中国民航大学本科生毕业设计（论文）
（*居中，宋体，小三号，加粗*）
金属的心
——析《毛猿》、《虹》和《蝇王》中的人物异化
（*居中，黑体，小二号）
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(*以上五行字体为宋体，小三号，加粗*）
2010 年 6 月
(*居中，宋体，四号，加粗*）
Metallic Heart
—Analysis of Deformation of Human Beings in The Hairy Ape, The Rainbow and Lord of the Flies
(小二粗体居中)
（以下三号粗体居中）
By …
From…
Under the Supervision of …
As Partial Fulfillment for the Bachelor’s Degree of
The English Department of
College of Foreign Languages of
Civil Aviation University of China
June, 2010
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本人声明：所呈交的毕业论文是本人在指导教师的指导下进行的工作和取得的成果，论文中所引用的他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，均加以特别标注并在此表示致谢。与我一同工作的同志对本论文所做的任何贡献也已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示谢意。
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Acknowledgements（三号居中）
I am greatly indebted to my thesis supervisor, Dr. B. Birch. Without her patient assistance and friendly encouragement, it would not be possible for me to complete this thesis in such a short period of time without reducing its scholarly quality. I want to express my heartfelt thanks to two anonymous readers for their excellent comments on an earlier version of this paper. My special thanks should go to Dr. B. H. Leeds and Dr. G. J. Tullai for their very helpful suggestions in terms of the content and style of this paper. My sincere thanks should also go to Central Connecticut State University for all the support and assistance, financial, scholarly, and technical, it has provided during my one-&-half-year stay in the States, and especially, to Northwest Normal University, my home institute in China, for giving me such a wonderful opportunity to work and study in one of American universities. （小四固定行距24磅）
摘要（黑体粗体三号）
二十世纪有两种荒唐的现象：人的物化和物的人化。随着社会化大生产的飞速发展，本拟协助人类生产的机器及技术逐渐奴役了人们，人失去了思想，失去了尊严，失去了自我，成了绝对服从，决不反抗的人——机械化的人——受役于机器，是生产的工具；同时物还不断消解着人对精神的追求，将人变成了纯粹的物质的人。机械化、工具化都隶属于人的异化。本文选择了《毛猿》、《蝇王》和《虹》来展示作家们对人物化、边缘化、动物化等人异化的揭露，指出了异化对人性的解放、人类的发展与进步的威胁；人际隔阂、陌生感、局外感、孤独感使人对生存产生了莫名的焦虑；人的异化使人类本身的存在成了最大的荒诞，生存的意义受到了挑战。
关键词：物化；边缘化；存在；荒诞
（黑体小四，行距24磅）
ABSTRACT
（粗体三号Times New Roman）
There are two kinds of absurdities in the 20th century: mechanization of human and humanization of machines. With the astonishing development of mass-production, mechanics and technology which initially arose and designed as an aid to human beings, slave human gradually. As a consequence, humans are losing their minds, dignity and self-personality, with perfect obedience but without any defiance—the mechanized human, slaved by matter and instrumented by production, corrupting spiritual pursuit to purely physical thing. Such are the deformation of human beings. This paper chooses The Hairy Ape, Lord of the Flie s and The Rainbow to display mechanization, marginalization and animalization, in which these writers expose the harms of deformation on emancipation of humanity and development and advancement of human race, sense of estrangement, strangeness, marginalization and loneliness overwhelming human and resulting in unnamable apprehension, which make the existence of human absurd. The meaning of existence is challenged.
Key Words:mechanization; marginalization; existence; absurdity
（Times New Roman小四号，行距24磅）
Contents （三号粗体居中）
Ⅰ. Introduction (1)
Ⅱ. (2)
A. (2)
B. (4)
C. (5)
Ⅲ. (7)
Ⅳ. (10)
A. (10)
1. (10)
a. (10)
b. (10)
2. (11)
B. (13)
Ⅴ. (14)
A. (14)
B. (16)
Ⅵ. Conclusion (18)
（小四行距24磅）
中国民航大学本科生毕业设计（论文）
Metallic Heart
— An Analysis of Human Deformation in The Hairy Ape, The Rainbow and Lord of the Flies （三号）
I.Introduction （小三）
Filippo Tommaso Marinettli, Italian famed futurist, praising the magic function of machines and wars, advocates the pursuit of dreams of mechanized life and declares, “if you are willing to live a life, you should own a marvelous, metallic heart”(Liu 37) because only these without heart, without feeling, without kindness and without love or these with hard-shelled, stiffened and cold-blooded heart and with changeable organs just as the changeable spare parts of equipments or machine could be the masters of future .（小四）
Futurism is the only faction who advocates the special marvelous functioning of machines and wars. Many writers don?t agree with them and can?t follow their suit.
Socrates had focused upon just these matters with his insistence that all thought and activity should be directed toward enhancing the meaning of human existence. St. Augustine also engaged in profound introspective psychological analysis to discover the source of human beings personal insecurity and anxiety… But when we become machines with out heart, without feeling, without kindness and without love, does the thoughts and activity and the profound introspective psychological analysis matter to us a lot? Philosophy dealt with the technical problems of metaphysics, ethics and the theory of knowledge in general and objective manner, for most of the parts have bypassed the intimate concerns of people about their personal destiny. However, when we were just machines with metallic hearts, do all these studies influence us a lot? Apart from the development of civilization, men and women are losing their peculiarly human qualities everywhere and at any time. “They were beings converted from “person” into “pronouns”, from “subject” into “objects”, from an “I” into an “it”.
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中国民航大学本科生毕业设计（论文）
II.General Idea of the Deformation of Human Being in 20th Century
Skinner Burrbus Frederick, American famed psychologist, once said, “There are two kinds of absurd phenomena in the 20th century, that is, machines get much like the vitals, while the vitals get much like machines ” (Frederick 44).
Mechanization makes human beings not beings any more but machines, that is, the mechanization of human beings results in the dehumanization of human being and the humanization of machines. Sarcastically, technology, which improves productivity directly by producing much more machines and which arose initially as an aid to human beings, soon “gathered a momentum of its own”, forcing people to adopt themselves and fit their lives into the rhythm of machines. It seems that out society is some kind of delicate but correct mechanical clock, which is constituted by countless and lifeless spare parts. The world is restrained to a mechanical wholeness and human beings are restrained to parts: “Humans turned themselves into segments and can?t develop their existence, harmoniously” (Zhu 445).
Many writers have been worried about the deformation of human being, and have got down to their business and composed many works concerning deformation so as to alert people. In my paper, I choose The Hairy Ape by O? Neill, The Rainbow by D.H. Laurence and Lord of the Flies by Golding to display the harm of deformation to humanity and harmonious development of human beings.
III.Deformation in Hairy Apes, The Rainbow and Lord of the Flies Deformation could exhibit many symptoms, I choose three of which to illustrate the harm, and they are mechanization, marginalization and animalization.
For mechanization, The Rainbow and The Hairy Ape will display the mechanized world of human beings, both in material and in spirit. These two works will also illustrate marginalization of human beings in 3 aspects: the marginalization by matters, marginalization by other people and the sense of loneliness of marginalized persons?, focusing on the absurd and tragic impact on the character. Lord of
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中国民航大学本科生毕业设计（论文）
the Flies will manifest the beast in heart and the bulging animality.
A. Synopses of The Hairy Ape, The Rainbow and Lord of the Flies （四号）
1. Synopsis of The Hairy Ape （小四）
The Hairy Ape describes the process of Yank from considering to be a hairy ape to becoming a real hairy ape locked in a gorilla?s cage lying dead at the zoo.
Yank, the main character in The Hairy Ape, is a fireman of an ocean liner which sailed from New York. With the superior strength which gained the grudging respect from other firemen. He loved drinking, but he loved thinking too. He thought that he belonged to this dirty ship and had devoted his efforts to make it move, and the only difference was that he always felt contemptuous to the reality. They lived in cages and working built up their super strong body like gorillas. All the firemen were mechanicalized and animalized by the heavy press of working.
2. Synopsis of The Rainbow
The Rainbow took several countries in Mid-land in England as the background of the whole work. These countries have been corrupted severely by industry. The Rainbow doesn?t display all the calamities of capitalism directly, but displays the relationship among marginalized people, even the marginalized love between men and women. Laurence devoted all his life criticizing the oppression of human nature by industry and remonstrating dehumanization by capitalization. “All the men become hylotheism” (Stumpf 385). (Hylotheism is the identification of God with matter or universe materialism. It contains two aspects: one is the desire for wealth and material possessions with little interest in ethical or spiritual matter; the other is the doctrine that matter is the only reality.)
The Rainbow narrates the story of familial Brangwen?s of three generations. The first generation, Tom Brangwen and his Polish wife Lydia, didn?t have quite a lot of desire. They lived on their farm and felt satisfied toward their farming life. The second generation, William Brangwen, son of Alfred Brangwen who was brother of Tom Brangwen, and Anna Lensky, daughter of Lydia and her ex-husband, had some uncertain faith. They were not satisfied with the reality and attempted to pursue ideal life but failed. The third generation Ursula Brangwen, first daughter of William and Anna, went out of the two generation?s natural life in countryside and stepped into a much wider world, in which agriculture and
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中国民航大学本科生毕业设计（论文）
industry mixed together and developed. In such an industrial society, Ursula fought against all the mechanized traditions and ethics, trying to pursue her own personality. She fought in “the man?s world” (Laurence 593) while she was a teacher in Brinsley street, and disillusioned in university even lost her love with Skrebensky.
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中国民航大学本科生毕业设计（论文）
B. Deformation of Human Beings
1. Mechanization
Mechanization means that humans are not beings but some machines, or some matters on a worldwide scale, that is, the meaning of being human is only productivity, just the same as machines. They lose their feelings, their thinking, and even the pursuing of their love. The majority are some instruments of the rest who mechanically simulate wealth, while the rest are machines of matters. Women are house holding appliance; men are cash-earning machines, excavation machines and war machines. People are losing their vitals. The y don?t know their dream and their personalities. They don?t know the meaning of their existence, but engaged themselves busily in working trying to fit the rhythm of machines. Norman Mailer, an American writer, expressed himself in The Prisoner of Sex tha t “The Soul of this century (the 20th century) is to change human beings into matters” (Horton 198). Mechanization is a kind of deformation of human nature. Kierkegaard insists that the real existence of human being must refer to a quality in the individual, namely, his conscious participation in an act, for “only the actor is involved in existence” (Stumpf 483). He emphasizes on the realization of behaving or acting, “namely, the conscious participation in an act” (Stumpf 483). Unfortunately, many people don?t realize the consciousness in working. Industry needs a lot of machines, and itself is a huge machine controlling the entire world.
2. Marginalization
Marginalization means to be marginalized, referring to all kinds of supplanting. Human being, faced the over-produced material world, is getting marginalized or supplanted by matters. Men are losing things belonging to their own---their personality, turning into one-dimensional men with the same behavior, the same manner, the same favorites, and the same thought even the same language. Those who still keep their own independent personality are marginalized by the rest ones, criticizing their treacherous behaviors, isolating their lives from society and trying to exterminate their personalities. The sense of loneliness comes.
a. Marginalization by Matters (小四)
Humans marginalized by matters turn into passive spectators or byplays rather than actors in life.
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中国民航大学本科生毕业设计（论文）
The main tempo in life is matters including machines, instruments, material wealth even some symbolic things.
The colliery controls the world. It is quite absurd? Man, controlling the principals of producing machines and producing many machines to aid the improvement are only to find that machine takes the power of leadership over himself. Though living without feeling and love like walking corpses, no one wants to change, or realize to change machine itself but to change the ex-master for fitting. It is a tragedy that men are controlled by machines they produce to control.
b. Marginalization by Other People
Those, preserving their independent humanity, behaving against the uniformity of traditions are always envied and criticized by the rest because they are traitors of society and dangerous to people who had lost their own personalities.
During her college, Ursula, as realizing that she entered the sham workshop, started her fighting and struggling. She wandered in the “sham store” and was not able to concentrate on anything. The “single motive of material gain” suffocates her and marginalized her to “a sort of inertia”—“A sort of inertia came over her. “This was no religious retreat, no seclusion of pure learning. It was a little apprentice-shop where one was further equipped for making money. The college itself was a little, slovenly laboratory for the factory ” (Laurence 732-733). Mechanically, from habit, she went on with her study. But it was almost hopeless. She could scarcely attend to anything. She lost her personality and didn?t know what her continuous struggling. Ursula couldn?t help the feeling of disillusion and falsity, but she believed in that as long as fights existed, hope could not be disillusioned. So she never stops fighting, rejecting and pursuing. She becomes stiffen in rejection, in negating and in spitting out of disillusion.
3. Animalization
Tracing back to thousands years ago, we are much more civilized than our ancestors: we lived in beautiful bright houses while they only crowded in caves; we have all kinds of delicate delicious food while the only had raw meat or wild fruit. One more thing, we have gained much more acknowledge than them so that we may behave much civilized, educated, cultivated and in reason. The tenets of
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中国民航大学本科生毕业设计（论文）
civilization, the moral and social codes, the Ego, the intelligence, cultivate us.
Unfortunately, till now something uncivilized still is haunting us, driving us to the edge of destruction and decay. Animalization refers to the human degeneration to be animals, or to be with bulging specialties pertained to animals, for example, the lack of reason or incivilization. Man do not act by reason, ration or intelligence, but is driven by the creatural nature. According to Marxism, man is born with two kinds of properties, the creatural property which any creature have for satisfying his physical requirements, and the social property which pertains only by man------the property separating man from other animals. In some aspect, animalization means the up-roaring creatural property yelling for physical requirement only and the fall of social property.
a. The Bulging of Animality
Lord of the Flies is superb use of symbolism, “a symbolism that …work?”, and the implications of the story go far beyond the degeneration of a few children but bulging with Animality in human being.
A school of children were desert on a concealed and wild, inhabited island, no grownups accompanying. All the mysteries of the island were beyond the knowledge of these children, including the fall of the darkness and beastie. The emergence surrounding the developed the children with the struggle between Ralph, the representative of civilization with his Shell and Piggy, owner of the spectacles, and Jack, burning hotter with the inside spark of wildness.
b. Animalization
With the fall of human nature, other social forces, like indifference, marginalization, loneliness, lack of communication might deform human being to animalization.
The gorilla like a cold cleaner killed Yank, uncouthly stamping on his human dignity and so refusing to admit his existence. Could the existence of human being be even lower than the existence of a gorilla?
Some comments on The Hairy Ape criticize O?Neil of his straightforward exposition of deformation of human nature, “depreciates the values of civilization and human nature”. Surely, his diction is simple, direct but powerful and forceful. This play is full of pungent cynical mocking but expressed in a casually serious way. The profundities of his play and his straightforward revelation is
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中国民航大学本科生毕业设计（论文）
the alarm of deformation, being straight from the shoulder, shocking us with actualities, stirring us with factuality and alerting us from deformation. O?Neill valuates his works, when he talked about these firemen, as follows: “It is the symbol of the organization of human slaved by machines. In worldwide scale, this fits us all as we a re, more or less, slaved by customs, laws or some stiffen formula.”
IV.Absurdity Bred by Deformation
The Hairy Ape, The Rainbow and Lord of the Flies don?t belong to the abovementioned group, but they contain the concept of absurdity because deformation of human being might breed absurdity in life. It is absurd that our society permeates extreme coldness, marginality and loneliness, which might be bred by mechanization and marginalization.
“No one could be able to avoid the absurdity of existence,” Nietzsche exclaims, “and absurdity is the crisis of man” (Stumpf 424). Husserl pointed out that the key to the crisis of man is the enterprise of “natural science”. As human being, we are all profoundly impressed by the brilliant successes of natural but these don?t help to save human nature and can?t blame on all development of natural science. Though absurd as life is and uncontrollable or inevitable forces deforms human being, decay, destruction, demoralization, desperation, hysteria and panic can?t save us from being the general rather than an individual and can?t stop losing personality. The meaning of existence is to live, just as the meaning of pursuing lies in the progress rather than the result, otherwise, the meaning of existence got into null and life turned to be absurd again, just as pursuing becomes nothing after the pale results lay there.
Desmond describes how Washoe, when the Gardners returned her to an ape colony in Oklahoma, tried signing to the other apes:
One particularly memorable day, a snake spread terror through the castaways on
the ape island, and all but one fled in panic. This male sat absorbed, staring intently
at the serpent. Then Washoe was seen running over signing to him “come, hurry
up.” (42)
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中国民航大学本科生毕业设计（论文）
V.Conclusion
With the astonishing development of technology and natural science, human beings are forced to adopt themselves to fit their lives into the rhythm of machines and the service of huge mechanical wheel. Everywhere men and women are losing their personalities and human qualities gradually at any time. While some follow the suit of mass-man, some by think, the deep introspective analysis, get anxiety and feel insecurity in community, fear of the conversion from “persons” into “pronouns”, from “subjects” into “objects”, from an “I” into an“it”, and try to exhibit all the possible symptoms of the deformation, like the dehumanized mechanization, marginalization and animalization. They reveal the absurdity of modern life and display the losing vigor of life.
Those sufferings either revealed in literature or in philosophy, are harsh enough for us to think over and reconsider our lives. The tenets of civilization, the moral and social codes, the Ego, and the intelligence, plus the political systems are trying to form a more humane society. Among them, the ethics of strict accountability bases upon individual responsibilities. “Man is what he makes himself, he has no one to blame for what he is except himself (Stumpf 484)” because man have to choose the process of making himself. Man chooses not only for himself but for all men because no one could live without other, without his society and his civilization. Anyone should be responsible not only for his own individuality but for all men. Man creates his own values thereby creates himself. Meanwhile, he reveals his mode of action to all men and creates an image of our human nature. Everyone could be able to affect the world and the majorities form the whole trend. If each one can hold up his responsibilities and keeps his personality at the same time, we will reject mechanization; if each on can devote kindness and love to others, we will exterminate marginalization; if each one can follow values that are good to others, we will diminish the bulging animality. Hold up responsibilities, defending personalities to counteract deformations. A better behavioral understanding leads to a more humane world.
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中国民航大学本科生毕业设计（论文）
Works Cited (三号居中)
Frederick, Skinner Burrbus Science and Human Behavior. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1953. Horton, Rod W. and Herbert W Edward. Background of American Literature Thought. New Jersey, U.S.A: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliff, 1949. (小四固定行距24磅悬挂缩进0.95厘米) Inglis, Rewey Belle, Donald A Stauffer and Cecil Eva Larsen. Adventures in English Literature (Mercury Edition). New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1952.
Stumpf, Samuel Enoch. Socrates to Sartre. United States: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993.
常耀信．美国文学选读（下）[M]．天津：南开大学出版社，2002．
朱光潜．文艺心理学[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，2005．
何龄修．读顾城《南明史》[J]．中国史研究，1998，(3)：167-173．
O?Neill, Eugene. The Hairy Ape. https://www.doczj.com/doc/e83142520.html,. Apr. 24, 2006 < https://www.doczj.com/doc/e83142520.html,/texts/ha/contents.htm >.
Golding, William. Lord of the Flies. https://www.doczj.com/doc/e83142520.html,. Aug. 11, 2004. Apr. 24, 2006
英文资料在前，中文资料在后，网址在最后。不用阿拉伯数字排序。直接按照字母表顺序排序。文中引用时采用MLA格式，用括号里标作者和页码（黄松234）。
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附件一
中国民航大学
毕业设计（论文）任务书
外国语学院英语语言文学专业学号00641
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中国民航大学毕业设计（论文）开题报告
毕业论文(设计) 任务书 毕业论文（设计）题目------------------------------------------ 课题类型：理论研究课题来源: 自选 系别：外语学院专业：英语班级：姓名：学号： , 1）学生提出选题的初步设想，教师制定计划任务书2009.6.28——2009.7.４ 2）学生搜集、阅读、整理与论文有关的资料，根据指导教师下达的毕业论文任务书要求构思论文框架，编写论文提纲，向指导教师提出开题报告2009.7.５——2009.9.30 3）撰写论文一稿并上交老师2009.10.1——2009.11. 30 4）指导教师将初稿修改意见反馈给学生，要求学生完成并上交二稿2009.12.1——2010.3.1 5）反馈二稿，完成三稿，进行毕业论文中期检查2010.３.１——2010.３.30 6）论文修改，按规定格式定稿上交，并做好论文答辩的准备工作2010.4.1——2010.４.10
7）指导老师评语、成绩，评阅教师评语，工作小组审定2010.４.10——2010.４.２7 8）论文答辩，系毕业论文领导小组审核、总结并上报2010.４.２8——2010.4.30 毕业论文开题报告（经老师指导并审核，由学生抄写，要求书写工整） ,讨论和 3.2.1.3 The numbers in the street signs 3.2.2 The other public signs 3.2.2.1 The effect of translation 3.2.2.2 The analysis of classical examples 4 The styles and principles 4.1 The styles 4.1.1 The use of abbreviated words 4.1.2 Characters and drawing signs are frequently used
附件1： 英文论文格式要求 1.论文排版要求 论文需报送全文，文稿请用Word录入排版，A4版面，单倍行距，页边距上下各2.5 cm、左右各2 cm，页眉页脚取默认值，插入页码居中。全文字数不超过5000字，版面不超进5页。全文使用Time New Roman字体。 2.文章结构 论文应依次包含论文题目、作者姓名、作者单位及通讯地址、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献、作者简介等。 3.论文题目 三号字体、加粗，居中排；副标题另起一行，小三加粗；英文题目中，所有实词的首字母大写（虚词小写）。 4.作者姓名 作者姓名用四号字体、居中排，多位作者之间用逗号区分，姓大写、加粗，名首字母大写，中间不加连字符，段前空1行。 5.作者单位及通讯地址 作者单位及通讯地址用五号字体、居中排，全部内容置于括号中，段后空一行。 6.摘要 “Abstract”一词五号加粗，内容五号字体。不少于200个词，用过去时态叙述作者工作，用现在时态叙述作者结论。 — 1 —
7.关键词 “Keywords”一词五号加粗，内容五号字体。英文关键词之间用逗号，需列出3～5个。 （正文之前的所有内容左右各缩进2字符。） 8.正文 五号Time New Roman通排，首行缩进1字符，采用单倍行距；文中所用计量单位，一律按国际通用标准或国家标准，如hm2，kg等；文中年代、年月日、数字一律用阿拉伯数字表示。 文中各级标题采用阿拉伯数字分级编序，一律左顶格排版。一级标题四号字体加粗，形如1，2，3，…排序；二级标题小四号字体加粗，形如1.1，1.2，…排序；三级标题五号字体加粗，形如1.1.1，1.1.2，…排序。各级标题数字后空1全角空格，段前段后各空0.5行，当两级标题在一起时，两级标题之间不空行。 文中图、表应有自明性，且随文出现。图以10幅为限。尽量采用Word文档以插入表格方式制作三线表。图（表）须有图（表）题，紧随文后，且在同一页面。图中文字、符号或坐标图中的标目、标值须写清。标目应使有符合国家标准的物理量和单位符号。表的内容切忌与插图和文字内容重复。 表题五号字体加粗，排表上居中，段前1行，段后0.5行；表栏头五号字体，各栏居左；表序号按流水排序，表格后空1行。图题五号字体加粗，排图下居中，段前1行，段后0.5行；图注小五号字体，排图题下居中，接排。图文、表文五号字体。 — 2 —
高一英语作文经典句子与模板 常用句型： 1. Only in this way can we … 只有这样，我们才能…… 2. It goes without saying that... 不用说...(意思是：论述的内容是显而易见的） 3. It can be said with certainty that... ...是肯定的。 4. As the proverb goes 有句谚语是这样说的...;常言道... 5. It has to be noticed that...必须引起注意的是... 6. It`s generally recognized that...通常认为... 7. What calls for special attention is that... .需要引起特别注意的是... 8. There’s no denying that....不容否认... 9. Nothing is more important than the fact that...没有比这更重要的是... 10. what’s far more im portant is that..更重要的是... 11. As time goes by,.....随着时间的流逝 12. There is no doubt that...毫无疑问... 13. As far as I'm concerned, I think....就我而言，我认为... 14. It is said that...据说... 15. It is important for sb to do sth. 做某事对某人很重要 16. Compared with A, B is more ...与A相比，B更... 17. in my opinion 在我看来 18. It is high time that we did sth.是我们做..的时候了。 19. Only in this way, can we solve this problem properly.只有这样我们才能妥善解决这个问题。 20. sth is so...that...如此..以至于.. 21. not only ...,but also...不仅...而且... Not only is English important to us, but it is also a must in our daily life. 22. To be honest To tell the truth 老实说来 23. too..to 太..以至于不能.. 24. On one hand,. .on the other hand,..一方面.. 另一方面... 25. With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that…随着科技的发展,越来越多的人认为…… 段首句 1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____.
毕 业 文 学生姓名： 艾中华 专业班级： 英语2011级1班 指导教师： 赵莉 教授 学 院： 外国语学院 2017年6月 中文题名，一般不宜超过21 字，如果有些细节必须放进标题， 为避免冗长可分成主标题和副标 题。楷体小一 副标题的破折号：插入—>符号—>特殊符号 长划线 ★注意：为避免改变模版格式，题 目建议手工输入。 参照此处格式替换姓名、 班级等内容。楷体小三居中 ★注意：为避免改变模版格式， 此处内容请手工输入替换。 ★注意：为避免改变模版格式，此处内容请手 工输入替换。
论文英文题目 Keywords
摘要 Abstract 1 1.1 1.1.1三级标题一 (1) 1.1.2三级标题二 (1) 1.2二级标题二 (1) 2[单击此处输入标题，页眉会自动更新].................................................. 错误!未定义书签。 2.1二级标题一 (2) 2.1.1三级标题一 (2) 2.1.2三级标题二 (2) 2.2二级标题二 (2) 2.3 Summary ................................................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。3[单击此处输入标题，页眉会自动更新]. (3) 3.1二级标题一 (3) 3.1.1三级标题一 (3) 3.1.2三级标题二 (3) 3.2二级标题二 (3) 3.3 Summary ................................................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。4[单击此处输入标题，页眉会自动更新]. (4) 4.1二级标题一 (4) 4.1.1三级标题一 (4) 4.1.2三级标题二 (4) 4.2二级标题二 (4) 4.2.1三级标题一 (4) 4.2.2三级标题二 (4) 4.3二级标题三 (4) 4.4 Summary (4) Conclusion .................................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。
On Extra-curricular Activities and Cultivation of English Communicative Ability of College Students Applicant: XX Supervisor: XX Faculty: XXX May 10, 2008 XXX University
摘 要 ............................................................................................. (ii) Abstract ............................................................................................. (iii) 1. Introduction ......................................................................................... (1) 1.1 The Significance of Topic .......................................................................................... (1) 1.2 Research Methods.......................................................................................... ..................... 1 2. Theory Research ........................................................................................................................... 1 2.1 Linguistics Rationale ....................................................................................... (1) 2.1.1 Theory of Communicative Competence by D. H. Hymes (1) 2.1.2 Theory of Communicative Competence by Canale & Swain .................................. 2 2.1. 3 Theory of Communicative Competence by Bachman (2) 2.2 Theoretical Basis of the Topic ........................................................................................... .. 2 2.2.1 Piaget's Theory ...................................................................................... (2) 2.2.2 American Scholar-- Alan Andean &Weir about ― Role Play............‖.. (3) 2.3 Related Studies (3) 2.3.1 Researches Abroad................................................................................................... 3 2.3.2 Researches in China ................................................................................................. 3 3. Presentation of the English Teaching ............................................................................................ 4 3.1 The Drawbacks of Traditional Teaching Methods .............................................................. 4 3.2 Modern Interest Teaching —— CLT .................................................................................... 4 3.2.1 Definition of CLT .................................................................................................... 4 3.2.2 The Content and Substance of CLT ......................................................................... 5 3.2.3 CLT in the Use of English Out-of-class Activities .................................................. 4. Out-of-class Activities and Cultivation of Communication Ability ............................................. 4.1 The Role of Out-of-class Activities in Training of Communication Ability ....................... 6 6 6 4.2 Current Situation of College Students 4.3 Analysis on the Causes for Problems .................................................................................. 8 4.4 Carrying Out the Out-of-class Activities in Scientific and Effective Way .......................... 9 -of-class ’LeaOutrning ............................................ 7 4.5 A Suggested Framework for Strategy Study ..................................................................... 11 4.5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 11 4.5.2 An Out-of-class English Learning Center .............................................................. 11 5. Conclusion ...........................................................................................
高考英语作文万能句子：8种实用句型 一.开头句型 1.As far as ...is concerned 就……而言比如说：就我而言As far as I concerned 2 It can be said with certainty that... +从句可以肯定地说...... 3.As the proverb says，正如谚语所说的，可以用来引用名言名句 4 .It has to be noticed that... 它必须注意到，... 5 .It's generally recognized that... 它普遍认为... 6 .It's likely that ... 这可能是因为... 7 .It's hardly that... 这是很难的...... 8 There's no denying the fact that...毫无疑问，无可否认 9 .Nothing is more important than the fact that... 没有什么比这更重要的是… 10 .what's far more important is that... 更重要的是… 二.衔接句型 1.A case in point is ... 一个典型的例子是... 3 But the problem is not so simple. Therefore，+句子（然而问题并非如此简单，所以……） 4 .But it's a pity that... 但遗憾的是… it’s a pity that….遗憾的是。。。 5 In spite of the fact that...尽管事实...... In spite of 尽管 6 .Further, we hold opinion that... 此外，我们坚持认为，... 7 .However , the difficulty lies in..+名词或者动名词.然而，困难在于… 8.Similarly, we should pay attention to... 同样，我们要注意... 9 As it has been mentioned above...正如上面所提到的…（可以用来对前面所说的话进行补充说明） 10.In this respect, 从这个角度上 11.However, 然而… 三.结尾句型 1.I will conclude by saying... 最后我要说… 2.Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...因此，我们有理由相信… 3.All things considered,总而言之= In a word=In conclusion It may be safely said that...它可以有把握地说...... 4.Therefore, in my opinion,因此，在我看来， 5.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that….通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论… 6.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that….通过数据我们得到的结论是，.... 7.It can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论 8.From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来，如果……也许更好 四.举例句型 1. Here is one more example这里有不止一个的例子 .2.Take … for example.就拿……为例子 五.常用于引言段的句型 1. Some people think that …. 有些人认为… To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for the reasons below. 坦率地说，我不能同意他们的意见，理由如下。 2. I believe the title statement is valid because…. 我认为这个论点是正确的，因为…
英语论文提纲格式模板 英语论文提纲格式如下文 语言和内容是评判一篇英语论文质量高低的重要依据;但是,写作 格式规范与否亦是一个不可忽略的衡量标准。因此,规范英语论文的格式,使之与国际学术惯例接轨,对我们从事英语教学,英语论文写作,促进国际学术交流都具有重要意义。由于英语论文写作规范随学科不同而各有所异,本文拟就人文类学科英语论文的主要组成部分,概述美国教育界、学术界通行的人文类英语论文写作规范,以供读者参考、仿效。 一、英语论文的标题 一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一, 与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:dr./prof.c.prager) 及本门课程的编号或名称(如:english 734或british novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。 就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期;各行左边上下对齐,并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来
便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。二、英语论文提纲 英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有ⅰ应有ⅱ,有a应有b,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。 三、英语论文正文 有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约1.5cm。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。 上文是英语论文提纲格式 英语论文提纲格式如下文
高考万能英语句子集锦 Recently, the problem of …has aroused people's concern. 最近，……问题已引起人们的关注. The Internet has bee n play ing an in creas in gly importa nt role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of ben efits but has created some serious problems as well. 互联网已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色.它给我们带来 了许多好处，但也产生了一些严重的问题. Nowadays, (overpopulati on) has become a problem we have to face. 如今,(人口过剩)已成为我们不得不面对的问题了 It is commo nly believed that …/ It is a com mon belief that 人 们一般认为.... Many people in sist that ?很多人坚持认为.. With the developme nt of scie nee and tech no logy, more and more people believe that … 随着科技的发展，越来越多的人认为…… A lot of people seem to thi nk that 很多人似乎认为.... 引出不同观点: People's views on …vary from person to person. Some hold that ….However, others believe that 人们对.......................... 的观点因人而 异.有些人认为……,然而其他人却认为…… People may have different opinions on 人们对……可能会有不
泰山医学院英语专业本科生毕业论文格式规范要求 外国语学院英语专业 适用专业：英语专业本科、英语专业专升本、英语第二专业（学位） 毕业论文是教学计划中最后一个综合性实践教学环节，是学生在教师指导下，独立从事科学研究工作的全面体现。为了进一步提高我院毕业论文质量，规范毕业论文写作，根据《泰山医学院本科毕业论文（设计）工作条例（修订）》精神，并参阅《泰医教字〔2007〕21号：泰山医学院本科毕业设计(论文)工作管理规定》，现对毕业论文格式要求补充和说明，要求指导教师及英语本科专业毕业生予以执行。 一、总体要求 毕业论文包括封面、标题、目录、英文摘要及英文关键词、中文摘要及中文关键词、正文、（注释）、参考文献、致谢等部分组成，并按上述顺序排列。本科生毕业设计（论文）（以下简称毕业设计）应规范、完整，符合学校的规定和要求。一律用A4纸打印，页边距上、下、左、右均为2.2厘米。 1. 封面及题目 毕业论文（设计）封面按泰山医学院规定格式填写。封面选用光面纸张，并按照学校设计的固定格式填写。英文题目用“小一号Times New Roman加粗”填写，中文题目“小一号黑体”填写，所在院系、专业、年级、班级、学号、学生姓名、指导教师和日期等用“三号仿宋体”填写。 2．行距设置 毕业论文内容及各种标题（包括摘要、目录、致谢、参考文献）的行距设置统一选用固定值23磅。 3．字体设置
（1）“Contents”、“Abstract”、“Acknowledgements”、“Bibliography”英文字样均选用“Times New Roman”三号加粗，“摘要”等中文字样均选用“三号黑体”，其他内容统一选用“小四号Times New Roman”。 （2）正文第一级标题选用“Times New Roman”三号加粗；第二、三级标题分别选用“Times New Roman”四号加粗和“Times New Roman”小四号加粗；第四级标题和正文内容选用“小四号Times New Roman”。 4．正文撰写格式 正文分章节撰写，第一级（章）标题用“Chapter 1”、“ Chapter 2”、“ Chapter 3”等连续编号，每章应另起一页，标题末尾不加标点(问号、叹号、省略号除外)，标题居中排列，下空一行接写第二级标题。从第二级标题开始，用阿拉伯数字连续编号，在不同层次的数字之间加一个下圆点相隔，最末数字后不加标点。如第二级标题为“1.1”、“ 2. 1”、“ 3.1”等，第三级标题为“1.1.1”、“2.1.1”、“3.1.1”等，第四级标题为“1.1.1.1”、“2.1.1.1”、“3.1.1.1”等。 正文中的标题一般不超过四级，标题层次要清晰，第二至第四级标题均单独占一行，且靠左端书写，第二级标题序数前不留空格，第三、四级标题序数前要空两个汉字位置。各级标题序数后均空一格接写标题。 5．论文字数 英语专业学生的毕业论文要用英文撰写，5000词以上。 二、具体内容和撰写要求 1．毕业设计类型 英语专业应根据研究内容提出问题、分析问题，提出解决问题方案和自己的观点等，应有必要的文献资料及相应的分析；理论、观点、概念等表达要准确、清晰；毕业论文要有一定的新意。 2．毕业论文封面 毕业论文封面上的题目填写要准确、简明扼要，必要时可加副标题；专业要写全称；学号为学籍管理中使用的学号。 3. 摘要 摘要应简要说明毕业设计所研究的目的、方法、主要结果和结论等，应短、精、完整、不加评论。要求扼要叙述本论文的主要内容、特点，语言力求精练。
继续教育学院 本科毕业论文 Analysis of Gatsby’s Character in the Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》——浅析盖茨比的人物性格 学号： 14705020XXXX 专业名称：英语 年级： 14级专升本 姓名：张三三 指导老师：李四四 2016年X月X日
Analysis of Gatsby’s Character in the Great Gatsby Zhang Sansan 14705020XXXX The Department of English Supervisor: Li Sisi A Thesis Submitted to English Department of Fudan University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Bachelor of Arts Fudan University 2016
Acknowledgements I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to all those who helped me in the course of composing the thesis. First of all, I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, XXX. Without his/her patient instruction and professional guidance, this thesis could not have reached its present form. Secondly, I am also greatly indebted to all the instructors who have instructed me. The knowledge they imparted me laid a solid foundation for the completion of my thesis. Finally, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my family and friends. When I am in trouble, they always encourage me greatly and help me out. I am deeply inspired by their constant support and encouragement. Their help and trust in me stimulate me to be a better me.
英语作文万能模板 英文写作中,主题句，引导句，过渡句在文中的重要性不言而喻。适时的积累一些英语作文模板句子，会让你的文章增色不少哦~ （一)段首句?1．关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……?Ther ｅａre different opiniｏnｓ among people as ｔo ____ .Some peoｐl ｅ suｇgest thａt ____. 2．俗话说(常言道)……,它是我们前辈的经历，但是,即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。?Theｒe ｉs ａｎ olｄsaying____＿_. It"ｓ the eｘpｅrience of our foｒefａｔｈerｓ,howeｖer，it ｉs correct in many cases evｅn tｏｄay. 3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次,……。更为糟糕的是……。 Today，＿＿__, wｈich haｖe bｒｏughｔａ lｏt oｆ harms ｉn o ｕr daily ｌｉfｅ. Fｉrｓt, ＿___ Secｏnd,＿＿＿_. Whａｔｍakes 4. 现在，……很普遍,许多人喜欢……, things woｒse ｉs that_＿_＿__. ? 因为……，另外（而且)……。?Ｎowadays，ｉｔ is comｍoｎtｏ＿_____． Mａny pｅｏpｌｅ likｅ __＿＿__ ｂecauｓe _＿＿_＿＿． Bes ｉdeｓ,＿__＿__. 5．任何事物都是有两面性,……也不例外。它既有有利的一面,也有不利的一面。 Everything ｈas tｗo sidｅs and __＿_＿_ ｉs not ａn exception，it ｈas both adｖantaｇes ａnd disaｄvantagｅs. ? 6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为(说)……，在他们看来,……?Pｅopｌe’s opinion ｓａbout _＿＿_＿_ vary from peｒｓoｎto ｐerｓｏn．Ｓoｍｅｐeople saｙthat ___＿_＿.Tｏｔｈem,_＿_＿_． ７．人类正面临着一个严重的问题……,这个问题变得越来越严重。
本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！ == 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ == 英语论文的几种格式 篇一：英文论文撰写格式说明 英文论文撰写格式说明 1. 模板文件Author Instructions.rtf里面描述的内容不需要遵照执行，只需要遵照其格式，论文电子版制作均采用MS-Word软件 2. 页面设置（操作—点击“文件”里的“页面设置”进行） 1）新建WORD文档，选用A4纸并进行如下页面设置： 2）页边距：上2.5cm，下1.5cm，左2cm，右2cm，装订线0cm。 3）版式：页眉1.25cm，页脚0.5cm。 4）文档格式：栏数为1，请在“网格”里选用“无网格”项。 3. 论文格式 3.1 行距：若无特别说明，均为单倍行距。 3.2 段落间距：若无特别说明，均为段前0磅，段后0磅。 3.3 论文题目：所有实词首字母大写，Arial字体，14磅，加粗，居中；段落间距为段后6磅。 3.4 作者：Arial字体，14磅，居中，名在前，姓在后，用全称（如：玉娇龙为Jiao Long Yu）, 段落间距为段前6磅。 3.5 地址：Arial字体，11磅，居中，段落间距为段前6磅（若地址太长要强行换行时，则该地址内部段落间距均为0磅） 3.6 Email 格式与地址相同，相邻email间用逗号隔离开
3.6 关键词：Arial字体，11磅，两端对齐，段落间距为段前18磅，其中Keyword：为加粗。冒号后加空格再接关键词，相邻词间用逗号分隔。每个关键词的首字母大写。 3.7 从“摘要”开始到“参考文献”结束，所有正文的字体均为Times New Roman，12磅；两端对齐。 3.8 摘要：段落间距为段前18磅，其中Abstract. 要加粗，在句点后空1格 再紧接摘要内容。 3.9文中各级标题一律不用编号。标题中所有实词的首字母均大写。标题不要 超出二级标题。 3.10文中一级标题：加粗，两端对齐，段落间距为段前18磅，段后6磅，独 立成段。 3.11文中二级标题：标题加句点，加粗。句点号后空1格再紧接正文内容。若二级标题位于一级标题后的第一段，那么二级标题无需右缩进。否则，二级标题向右缩进5mm. 3.12正文除在一级标题后的第一段不右缩首行，其余各段首行均向右缩进5mm. 4. 图表的格式及其引用 4.1 文中表格尽量采用三线表，且不宜过于复杂。表格整体最大宽度不要大于版心宽度(17cm). 4.2 表题与表格都居中排列，无文字环绕。表题与上正文间隔一行，表格与下正文间隔一行。 4.3 表题与表格的字体与字号均与正文相同。需要时，表中字体可适当变小，但不得小于10.5磅。 4.4 表题在表格的上方，表序用“Table 1, Table 2?”表示，Table和后面的数字间加1空格，数字后面与文字之间加2个空格，其它说明写在表格的下方或旁边；表格中如有单位，应写在方括号内（如：[mm]）例： Table 3 High and low settings of predictor variables 4.5 正文中引用表格时，直接用表序即可。 4.6 文中图要与正文保持一定间隔，图题在图的下方或图的一侧，且与图为一整体。图序用“Fig. 1, Fig. 2,?”表示，Fig.和后面的数字间加1空格，数字后面与文字之间加2个空格。注意图的质量。如要节省版面，可以一行中并排放置多个图片。
xx英语作文万能模板及万能句型汇总 作文万能模板 一、阐述主题题型 要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述． １．阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义．２．分析并举例使其更充实．二、解决方法题型 要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径 １．问题现状２．怎样解决（解决方案的优缺点）Confronted with A，we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing，---------------（解决方法一）。For another -------------（解决方法二）。Finally，--------------（解决方法三）。Personally，I believe that -------------（我的解决方法）。Consequently，I'm confident that a bright future isawaiting us because --------------（带来的好处）。 三、说明利弊题型 这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度（利或弊）出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度（或对事物前景提出预测） １.说明事物现状２.事物本身的优缺点（或一方面）３.你对现状
（或前景）的看法 Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally，its advantages can be seen as follows. First ----------------（Ａ的优点之一）。Besides -------------------（Ａ的优点之二）。 1 / 13 But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that ----------------（Ａ的第一个缺点）．To make matters worse，------------------（Ａ的第二个缺点）． 四、议论文的框架 （1）不同观点列举型（选择型） There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows：in the first place，___原因一_______.Furthermore，in the second place，___原因二_____. So it