非谓语：（不能单独做谓语，但同时仍保留动词某些特征的动词形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的任何成分。）
一、不定式与动名词做主语
1.动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般习惯的行为，不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。
例句：
Reading English is really a great fun.<这里不强调看一次，看两次……表示的是一般性的行为>
To read english this morning will take most of my time.<这里用不定式表示一次具体的行为>
2.形式主语it 的运用:
1).不定式做主语,谓语用单数。往往用it做形式主语，把不定式放在谓语后面。
例句：To finish the job took us two hours.
It took us two hours to finish the job.
（注：在不定式做主语的被动语态句子中，必须用形式主语it.）
例句:it was decided to go for a picnic tomorrow.
2).It is+adj.of/for sb.to do sth.当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词构成系表结构时，用of,否则用for.
例句：
It’s very nice of you to help us.<此时，不定时的逻辑主语是you，adj.是nice,二者构成系表结构，即可以说you are nice.此时应该用of>
It’s impossible for us to defeat the boss.<此时就不能说we are impossible.因此应该用for >
3).用动名词做主语的句型：It is/was no good(use, useless, fun)+doing sth. It’s worth while doing
例句：
It’s no use cry over spilt milk.覆水难收
(it 用法远不止这几个后面会有补充)
3.成分对称：主语和表语都是非谓语动词时，应保持形式上一致。
例句：
To see is to believe.
Seeing is believing.眼见为实
4.There be no +ving
例句：
There is no parking around here.
No smoking,please.
练习题
It is hard_________ his mind.(to change )
It is fun__________ with a foreign man.(talking)
There is no ________what will happen.(telling)
I like_________ this novel this morning.(to read)
二：做表语
1.不定式做表语表具体个别的动作或有将来的含义。
例句：My wish is to become a famous writer.
2、现在分词做表语表示主语的性质与特征,表主动（interesting, amusing, disappointing, puzzling, exciting等）；进行时表示正在进行的动作。
例句：
i am teaching the child to swim when you passed by.
The story is amusing. (令人....的)
3. 过去分词作表语表示主语所处的被动状态或完成某动作的状态。
例句：
The shop is closed.<表状态>
The door was closed by the wind.<表被动>
4. 注意如下动词的现在分词与过去分词用法不同：其实这些都是使役动词。
interest，surprise，frighten，excite，tire，please，puzzle，satisfy，amuse，disappoint，inspire，worry.
The book is interesting.
The news is surprising.
The story is fritenting.
He is fritented.
After hearing the exciting news, he gave a speech in an excited voice. 练习题
The problem is _____（puzzling）
The village is_______by mountains. (surrounded)
She is________ at the news.(surprised)
三：做宾语
1 只能用动名词做宾语的动词<口诀>
a考虑建议盼原谅…cosider suggest/advise look forward to doing excuse/parden
b承认推辞没得想…admit delay/put off fancy
c避免错过继续练…avoid miss keep/keep on practice
e否认完成就欣赏…deny finish enjoy/appreciate
f禁止想象才冒险…forbid imagine risk
g不禁介意准逃亡…can’t help mind allow/permit escape
此外：be used to/lead to /devote to /go back to /object to /get done to /pay attention to /can’t stand /give up /feel like /insist on /thank you for /apologize for /be busy (in)have difficulty 、trouble in//have a good/wonderful/hard time in //spend time in 等动词词组后面也加doing。
2.跟动名词或不定式做宾语，有区别的。
1).like,love,prefer后接动名词，表经常性的行为；接不定式，表具体的某次行为。如前有would/should，则后接不定式。但feel like 只接动名词做宾语。
例句：
I like swimming ,but I don’t like to swim this afternoon.
2).在allow, advise, forbid, permit后，如后有名词或代词做宾语，则用不定式做宾补。
即allow, advise, forbid, permit +doing sth. / sb.to do sth.
例句：
We don’t allow smoking in the hall.
We allow you to smoke here.
3).当need, require, want做“需要”讲时，其后必接to be done(被动态)或ving（此时ving也表被动意义），表事情需要被做。want/need/ require＋动名词主动式=want/need/require＋不定式被动式
即need/want/require(需要)+to be done/doing/sb.to do sth
例句：
The window needs/want/requires to be cleaned/cleaning.
4).worth后必须接动名词主动形式表被动。
即be worth +名词/doing
be worthy to be done
be worthy of +名词/being done
例句：
The place is worth visiting.
The place is worthy to be visited
The place is worthy of + a visit/being visited.
5).在介词but, other than之后的不定式。如介词前有“do”,则不定式省略“to”,否则就带“to”.<前有do，后无to>
例句：
We could do nothing but/other than wait.
He had no choice but to wait.
另接不定式省略to的有：can’t choose but, can’t help but(只好), can’t but，had better, would rather.
Eg:He cannot choose but stay on.
You had better come here on time.
I would rather stay than otherwise.
6).当不定式做动词tell,show,understand,teach,discuss,wonder,find out,等词宾语时，前常带引导词how, what,whether，why，who等+to do,但why+不带to的不定式。
例句：
I don’t know what to do.
Can you tell me why do it?
练习题：
1. I can hardly imagine Peter _____ (sail) across the Atlantic.
2. I would appreciate your _____ (call) back this afternoon.
3. The discovery of the new evidence led to the thief ______(catch).
4. She didn’t remember ______(meet) him before.
5. We have always deeply regretted _____(sell) the house.
6. The dictionary can’t help ______(learn) the language.
7. When do you plan to leave?
I mean ______ (leave) tomorrow.
8. He would like _____ (sing) this song now.
9. Do you feel like ______(have) a cup of tea?
10. The extra money allow us _______ (buy) a car.
11. This book is worth _______(read).
12. This book is worthy of _______ (read).
13. All cars require _______ (service) regularly.
14. I wonder how _____ (solve) this problem.
15. What we can do but _____ (sit) and ______ (wait).
16. If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better ______ (forget) it---- you have got some big bills
coming.
四：做宾补
1..感官动词see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to,notice等和使役动词have后情况：
1).主动时，do原型表完成；现在分词doing表正在进行。
例句：
I heard her sing an English song just now.
I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room.
2)被动时,ved过去分词表完成或没有一定的时间性；being done表正在进行。
例句：
I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room.
I want to have my hair cut.
2:使役动词let后，主动时，用动原do；被动时用be+过去分词。
例句：
Don’t let your child play with matches.
Let there be no mistake about it.
Let the work be done immediately.
3.leave 后接非谓语动词做宾补时，意为“使......处于某种状态”。
Leave sb. doing sth.(主动，正在进行)
Sth. Undone （被动或完成）
sb. to do sth./sth. to be done（不定式表示将来的动作）
It is wrong of you to leave the machine running.
The guests left most of the dishes untouched.
He left, leaving me to do all the rest work.
We hurried end our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled.
4. have, get后接宾补的三种形式：
1). Have sb. do sth.=get sb to do sth. 使/让/叫某人做某事
例句：
Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.
2),have sth. done = get sth. done 让某事由别人去做（叫/让某人做某事）
例句：
I will have/get my bike repaired tomorrow.
此外have sth. done有“使遭受...”之意。
例句：
Tom had his leg broken while playing football.
3).have sb./sth. doing 让某人持续的做某事（主动，正在进行）
Get sb./sth doing 使某人/物开始行动起来
例句：
The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.
注:have sb. doing 置于否定句中，have有“容忍”之意。
例句：
I won’t have you speaking to you dad like that.
5.”吾看三室两厅一感觉”----5看（look at, see, watch, notice, observe）；3使（make,let,have，）；2听（listen to, hear）；1感觉（feel）。在主动态中宾补用不带to的不定式，但在被动态中要还原to.
例句：
I hate to see you leave so soon.
Someone was heard to come up the stairs.
除let, make外，以上动词还可用现在分词做宾补。此外find, catch, keep, leave(+4)同。
Eg:He was caught stealing.
I am sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.
练习题：
1.At that moment I saw him ______(cross) the road.
2.I was glad to see the children well ______(take) care of.
3. A cook will be immediaely fired if he is found ______(smoke) in the kichen.
4.He went away without saying anything, ______ (leave) us ______ (stand) outside.
5.Mr. Brown was much disappointed to se the washing machine she had _____(repair) went wrong again.
6.I wonder if this is the computer you want to have it ______(repair).
7.Children’s being addicted to the Internet gets their parents _______(worry)
8.At that time, I found him ____(cry) in the street。
五：做定语
1.不定式做定语
1).做定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，后要加相应的介词。
Eg: The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.
注：如不定式修饰的名词是time, place或way时，其后介词省去。
Eg:He had no money and no place to live (in)
2. 不定式做定语的几种情况。
1).不定式表将来
Eg:The car to be bought is for his sister.
2).用来修饰被序数词，最高级，或no, all, any等限定的中心词。
Eg:He was the best man to do the job.
3).用来修饰的词是抽象名词时，常有：ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, reason, time等等
Eg:Do you have the ability to read and write in English?
I have no chance to go swimming.
3.不定式的一般被动式（to be done），表被动、将来；过去分词（done），表被动、完成或状态；和现在分词的一般被动式（being doing），表被动、正在进行。
1).The question to be discussed at tomorrow’s meeting is a very important on e.
2).Listen! The song being sung is very popular with the students.
3).Have you read the novel written by Dickens?
3.分词做定语：Ving表正在进行，过去分词表已经完成。
boiling water 正在沸腾的水falling leaves 正在下落的叶子
boiled water 烧开过的水fallen leaves 已经落下的叶子
练习题：
1.Do you know the boy _____ (lie) under the big tree?
2.The speech which he made _____ (concern) the football match bored a lot of fans to death
3.If the building project ______ (complete) by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined.
4.To fetch water before breakfast seemed to him a rule never _____ (break).
六：做状语
1.不定式做状语
Eg: Jim had to shout to make herself heard above the sound of the music.(表目的)
To look at him, you would like him. (表条件)
表结果时常用，too...to.., enough...to..., only to.....等结构。
He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left.(表另人失望的结果)
某些形容词，表喜，怒，哀，乐的做表语后接的不定式表原因。
Eg: I am very glad to see you.
在表目的强调时，可用in order to/so as to +动原，后者不能置于句首。
Eg：He got up early in order to catch the first bus.
2.分词做状语
原则：此时，分词的逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致，且分词必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主动或者是被动关系。否则不能使用分词做状语。
Doing表主动/正在进行，having done表先于谓语发生的主动；done表被动；being done表与谓语同时发生的被动；having been done表先于谓语发生的被动。
Eg: Coming into the room, he found his father angry. （时间状语）
Seen from the top of the hill, the town is beautiful.（条件状语）
Being tired, they went on working.（让步状语）
Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry. （原因状语）
注：与not连用时，通常-ing形式。
Eg:Not being invited,he has to stay at home.
3.独立成分做状语（形式不受上下文的影响的分词或不定式）
含义：
常见的有:generally speaking 一般来说，frankly speaking坦白的说; judging from/by 根据...来判断; considering.../taking....into consideration 考虑到.....; to tell the truth 说实话；seeing... 考虑到；supposing 即使，如果；providing 如果; saving 除了，除非；assuming 假使；admitting 虽说；given 如果；provide that 如果；compare to/with 与...相比；
Judging from his accent, he is from the south.
Generally speaking, the more expensive th camera, the better its quality.
练习题：
1.______(consider) your health, you had better have a rest.
2._______(judge) from previous experience, he will be late again.
3._______(judge) by the local official, this group ranked first.
4._______(take) his health into consideration, he has to be sent to a hospital at once.
5.She is too tired ______(do) the job.
6.Generally _____ (speak), when _____(take) according to the direction, the drug has no side effect.
7.The teacher came into the lab, ______(follow) by some students.
8._______(tell) many times, he still repeated the same mistake.
9.______ many times, she still can’t remenb er it.
A.Had told
B.Having been told
C.Having told
D.Being told
10._______ full preparations, we decided to put off the meeting till next week.
A.We didn’t make
B.Having not made
C.We had not made
D.Not having made
11.Written in a hurry, _______.
A.Peter made many mistakes in the paper
B.there are many mistakes in the paper.
C.we found some mistakes in the paper
D.the paper is full of mistakes
12.He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, _____(look) rather pleased. 他把一个手指放进嘴里，尝了尝，笑了，看起来挺高兴。（伴随状语）