Acute toxicity of ionic liquids to the zebrafish(Danio rerio){ Carlo Pretti,a Cinzia Chiappe,b Daniela Pieraccini,b Michela Gregori,a Francesca Abramo,a Gianfranca Monni a and Luigi Intorre c
Received15th August2005,Accepted14th September2005
First published as an Advance Article on the web26th September2005
DOI:10.1039/b511554j
Acute toxicity and histological damage derived from exposure
of Danio rerio(zebrafish)to several ionic liquids have been
evaluated.
Interest in ionic liquids(ILs)for their potential in different
chemical processes is increasing as they are claimed to be
environmentally safe and they are very good non-volatile solvents
for a wide range of applications.1Although the information about
physical,thermodynamic,kinetic or engineering data has been
extended continuously,only little data with regard to the toxicity
and ecotoxicity of ILs have been available until now.2–4The‘‘green
character’’of ILs has usually been justified with their negligible
vapour pressure,but even if ILs do not evaporate and do not
contribute to air pollution most of them are water soluble and
might enter the environment by this path(e.g.accidental spills,
effluents).5To the best of our knowledge no data are available in
the international literature on the acute toxicity of ILs on fish.The
aim of the present work was therefore to evaluate the acute toxicity
of15widely used ILs(bearing different anions and cations,Fig.1)
to fish(zebrafish,Danio rerio).Fish were also subjected to
histopathological examination.
Acute toxicity of ILs for zebrafish was assessed measuring their
lethal effect after96h exposure.The main test was preceded by a limit test performed at the concentration of100mg L21in order to demonstrate that the LC50was greater than this concentration. If mortality occurred in the limit test,the full LC50study was then carried out.All tests were performed according to the International Standard Organization procedure7346.6Procedures for the care and management of animals were performed in accordance with the provisions of the EC Council Directive86/609 EEC,recognised and adopted by the Italian Government(DL 27.01.1992,n u116).The water temperature was23?1u C and fish were kept under normal laboratory illumination with a daily photoperiod of12h.No food was provided during the test.On the day of experiment,10fish were placed in5L-glass aquaria containing test or control solution and aerate to restore the concentration of dissolved oxygen to at least90%of its air saturation value.ILs were directly dissolved in rearing water.Each IL was tested at five concentrations(1.25,2.5,5.0,10.0and 20.0mg L21).The number of dead was recorded after1,12,24,48, 72and96h.Acute toxicity was expressed as the median lethal concentration(LC50)that is the concentration in water which kills50%of the test batch of fish within a continuous period of exposure of96h.LC comprised in the range of LC1to LC99 were also determined.The LC values and their95%confidence limits were determined by probit analysis7using a computer software(USEPA Probit Analysis Program used for calculating EC values,version1.5).
Histopathological examination was performed on control and on all dead fish.Fish were fixed in a10%buffered formalin solution.The entire fish body was longitudinally sectioned,and placed directly into pre-labelled histological cassettes.Fixed samples were routinely processed and included in paraffin-blocks. Five m m thick whole body sagital sections were cut and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin for histological evaluation.
Results of the limit test are shown in Table1.Thirteen out15of the tested ILs had96h LC50values greater than100mg L21.By contrast mortality was observed for AMMOENG1002and AMMOENG1302which were then subjected to the full LC50 study.Calculated LCs for AMMOENG1002and AMMOENG 1302are shown in Table2.LCs were similar for both ILs and were in the range of1.9–13.9mg L21for AMMOENG130and of 2.2–15.4mg L21for AMMOENG1002.LC50were5.2mg L21
a Dipartimento di Patologia Animale,Profilassi ed Igiene degli Alimenti, Universita`di Pisa,Viale delle Piagge2,Pisa,Italy.
E-mail:cpretti@vet.unipi.it;Fax:+390502216941;Tel:+390502216947 b Dipartimento di Chimica Bioorganica e Biofarmacia,Universita`di Pisa,Via Bonanno33,Pisa,Italy.E-mail:cinziac@farm.unipi.it; Fax:+390502219660;Tel:+390502219700
c Dipartimento di Clinica Veterinaria,Universita`di Pisa,Viale delle Piagge2,Pisa,Italy.E-mail:intorre@vet.unipi.it;Fax:+390502216813; Tel:+390502216810
{This work was presented at the1st International Conference on Ionic Liquids(COIL),held in Salzburg,Austria,19–22June,
2005.Ionic liquids tested.
COMMUNICATION https://www.doczj.com/doc/ea2991483.html,/greenchem|Green Chemistry 238|Green Chem.,2006,8,238–240This journal is?The Royal Society of Chemistry2006
and5.9mg L21for AMMOENG1302and AMMOENG1002, respectively.These values were remarkably lower that the fish96h LC50data reported for other solvents such as methanol(12700–29400mg L21),dichlorometane(>100mg L21),acetonitrile (>100mg L21),aniline(up to100mg L21),and triethylamine (44mg L21)indicating a high lethality potential of the tested ILs in fish(source:individual Material Safety Data Sheets).
No behavioural changes were observed in control fish.On the contrary,treated fish exposed to both ILs at concentrations of 10mg L21or more showed,compared to controls,reduction in general activity,loss of equilibrium,erratic swimming and staying motionless at mid-water level for prolonged periods.
The gills and the skin of control zebrafish appeared normal and well formed(Fig.2and3).
After exposure to AMMOENG1002or AMMOENG1302, the gross structure of gill primary filaments appeared normal, while secondary gill lamellae showed marked disorganization (Fig.4).
The main abnormalities observed were represented by desqua-mation of the epithelium,hypertrophy(hyperplasia)and lifting up of epithelial layer from the pillar cells.Additionally to these changes,intraepithelial oedema and cytoplasmic vacuolation within epithelial cells were observed(Fig.4).In all treated fish the epidermal covering of the skin showed a variable degree of hyperplasia(mild to marked)in the dorsal,ventral and cephalic area(Fig.5).In the hyperplastic areas most of the epidermal cells contained distinct intracytoplasmic vacuolation;the fusion of affected adjacent cells gave raise to small skin vescicles(Fig.5).
Wide erosions were focally present in the superficial layer(Fig.5), while secondary gill lamellae showed marked disorganization (Fig.4).
The histological alterations induced by AMMOENG1002and AMMOENG1302correlate with the well known surfactant action of these ammonium salts on biological membranes which
Table296h LCs(mg L21,confidence limits95%)
—AMMOENG1002AMMOENG1302 LC1 2.2(0.6;3.3) 1.9(0.5;2.9)
LC5 2.9(1.1;4.1) 2.5(1.0;3.5)
LC10 3.4(1.6;4.6) 3.0(1.4;4.0)
LC15 3.8(1.9;4.9) 3.3(1.7;4.3)
LC50 5.9(4.3;8.0) 5.2(3.8;7.0)
LC859.0(6.9;17.9)8.0(6.1;15.6)
LC9010.0(7.5;22.3)8.9(6.7;19.4)
LC9511.6(8.4;31.1)10.4(7.5;26.9)
LC9915.5(10.3;58.6)13.9(9.2;
50.5)Fig.2Control fish.Histological section of gills.Primary lamellae(pl) and parallel structure of the secondary lamellae(sl)are observed.The secondary lamellae are covered by epithelial cells(H&E where H= haematoxylin and E=eosin,bar=50m
m).
Fig.3Control fish.Histological sections of the skin.The skin epidermis is composed of3–4epithelial layers;goblet cells are also present(H&E, bar=50m
m).
Fig.4Treated fish.Enlargement and disorganization of secondary lamellae with disepithelialization.Lifted epithelial cells show intracyto-plasmic vacuolation(H&E,bar=50m m).
Table1Limit test(100mg L21)on15ionic liquids
Ionic liquids LC5096h zebrafish
[bmim][PF6].100mg L21
[bmim][Tf2N].100mg L21
[bmim][BF4].100mg L21
[bmim][N(CN)2].100mg L21
ECOENG212.100mg L21
AMMOENG100,100mg L21
[bpyrr][Tf2N].100mg L21
[emim][OTs].100mg L21
AMMOENG130,100mg L21
AMMOENG110.100mg L21
AMMOENG112.100mg L21
[bmim][OTf].100mg L21
[BPy][Tf2N].100mg L21
[bm2im][PF6].100mg L21
[bmim][NO3].100mg L21
This journal is?The Royal Society of Chemistry2006Green Chem.,2006,8,238–240|239
increases membrane permeability altering the physical properties of the lipid bilayer and also enhancing its permeability for external ions.In particular,increased Ca 2+influx from the external medium into the cytoplasm which results in detachment of the membranes has been observed following exposure of cells to lipophilic chemicals.8It may be speculated that the cellular damage induced by AMMOENG 1002and AMMOENG 1302in terms of vacuolations might have impaired the gill and the skin functions,reducing the respiratory surface area and interrupting the integrity of the external barrier,respectively.In particular,modifications in the relatively thin lamellar epithelium of the gills may have affected the fish gas-exchange capability.9
The acute toxicity towards zebrafish of several ionic liquids with different anions and cations has been assessed.The results presented in this paper clearly reveal that ionic liquids may cause a completely different effect on fish according to their chemical structure.As imidazolium,pyridinium and pyrrolidinium showed a LC 50>100mg L 21,they can be regarded as non-highly lethal towards zebrafish.On the other hand,the ammonium salts
AMMOENG 1002and AMMOENG 1302showed LC 50values remarkably lower than that reported for organic solvents and tertiary amines.Hystological evaluation of dead zebrafish showed skin alteration represented by epithelial hyperplasia with single keratinocyte vesciculation and wide erosions together with disepitelialization of gill lamellae.Considering that both the anion and the cation have been changed in these two latter compounds,in principle it is not possible to identify which part of the salt is responsible of the detrimental effect on aquatic environment.By the way,the known toxic effect exerted by cationic surfactants 8suggests that modifications of the cationic counterpart are responsible for the toxic behaviour of these new solvents.This observation is in agreement with recent published papers dealing with ionic liquids biodegradability 10and their effect on other aquatic trophic levels.3,4
References
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Fig.5Treated fish.Marked hyperplasia of the skin,intracytoplasmic vacuolization within the epithelial cells and erosions of the superficial layer (H&E,bar =50m m).
240|Green Chem.,2006,8,238–240This journal is ?The Royal Society of Chemistry 2006
分考点1 表示时间的介词 Point 1 at, in, on 的用法 （1）at 的用法 At 表示时间点，用于具体的时刻（几点，正午，午夜，黎明，拂晓，日出，日落等），或把某一时间看作某一时刻的词之前以及某些节假日的词之前。 at 6：00 在6点钟 At noon 在中午 At daybreak 在拂晓 At down 在黎明 At Christmas 在圣诞节 【特别注意】在以下的时间短语中，at 表示时间段。 At dinner time 在（吃）晚饭时 At weekends/ the weekend 在周末 （2）in 的用法 ①表示时间段，与表示较长一段时间的词搭配，如年份，月份，季节，世纪，朝代，还可以用于泛指的上午、下午、傍晚等时间段的词前。 In 2009 在2009年 In April 在四月 In the 1990s 在20世纪90年代 In Tang Dynasty 在唐朝 In the morning在上午 ②后接时间段，用于将来时，表示“在一段时间之后”。 The film will begin in an hour. 电影将于一个小时之后开始。 【特别注意】当时间名词前有this，that，last，next，every，each，some等词修饰时，通常不用任何介词。 This morning 今天上午last year 去年 （3）on 的用法 ①表示在特定的日子、具体的日期、星期几、具体的某一天或某些日子。 On September the first 在9月1号 On National Day 在国庆节 We left the dock on a beautiful afternoon. 我们在一个明媚的下午离开了码头。 ②表示在具体的某一天的上午、下午或晚上（常有前置定语或后置定语修饰）。 On Sunday morning 在星期日的早上 On the night of October 1 在10月1号的晚上 【特别注意】“on +名词或动名词”表示“一...就...”. On my arrival home/ arriving home, I discovered they had gone. 我一到家就发现他们已经离开了。 Point 2 in，after 的用法 In 和after都可以接时间段，表示“在...之后”，但in 常与将来时连用，after 常与过去时连用。 We will meet again in two weeks.
英语介词用法大全 TTA standardization office【TTA 5AB- TTAK 08- TTA 2C】
介词（The Preposition）又叫做前置词，通常置于名词之前。它是一种虚词，不需要重读，在句中不单独作任何句子成分，只表示其后的名词或相当于名词的词语与其他句子成分的关系。中国学生在使用英语进行书面或口头表达时，往往会出现遗漏介词或误用介词的错误，因此各类考试语法的结构部分均有这方面的测试内容。 1. 介词的种类 英语中最常用的介词，按照不同的分类标准可分为以下几类： (1). 简单介词、复合介词和短语介词 ①.简单介词是指单一介词。如： at , in ,of ,by , about , for, from , except , since, near, with 等。②. 复合介词是指由两个简单介词组成的介词。如： Inside, outside , onto, into , throughout, without , as to as for , unpon, except for 等。 ③. 短语介词是指由短语构成的介词。如： In front of , by means o f, on behalf of, in spite of , by way of , in favor of , in regard to 等。 (2). 按词义分类 {1} 表地点（包括动向）的介词。如： About ,above, across, after, along , among, around , at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between , beyond ,by, down, from, in, into , near, off, on, over, through, throught, to, towards,, under, up, unpon, with, within , without 等。 {2} 表时间的介词。如： About, after, around , as , at, before , behind , between , by, during, for, from, in, into, of, on, over, past, since, through, throughout, till(until) , to, towards , within 等。 {3} 表除去的介词。如： beside , but, except等。 {4} 表比较的介词。如： As, like, above, over等。 {5} 表反对的介词。如： againt ,with 等。 {6} 表原因、目的的介词。如： for, with, from 等。 {7} 表结果的介词。如： to, with , without 等。 {8} 表手段、方式的介词。如： by, in ,with 等。 {9} 表所属的介词。如： of , with 等。 {10} 表条件的介词。如：
例题解析 1 - Thank you ＿＿＿the beautiful flowers!———Not at all. A in B on C at D for 2 Can you answer this question ＿＿＿English? A by B in C with D from 3 Look ＿＿＿the map ＿＿＿China ＿＿＿the wall, please. A after, of, in B at, of, in C after, in, on D at, of, on (There is a hole _______ the wall.墙上有个洞。) 4. - When did Mr Green arrive in London? - He arrived there ＿＿＿the evening of December 6th. A at B in C on D to 5. We won the relay race. And there was a big smile ＿＿＿our teacher's face. A off B near C on D between 6. The twins got on well ＿＿＿their classmates. A to B in C with D about 7 - Please remember to come to my birthday party. - I see. I'll come ＿＿＿Saturday evening. A in B at C on D for 8Let's hurry，or we'll be late ＿＿＿school A to B at C with D for 而come late to，如：Don't come late to school 9 They will have a maths test ＿＿＿two days A for B at C in D after 10 My brother joined the army ＿＿＿ A1989，March B in March，1989 C March，1989 D1989，in March 11 He couldn't work out the maths problem ＿＿＿your help A without Bunder C for D with 12 Granny took one look at us ＿＿＿her glasses A.by B. through C.on D. in 13 We had our breakfast ＿＿＿a quarter ＿＿＿seven A/，to B in，to C at，to D on，to 14 I learn French ＿＿＿the radio every day A on B in C from D at 15 It's good manners to wait ＿＿＿line A in B on C at D with 16 How many English words had you learnt ＿＿＿last term? A by the end of Bat the end of C to the end of D till the end of 17 The manager was very satisfied ＿＿＿his work A. in B. on C. about D. with 18 John hit Jack ＿＿＿face A. on the B. in the C. on his D. in his 19 I was born ＿＿＿the night ＿＿＿September 15，1978 A in，on B at，on C at，in D on，of
“的、地、得”用法分析及练习（后附答案） 一、的、地、得用法分析： “的”后面跟的都是表示事物名称的词或词语，如：敬爱的总理、慈祥的老人、戴帽子的男孩、珍贵的教科书、鸟的天堂、伟大的祖国、有趣的情节、优雅的环境、可疑的情况、团结友爱的集体、他的妈妈、可爱的花儿、谁的橡皮、清清的河水...... “地”后面跟的都是表示动作的词或词语，如：高声地喊、愉快地唱、拼命地逃、疯狂地咒骂、严密地注视、一次又一次地握手、迅速地包围、沙沙地直响、斩钉截铁地说、从容不迫地申述、用力地踢、仔细地看、开心地笑笑......” “得”前面多数是表示动作的词或词语，少数是形容词；后面跟的都是形容事物状态的词或词语，表示怎么怎么样的，如：走得很快、踩得稀烂、疼得直叫唤、瘦得皮包骨头、红得发紫、气得双脚直跳、理解得十分深刻、乐得合不拢嘴、惊讶得目瞪口呆、大得很、扫得真干净、笑得多甜啊...... 二、的、地、得用法补充说明： 1、如果“de”的后面是“很、真、太”等这些词，十有八九用“得”。 2、有一种情况，如“他高兴得一蹦三尺高”这句话里，后面的“一蹦三尺高”虽然是表示动作的，但是它是来形容“高兴”的程度的，所以也应该用“得”。
三、的、地、得用法总结： 1、“的”前面的词语一般用来修饰、限制“的”后面的事物，说明“的”后面的事物怎么样。结构形式一般为：修饰、限制的词语+的+名词。 2、“地”前面的词语一般用来形容“地”后面的动作，说明“地”后面的动作怎么样。结构方式一般为：修饰、限制的词语+地+动词。 3、“得”后面的词语一般用来补充说明“得”前面的动作怎么样，结构形式一般为：动词（形容词）+得+补充、说明的词语。 四、的、地、得用法例句： 1. 蔚蓝色的海洋，波涛汹涌，无边无际。 2. 向日葵在微风中向我们轻轻地点头微笑。 3. 小明在海安儿童公园玩得很开心。 五、“的、地、得”的读音： “的、地、得”是现代汉语中高频度使用的三个结构助词，都起着连接作用；它们在普通话中都各自有着各自的不同的读音，但当他们附着在词，短语，句子的前面或后面，表示结构关系或某些附加意义的时候都读轻声“de”，没有语音上的区别。 但在书面语中有必要写成三个不同的字，这样可以区分他们在书面语用法上的不同。这样做的好处，就是可使书面语言精确化。
英语常用介词用法与辨析 ■表示方位的介词：in, to, on 1. in 表示在某地范围之内。如： Shanghai is/lies in the east of China. 上海在中国的东部。 2. to 表示在某地范围之外。如： Japan is/lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国的东面。 3. on 表示与某地相邻或接壤。如： Mongolia is/lies on the north of China. 蒙古国位于中国北边。 ■表示计量的介词：at, for, by 1. at表示“以……速度”“以……价格”。如： It flies at about 900 kilometers a hour. 它以每小时900公里的速度飞行。 I sold my car at a high price. 我以高价出售了我的汽车。 2. for表示“用……交换，以……为代价”。如： He sold his car for 500 dollars. 他以五百元把车卖了。 注意：at表示单价(price) ，for表示总钱数。 3. by表示“以……计”，后跟度量单位。如： They paid him by the month. 他们按月给他计酬。 Here eggs are sold by weight. 在这里鸡蛋是按重量卖的。 ■表示材料的介词：of, from, in 1. of成品仍可看出原料。如： This box is made of paper. 这个盒子是纸做的。 2. from成品已看不出原料。如： Wine is made from grapes. 葡萄酒是葡萄酿成的。 3. in表示用某种材料或语言。如： Please fill in the form in pencil first. 请先用铅笔填写这个表格。 They talk in English. 他们用英语交谈(from 。 注意：in指用材料，不用冠词；而with指用工具，要用冠词。请比较：draw in penc il/draw with a pencil。 ■表示工具或手段的介词：by, with, on 1. by用某种方式，多用于交通。如by bus乘公共汽车，by e-mail. 通过电子邮件。
with的用法大全----四级专项训练with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述，以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。 一、 with结构的构成 它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下： 1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词; 2. with或without-名词/代词+副词; 3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语; 4. with或without-名词/代词+动词不定式; 5. with或without-名词/代词+分词。 下面分别举例：
1、 She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.(with+名词+形容词，作伴随状语) 2、 With the meal over ， we all went home.(with+名词+副词，作时间状语) 3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。(with+名词+介词短语，作伴随状语。) The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand. 4、He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.(with+名词+不定式，作伴随状语) He could not finish it without me to help him.(without+代词 +不定式，作条件状语) 5、She fell asleep with the light burning.(with+名词+现在分词，作伴随状语) 6、Without anything left in the cupboard， she went out to get something to eat.(without+代词+过去分词，作为原因状语) 二、with结构的用法 在句子中with结构多数充当状语，表示行为方式，伴随情况、时间、原因或条件(详见上述例句)。
英语介词练习题含答案 一、初中英语介词 1．Look at the picture on the right! She is going _______. A. into the library B. out of the post office C. into the supermarket 【答案】C 【解析】【分析】句意：看右边的图画！她要去超级市场。A. into the library进图书馆；B. out of the post office走出邮局；C. into the supermarket进超市。根据右边的图片可以看到这名妇女正要走进超市，结合选项，故答案为C。 【点评】考查图片辨析。看懂图片，理解题意，注意熟记表示地点的名词。 2．I'll be at home __________ Sunday morning. You can phone me then. A. on B. in C. at D. to 【答案】 A 【解析】【分析】句意：在周日早上我将在家，那时你可以给我打电话。on+具体时间；in+the+morning/afternoon/evening，在早上/下午/晚上；at+时间点。Sunday morning指的是周日早上，指的是具体日期，所以用on，故选A。 【点评】考查介词辨析，注意平时识记on、in、at的区别。 3．John often takes a walk _______ his grandpa after dinner. A. to B. for C. along D. with 【答案】 D 【解析】【分析】句意：约翰经常晚饭后和他的爷爷散步。A.朝；B.为了；C.沿着；D.和……一起。根据his grandpa，可知此处应是晚饭后跟爷爷散步，故选D。 【点评】考查介词辨析。注意句子涉及到with的词义和用法。 4．Humans can not make progress dreams. A. with B. without C. through D. about 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】句意：没有了梦想，人类就不会进步。A.带着，有；B.没有；C.通过；D.关于。梦想是人类前进的动力，根据Humans can not make progress，可知人类不会进步，是因为没有梦想，应会使用介词without，故答案是B。 【点评】考查近词辨析，注意识记介词without的用法。 5． , I found the job boring, but soon I got used to it.
——45个基本介词的用法 1、about 【原始含义】 a-b-out “A在B外面” 【引申含义】 [prep] （1）在…到处，在…各处here and there eg: We wandered about the town for an hour or so. He looked about the room. （2）在…附近next to a place eg. She lives about the office. （3）关于in connection with eg: a book about English study I don’t know what you are talking about. [adv] （1）大约close to eg: We left there about 10 o’clock. It costs about 500 dollars. （2）到处，各处 eg: The children were rushing about in the garden. （3）在附近 eg : There is no food about. 【常见搭配】 作介词时的搭配: 一.动词+(about+名词) （1）arrange (about sth) 安排关于某事（2）argue (about sth) 讨论某事 （3）ask (about sth) 询问关于某事（4）boast (about sb/sth) 吹嘘... （5）care (about sb/sth)关心…,对…感兴趣（6）chat(about sth) 谈论某事（7）complain(about sb/sth) 抱怨… （8）dream (about sb/sth) 梦见某人/某物（9）go (about sth) 着手做...；从事...
with用法归纳 （1）“用……”表示使用工具，手段等。例如： ①We can walk with our legs and feet. 我们用腿脚行走。 ②He writes with a pencil. 他用铅笔写。 （2）“和……在一起”，表示伴随。例如： ①Can you go to a movie with me? 你能和我一起去看电影'>电影吗？ ②He often goes to the library with Jenny. 他常和詹妮一起去图书馆。 （3）“与……”。例如： I’d like to have a talk with you. 我很想和你说句话。 （4）“关于，对于”，表示一种关系或适应范围。例如： What’s wrong with your watch? 你的手表怎么了？ （5）“带有，具有”。例如： ①He’s a tall kid with short hair. 他是个长着一头短发的高个子小孩。 ②They have no money with them. 他们没带钱。 （6）“在……方面”。例如： Kate helps me with my English. 凯特帮我学英语。 （7）“随着，与……同时”。例如： With these words, he left the room. 说完这些话，他离开了房间。 [解题过程] with结构也称为with复合结构。是由with+复合宾语组成。常在句中做状语，表示谓语动作发生的伴随情况、时间、原因、方式等。其构成有下列几种情形： 1.with+名词(或代词)+现在分词 此时，现在分词和前面的名词或代词是逻辑上的主谓关系。 例如:1)With prices going up so fast, we can't afford luxuries. 由于物价上涨很快，我们买不起高档商品。（原因状语） 2)With the crowds cheering, they drove to the palace. 在人群的欢呼声中，他们驱车来到皇宫。（伴随情况） 2.with+名词(或代词)+过去分词 此时，过去分词和前面的名词或代词是逻辑上的动宾关系。
九年级英语介词专项练习题及答案 一、初中英语介词 1．Stephen Hawking was famous a scientist, he made a great contribution to the world, and he died March 14th, 2018. A. for; on B. as; in C. as; on 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】句意：史蒂芬·霍金作为科学家而闻名，他为世界做出了巨大的贡献，他逝世于2018年3月14日。空一，根据 a scientist ，可知是作为……而出名，be famous as；空二，具体到某一天，使用介词on。故选C。 【点评】此题考查固定短语和介词用法。 2．—Is there ________ in today's morning news on CCTV-1? —Yes, France Team beat Korea Team by 4: 0 in the 8`h FIFA Women's World Cup in France ________ June 8, 2019. A. anything special; on B. something special; in C. special something; on D. anything special; in 【答案】 A 【解析】【分析】句意：——在央视一今日新闻里有特殊的事情吗？——是的。法国队在2019年6月8日的法国第八届女子足球世界杯中以4:比0的成绩击败了韩国队。复合不定代词+形容词，排除B、C。问句是一般疑问句，所以用anything；on+几月几日，June 8 是几月几日，具体日期，所以用on，故选A。 【点评】考查复合不定代词及介词用法，注意平时识记，理解句意。 3．If the singer to Zigong September 20th, please call me. A. will get; on B. gets; on C. gets; in 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】句意：如果这个歌手在9月20号来自贡的话，请给我打电话。本题考查动词时态及介词。if 引导的条件状语，时态要遵从主将从现，从句的主语是第三人称单数，谓语动词用第三人称单数；表示具体某一天用介词on，故选B。 【点评】此题考查一般现在时和介词用法。注意if引导的条件状语从句的时态。 4．—Shall I help you ________ the street, Grandpa? —No, thanks. I can manage it myself. A. on B. with C. across D. along 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】句意：——爷爷，我可以帮助你过马路吗？——不用，谢谢。我自己就行。on在……上；with和……一起；across 横跨；along沿着，根据上下文的联系可知此处是帮助爷爷过马路，故选C。 【点评】考查介词。掌握介词的使用规律，根据语境确定所使用的介词。
介词with的用法大全 With是个介词，基本的意思是“用”，但它也可以协助构成一个极为多采多姿的句型，在句子中起两种作用；副词与形容词。 with在下列结构中起副词作用： 1.“with+宾语+现在分词或短语”，如： (1) This article deals with common social ills, with particular attention being paid to vandalism. 2.“with+宾语+过去分词或短语”，如： (2) With different techniques used, different results can be obtained. (3) The TV mechanic entered the factory with tools carried in both hands. 3.“with+宾语+形容词或短语”，如： (4) With so much water vapour present in the room, some iron-made utensils have become rusty easily. (5) Every night, Helen sleeps with all the windows open. 4.“with+宾语＋介词短语”，如： (6) With the school badge on his shirt, he looks all the more serious. (7) With the security guard near the gate no bad character could do any thing illegal. 5.“with+宾语＋副词虚词”，如： (8) You cannot leave the machine there with electric power on. (9) How can you lock the door with your guests in? 上面五种“with”结构的副词功能，相当普遍，尤其是在科技英语中。 接着谈“with”结构的形容词功能，有下列五种： 一、“with+宾语+现在分词或短语”，如： (10) The body with a constant force acting on it. moves at constant pace. (11) Can you see the huge box with a long handle attaching to it ? 二、“with+宾语+过去分词或短语” (12) Throw away the container with its cover sealed. (13) Atoms with the outer layer filled with electrons do not form compounds. 三、“with+宾语+形容词或短语”，如： (14) Put the documents in the filing container with all the drawers open.
【英语】英语介词练习题及解析 一、初中英语介词 1．The earth goes _____ the sun. A. around B. through C. between D. across 【答案】A 【解析】【分析】句意：地球绕着太阳转。A. around围绕、环绕；B. through穿过，表示从事物内部穿过；C. between在…两者之间；D. across横穿，表示从事物外部一边到另一边。根据句意“地球绕着太阳转。”go around表示绕着......转，故答案为A。 【点评】考查介词辨析。掌握介词意义和一些固定搭配的用法。 2．I will go around the city of Dalian by light-rail vehicle（轻轨） subway because I haven't taken it before. A. instead of B. in the face of C. along with D. across from 【答案】 A 【解析】【分析】句意：我打算不坐地铁，坐轻轨车参观大连，因为我以前从没有坐过。 A.而不是； B.面对； C.和……一起； D.在……对面。因为原来没有坐过轻轨，所以这里是坐轻轨而不是坐地铁，故答案是A。 【点评】考查短语辨析，注意识记短语instead of的意思。 3．Humans can not make progress dreams. A. with B. without C. through D. about 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】句意：没有了梦想，人类就不会进步。A.带着，有；B.没有；C.通过；D.关于。梦想是人类前进的动力，根据Humans can not make progress，可知人类不会进步，是因为没有梦想，应会使用介词without，故答案是B。 【点评】考查近词辨析，注意识记介词without的用法。 4．—Is that your headmaster? —You mean the man ________ blue? A. on B. with C. in 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】句意：——那是你的校长吗？——你是指穿着蓝色衣服的男士吗？固定搭配，in+颜色，穿着……颜色衣服的人，A 在……上面，B 和……，表伴随，与题意不符，故选C。 【点评】考查介词辨析，注意in+颜色的用法。 5．—Shall we stop and wait for others？ —Sounds good. I think they will catch up______ a few minutes. A. during B. after C. for D. in
介词at的基本用法： 一、at引导的时间短语通常可表示： 1.在几点几分，例如：at one o’clock(在一点钟) I usually make the bed at one o’clock.. 2.在用餐时间，例如：at lunchtime（在午餐时间） 3.在某个节日，例如：at Christmas 在圣诞节的时候 4.在某个年龄的时候，例如：at the age of 12。在12岁的时候 5.一天中的某段较短的时间，例如：at noon在中午at night在夜里 二、at也可引导地点短语，常用于小地点之前，例如： at the bus stop在汽车站at the butcher’s 在肉店里at school在学校里at home在家里 介词on的基本用法： 一、on可引导地点短语，表示“在…上面”，例如：on the table在桌子上 二、on也可引导时间短语，通常有以下用法： 1.用于“星期”和“月份”中的任何一天之前，例如：On Monday在星期一on April 1st. 2.用于某个“星期几”当天的某段时间，例如：on Monday morning在星期一上午 3.用于具体某一天之前，例如：on that day在那一天On my birthday在我的生日那天 On Christmas day在圣诞节那天 介词in的基本用法： 一、in可引导地点短语，常表示“在…里面”，例如：in the bag在袋子里 二、in引导的时间短于通常有以下用法： 1.在某个世纪，例如：in the 21st century在21世纪 2.在某一年，例如：in 1995在1995年 3.在某一个季节，例如：in spring在春季 4.在某一个月份，例如：in March在三月里 5.在某段时期，例如：in the holidays在假期里 6.在某个持续几天的节日里，例如：in Easter Week在复活周 7.在一天中的某段时间，例如：in the morning在上午（早晨）
介词“with”的用法 1、同, 与, 和, 跟 talk with a friend 与朋友谈话 learn farming with an old peasant 跟老农学习种田 fight [quarrel, argue] with sb. 跟某人打架 [争吵, 辩论] [说明表示动作的词, 表示伴随]随着, 和...同时 change with the temperature 随着温度而变化 increase with years 逐年增加 be up with the dawn 黎明即起 W-these words he left the room. 他说完这些话便离开了房间。2 2、表示使用的工具, 手段 defend the motherland with one s life 用生命保卫祖国 dig with a pick 用镐挖掘 cut meat with a knife 用刀割肉3
3、说明名词, 表示事物的附属部分或所具有的性质]具有; 带有; 加上; 包括...在内 tea with sugar 加糖的茶水 a country with a long history 历史悠久的国家4 4、表示一致]在...一边, 与...一致; 拥护, 有利于 vote with sb. 投票赞成某人 with的复合结构作独立主格,表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构： with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如： He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.他举手着站在那儿。 典型例题 The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 答案D. with +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用
小升初英语介词专项练习一．选词填空： 1．My father usually goes to work ________ (at, in, on) 8:00. 2．The party will begin ______ (at, in, on) 2:00pm. 3.We never go shopping ______ (at, in, on) the evening. 4. I get up at 7:30 _______ (at, in, on) the morning. 5.Christmas is __________ (at, in, on) December 25th. 6. What is the first lesson（课）________ (at, in, on) Tuesday? 7. Mr. Web will go to Shanghai ______ (at, in, on) Oct. 22nd. 8.He often plays football with his friends _______ (at, in, on) Sunday. 9. Children don’t go to school _______(at, in, on) New Year’s Day.二．选择题： ( ) 1. The girl usually practices the piano ____ Saturday morning. A. on B. in C. at ( ) 2. .He left home a cold winter evening. A. at B. on C. in ( ) 3. Is there a river ______ the house? A. to B. of C. in D. behind ( ) 4. They’re running _______ the playground. A. with B. in C. at ( ) 5. Can we eat _______ Guangzhou Restaurant today? A. to B. of C. at
标点符号用法 一、标点符号 标点符号：辅助文字记录语言的符号，是书面语的有机组成部分，用来表示语句的停顿、语气以及标示某些成分（主要是词语）的特定性质和作用。 句子：前后都有较大停顿、带有一定的语气和语调、表达相对完整意义的语言单位。 复句：由两个或多个在意义上有密切关系的分句组成的语言单位，包括简单复句（内部只有一层语义关系）和多重复句（内部包含多层语义关系）。 分句：复句内两个或多个前后有停顿、表达相对完整意义、不带有句末语气和语调、有的前面可添加关联词语的语言单位。 陈述句：用来说明事实的句子。 祈使句：用来要求听话人做某件事情的句子。 疑问句：用来提出问题的句子。 感叹句：用来抒发某种强烈感情的句子。 词语：词和短语（词组）。词，即最小的能独立运用的语言单位。短语，即由两个或两个以上的词按一定的语法规则组成的表达一定意义的语言单位，也叫词组。 二、分类 标点符号分为点号和标号两大类。
点号的作用是点断，主要表示说话时的停顿和语气。点号又分为句末点号和句内点号。 句末点号用在句末，表示句末停顿和句子的语气，包括句号、问号、叹号。 句内点号用在句内，表示句内各种不同性质的停顿，有逗号、顿号、分号、冒号。 标号的作用是标明，主要标示某些成分（主要是词语）的特定性质和作用。包括引号、括号、破折号、省略号、着重号、连接号、间隔号、书名号、专名号、分隔号。 （一）句号 1.用于句子末尾，表示陈述语气。使用句号主要根据语段前后有较大停顿、带有陈述语气和语调，并不取决于句子的长短。 2.有时也可表示较缓和的祈使语气和感叹语气。 请您稍等一下。 我不由地感到，这些普通劳动者也是同样值得尊敬的。 （二）问号 主要表示句子的疑问语气。形式是“？”。 1.用于句子末尾，表示疑问语气（包括反问、设问等疑问类型）。使用问号主要根据语段前后有较大停顿、带有疑问语气和语调，并不取决于句子的长短。 2.选择问句中，通常只在最后一个选项的末尾用问号，各个选项之间一般用逗号隔开。当选项较短且选项之间几乎没有停顿时，选项之间可不用逗号。当选项较多或较长，或有意突出每个选项的独立性时，也可每个选项之后都用问号。 3.问号也有标号的用法，即用于句内，表示存疑或不详。 马致远（1250？―1321）。 使用问号应以句子表示疑问语气为依据，而并不根据句子中包含有疑问词。当含有疑问词的语段充当某种句子成分，而句子并不表示疑问语气时，句末不用问号。
介词 介词不能单独作句子成分，而是用来表示名词或代词等和句中其他词的关系，通常放在名词或代词之前，构成介词短语。介词短语作为一个成分在句中可用作定语，表语，状语等。When shall we have the talk on the history of the Party我们何时听党史报告（定语）His elder brother is in the army.他的哥哥在部队。（表语） I went to school at half past seven yesterday.昨天我7：30 上学。（状语） 《 Will you please come along with me跟我一起走好吗（状语） ※同一个汉语词可以译成不同的英语介词。例如： 一幢石头的房子 a house of stone 这个房间的钥匙 the key to this room 明天的票 the ticket for tomorrow 《 （一）About 1．表示地点：在。。。周围；在。。。附近 We took the foreign guests about the campus. 我们带领外宾在校园里各处看看。 2．表示时间：大约。。。；近于。。。时刻前后We left there about six o’clock 我大约在六点左右离开那个地方。 3．表示客体关系：对于；关于；有关。例如：1) I must see him, I’ve heard so much about him 我必须要见他，我听到很多关于他的事情。2) What do you know about China 关于中国你知道些啥 （二）Above 表示位置，职位，数量，年龄等：在。。。上方；在。。。之上；超过。。。 1) Henry’s work is well above the average.亨利的功课大大超过一般水平。 2) A bird is flying above the woods. 一只鸟在树林上飞。 3) The portrait is above the blackboard.一幅肖像挂在黑板的上方。 4) It weighs above five tons. 这东西有5 吨多重。 （三）Across 1．表动作方向/位置：横过；穿过。（在表面）1）The boy helped the old lady across the street. 男孩扶老大娘穿过马路。2) The tree had fallen down across the railway line.树倒啦，横在铁路上。 2．表示地点：在对面；在。。。的另一边。 1）The church is across the river. 教堂在河的对面。 （四）After 1.表示时间或位置：在。。。之后。 1）Please line up one after another. 请一个挨一个排好对。 He goes on working day after day ,week after week without any change. 他继续日复一日地工作，没有丝毫改变。Shut the door after you. 随手关门！ 2．引伸意义：仿照；按照。 Please make sentences after the model. 请照示例造句。 ※（五）Against 1．表示位置：依着；紧靠；撞击；碰着。 1) He rested his bike against the wall.他把自行车靠在墙上。 2) The rain was beating against the windows. 雨敲打着窗户。 2．引伸意义：反对；禁止。 1）Are you for it or against it 你是赞成还是反对 2) Is there a law in this country against spitting right and left 你们国家有没有反对随地吐痰的规定