青衣江流域生态环境需水量研究（节录）
信息与工程技术学院农业水利工程专业李昌文
（指导老师：倪福全职称：副教授）
摘要：随着人口与经济的迅速进展，人类过度的开发水资源生态空间，生态系统的平衡受到了严峻地改变和破坏，水环境污染和水资源短缺问题日益严峻，水资源开发利用与生态环境的矛盾愈显突出。河流系统是自然界最重要的生态系统之一。河流系统的功能通常包括生态功能、环境功能和资源功能等。然而，由于人类非理性活动，过度地开发河流水和占用水资源的生态空间，河流系统的结构和功能遭到破坏，对人和生态环境造成了极大的阻碍。因此，爱护和改善河流生态环境，优先解决河流生态环境用水问题则成为我国社会经济可持续进展的前提条件。同时，目前我国小水电项目开发中，河道生态环境需水长期被忽视，直接导致生态环境退化、生物多样性减少、河道断流等诸多问题。如何解决这些问题，给河道内水生生态系统以适宜的水量，保证生态系统的健康，是急需要解决的重大问题。为此，本论文对青衣江流域生态环境需水量问题进行了研究，重点探讨了以下内容：。
（1）在分析近年来河流生态环境需水量研究进展的基础上，进一步讨论了河流生态环境需水量的概念内涵及其系统组成；比较全面地分析介绍了国内外生态环境需水的概念、内涵、分类、研究动态、研究内容及生态环境需水量的计算方法。
（2）本文在前人研究工作的基础上，依据“尽最大限度维护和协调河流系统所承担的系统功能”，以流域这一有机整体的人口、自然和经济三者协调进展为目标，对流域系统的可度量性、区段差异性、结构和功能、稳定和进化以及流域系统生态环境需水量的理论基础进行了探讨。
（3）依照雅安市青衣江流域水环境的时空差异，考虑区域完整性、研究因子代表性、资料的可猎取性等多项因素，采纳Visual Basic 6.0面向对象的编程思想、可持续进展思想和系统思想，借助VB6.0、ArcGIS等先进的系统平台，建立数学模型，对青衣江流域梯级水电开发的生态环境需水量论证决策支持系统进行设计和开发，通过对用户、人机交互界面、数据库子系统和模型库子系统的设计，开展四川雅安市青衣江流域生态需水量计算、评估、预警与调控的理论与空间分析（GIS）系统的研究，对推动长江上游典型生态脆弱区水资源开发利用与规划治理方式的全然转变，加快水资源
治理的现代化、信息化进程和生态的恢复与重建等均具有十分重要的理论意义与实践意义。
（4）本文依照青衣江流域实际情况，对其河道内、河道外生态环境需水量进行了多种方法的计算与评价。并针对青衣江流域生态环境需水情况及生态环境问题，为改善其生态环境，提出了基于生态环境需水的青衣江流域水资源的可持续利用的对策及建议。
本文对青衣江流域生态环境需水量的研究，丰富了生态环境需水的研究内容，开发了青衣江流域生态环境需水量治理决策支持系统，为河流生态环境定量化研究提供新的思路，并为区域水资源开发利用规划和可持续治理提供了科学依据。
关键词：生态环境需水；青衣江流域；决策支持系统；梯级水电开发；
河道内；河道外
Research on Eco-environment Water Requirement for
Qingyi Drainage Basin
Agriculture hydraulic engineering C.W.Li
Tutor：F.Q.Ni
Abstract
With the rapid development of population and economy,water resource has been excessively exploited and the balance of ecosystem has been seriously changed and destroyed.The problem of water resource pollution and shortage is becoming more and more serious.The contradiction between exploitation water resource and environment is becoming more and more acute.The river system is one of the most important ecological system.The function of river system usually includes ecological function,environmental function and resources function etc.However,because of the mankind’s unreasonable activity that they exploit the river water and occupy the ecosystem space of water resource excessively,the structure and functions of the river system are destroyed and create tremendous influence to the people and the eco-environment.Therefore,we should protect and improve the river eco-environment and resolve the eco-environmental water requirement of river system,which become the prerequisite for
the sustainable development of social economy of our country.At the same time,The long neglect of the problems on the ecological and environmental water requirement in the Hydropower Development results in a series of eco-environmental problems,for example,the degeneration of the environment,the decrease of the biodiversity,the drying up of the river channel etc.How to ensure water requirement of the aquatic ecosystem is a crucial factor for the ecosystem conservation.Therefor,this paper spreads out the research on the water requirements of the eco-environment of the Qingyi River. Main contents are as following.
(1)On the basis of analyzing the research headway of the eco-environmental water demand of river in recent years,the conception and its systemic composition of the eco-environmental water demand of river were discussed in the paper. Introduce and analysis the conception,connotation,sort,research content,update research developments and latest calculation method about
eco-environmental water requirement.
(2)This paper based on the work of previous studies, according to "maximize to maintain and coordinate the system function which the river system commitment to ", As for coordinated development of population, nature and economic in the drainage basin as an organic whole should be targeted, discussed metrizability, Section difference, structure and function, stability and ecological evolution, the theories of eco-environmental water requirement of river system of the watershed system.
(3)According to water environment differences in time and space of Qingyi Drainage Basin in Yaan city, Considering the regional integrity, factor representation,Information accessibility and many other factors,this paper adopted object-oriented programming ideas of Visual basic 6.0, Concept of sustainable development and System thought, builded the mathmatical model, Designed and Developed eco-environmental water requirement Decision Support System
for Qingyi drainage basin On the basis of the Advanced platform of VB6.0、ArcGIS.By designing of the user interactive interface, the database subsystem and model base subsystem,this paper carried out the Research of calculateing, evaluation, Early warning and control for Qingyi drainage basin. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to promote water resources development planning and management to get a fundamental change in typical ecologically fragile areas of upper Yangtze River, to Speed up the modernization and Information Process of water resources management,besides,it is good for ecological restoration and reconstruction.
(4)According to the actual situation of Qingyijiang River, this paper carried out the calculation and evaluation of the eco-environmental water requirement in instream and offstream in a variety of methods.According to eco-environment problems and eco-environment water requirement in Qingyi drainage basis,this paper put forward a lot of suggestions and strategy
for sustainable water resource development in order to improve the eco-environment.
The study on the eco-environmental water requirement of river system in Qingyi plain not only enriches the research contents of the eco-environmental water demand and Develops eco-environmental water requirement Decision Support System for Qingyi drainage basin,but also supplies new thinking to quantificational study on the river eco-environment and raises scientific foundation to regional water resources developmental plan and sustainable management.
Key Words：eco-environment water requirement；Qingyi drainage basis；Decision Support System；cascade hydropower development；innerriver，outerriver；GIS
5 基于GIS的青衣江流域生态环境需水量治理决策支持系统研究5.10 青衣江流域生态环境需水量治理决策支持系统
5.10.1 系统设计
1、开发及运行环境。系统开发平台：Visual Basic 6.0，
MapObjects 2.3、ArcView GIS 3.2。数据库治理系统软件：SQL Server 2000。运行平台：WINDOWS XP/ WINDOWS 2003/VISTA/ WIN 7。分辨率：最佳效果1024×768。
2、系统结构
青衣江流域生态环境需水量治理决策支持系统包括工程治理、图层治理、图形操作、查询功能、数据治理、有用工具、统计制图、河道内生态环境需水量计算及其评价、河道外生态环境需水量计算及其评价、青衣江流域生态环境需水量查询系统、水质健康风险评价、工具栏、窗口、关心、流域基础数据查询更新子系统、需水专题评价子系统等16个模块，如图图5.13所示。大部分功能模块前面差不多介绍，那个地点要紧介绍河道内生态环境需水量评价子系统、河道外生态环境需水量评价子系统、生态环境需水量查询子系统、基础数据查询更新子系统4个模块。部分构架见图5.31_1，图5.31_2，图5.31_3。
图5.31_1 河道内生态环境需水量计算及其评价
(1)河道内生态环境需水量计算及其评价模块。包括水生生物栖息地生态环境需水量计算及其评价、输沙需水量计算及其评价、水面蒸发损失需水量计算及其评价、生态基流量计算及其评价、维持水盐平衡生态需水量计算及其评价、回补地下水生态环境需水量计算及其评价、防治水质污染的生态环境需水量计算及其评价、湿地爱护与恢复生态环境需水量及其评价、青衣江流域河道内生态环境需水总量计算与评价等9个子模块。
(2)河道外生态环境需水量计算及其评价模块。包括都市生态环境需水量计算及其评价、农业生态环境需水量计算及其评价、林牧渔畜生态环境需水量计算及其评价3个子模块。
图5.31_2 河道外生态环境需水量计算及其评价
(3)青衣江流域生态环境需水量查询系统。包括青衣江流域水资源供需分析、青衣江干流及一级支流生态流量分配成果、宝兴县各河流生态流量分配成果、芦山县各河流生态流量分配成果、天全
县各河流生态流量分配成果、荥经县各河流生态流量分配成果、名山县各河流生态流量分配成果、雨城区各河流生态流量分配成果、青衣江流域梯级电站生态流量分配成果、雨城区河道外生态环境需水量评价、芦山县玉溪河生态环境需水量调配、宝兴县大溪垴电站生态环境需水量调配等12个子模块。这12个子模块要紧列举了本研究项目的一些计算性成果，通过表格图像的形式展示，便于理解青衣江流域生态环境需水量分配的实际情况。
5.31_3 青衣江流域生态环境需水量查询系统
3、系统功能结构（见图5.32）