much as D. As more as KEY: A一次可以获取多达20个物标，当跟踪能力达到最大时候，就不再录取了。 [6]______amplify charted detail and contain information needed for safe navigation. A. Admiralty Sailing Directions B. Admiralty List of Lights C. Admiralty List of Signals D. Admiralty Notices to Mariners KEY: A英版航路指南详细描述海图的细节和安全航行所包含的信息。 [7]______are published for the correction of Admiralty Charts. A. Admiralty Sailing Directions B. Admiralty List of Lights C. Mariner’s Handbook D. Admiralty Notices to Mariners KEY: D英版航海通告出版是为了英版海图的改正。 [8]______are to be used for dunnage if you load rice. A. wooden planks B. rush mats C. steel bars D. wooden planks and rush mats KEY: D木板和席子被用来做垫舱料，如果你装载大米。 [9]______at 53N3 127E4 moving ely 12kts with cold front from center passing 51N3 126E1 to 51N2 125E4 and warm front from 46N1 128E2 passing 40N2 125E2. A. Low 1002HPA B. Low 1045 HPA C. High 1002 HPA D. High 1045 HPA KEY: A低气压1002百帕，位置53N 127E4向东12节速度移动，伴有冷锋中心经51N3 126E1移至51N2 125E4，伴有暖锋从46N1 128E2 经过40N2 125E2位置。 [10]______causing strong winds and rough sea north west Bay of Biscay. A. Strong low pressure B. Strong high pressure C. Steep pressure gradient D. Steep gradient pressure KEY: C强气压梯度导致了比斯开湾西北的强风和狂狼。 [11]______chart 3994, positions read from this chart should be shifted 0.03 minutes Northward. A. To consider B. To check C. To examine D. To agree with KEY: D为了与3994号海图一致，从这张海图上读出的位置应该向北移动0.03分的距离。[12]______is a full nautical record of a ship’s voyage, written up at the end of each watch by the officer of the watch. A. Sea Protest B. Deck Log C. Accident Report D. Seaman’s Book KEY: B航海日志全面记录了航次的情况，由值班驾驶员在每次值班结束后详细填写记录。 [13]______is not a process of weathering of the oil spilled in the sea water. A. Biodegradation B. Dissolution C. Cleaning up by crew with skimmers D. Oxidation including photooxidation KEY: C船员用浮油刮集船清扫不是一个油溢入海水中的风化过程。 [14]______is not a process of weathering of the oil spilled in the sea water. A. Emulsification B. Sedimentation / Sinking C. Oxidation including photooxidation D. Burning organized by RCC KEY: D由RCC（海上搜救协调中心）组织的燃烧不是一个油溢入海水中的风化过程。 [15]______ is not a process of weathering of the oil spilled in the sea water.
汲水门大桥有限元模型的分析 By Q. W. Zhang, T. Y. P. Chang,and C. C. Chang 摘要：本文提出的有限元模型修正的汲水门大桥的实施，是位于香港的430米主跨双层斜拉桥。通过三维有限元预测和现场振动测试，对该桥的动力特性进行了研究，。在本文中，建立的有限元模型的更新，是基于实测的动态特性。一个全面的灵敏度研究证明各种结构参数（包括连接和边界条件）的影响是在其所关注的模式进行，根据一组的结构参数，然后选择调整。有限元模型的更新在一个迭代的方式以减少之间的预测和测量频率的差异。最后更新的有限元模型，使汲水门大桥能在良好的协议与所测量的固有频率状态，并可以进行更精确的动态响应预测。 简介： 汲水门大桥（图1），位于大屿山及香港湾岛之间，是世界上最长的斜拉桥，是公路交通和铁路交通两用桥梁。为确保其结构的完整性和操作安全性，桥梁已经配备了一个相当复杂的监测系统，包括仪器参数如加速度传感器，位移传感器，液位传感器，温度传感器，应变计，风速仪（Lau and Wong 1997）。由Chang 等人通过有限元预测和现场振动测量对该桥的动力特性进行了研究（2001）。三维有限元（FE）模型，它是基于非线性弹性梁元件构建的塔和甲板上的桁架单元，电缆，和弹性或刚性连接的连接和边界约束[图1（d）]。桥面，包括钢/混凝土框架结构在大跨度和梯形箱梁的中心部分的剩余部分，是使用一个单一的脊柱通过剪切中心桥面的。由于截面的非整体性，通过一个虚拟的等效单片材料来表示复合甲板。这是通过等效的整体桥面的质量和刚度性能检核的复合甲板了。由Chang证明（1998），对截面模量的计算细节可以通过改变报告发现。电缆，另一方面，使用的是线性弹性桁架单元模拟。非线性效应由于电缆张力和下垂的电缆进行线性化，采用弹性刚度等效模量的概念考虑。有限元模型包括464个梁单元，176个桁架单元，和615个节点，总共有1536个自由度。 一般的有限元建模，给出了该桥的物理和模态特性进行详细的描述，而现场振动测试则是作为（理想化的）有限元模型评估基础信息的重要来源。有限元计算结果与现场振动试验表明在自然频率合理的相关性和桥的振型。然而，在预测
航海及海运专业词汇英语翻译(B) bulge carrier 散货船 bulge bulk 散货容积大量 bulge container 散货集装箱 bulge eraser 整盘磁带消磁器 bulge frame 船腹肋骨 bulge freighter 散货船 bulge grain carrier 散装谷类运输船 bulge oil carrier 散装油船 bulge oil circuit breaker 多油断路器 bulge oil-carrying ship 散装油船 bulge ore carrier 散装矿砂船 bulge ore-and RoRo carrier 散货、矿砂、滚装三用船bulge test 鼓出试验 bulge test 鼓出试验批量试验 bulge test 批量试验 bulge transport department 散货运输处 bulge viscosity 体积粘性 bulge 不规则突起鼓起处 bulge 侧凸出部 bulge 船侧凸出部;舭部 bulge 桶腰 bulgecarrier 散货船 bulged blading 加厚叶片组 bulging shell 鼓出外板 bulging shell 舭外板 bulging test 鼓出试验 bulk carrier 散货船 bulk and general cargo carrier 散杂货运输船 bulk bauxite carrier 散装矾土船 bulk bauxite carrier 散装铁矾土船 bulk bauxite ore-carrier 铝土矿石船 bulk bead mark 防水壁标志 bulk boat 石油驳船 bulk capacity 散货容积 bulk capacity 散装容积 bulk cargo carrier 散装货船 Bulk Cargo Clause 散装货条款 bulk cargo container 散装货柜 bulk cargo container 散装货柜散装集装箱 Bulk Cargo Container 散装集装箱 bulk cargo hold 散货舱 Bulk Cargo Ship 散装货船
毕业设计（论文） 英文文献翻译 电力系统 电力系统介绍 随着电力工业的增长，与用于生成和处理当今大规模电能消费的电力生产、传输、分配系统相关的经济、工程问题也随之增多。这些系统构成了一个完整的电力系统。 应该着重提到的是生成电能的工业，它与众不同之处在于其产品应按顾客要求即需即用。生成电的能源以煤、石油，或水库和湖泊中水的形式储存起来，以备将来所有需。但这并不会降低用户对发电机容量的需求。 显然，对电力系统而言服务的连续性至关重要。没有哪种服务能完全避免可能出现的失误，而系统的成本明显依赖于其稳定性。因此，必须在稳定性与成本之间找到平衡点，而最终的选择应是负载大小、特点、可能出现中断的原因、用户要求等的综合体现。然而，网络可靠性的增加是通过应用一定数量的生成单元和在发电站港湾各分区间以及在国内、国际电网传输线路中使用自动断路器得以实现的。事实上大型系统包括众多的发电站和由高容量传输线路连接的负载。这样，在不中断总体服务的前提下可以停止单个发电单元或一套输电线路的运作。
当今生成和传输电力最普遍的系统是三相系统。相对于其他交流系统而言，它具有简便、节能的优点。尤其是在特定导体间电压、传输功率、传输距离和线耗的情况下，三相系统所需铜或铝仅为单相系统的75%。三相系统另一个重要优点是三相电机比单相电机效率更高。大规模电力生产的能源有： 1.从常规燃料（煤、石油或天然气）、城市废料燃烧或核燃料应用中得到的 蒸汽； 2.水； 3.石油中的柴油动力。 其他可能的能源有太阳能、风能、潮汐能等，但没有一种超越了试点发电站阶段。 在大型蒸汽发电站中，蒸汽中的热能通过涡轮轮转换为功。涡轮必须包括安装在轴承上并封闭于汽缸中的轴或转子。转子由汽缸四周喷嘴喷射出的蒸汽流带动而平衡地转动。蒸汽流撞击轴上的叶片。中央电站采用冷凝涡轮，即蒸汽在离开涡轮后会通过一冷凝器。冷凝器通过其导管中大量冷水的循环来达到冷凝的效果，从而提高蒸汽的膨胀率、后继效率及涡轮的输出功率。而涡轮则直接与大型发电机相连。 涡轮中的蒸汽具有能动性。蒸汽进入涡轮时压力较高、体积较小，而离开时却压力较低、体积较大。 蒸汽是由锅炉中的热水生成的。普通的锅炉有燃烧燃料的炉膛燃烧时产生的热被传导至金属炉壁来生成与炉体内压力相等的蒸汽。在核电站中，蒸汽的生成是在反应堆的帮助下完成的。反应堆中受控制的铀或盥的裂变可提供使水激化所必需的热量，即反应堆代替了常规电站的蒸汽机。 水电站是利用蕴藏在消遣的能来发电的。为了将这种能转换为功，我们使用了水轮机。现代水轮机可分为两类：脉冲式和压力式（又称反应式）。前者用于重要设备，佩尔顿轮是唯一的类型；对于后者而言，弗朗西斯涡轮或其改进型被广泛采用。 在脉冲式涡轮中，整个水头在到达叶轮前都被转化为动能，因为水是通过喷嘴提供给叶轮的；而在压力式或反应式涡轮中，水通过其四周一系列引导叶版先直接导入叶片再提供给叶轮（或转子）。离开引导叶片的水有压力，并且以一部分动能、一部分压力的形式来提供能量。 对于低于10,000千伏安的发电站而言柴油机是出色的原动机。其优点是燃料成本低、预热时间短以及标准损耗低。此外，其所需冷却水量极少。柴油发电通常选择用于满足少量电力需求，如市政当局、宾馆及工厂等；医院通常备有独立的柴油发电机，以备紧急情况时使用。 通过电线来传输电能是电力系统中的一个重大问题。而从下面研修目的目的架设输电线路又是必要的： 1.将电力从水电站输送到可能很远的负载中心； 2.从蒸汽站到相对较近负载中心电力的批量供应； 3.出于内部连接目的将电能在紧急情况下从一系统转换至另一系统。 传输电压主要由经济因素决定。实际上，当距离、功率、功耗固定时，输电线路中导体的重量与传输电压成反比。因此，出于经济方面的考虑，长距离传输时电压一定要高。当然，电压超高绝缘成本也就超高，要找到最佳电压必须通过减小导体横截面积来取得绝缘成本与经济节省之间的平衡。 高压传输通常使用配以悬挂式绝缘设备的高架结构。称为路标铁塔用于负载
An Analysis of Cooperative Principles and Humorous Effects in Friend s 合作原则的分析和在朋友的幽默效应 Humor is a very intriguing and fascinating phenomenon of human society, which is multidimensional, complex and all pervasive. Therefore, many scholars and experts at all times and in all over the world have done profound research on humor. 幽默是人类社会的一个非常有趣和引人入胜的现象，这是多方面的，复杂和无孔不入的。所以，在任何时候，在世界各地的许多学者和专家总是对幽默进行深入的研究。 The significant functions of humor have aroused the interest of many scholars. About 2,000 years ago, people began the research on humor. However, the study of humor is not a simple task for the reason that it is an interdisciplinary science drawing upon a wide range of academic disciplines including biology, psychology, sociology, philosophy, geography, history, linguistics, literature, education, family science, and film studies and so on. Moreover, there are different reasons and purposes for humor. One may wish to be sociable, cope better, seem clever, solve problems, make a critical point, enhance therapy, or express something one could not otherwise express by means of humor. 显著幽默的功能已引起许多学者的兴趣。大约在2000年前，人们对幽默开始研究，然而，这项幽默的研究不是一个简单的任务，理由是它是一个跨学科的科学绘图在各种各样的学科，包括生物学、心理学、社会学、哲学、地理、历史、语言、文学、教育、家庭科学和电影研究等。此外，幽默有不同的原因和目的，人们可能希望有点大男子主义，随机应变，似乎是聪明，解决问题，使一个临界点，加强治疗，或表达的东西不能以其他方式表达幽默的方式。 Within the 20th century, linguistics has developed greatly in almost every area of the discipline from sounds, words and sentences to meaning and texts. Meanwhile, linguistic studies on humor have also extended considerably to social, cultural, and pragmatic concerns. One of the most noticeable achievements in linguistics over the
河北联合大学轻工学院英文翻译 河北联合大学轻工学院 毕业设计缩写大摘要及英文翻译 设计题目： 学部： 专业： 班级： 姓名： 指导教师： 2011年06月11 日
毕业设计缩写大摘要 机械制造业是国民经济的基础产业，国民经济中的任何行业的发展，必须依靠机械制造业的支持并提供装备。它的发展直接影响到国民经济各部门的发展，也影响到国计民生和国防力量的加强，因此，各国都把机械制造业的发展放在首要位置。 一个企业的人力资源管理是和一个企业的经营战略、组织结构体系与文化价值观紧密相连的，而卓越的人力资源管理更是是其他企业最难以复制、模仿的。因此，在竞争如此激烈的今天，通过人力资源管理来创造竞争优势就成为企业竞争战略中的一个重要部分。机械制造业企业的人力资源管理同样是企业管理的重要组成部分,合理有效的进行企业的人力资源管理是机械制造企业成功的有力保证。如何利用人力资源管理来帮助机械制造企业适应竞争和提高竞争力，不断提高制造水平，是每个机械制造企业都要思考的问题。本文通过结合国内外人力资源管理的相关理论知识，我国机械制造业的相关资料以及在实习中了解到的相关信息，针对我国机械制造企业人力资源管理的现状及存在的问题进行研究。通过本课题的研究，将对我国的机械制造企业，尤其是一些中小型企业，在进行人力资源管理时产生一些现实的指导意义，使得我国的机械制造业在新的历史时期，新的形势下，能够不断提高国际竞争力，提高制造水平。 近年来，我国的制造工业获得持续高速的发展，无论制造业总量还是制造业技术水平都有很大的提高，中国已成为名符其实的世界制造大国。虽然机械制造业从产品研发、技术装备和加工能力等方面都取得了很大的进步，但具有独立自主知识产权的品牌产品却不多，整体来说中国的机械制造业还是比较落后，高质量的、技术先进的机械设备计本上全部是国外企业提供的。随着社会的发展，人们的生活水平日益提高，各个方面的个性化需求越加强烈。作为已经深入到各行各业并已成为基础工业的机械制造业面临着严峻的挑战。 然而目前我国制造业总体的人力资源状况不佳，人力资源管理水平落后。中国机械制造业企业要从“中国制造”向“中国创造”转变需要大量的具有创新精神的科学技术人才、复合型的高级管理人才、高级技师、技师等熟练技术人才。在我国机械制造企业人力资源管理中还存在一些问题。主要包括对人力资源认识存在误区；缺乏现代人力资源管理的理念；人力资源资源使用率低；人力资源管理人员整体素质不高；缺乏科学合理的绩效考评与激励机制；人力资源管理规划缺乏科学性等六个方面。
Analysis of the role of complaint management in the context of relationship marketing Author: Leticia Su′arez ′Alvarez, University of Oviedo, Spain Abstract This research aims to contribute to the relationship-marketing strategy by studying the role of complaint management in long-term relationships. Two factors distinguish it from other studies: it takes into account two types of customers, consumers and firms, and the result variable selected is the probability of ending an ongoing relationship. Two questionnaires were designed for every population. One of them was auto-administrated to a sample of consumers in the north of Spain, and the other one was sent to a representative sample of Spanish firms. The data analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling. The findings confirm the importance that theory accords to the relationship-marketing strategy, and also provide evidence for the importance of complaint management. Thus having a good complaint-handling system and trained and motivated staff who are fully committed to the firm’s objectives are fundamental requisites for firms to be able to build a stable customer portfolio. Keywords complaint management; relationship marketing; relationship termination; trust; satisfaction Introduction Nowadays, the main task for tourism firms is undoubtedly to deliver superior value to customers. One way that these firms can achieve part of this value is by maintaining quality relationships with their customers. In fact, it is well known that managing these relationships is critical for achieving corporate success. Thus the general aim of the present research is to analyze the most important factors that contribute to relationship stabilization between tourism firms and their customers. This research canters on retail travel agencies. We chose this particular type of tourism firm for two reasons. First, competition between retail travel agencies is becoming much more intense, fundamentally due to the advent of the Internet as an alternative distribution channel for tourism services (Wang & Cheung, 2004). The second reason is the current phenomenon of disintermediation, or the tendency of some tourism service providers to contact the end-customer directly. Because of these two developments, retail travel agencies urgently need to develop a strategy that allows them to maintain a stable portfolio of customers over time if they are to remain in the market for the long term. In order to achieve the proposed objective, we set out a causal model that incorporates a number of factors that can condition the future of the relationships between travel agencies and their customers. Specifically, we chose two variables that
航海英语302 烟囱是套管用于排气管的发动机 1．——is a casing used for exhaust pipe from the engines． A.The funnel烟囱 B.The messroom C.The galley D.The satellite antenna 人造卫星天线装置在塑料圆顶,用来预测天气. 2．——is housed in a plastic dome for weather protection． A.The funnel B.The messroom C.The galley D.The satellite antenna人造卫星天线 厨房是制作美味食物的地方. 3．——is where delicious food is cooked. A.The funnel B.The messroom C.The galley厨房 D.The satellite antenna 食堂是全体船员用餐的地方 4．——is where the crew eat their meals． A.The funnel B.The messroom食堂 C.The galley D.The satellite antenna 锚是用来固定停泊的船只在海底, 使其不可移动. 5．——is used to moor the ship to the seabed to keep it stationary. A.The bulbous bow B.The anchor 锚 C.The bow thruster D.The propeller 船鼻首是圆形水下部件, 位于船前部, 目的是制造更少的水摩擦力, 使船只可以更易于移动. 6．——is a round-shaped underwater part in the front of the ship. The purpose is to create less friction with water so that the ship moves more easily. A.The bulbous bow 球鼻艏 B.The anchor C.The bow thruster D.The propeller 船首推进器装置在船的前方, 位于水下，从而缓和泊位或往斜方向操纵时速度减慢。7．——is placed in the front of the ship under the water, which eases berthing or maneuvering sideways at low speed.
A virtual instrument based measurement and control platform for vibration analysis of motor LI Wen1, LI Li2 Abstract:This paper describes the establishing process of motor vibration analyzing system based on virtual instrument. This system consists of data acquisition module, vibration spectrum analysis module, and control module. Real-time collection of data acquisition module can be operated during motor running process. Power spectrum, harmonic analysis and STFT intensity spectrum can be done with vibration spectrum analysis module; and the performance of motor under different control laws can be easily studied by call control algorithms with control module. The test results show that the platform is feasible and effective. Key words: motor vibration; virtual instrument; spectrum analysis module; control module 2.1 data acquisition module Place DAQ Assistant Express VI and Write to Measurement File .vi into While Circulation in program block diagram while set the cycle time as 60s, then set the channel, sensitivity, sample rate and other parameters in DAQ Assistant . Run the program can collect experimental data and the data can be stored by the designated route in the folder. Fig.4 shoes its program Fig.4. program of DAQ Data acquisition
学术论文题目的英文翻译方法 题目（title）是论文内容的高度概括，它对读者具有影响力，可使读者首先明确论文研究的主题。其特点是简明扼要，严密朴实，生动醒目，突出主题。为了适应学术论文传播现代化的需要，扩大学术交流，如今国内正式出版的学术期刊和毕业论文一般都要求附有论文的英文题目，有的还需附英文摘要和关键词。 有些作者由于很少进行中译英的实践，常常觉得有些陌生、为难。笔者在此结合自己的工作经验，对论文题目的英译谈几点看法。 1 、论文题目英译应注意的问题 在翻译汉语论文题目时，除了做到忠实原文，言简意赅，还应注意以下几个问题。 1.1抓住中心词。 汉语论文题目的特点是先冠以一大堆修饰语，用作题目的词组通常采用偏正结构，最后点出中心词。而英语中则往往是先突出其中心词，然后附加一些修饰语。因此，在英译论文题目时，首先要找到中心词，并将其放在突出的位置上，然后找出与这中心词有关的词和词组，并用连词或介词连结，使之成为一个短语。例如： （1）翻译教材中译例的编选原则 Principles of Illustrative Examples in Com-piling Translation Textbooks 这个题目的中心词是“原则”,英译时首先将中心词principles译出，属于译例的原则，即principles of Illustrative Examples,然后说明附加语“编写翻译教材中”,即in compiling trans-lation textbooks. （2）法律英语的词语特色 Vocabulary Characteristics of Legal Eng-lish （3）接收信号频率的精确再生 Precise Reproducing of the Frequency ofReceived Signals （4）汉语习语的翻译 C_E Translation of Idioms 1.2力求简明扼要。 许多论文题目常有“… …的研究”、“… …一瞥”、“漫谈… …”、“试论… …”、“浅说… …”、“… …初探”等词，这是作者行文谦逊，也是在科学上留有余地的表现。英译时为了做到言简意赅，往往都可以省略不译。这样，既符合英语题目的惯例，又可使题目更加简洁、醒目。例如： （5）关于鲁迅广州时期的研究