Chapter 1 Language
1.Define the Following Terms.
1).discreteness 2).design feature
3).arbitrariness 4).duality
5).displacement 6).cultural transmission
7).the imaginative function of language
8).the personal function of language
9).the heuristic function 10).languag
11).interchangeability 12).productivity
13).symbol
2.Multiple Choice.
1).Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?
A.tree
B.crash
C.typewriter
D.bang
2).The functiong of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degree Centigrade” is________.
A.interrogative
B.directive
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ef2877647.html,rmative
D.performative
3).In Chinese when someone breaks a bowel or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which function does it perform?
A.Interpersonal
B.Emotive
C.Performative
D.Recreational
4).Which of the following properties of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?
A.Interchangeability
B.Duality
C.Displacement
D.Arbitrariness
5).Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language ?
---A nice day, isn’t it?
---Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.
A.E motive
B.Phatic
C.Peformative
D.Interpersonal
6).Unlike animal communication system. Human language is_________.
A.stimulus free
B.stimulus bound
C.under immediate stimulus control
D.stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest
7).Which of the following is the most important function of language?
A.Interpersonal function
B.Performative function
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ef2877647.html,rmative function
D.Recreational function
8).In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal “狗”, this shows the nature of_______of human language.
A.arbitrariness
B.cultural transmission
C.displacement
D.discreteness
9).Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics?
A.statistics
B.psycholinguistics
C.physics
D.philosophy
10)._______has been widely accepted as the father of modern linfuistics.
A.Chomsky
B.Saussure
C.Bloomfield
D.John Lyons
3.Word Completion.
1).Design features,a framework proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett, refer to the______properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication .
2)._______refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct.For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when those sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather then the other is meaningful.
3).In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed _p_________ or _c__________.
4).Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about language itself. This function is_m____function.
5).Cultural transmission refers to the fact that language is _c_____ transmitted. It is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by i___.
6).One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of _____ over writing.
7).The ________function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge about the world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on.
8).The________function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phatic communion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologist Bronoslaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atomosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts.
9).Language is a system of arbitrary_______ symbols used
for human communication.
10)Language has two levels. They are ______level and ________level.
11).Language is a _______ because every language consists of a set of rules which underlie people’s actual speech and writing.
12)The _______ function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once they happen.
13).The design features of language are________,_______, ________,_________,_______,_______, and__________.
14).By saying “language in arbitrary”, we mean that there is no logical connection between meaning and ________.
15).The four principles in the linguistic study are _______, __________,__________,and___________.
16).A symbol consists of two parts: a concrete _______and the _______ which it conveys.
17).By saying language is ______we mean we can’t give a sound reason why such a form is pronounced in this way rather than in that way, and why a particular meaning should be indicated by this form rather than by that form. 18).By saying language is ________ we mean that every language contains an infinite number of
sentences,which,however,are generated by a small set of rules and a finite set of words.
4.True or False Questions.
1).The relation between form and meaning in human language is natural.
2).When language is used to get information from others, it serves an informative function.
3).The reason for French to use “cheval” and for English to use “horse” to refer to the same animal is inexplicable. 4).Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.
5).Language is a system arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or interact.
6).Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.
7).In theory, the length of sentences is limited.
8).The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary.
9).Linguistic symbols are a kind of visual symbols, which include vocal symbols.
10).Linguistics symbols are produced by human speech
organs.
11).Every language has two levels: grammatically meaningless and sound meaningful.
12).Such features of language as being creative, vocal, and arbitrary can differentiate human languages from animal communicative systems.
13).Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language has two levels of structures:the systemof sounds and the system of meanings.
14).Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deafmute is not language.
15).Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreign language learner, the latter is more important for us.
16)Every language contains a finite number of sentences; however, it has an infinite set of words and a large set of rules, so language is creative.
17).Language is primarily speech, and not the written form.
18).Change is not natural for living languages and such a change is a sign of corruption and decay.
19).According to Chomsky, langue refers to the system of a langue.
20).Every language two levels: grammatically- meaningless and sound-meaningful.
5.Glossary Translation.
1).personal function 2).heauristic function
3).ideational function 4).interchangeability
5).控制功能6).表现功能
7).文化传递性8).分离性
9).区别性特征10).不受时空限制的属性11).interactional function 12).instrumentational function 13).imaginative function 14).寒暄功能
15).元语言功能16).personal function
17).performative function 18).娱乐功能
19).信息功能20).人际功能
6.Answer the Following Questions.
1).What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.
2).Explain what the term “duality”means as it is used to describe a property of human language.
3).Is language productive or not? Why?
4).What is language?
5).What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of them with wxamples.
6).Why do we say language is a system?
7).According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of children’s language? And what are the three functional components of adult language?
Answers:
1.Define the Following Terms.
1).discreteness
Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when those sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the rather is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pad and bad leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ in English. Each sound in the language is thought of as discrete. It is possible to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the sounds /p/ and /b/. 2).design features
Design features refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are discreteness, arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability.
3).arbitrariness
Arbitrariness means that there is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely arbitrary, because there are cases where there are or at least seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo words, like “bang”, “crash”, “roar”, which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds are not entirely arbitrary either. For instance, “snow”and “storm”are arbitrary or unmotivated words, while “snowstorm” is less so. So we can say “arbitrariness”is a matter of degree.
4).duality
Linguists refer “duality”of structure to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is
analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhuanglin et al. ,language is a system of two sets of structure, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language.
A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of semantic units(words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (For example, we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!) Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honor. 5) displacement
Displacement, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past ,of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. People can use language to describe
something that had occurred, is occurring, or is to occur. But a dog could not bark for a bone to be lost. The bee’s system has a small share of “displacement”, but it is an unspeakable tiny share.
6).cultural transmission
Cultural transmission refers to the fact that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings (N.Chomsky called it “language acquisition device”, or LAD) has a geneticbasis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one rather than a genetic one like the dog’s barking system. If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The wolf-child reared by the wolves turned out to speak the wolf’s roaring “tongue” when he was saved. And it was difficult for him to acquire human language.
7)the imaginative function of language
The imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary words, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. It is also
language used for sheer joy of using language, such as a baby’s babbling, a chanter’s chanting, a poet’s pleasuring.
8).the personal function of language
The personal function refers to language used to express the individual’s feelings, emotions and personality.
9).the heuristic function of language
The heuristic function refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding of the world. The heuristic function provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Language allows people to ask questions about the nature of the world they live in and to construct possible answers.
10)language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
11).interchangeability
Interchangeability means that any human being can be both
a producer and a receive of language.
12)produductivity
Productivity refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in their native language, including sentences they
have never heard before.
13).symbol
Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, or sound that represents something else by association or conversation.
2.Multiple Choice.
1)—5) A C C C B 6)---10) A C A B B
3.Word Completion.
1).defining 2).Discreteness
3).productivity or creativity 4).metalingual
5).culturally,instintic/inheritance 6).speech
7).representational 8).interactional
9).vocal 10).gramatically meaningful,sound meaningless 11).system 12).regulatory
13).arbitrariness,duality,productivity,cultural transmission,interchangeability,discreteness,displacement
14).sound
15).exhaustiveness,economy,objectivity,consistency
16)object or form,meaning or idea 17).vocal
18).creative
4.True or False Questions.
1)—5) F F T F F 6)—10) F F T F T
11)—15) F F T F T
5.Glossary Translation.
1).personal function:人际功能
2).heauristic function:启发概念
3).ideational function:概念功能
4).interchangeability:互换性
5).控制功能:regulatory function
6).表现功能:representational function
7).文化传递性:cultural transmission
8).分离性:discreteness
9).区别性特征:design features
10).不受时空限制的特征:displacement
11).interactional function:互动功能
12).instrumentational function:工具功能
13).imagitative function:想象功能
14).寒暄功能:phatic function
15).元语言功能:metalingual function or metafunction of language
16).personal function:自指性功能
17)performative function:表达功能
18).娱乐功能:recreational function
19).信息功能:informative function
20).人际功能:interpersonal function
6.Answer the Following Questions. 1).What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.
According to Wang Gang(1988:11), the functions of language can be mainly embodied in three aspects.
i)Language is a tool of human communication; ii)Language is a tool whereby people learn about the world; iii)Language is a tool by which people create art.
As a matter of fact, different linguists have different terms for the various functions of language. The British linguist M.A.K Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:
A. Instrumental
The instrumental function of language refers to the fact that language allows speakers to get things done. It allows them to control things in the environment. People can cause things to be done and to happen through the use of words alone. An immediate contrast here is with the animal world in which sounds are hardly used in this way, and, when they are, they are used in an extremely limited degree. The instrumental function can be primitive too in human
interaction. Performative utterances such as the words which name a ship at a lunching ceremony clearly have instrumental functions if the right circumstances exist; they are acts, e.g. I name this ship Liberty Bell.
B. Regulatory
The regulatory function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once they happen. Those events may involve the self as well as others. People do try to control themselves through language, e.g. Why did I say that? / Steady! / And Let me think about that again. Language helps to regulate encounters among people. Language provides devices for regulating specific kinds of encounters and contains words for approving or disapproving and for controlling or disrupting the behavior of others. It allows us to establish complex patterns of organization in order to try to regulate behavior, from game playing to political organization, from answering the telephone to addressing in foreign affairs. It is the regulatory function of language that allows people some measure of getting control over events that occur in their lives.
C. Representational
The representational function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge about the world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on. This function of language is represented by all kinds of record-keeping, such as historical records, geographical surveys, business accounts, scientific reports, government acts, and public data banks. It is an essential domain of language use, for the availability of this material guarantees the knowledge-base of subsequent generations, which is a prerequisite of social development.
D. Interactional
The interactional function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phatic communion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the an thro pologist Bronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts. A greeting such as “How are you?”is relatively empty of content, and answers like “Fine”or “V ery well”, “Thank you”are equally empty, because the speaker is not interested in the hearer’s health, but rather to demonstrate his politeness and general attitude
toward the other person when he gives a conversational greeting.
E.Personal
The personal function refers to language used to express the individual’s feelings, emotions and personality. A person’s individuality is usually characterized by his or her use of personal function of communication. Each individual has a “voice” in what happens to him. He is free to speak or not to speak, to say, as much or as little as he pleases, and to choose how to say what he says. The use of language can tell the listener or reader a great deal about the speaker or writer—in particular, about his regional origin, social background, level of education, occupation, age, sex, and personality.
Language also provides the individual with a means to express feelings, whether outright in the form of exclamations, endorsements, or curse, or much more subtly through a careful choice of words. Many social situations display language used to foster a sense of identity: the shouting of a crowd at a football match, the shouting of names or slogans at public meetings, the reactions of the audience to television game shows, the shouts of
affirmation at some religious meetings. For example, the crowds attending President Regan’s pre-election meetings in 1984 repeatedly shouted “Four more years!”which united among those who shared the same political views. F.Heuristic
The heuristic function refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding of the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Insofar as the inquiry into language itself, a necessary result is the creation of a metalanguage, i.e. a language used to refer to language, containing terms such as sound, syllable, word, structure, sentence, meaning and so on.
G.Imaginative
The imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether those are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. The imaginative function also allows people to consider not just the real world but all possible worlds—and many impossible ones. Much literature is the most obvious example to serve this function as an account of Robinson
9 B Chapter 1 一、基础篇 1.单词 1．review 动词:复习----revision 名词:复习 2.write 动词:写----writer 名词:作家 3.pollute 动词:污染,弄脏----pollution 名词: 污染 4.chemical 形容词: 化学的----chemistry 名词:化学 5.Britain 名词:不列颠,英国----British 名词:英国人; 形容词:英国的 6.save 动词:搭救;节省;储蓄----safe 形容词:安全的; 名词:保险柜----safety 名词:安全 ----safely 副词:安全地;平安地 7.mean 动词:意味着----meaning 名词: 含义, 意思 8.drive (drove—driven) 动词:驾驶;驱赶----driver 名词: 驾驶员,司机 9.Africa 名词:非洲----African 形容词: 非洲的; 名词: 非洲人 10.heat 名词: 热度;热量; 动词: 加热----hot 形容词:热的 11.suggest 动词建议——suggestion 名词建议 12.cover 动词，覆盖；名词封面——discover 动词，发现 13．bad 形容词，坏的——worse 比较级 14．danger 名词，危险——dangerous 形容词危险的 （二）词组 1.tell sb to do sth., 告诉某人做某事tell sb not to do sth告诉某人别做某事 2.become green (连系动词+形容词) 3. a piece of +不可数名词 4.talk to sb about sth和某人谈论谋事 https://www.doczj.com/doc/ef2877647.html,e from/be from 来自 6.protect …from…保护…免受… 7.in danger 处于危险中 8.act like look like sound like (like像, 介词) 9.keep …from….使…不做… 10.as…as…和…一样, not as(so)…as和…不一样 11.such as 例如 12.rise升起,上升;起立(不及物) raise 举起;使升高;饲养;抚养;筹钱(及物) 13.cut down 砍倒 14.take in 吸入,吸收 15.as well as 和 16.throw away 扔掉, throw it away (let out, pick up, work out, give up) 17.what to do with the rubbish 怎么处置垃圾 18.either 也（用于否定句的句末） 19.reach, get to, arrive in/at 到达 20.spend…on…在…上花费(钱/时间) 21.wear –wore—worn 穿,戴, put on 穿;戴上;上演 22.allow…to do…允许…做… 23.ask for reasons (询问理由), give reasons (给出理由) 24.because+句子, because of +名词或名词短语或代词
电力技术监督工作总结 电力技术需要高超，也需要注意安全。这安全就需要有人来监督。下面就是给大家整理的电力技术监督工作总结，希望大家喜欢。 一、*年技术监督工作开展情况 1、扎实做好技术监督常规工作 完成高电压、继电保护、励磁和电能质量等专业监督的日常管理工作;组织进行了高电压、继电保护、电能质量、无功电压、防污闪和防雷等专业检查;组织召开了发供电高电压、继电保护、电缆、励磁、电能质量/无功电压等专业技术监督年会，配电线路带电作业专业会议，输电线路工作会议。针对线路舞动、淄潍线高压并联电抗色谱异常等问题，下发了15份监督通知单。编辑出版《山东电力技术监督》月报12期。 2、完善技术监督标准体系建设 按照三年一改、每年补充的原则，组织专业人员修订了*年度反事故技术措施。编写完成了集团公司《配电线路带电作业管理规定》、《配电线路带电作业操作规程》、《配电带电作业人员设置意见》等管理制度;参与完成《山东电网智能变电站全过程管理规定》、《山东电网继电保护状态检修导则》、《山东电网发电厂整定计算管理办法》、《山东电网发电厂整定计算范本》以及《山东电网继电保护配置原则》。 3、做好现场设备技术支持工作
*年*月**日和*月**日，山东电网连续发生两次大面积线路舞动。组织有关专业人员及时赶赴现场进行调查、分析，收集第一手资料，编写完成输电线路舞动分析报告，绘制完成山东电网输电线路舞动分布图，成为国网公司首批试点单位。深入研究相间间隔棒连接工艺，在淄潍线、光寿双线等500kV线路首次应用相间间隔棒，取得良好效果。进行了500kV济长II线等多起输电线路跳闸原因的现场分析; 对济南供电公司110kV新河变电站10kV新华线过流引发短路跳闸故 障进行了分析，并提出了整改措施。 完成500kV站淄潍线高抗、500kV郓城站#3主变、220kV接庄 站#1主变色谱分析异常跟踪处理;处理了华电滕州新源#2主变事故、华能临沂#5高厂变故障、华能嘉祥#2主变套管、大唐黄岛#6主变升高座过热、潍坊供电公司弥南站#2主变铁心接地、华电邹县电厂#7C 主变套管过热等缺陷。 完成了500kV昆嵛站5053开关异音、济南南郊站202开关异音缺陷处理;完成6台新东北电气(沈阳)高压开关有限公司产220kVGIS 伸缩节与母线对接处频繁漏气原因分析及处理;完成北京电力设备总 厂生产的避雷器家族性缺陷排查工作;进行了唐田站、大泽站GIS故 障分析和沈泉站刀闸缺陷分析处理等。 严格落实和执行集团公司《关于加强新投产GIS耐压试验的通知》要求，完成20座新投运变电站的交接耐压试验旁站监督和局放 测试工作。协助莱芜、聊城、泰安、滨州、潍坊、烟台等供电公司完
第十一章核酸的降解和核苷酸代谢 核酸的生物功能DNA、RNA 核苷酸的生物功能 ①合成核酸 ②是多种生物合成的活性中间物 糖原合成，UDP-Glc。磷脂合成，CDP-乙醇胺，CDP-二脂酰甘油。 ③生物能量的载体A TP、GTP ④腺苷酸是三种重要辅酶的组分 NAD、F AD、CoA ⑤信号分子cAMP、cGMP 食物中的核酸，经肠道酶系降解成各种核苷酸，再在相关酶作用下，分解产生嘌呤、嘧啶、核糖、脱氧核糖和磷酸，然后被吸收。 吸收到体内的嘌呤和嘧啶，大部分被分解，少部分可再利用，合成核苷酸。 人和动物所需的核酸无须直接依赖于食物，只要食物中有足够的磷酸盐，、糖和蛋白质，核酸就能在体内正常合成。 核酸的分解代谢： 第一节核酸和核苷酸的分解代谢 一、核酸的酶促降解 核酸是核苷酸以3’、5’-磷酸二酯键连成的高聚物，核酸分解代谢的第一步就是分解为核苷酸，作用于磷酸二酯键的酶称核酸酶（实质是磷酸二脂酶）。 根据对底物的专一性可分为：核糖核酸酶、脱氧核糖核酸酶、非特异性核酸酶。 根据酶的作用方式分：内切酶、外切酶。 1、核糖核酸酶 只水解RNA磷酸二酯键的酶（RNase），不同的RNase专一性不同。 牛胰核糖核酸酶（RNaseI），作用位点是嘧啶核苷-3’-磷酸与其它核苷酸间的连接键。 核糖核酸酶T1（RNaseT1），作用位点是3’-鸟苷酸与其它核苷酸的5’-OH间的键。 图 2、脱氧核糖核酸酶 只能水解DNA磷酸二酯键的酶。DNase牛胰脱氧核糖核酸酶（DNaseI）可切割双链和单链DNA。产物是以5’-磷酸为末端的寡核苷酸。
牛胰脱氧核糖核酸酶（DNase Ⅰ），降解产物为3’-磷酸为末端的寡核苷酸。 限制性核酸内切酶：细菌体内能识别并水解外源双源DNA 的核酸内切酶，产生3ˊ-OH 和5ˊ-P 。 图 Pst Ⅰ切割后，形成3ˊ-OH 单链粘性末端。 EcoR Ⅰ切割后，形成5ˊ-P 单链粘性末端。 3、 非特异性核酸酶 既可水解RNA ，又可水解DNA 磷酸二酯键的核酸酶。 小球菌核酸酶是内切酶，可作用于RNA 或变性的DNA ，产生3’-核苷酸或寡核苷酸。 蛇毒磷酸二酯酶和牛脾磷酸二脂酶属于外切酶。 蛇毒磷酸二酯酶能从RNA 或DNA 链的游离的3’-OH 逐个水解，生成5’-核苷酸。 牛脾磷酸二脂酶从游离的5’-OH 开始逐个水解，生成3’核苷酸。 二、 核苷酸的降解 1、 核苷酸酶 （磷酸单脂酶） 水解核苷酸，产生核苷和磷酸。 非特异性磷酸单酯酶：不论磷酸基在戊糖的2’、3’、5’，都能水解下来。 特异性磷酸单酯酶： 只能水解3’核苷酸或5’核苷酸（3’核苷酸酶、5’核苷酸酶） 2、 核苷酶 两种： ① 核苷磷酸化酶：广泛存在，反应可逆。 ② 核苷水解酶：主要存在于植物、微生物中，只水解核糖核苷，不可逆 三、 嘌呤碱的分解 P301 图18-2嘌呤碱的分解 首先在各种脱氨酶的作用下水解脱氨，脱氨反应可发生在嘌呤碱、核苷及核苷酸水平上。 P 299 反应式 不同种类的生物分解嘌呤碱的能力不同，因此，终产物也不同。 排尿酸动物：灵长类、鸟类、昆虫、排尿酸爬虫类
质量技术监督工作总结 破空排难真抓实干 努力开创质监工作新局面 （xx年12月13日） 一、xx年主要工作情况 回顾一年来的工作，主要取得了以下四个方面的成绩： （一）坚持以人为本，全面加强队伍建设，整体素质和部门形象有了新提高 以人为本是贯彻落实科学发展观的根本要求，加强队伍建设是做好质监工作的重要基础。今年，我们按照建设“学习型”、“廉洁型”部门要求，注重做到了三个强化，实现了三个提高。二是强化勤政优政，行业形象有了明显提高。今年在领导班子中开展了“五廉”活动。即：“诺廉、务廉、督廉、述廉、评廉”，班子成员向干部群众就自己的廉洁自律作出承诺，“一把手”通过媒体将承诺向全社会进行公示；在工作中，以身作则，率先垂范，模范的执行党风廉政和行风建设各项规章制度；接受民主评议、民主生活会等多种形式的监督，并以年终报告的形式进行大会述廉，接受上级组织、干部群众和社会各界的评判。“五廉”活动的开展，进一步提高了领导班子廉洁勤政的自觉性。在××市检验检测中心建设工程施工中，没有一位同志介绍自己的亲朋参与招投标，并自觉遵守乘车、住房、人员招待、通讯工具配备等各项规定。同时，注重加强对干部职工的警示教育和职业道德教育，使大家时刻保持如履薄冰、如临深渊的高度警觉，提高自律意识，筑牢廉政防线。进一步完善了“行风建设一票否决制”、“行风廉政保证金”等规章制度，并通过邀请市人大、市政协领导和各民主党派负责人来局视察，向市直部门、企业发放征求意见函，参加行风热线，公布投诉举报电话等方式，自觉接受社会各界的监督和评议。在治理“五乱”活动中，严格按照省局要求，共查处了以前发放的证、牌、匾369块，今年以来没发现有“五乱”现象发生。在市人大常委会对何远山局长进行的执法评议、市政协对全市质监工作的评议中，满意率都达到了98%以上，在被评议的领导和部门中，均位于前两位。 三是强化争先创优，队伍的活力有了明显提高。滨州虽然经济欠发达，但质监工作不能落后。为此，我们注重培养干部职工的争先创优意识，牢固树立“有第一就争，有红旗就扛”和在××要为质监部门争光、在全省质监系统要为××争光的工作理念。我们对在省局和××市组织的各项评比中取得优异成绩、为滨州市质监局争得荣誉的单位和个人，都进行大张旗鼓的表彰，并给予一定的物质奖励，有力地提高了干部职工的集体荣誉感和奋勇争先、惟旗是夺的积极性。全局形成了“比、学、赶、帮、超”的良好机制和人心齐、干劲足、事业兴的浓厚氛围。 （二）坚持贴紧中心，认真履行职能，各项业务工作迈上新台阶
审计学课堂笔记
审计总体目标: 1:对财务报表整体是否不存在由于舞弊造成错误导的重大错报获取合理保证,使得注册会计师能够对财务报表是否在所有重大方面按照适用的财务报表编制基础编制发表审计意见. 2:按照审计准则的规定,根据审计结果对财务报表出具审计报告,并与管理层和治理层沟通. 接受业务委托 是否接受或保持某客户关系和具体审计业务.应考虑:客户诚信,是否具备执行审计业务所必须的素质,专业胜任能力,时间和资源,能否遵守职业道德要求. 主要工作:了解和评价审计对象的可审性;决策是否考虑接受委托;商定业务约定条款;签订审计业务的约定书等. 计划审计工作 在本期审计业务开始时开展的初步业务活动；制定总体审计决策；制定具体审计计划等；计划审计工作不是审计业务的一个独立阶段，而是一个持续的、不断修正的过程，贯穿于整个审计业务的始终。 评估重大错报风险 了解被审计单位及其环境；识别和评估财务报表层次以及各类交易、账户余额、列报认定层次的重大错报风险，包括确定需要特别考虑的重大的错报风险即特别风险，以及仅通过实质性程序无法应对的重大错报风险等。
风险应对：实施控制测试和实质性程序。实施进一步审计程序，包括实施控制测试和实质性程序。 完成审计工作和编制审计报告 根据所获取的各种证据，合理运用专业判断，形成适当的审计意见。 审计过程中修改重要性 修改的情况:审计过程中情况发生重大变化;获取新信息；通过实施进一步审计程序，注册会计师对被审计单位及其经营所了解的情况发生变化。 总体审计策略用以确定审计范围、时间安排和方向，并指导具体审计计划的制定。内容：审计范围；报告目标、时间安排以及所需要沟通的性质；审计方向；审计资源配置。 具体审计计划 错报的汇总数=已经识别的具体错报+推断错报=事实错报+判断错报+抽样推断错报 事实错报：毋庸置疑的错报；判断错报：由于注册会计师认为管理层对会计估计作出不合理的判断或不恰当地选择和运用会计政策而导致的差异；推断错报：注册会计师对总体存在的错报作出最佳估报数，涉及根据在审计样本中识别出的错报来推断总体的错报。 审计证据的充分性：审计证据的充分性是指审计证据的数量足以将与每个重要认定相关的审计风险限制在可接受的低水平。
Chapter 11 The Points of view 热身练习： 句意解释： 1. Only the wealthy can afford to travel around the world. A. strong men B. useful people C. poor people D. rich people 2. To keep fit, we should eat more vegetables and less meat. A. good B. healthy C. wealthy D. thin 3. The government may ban an advertisement which forces children to buy things. A. forbid B. allow C. encourage D. offer 4. Advertisers earn a lot of money because of advertisements. A. lend B. make C. keep D. borrow 5. Is it illegal for children under 16 to buy cigarettes in China ? A. allowed by law B. against the law C. not polite D. not right 6. In addition, he loves playing computer games. A. What’s more B. Beside C. However D. As a result 正确形式填空： 1.traveller --travel 2. illegal非法的-- legal (反) 合法的 3. wealthy富有的e.g. a wealthy family 近义词：rich ---wealth n. 财富 4. effective adj. 有效的---effect （n. 影响v. 产生，达到目的） 5. identify 确定；认同；一致identify with sb 与某人产生共鸣、认同某人、以某人为模式 e.g. The play was so wonderful that the audience quickly identified with the actors. 6. possession n. -- possess v. 持有 7. act --- actor --actress 1.The long walk across the desert is ___________ his strength. (consume) 2.Who's in charge of the ___________ of students in this school? (manage) 3.Tree planting can __________ prevent sandstorms. (effective) 4.What do you think of the idea "little ___________ are big ones"? (spend) 5.He works in an __________ company as a vice-director. (advertise) 6.I won't go to the concert __________ because I have no money to waste. (simple) 7.Lower ____ levels make it difficult for some people to find good jobs in big cities. (educate) 8.Some educators believe children who watch many TV advertisements will become more __________ in possessions. (interest) 9.The Game is the biggest sports event for _________ People. (Asia)
管理制度编号：YTO-FS-PD647 电测技术监督实施细则通用版 In Order T o Standardize The Management Of Daily Behavior, The Activities And T asks Are Controlled By The Determined Terms, So As T o Achieve The Effect Of Safe Production And Reduce Hidden Dangers. 标准/ 权威/ 规范/ 实用 Authoritative And Practical Standards
电测技术监督实施细则通用版 使用提示：本管理制度文件可用于工作中为规范日常行为与作业运行过程的管理，通过对确定的条款对活动和任务实施控制,使活动和任务在受控状态，从而达到安全生产和减少隐患的效果。文件下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用。 1 总则 电测技术监督工作是保证电力系统安全、可靠、稳定、经济运行的重要手段，本细则依据20xx年国家电网公司《国家电网公司电测技术监督规定（试行）》，结合山西省电力行业技术监督办公室的相关要求和公司的具体情况制定。 2 监督的机构与职责 2.1 电测技术监督工作接受山西省电力行业技术监督办公室的指导和监督，公司内部在公司技术监督办公室的直接领导下，由本专业技术监督网实施管理。本网监督工作由监督组组长统一负责。 2.2 监督组组长的职责： 2.2.1 贯彻国家、行业相关的方针政策、规程制度、标准条例。 2.2.2及时完善公司电测监督网，规范监督网各级人员工作行为，负责与上级管理部门的工作联系。 2.2.3 参加电气设备事故的分析与调查，提出反事故措
一．概论 Chapter 1. Introducing SLA 1.Second language acquisition (SLA) 2.Second language (L2) （也可能是第三四五外语） also commonly called a target language (TL) 3.Basic questions: 1). What exactly does the L2 learner come to know? 2). How does the learner acquire this knowledge? 3). Why are some learners more successful than others?
4. linguistic; psychological; social. Only one (x) Combine (√) Chapter 2. Foundations of SLA Ⅰ. The world of second languages 1.Multi-; bi-; mono- lingualism 1)Multilingualism: the ability to use 2 or more languages. (bilingualism: 2 languages; multilingualism: >2) 2)Monolingualism: the ability to use only one language. 3)Multilingual competence (Vivian Cook, Multicompetence) Refers to: the compound state of a mind with 2 or more grammars. 4)Monolingual competence (Vivian Cook, Monocompetence) Refers to: knowledge of only one language. 2.People with multicompetence (a unique combination) ≠ 2 monolinguals World demographic shows: 3.Acquisition 4.The number of L1 and L2 speakers of different languages can only be estimated. 1)Linguistic information is often not officially collected. 2)Answers to questions seeking linguistic information may not be reliable. 3) A lack of agreement on definition of terms and on criteria for identification. Ⅱ. The nature of language learning 1.L1 acquisition
热控技术监督工作总结 一、完成的主要工作及主要指标完成情况 1．全年技术监督计划完成情况 热控技术监督项目 序号项目监督内容及要求责任单位完成情况 1 控制逻辑系统检 查、软件备份 大、小修完成热控分厂2、3、4号 机组完成 2 汽轮机电调系统、 小汽机静态仿真 试验 大、小修完成；热控分厂2、3、4号 机组完成 3 控制系统电源检 查、接地电阻测试 大、小修完成；电气分 厂负责接地电阻测试， 热控分厂负责数据存档 热控分厂 电气分厂 2、3、4号 机组完成 4 自动系统扰动试 验 机组修后2周内完成； 发电分厂配合、热分厂 控负责数据存档 热控分厂 发电分厂 2、3、4号 机组完成 5 热工保护联锁定 值检查整定 大、小修完成；热控分 厂负责数据存档 热控分厂2、3、4号 机组完成 6 ETS系统静态试 验 大、小修完成；热控分 厂负责数据存档 热控分厂2、3、4号 机组完成 7 BMS系统锅炉主 保护静态试验 大、小修完成；热控分 厂负责数据存档 热控分厂2、3、4号 机组完成 8 SCS系统静态试 验 大、小修完成；热控分 厂负责数据存档 热控分厂2、3、4号 机组完成 9 汽包水位保护，炉 膛压力保护实际 传动试验 大、小修临检机组启动 前完成；发电分厂负责 试验，热控分厂配合 热控分厂 发电分厂 2、3、4号 机组完成 10 燃油系统检漏试 验 大、小修机组启动前完 成；发电分厂负责试验， 热控配合 热控分厂 发电分厂 2、3、4号 机组完成 11 一次风机、送风机 两侧动叶协调性 能试验整定 大、小修完成；锅炉分 厂负责液压油系统，热 控分厂负责执行器，发 热控分厂 锅炉分厂 发电分厂 2、3、4号 机组完成
Chapter1 speakinginpublic People throughout history have used public speaking as a vital means of communication and empowerment. Because you will live the rest of your life in a globalized world, the need for English public speaking will almost surely touch you at some time. To be successful giving speeches in English, you need to be culturally competent communicator. You must show respect for the cultural values and expectations of the people who come to hear you. This dose not mean that you have to devalue your own culture. There is no inherent conflict between being a competent English public speaker and being fully Chinese. Because public speaking involves the use of English as a working language, it requires critical thinking skills. Critical thinking helps you organize your ideas, spot weaknesses in other people’s reasoning, and avoid them in your own. There are many similarities between public speaking and conversation, but there are also important differences. First, public speaking requires more detailed preparation than ordinary conversation. Second, it requires more formal language. Third, it demands that speakers adjust their voices to the larger audience and work at avoiding distracting physical mannerisms and verbal habits. The speech communication process includes seven elements: speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference, and situation. The interaction of these elements determines the outcome of any public speech. Chapter2 speakingconfidentlyandethically stage fright is an issue for public speakers in all countries. Rather than trying to eliminate every trace of stage fright, you should try to transform it into positive energy. To some extent, this will happen naturally as you gain experience as a speaker, but you should also think positively, prepare thoroughly, visualize yourself giving a successful speech, remember that most nervousness is not visible to the audience, and think of your speech as communication rather than as a performance in which you must do everything perfectly Because public speaking is a form of power, it carries with it heavy ethical responsibili ties. There are four basic guidelines for ethical speechmaking. The first is to make sure your goals are ethically sound. The second is to be fully prepared for each speech. The third is to be honest in what you say. The fourth is to put ethical principles into practice at all times Of all the ethical lapses a speaker can commit, few are more serious than plagiarism lobal plagiarism is lifting a speech entirely from a single source. Patchwork plagiarism involves cutting and pasting a speech from a limited number of sources. Incremental pla giarism occurs when a speaker fails to give credit for specific quotations and paraphrases that are borrowed from other people Because it is so easy to copy information from the Internet, it poses special challenges with regard to plagiarism. If you don't cite Internet sources, you are just as guilty of plagia- rism as if you take information from print sources without proper citation. As you research your speeches, be sure to take accurate notes of the Internet sources you use so you can identify them in your speech Chapter3 giving your first speech One of your first assignments will be to present an introductory speech, either a speech of self-introduction or a speech introducing a classmate. Focus the speech on a limited number of ideas and be creative in developing them. Use interesting supporting materials and present them in colorful, descriptive language. When organizing the speech, make sure you have a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. Most introductory speeches fall naturally into chronological or topical order. Using clear transitions will help your audience follow you from point to point. Although you will write a complete manuscript or outline of your speech when preparing it, you should deliver it extemporaneously. This means you have rehearsed fully and can present your talk from a brief set of speaking notes. Concentrate on establishing eye contact with the audience and on speaking in a dynamic, engaged tonof voice Chapter4 selecting a topic and purpose The first step in speechmaking is choosing a topic. If you have trouble picking a topic, you can use clustering, a personal inventory, or an Internet search to come up with something that is right for you. The general purpose of your speech will usually be to inform or to persuade. When your general purpose is to inform, your goal is to communicate information clearly, accurately, and interestingly. When your general purpose is to persuade, your goal is to win listeners over to your point of view Once you know your topic and general purpose, you must focus on a specific purpose statement that indicates precisely what your speech seeks to achieve. The specific purpose statement should (1) be a full infinitive phrase; (2) be worded as a statement, not a question:(3) avoid figurative language;(4) not be vague or general; (5) be appropriate for your audience; and(6) be achievable in the allotted time. The central idea is a concise statement of what you will say in your speech, and it usually crystallizes in your thinking after you have done your research and have decided on the main points. In most cases, it encapsulates the main points in a single declarative
I.运算符重载 1.运算符重载简介 ●定义：运算符重载，就是对已有的运算符重新进行定义，赋予其另一种功能， 以适应不同的数据类型。 ●性质：一种形式的C++多态 ●作用：允许将标准C++运算符作用于类对象 （注释：C++中的运算符已经被重载过，如：“*”——用于地址得到存储与该地 址中的值——用于两个数字表示乘积） ●举例：数组相加 不重载（逐个相加）：for(inti = 0; i<= 20; i++) evening[i] = sam[i] +janet[i]; 重载（相加）：evening = sam + janet; ●格式：operator op( argument-list) ?Time示例 ◆Time源代码 求和功能：sum函数 Time Time::Sum(const Time & t) const { Time sum; sum.minutes = minutes + t.minutes; sum.hours = hours + t.hours + sum.minutes / 60; sum.minutes %= 60; return sum; } Main函数中： Total = coding.Sum(fixing);
◆添加加法运算符 在类中添加：Timeoperator+(const Time & t) const; 在函数的实现中添加： Time Time::operator+(const Time & t) const//返回类型为Time类 { Time sum；//定义一个Time类型的对象 sum.minutes = minutes + t.minutes; sum.hours = hours + t.hours + sum.minutes / 60; sum.minutes %= 60; return sum; } 在主函数中：两Time类相加由原来的调用sum函数变为直接使用“+”运算符 total = coding + fixing; ◆重载限制 可重载的运算符： 重载的限制
文件编号：TP-AR-L6896 There Are Certain Management Mechanisms And Methods In The Management Of Organizations, And The Provisions Are Binding On The Personnel Within The Jurisdiction, Which Should Be Observed By Each Party. （示范文本） 编制：_______________ 审核：_______________ 单位：_______________ 电测技术监督实施细则 正式样本
电测技术监督实施细则正式样本 使用注意：该管理制度资料可用在组织/机构/单位管理上，形成一定的管理机制和管理原则、管理方法以及管理机构设置的规范，条款对管辖范围内人员具有约束力需各自遵守。材料内容可根据实际情况作相应修改，请在使用时认真阅读。 1 总则 电测技术监督工作是保证电力系统安全、可靠、稳定、经济运行的重要手段，本细则依据20xx年国家电网公司《国家电网公司电测技术监督规定（试行）》，结合山西省电力行业技术监督办公室的相关要求和公司的具体情况制定。 2 监督的机构与职责 2.1 电测技术监督工作接受山西省电力行业技术监督办公室的指导和监督，公司内部在公司技术监督办公室的直接领导下，由本专业技术监督网实施管理。本网监督工作由监督组组长统一负责。
2.2 监督组组长的职责： 2.2.1 贯彻国家、行业相关的方针政策、规程制度、标准条例。 2.2.2及时完善公司电测监督网，规范监督网各级人员工作行为，负责与上级管理部门的工作联系。 2.2.3 参加电气设备事故的分析与调查，提出反事故措施及处理意见，参加有关重大技术措施与技术改造方案的制订和审查。 2.2.4 开展技术革新，组织技术培训。 2.2.5 每半年组织召开监督工作总结分析会议，审核监督工作计划、总结和报告，对监督工作提出考核奖励。 2.3 公司监督专责人的职责： 2.3.1在电测监督组组长的领导下，认真执行国家、行业和企业的电测监督制度，展开督促监督的日
第一章 1、什么是数据库？ 答：数据库是按照一定的数据模型组织的、长期存储在计算机内，可为多个用户共享的、由数据库管理系统统一管理和控制的数据的集合。 2、什么是数据独立性？数据库系统如何实现数据独立性？ 答：数据独立性是指应用程序和数据之间相互独立、互不影响，及数据结构的修改不会引起应用程序的修。数据独立性包括物理独立性和逻辑独立性。物理独立性是指数据库物理结构的变化时不必修改现有的应用程序。逻辑独立性是指数据库逻辑结构变化时不需要改变应用程序。数据独立性是由DBMS的三级模式和二级映像来实现的。数据库系统通常采用外模式、模式和内模式三级结构，数据库管理系统在这三级模式之间提供了外模式/模式和模式/内模式两层映像。当整个系统要求改变模式时，由DBMS对各个外模式/模式映像作相应的修改，使外模式保持不变，从而使基于外模式的应用程序保持不变，从而保证了数据的逻辑独立性。当数据的存储结构改变时，由DBMS对模式/内模式映像进行修改，可以使模式保持不变，从而使应用程序也不必改变，保证了数据的物理独立性。 3、简述数据库管理员的职责； 答：模式定义：DBA通过用DDL书写的一系列定义来创造最初的数据库模式。存储结构机存取方式定义；模式及物理组织的修改：由DBA对模式及物理组织进行修改，以反映组织的需求变化，或者为提高性能选择不同的物理组织；数据访问授权：通过授予不同的权限，DBA可以规定不同的用户各自可以访问的数据库的部分；日常维护：定期备份数据库、确保正常运转时所需的空余磁盘空间、监视数据库的运行。 4、简述数据库系统三级模式结构及其同数据独立性之间的关系。 答：为了提高数据的物理独立性和逻辑独立性，使数据库的用户观点，即用户看到的数据库，与数据库的物理方面，即实际存储的数据库区分开来，数据库系统的模式是分级的，美国数据系统语言协商会）提出模式、外模式、存储模式三级模式的概念。三级模式之间有两级映象；存储结构改变时，修改模式/内模式映象，使模式保持不变，从而应用程序可以保持不变，称为数据的物理独立性；当模式改变时，修改外模式/模式映象，使外模式保持不变，从而应用程序可以保持不变，称为数据的逻辑独立性 5、什么是DBMS？ 答：系统软件，对数据库进行统一管理和控制 6、试述ER模型、层次模型、网状模型、关系模型和面向对象模型的主要特点。答：ER模型直接表示实体类型及实体间联系，与计算机系统无关，充分反映用户的需求，用户容易理解。 层次模型的数据结构为树结构，记录之间联系通过指针实现，查询较快，但DML属于过程化的，操作复杂。 网状模型的数据结构为有向图，记录之间联系通过指针实现，查询较快，并且容易实现M:N联系，但DML属于过程化的语言，编程较复杂。