管理会计专业术语词汇A
Absorption costing A product-costing
method that assigns all manufacturing
costs to a product: direct materials,
direct labor, variable overhead, and
fixed overhead.
Absorption-costing (full-costing) income
Income computed using a
functionally-based statement. Cost of
goods sold includes all variable manufacturing
costs and a portion of
fixed factory overhead.
Accounting rate of return The rate of
return obtained by dividing the average
accounting net income by the original
investment (or by average investment).
Activity A basic unit of work performed
within an organization. It also
can be defined as an aggregation of
actions within an organization useful
to managers for purposes of planning,
controlling, and decision making.
Activity analysis The process of identifying,
describing, and evaluating the
activities an organization performs.
Activity attributes Nonfinancial and
financial information items that describe
individual activities.
Activity budgeting The process of estimating
the demand for each
activity’s output and assessing the
cost of resources required to produce
this output.
Activity capacity The number of
times an activity can be performed.
Activity dictionary A list of activities
described by specific attributes such
as name, definition, classification as
primary or secondary, and activity
driver.
Activity drivers Factors that measure
the consumption of activities by products
and other cost objects.
Activity elimination The process of eliminating nonvalue-added activities. Activity flexible budget The prediction
of what activity costs will be as
activity usage changes.
Activity inputs The resources consumed
by an activity in producing its
output (they are the factors that enable
the activity to be performed). Administrative costs All costs associated with the general administration
of the organization that cannot be reasonably assigned to either marketing
or production.
Advance pricing agreements (APAs) Agreements between the Internal Revenue Service and a taxpayer on the acceptability of a transfer price. The agreement is private and is binding
on both parties for a specified period
of time.
Aesthetics A quality attribute that is concerned with the appearance of
tangible products (for example, style
and beauty) as well as the appearance
of the facilities, equipment, personnel,
and communication materials associated with services.
Allocation Assignment of indirect
costs to cost objects.
Annuity A series of future cash flows. Applied overhead Overhead assigned
to production using predetermined
rates.
Appraisal costs Costs incurred to determine whether products and services
are conforming to requirements.
B
Balanced Scorecard (See Strategicbased responsibility accounting
system.)
Base period A prior period used to
set the benchmark for measuring productivity
changes.
Batch-level activities Activities that
are performed each time a batch is produced.
Benchmarking An approach that uses best practices as the standard for evaluating activity performance.
Best-fitting line The line that fits a set
of data points the best in the sense
that the sum of the squared deviations
of the data points from the line
is the smallest.
Binding constraints Constraints
whose resources are fully utilized.
Break-even point The point where total sales revenue equals total costs;
the point of zero profits.
Activity output The result or product
of an activity.
Activity output measure The number
of times an activity is performed. It is
the quantifiable measure of the output. Activity reduction Decreasing the time and resources required by an activity. Activity selection The process of choosing among sets of activities caused by competing strategies.
Activity sharing Increasing the efficiency of necessary activities by using economies of scale.
Activity volume variance The cost of the actual activity capacity acquired
and the capacity that should be used. Activity-based cost (ABC) system A cost system that first traces costs to activities and then traces costs from activities to products.
Activity-based costing (ABC) A cost assignment approach that first uses direct and driver tracing to assign
costs to activities and then uses drivers
to assign costs to cost objects.
Activity-based management (ABM) A systemwide, integrated approach that
focuses management’s attention on
activities with the objective of improving
customer value and the profit
achieved by providing this value. It
includes driver analysis, activity
analysis, and performance evaluation,
and draws on activity-based costing
as a major source of information.
Activity-based management (ABM)
accounting system An accounting system
that emphasizes the use of
activities for assigning and managing
costs.
Activity-based responsibility accounting
A control system defined by
centering responsibility on processes
and teams where activity performance
is measured in terms of time, quality,
and efficiency.
Actual costing An approach that assigns
actual costs of direct materials,
direct labor, and overhead to products.
Adjusted cost of goods sold The cost
of goods sold after all adjustments
for overhead variance are made.
G l o s s a r y
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68183_glossary_849-860.qxd 1/22/04 2:27 PM Page 849 Budget committee A committee responsible
for setting budgetary
policies and goals, reviewing and approving
the budget, and resolving any
differences that may arise in the budgetary
process.
Budget director The individual responsible
for coordinating and
directing the overall budgeting
process.
Budgetary slack The process of
padding the budget by overestimating
costs and underestimating revenues.
Budgets Plans of action expressed in
financial terms.
C
Capital budgeting The process of
making capital investment decisions. Capital investment decisions The process of planning, setting goals and priorities, arranging financing, and identifying criteria for making longterm investments.
Carrying costs The costs of holding inventory.
Cash budget A detailed plan that outlines all sources and uses of cash.
Causal factors Activities or variables
that invoke service costs. Generally, it
is desirable to use causal factors as
the basis for allocating service costs. Centralized decision making A system
in which decisions are made at the
top level of an organization and local managers are given the charge to implement them.
Certified Internal Auditor (CIA) A person who has passed a comprehensive examination designed to ensure
technical competence and has two years’ experience.
Certified Management Accountant (CMA) A person who has passed a rigorous qualifying examination, has
met an experience requirement, and participates in continuing education. Certified Public Accountant (CPA) A person who is permitted (by law) to
serve as an external auditor and who
must pass a national examination and
be licensed by the state in which he
or she practices.
Continuous replenishment A system where a manufacturer assumes the inventory management function for the
retailer.
Contribution margin Sales revenue minus total variable cost or price minus
unit variable cost.
Contribution margin ratio Contribution margin divided by sales revenue.
It is the proportion of each sales dollar available to cover fixed costs and
provide for profit.
Control The process of setting standards, receiving feedback on actual performance, and taking corrective
action whenever actual performance deviates significantly from planned performance.
Control activities Activities performed
by an organization to prevent or detect poor quality (because poor
quality may exist).
Control costs Costs incurred from performing control activities.
Control limits The maximum allowable deviation from a standard.
Controllable costs Costs that managers have the power to influence.
Controller The chief accounting officer; supervises all accounting departments.
Controlling The managerial activity
of monitoring a plan’s implementation
and taking corrective action as
needed.
Conversion cost The sum of direct labor cost and overhead cost.
Core objectives and measures Those objectives and measures common to
most organizations.
Cost The cash or cash equivalent
value sacrificed for goods and services
that are expected to bring a current
or future benefit to the organization.
Cost assignment The process of associating the costs, once measured, with
the units produced.
Cost behavior The way in which a
cost changes in relation to changes in activity usage.
Cost center A division of a company
that is evaluated on the basis of cost. Coefficient of correlation The square
root of the coefficient of determination, which is used to express not
only the degree of correlation between
two variables but also the
direction of the relationship.
Coefficient of determination The percentage of total variability in a
dependent variable (e.g., cost) that is explained by an independent variable
(e.g., activity level). It assumes a
value between 0 and 1.
Committed fixed expenses Expenses incurred for the acquisition of longterm activity capacity, usually as the
result of strategic planning.
Committed resources Resources that
are purchased in advance of usage.
These resources may or may not have unused (excess) capacity.
Common costs The costs of resources
used in the output of two or more
services or products.
Common fixed expenses Fixed expenses that cannot be directly traced
to individual segments and that are unaffected by the elimination of any
one segment.
Comparable uncontrolled price
method The transfer price most preferred
by the Internal Revenue Service
under Section 482. The comparable uncontrolled price is essentially equal
to the market price.
Compounding of interest Paying interest
on interest.
Constraint set The collection of all constraints that pertain to a particular optimization problem.
Constraints Mathematical expressions
that express resource limitations. Consumption ratio The proportion of
会计专业专业术语中英文对照 一、会计与会计理论 会计 accounting 决策人 Decision Maker 投资人 Investor 股东 Shareholder 债权人 Creditor 财务会计 Financial Accounting 管理会计 Management Accounting 成本会计 Cost Accounting 私业会计 Private Accounting 公众会计 Public Accounting 注册会计师 CPA Certified Public Accountant 国际会计准则委员会 IASC 美国注册会计师协会 AICPA 财务会计准则委员会 FASB 管理会计协会 IMA 美国会计学会 AAA 税务稽核署 IRS 独资企业 Proprietorship 合伙人企业 Partnership 公司 Corporation
会计目标 Accounting Objectives 会计假设 Accounting Assumptions 会计要素 Accounting Elements 会计原则 Accounting Principles 会计实务过程 Accounting Procedures 财务报表 Financial Statements 财务分析Financial Analysis 会计主体假设 Separate-entity Assumption 货币计量假设 Unit-of-measure Assumption 持续经营假设 Continuity(Going-concern) Assumption 会计分期假设 Time-period Assumption 资产 Asset 负债 Liability 业主权益 Owner's Equity 收入 Revenue 费用 Expense 收益 Income 亏损 Loss 历史成本原则 Cost Principle 收入实现原则 Revenue Principle 配比原则 Matching Principle
Chapter 11 Lecture Notes Chapter theme: Managers in large organizations have to Array delegate some decisions to those who are at lower levels in the organization. This chapter explains how responsibility accounting systems, return on investment (ROI), residual income, operating performance measures, and the balanced scorecard are used to help control decentralized organizations. I.Decentralization in organizations A. A decentralized organization does not confine decision-making authority to a few top executives; rather, decision-making authority is spread throughout the organization. The advantages and disadvantages of decentralization are as follows: i.Advantages of decentralization 1.It enables top management to concentrate on strategy, higher-level decision making, and coordinating activities. 2.It acknowledges that lower-level managers have more detailed information about local conditions that enable them to make better operational decisions. 3.It enables lower-level managers to quickly respond to customers. 4.It provides lower-level managers with the decision-making experience they will need when promoted to higher level positions.
财务术语中英文大全 1会计与会计理论 会计accounting 决策人Decision Maker 投资人Investor 股东Shareholder 债权人Creditor 财务会计Financial Accounting 管理会计Management Accounting 成本会计Cost Accounting 私业会计Private Accounting 公众会计Public Accounting 注册会计师CPA Certified Public Accountant 国际会计准则委员会IASC 美国注册会计师协会AICPA 财务会计准则委员会FASB 管理会计协会IMA 美国会计学会AAA 税务稽核署IRS 独资企业Proprietorship 合伙人企业Partnership
公司Corporation 会计目标Accounting Objectives 会计假设Accounting Assumptions 会计要素Accounting Elements 会计原则Accounting Principles 会计实务过程Accounting Procedures 财务报表Financial Statements 财务分析Financial Analysis 会计主体假设Separate-entity Assumption 货币计量假设Unit-of-measure Assumption 持续经营假设Continuity(Going-concern) Assumption 会计分期假设Time-period Assumption 资产Asset 负债Liability 业主权益Owner's Equity 收入Revenue 费用Expense 收益Income 亏损Loss 历史成本原则Cost Principle 收入实现原则Revenue Principle 配比原则Matching Principle
财务术语中英文对照大全一、会计与会计理论 会计 accounting 决策人 Decision Maker 投资人 Investor 股东 Shareholder 债权人 Creditor 财务会计 Financial Accounting 管理会计 Management Accounting 成本会计 Cost Accounting 私业会计 Private Accounting 公众会计 Public Accounting 注册会计师 CPA Certified Public Accountant 国际会计准则委员会 IASC 美国注册会计师协会 AICPA 财务会计准则委员会 FASB 管理会计协会 IMA 美国会计学会 AAA 税务稽核署 IRS 独资企业 Proprietorship 合伙人企业 Partnership 公司 Corporation 会计目标 Accounting Objectives 会计假设 Accounting Assumptions 会计要素 Accounting Elements 会计原则 Accounting Principles 会计实务过程 Accounting Procedures 财务报表 Financial Statements 财务分析Financial Analysis 会计主体假设 Separate-entity Assumption 货币计量假设 Unit-of-measure Assumption 持续经营假设 Continuity(Going-concern) Assumption 会计分期假设 Time-period Assumption 资产 Asset 负债 Liability 业主权益 Owner's Equity 收入 Revenue 费用 Expense
Chapter 12 Lecture Notes Chapter theme: Making decisions is one of the basic functions of a manager. To be successful in decision making, managers must be able to perform differential analysis, which focuses on identifying the costs and benefits that differ between alternatives. The purpose of this chapter is to develop these skills by illustrating their use in a wide range of decision-making situations. Learning Objective 1: Identify relevant and irrelevant costs and benefits in a decision. I. Decision making: six key concepts A. Key concept #1 i. Every decision involves choosing from among at least two alternatives. Therefore, the first step in decision-making is to define the alternatives being considered . B. Key concept #2 i. Once you have defined the alternatives, you need to identify the criteria for choosing among them. 1. Relevant costs and relevant benefits should be considered when making decisions. 2. Irrelevant costs and irrelevant benefits should be ignored when making decisions.
Syllabus for undergraduate of OUC Course name：Management Accounting Course time：48/3 Course teacher：Cheng Liubing 1.Course Overview The course starts by introducing the nature, the source and purpose of cost accounting and the costing techniques used in business which are essential for any management accountant. The course then looks at the preparation and use of budgeting and standard costing and variance analysis as essential tools for planning and controlling business costs. The course concludes with an introduction to measuring and monitoring the performance of an organization. 2.Student Learning Outcomes To develop knowledge and understanding of management accounting techniques to support management in planning, controlling and monitoring performance in a variety of business context. 3.Course Expectations On successful completion of this paper, candidates should be able to: A Explain the nature, source and purpose of management information B Explain and apply cost accounting techniques C Prepare budgets for planning and control - 2 -
财务术语中英文对照大 全 Company Document number：WUUT-WUUY-WBBGB-BWYTT-1982GT
财务术语中英文对照大全一、会计与会计理论 会计 accounting 决策人 Decision Maker 投资人 Investor 股东 Shareholder 债权人 Creditor 财务会计 Financial Accounting 管理会计 Management Accounting 成本会计 Cost Accounting 私业会计 Private Accounting 公众会计 Public Accounting 注册会计师 CPA Certified Public Accountant 国际会计准则委员会 IASC 美国注册会计师协会 AICPA 财务会计准则委员会 FASB 管理会计协会 IMA 美国会计学会 AAA 税务稽核署 IRS 独资企业 Proprietorship 合伙人企业 Partnership 公司 Corporation 会计目标 Accounting Objectives 会计假设 Accounting Assumptions 会计要素 Accounting Elements 会计原则 Accounting Principles 会计实务过程 Accounting Procedures 财务报表 Financial Statements 财务分析Financial Analysis 会计主体假设 Separate-entity Assumption 货币计量假设 Unit-of-measure Assumption 持续经营假设 Continuity(Going-concern) Assumption 会计分期假设 Time-period Assumption 资产 Asset 负债 Liability 业主权益 Owner's Equity 收入 Revenue
1. Which of the following costs would be considered a period rather than a product cost in a manufacturing company A. Manufacturing equipment depreciation. B. Property taxes on corporate headquarters. C. Direct materials costs. D. Electrical costs to light the production facility. E. Sales commissions. 2. If your inventory balance at the beginning of the month was $1,000, you bought $100 during the month, and sold $300 during the month, what would be the balance at the end of the month A. $1,000. B. $ 800. C. $1,200. D. $ 200. 3. Beginning raw materials inventory was $32,000. During the month, $276,000 of raw material was purchased. A count at the end of the month revealed that $28,000 of raw material was still present. What is the cost of direct material used A. $276,000 B. $272,000 C. $280,000 D. $ 2,000 4.Direct materials used in production totaled $280,000. Direct labor was $375,000 and factory overhead was $180,000. What were total manufacturing costs incurred for the month A. $555,000 B. $835,000 C. $655,000 D. Cannot be determined. 5. Beginning work in process was $125,000. Manufacturing costs incurred for the month were $835,000. There were $200,000 of partially finished goods remaining in work in process inventory at the end of the month. What was the cost of goods manufactured during the month A. $1,160,000 B. $ 910,000 C. $ 760,000 D. Cannot be determined. 6.Beginning finished goods inventory was $130,000. The cost of goods manufactured for the month was $760,000. And the ending finished goods inventory was $150,000. What was the cost of goods sold for the month A. $ 20,000. B. $740,000. C. $780,000. D. $760,000. 7. Which of the following costs would be variable with respect to the number of cones sold at a Baskins & Robbins shop (There may be more than one correct answer.) A. The cost of lighting the store.
初级会计 初级会计 会计术语名称英文名称 对账（checking） 对应账户（corresponding accounts） 定期清查（Periodic checking method） 定期盘存制（periodic inventory system） 订本式账簿（bound book） 调整账户（adjustment accounts） 调整分录（adjusting journal entry） 单式记账凭证（single account title voucher） 单式记账法（single-entry bookkeeping） 从属账户（Secondary accounts） 成本计算账户（costing accounts） 财产清查（physical inventory） 簿记（bookkeeping） 不定期清查（non-periodic checking method） 补充登记法（correction by extre recording） 表外账户（off-balance sheet accounts） 备抵账户（provision accounts） 备抵附加账户（provision and adjunct accounts） 备查账簿（memorandvn） 序时账簿（book of chronological entry） 一次凭证（single-record document）银行存款日记账（deposit journal） 永续盘存制（perpetual inventory system） 原始凭证（source document） 暂记账户（suspense accounts） 增减记账法（increase-decrease bookkeeping） 债权结算账户（accounts for settlement of claim）债权债务结算账户（accounts for settlement of claim and debt）债务结算账户（accounts for settlement of debt） 账户（account） 账户编号（Account number） 账户对应关系（debit-credit relationship） 账项调整（adjustment of account）
财务管理术语表吸收成本法：Absorption costing 得出单位产品的固将某会计期间内发生的固定成本除以销售量，全部成本法: Total Cost Methods 定成本，再加上单位变动成本，算出单位产品的总成本。对企业活动的财务信息进行测量和综合，从而向股东、经理和员工提供企业Accounting 会计：活动的信息。请参看管理会计和财务会计。会计师在会计报表的处理中所遵循的原则或惯例。正因为有会计原 则:Accounting convention 了这些原则，不同企业的会计报表以及同一企业不同时期的会计报表才具有可比性。如果会计原则在实行中发生了一些变化，那么审计师就应该在年度报表附注中对此进行披露。Financial 这是英国的叫法，在美国，会计报表或财务报表叫做Accounts 会计报表和账簿: 是指企业对其财务活动的记录。Chief financial officer Statements,，是指公司从这是美国的叫法，在英国，应付账款叫做CreditorsAccounts payable应付账款: 供应商处购买货物、但尚未支付的货款。Accounts receivable 应收账款: 这是美国的叫法，在英国，应收账款叫做Debtors,是指客户从公司购买商品或服务，公司已经对其开具发票，但客户尚未支付的货款。 Accrual accounting 权责发生制会计: 这种方法在确认收入和费用时，不考虑交易发生时有没有现金流的变化。比如，公司购买一项机器设备，要等到好几个月才支付现金，但会计师却在购买当时就确认这项费用。如果不使用权责发生制会计，那么该会计系统称作“收付制”或“现金会计”。 Accumulated depreciation 累计折旧: 它显示截止到目前为止的折旧总额。将资产成本减去累计折旧，所得结果就是账面净值。 Acid test 酸性测试: 这是美国的叫法，请参看quick ratio速动比率（英国叫法）。 Activity ratio 活动比率: 资产周转率，即销售收入除以净资产（或总资产）。它表明企业在销售过程中利用资产的效率，而不考虑资本的来源。零售业和服务业的活动比率通常比较高。制造业通常是资本密集型的，固定资产的流动资产较多，因此其活动比率也就比较低。 Allcation of costs 成本的分配: 将成本分配给“拥有”它们的产品或分部，比如用某产品的广告成本抵减该产品的收入。 Amortization 摊销: 将资产或负债价值的逐渐减少记录在各期费用里。通常是指商誉、专利或其他无形资产，或者债券的发行费用。 Assets 资产: 企业所拥有的财产，可能包括固定资产、流动资产和无形资产。 Asset turnover: 资产周转率 Auditing 审计对公司账簿和会计系统进行检查，从而确认公司的会计报表是否真实、公正地披露其财务状况的过程。 Auditors' report审计报告: 根据法律规定，有限公司每年都应当公布一份会计报表，同时审计师应当出具意见，以确认公司是否对其商业活动进行了真实、公正的披露。为了确认这一点，审计师需要检查公司的会计报表。如果他们对报表不满意，他们就会出具“保留意见”，提了同报表中他们认为错误或不确定的项目。审计师出具的保留意见可能会对公司的公众形象和股票价格产生灾难性的影响。 Authorized capital 核定资本: 经过核定允许发行的实收资本额。在核定资本的时候，公司需要支专业资料
CHAPTER 4 COVERAGE OF LEARNING OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER 4 Cost Management Systems and Activity-Based Costing 4-A1 (20-30 min.) See Table 4-A1 on the following page. 4-A2 (25-30 min.) 1. Merchandise Inventories, 1,000 devices @ $97 $97,000 2. Direct materials inventory $ 40,000 Work-in-process inventory 0 Finished goods inventory 97,000 Total inventories $137,000 3. NILE ELECTRONICS PRODUCTS Statement of Operating Income For the Year Ended December 31, 20X9 Sales (9,000 units at $170) $1,530,000 Cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory $ 0 Purchases 970,000 Cost of goods available for sale $ 970,000 Less ending inventory 97,000 Cost of goods sold (an expense) 873,000
Gross margin or gross profit $ 657,000 Less other expenses: selling & administrative costs 185,000 Operating income (also income before taxes in this example) $ 472,000
管理会计专业术语词汇大全(英文版)
changes. Batch-level activities Activities that are performed each time a batch is produced. Benchmarking An approach that uses best practices as the standard for evaluating activity performance. Best-fitting line The line that fits a set of data points the best in the sense that the sum of the squared deviations of the data points from the line is the smallest. Binding constraints Constraints whose resources are fully utilized. Break-even point The point where total sales revenue equals total costs; the point of zero profits. Activity output The result or product of an activity. Activity output measure The number of times an activity is performed. It is the quantifiable measure of the output. Activity reduction Decreasing the time and resources required by an activity. Activity selection The process of choosing among sets of activities caused by competing strategies. Activity sharing Increasing the efficiency of necessary activities by using economies of scale. Activity volume variance The cost of the actual activity capacity acquired and the capacity that should be used. Activity-based cost (ABC) system A cost system that first traces costs to activities and then traces costs from activities to products. Activity-based costing (ABC) A cost assignment approach that first uses direct and driver tracing to assign costs to activities and then uses drivers to assign costs to cost objects. Activity-based management (ABM) A systemwide, integrated approach that
财务术语中英文对照大全，财务人必备！目录 一、会计与会计理论 二、会计循环 三、现金与应收账款 四、存货 五、长期投资 六、固定资产 七、无形资产 八、流动负债 九、长期负债 十、业主权益 十一、财务报表 十二、财务状况变动表 十三、财务报表分析 十四、合并财务报表 十五、物价变动中的会计计量 一、会计与会计理论 会计accounting 决策人Decision Maker 投资人Investor
股东Shareholder 债权人Creditor 财务会计Financial Accounting 管理会计Management Accounting 成本会计Cost Accounting 私业会计Private Accounting 公众会计Public Accounting 注册会计师CPA Certified Public Accountant 国际会计准则委员会IASC 美国注册会计师协会AICPA 财务会计准则委员会FASB 管理会计协会IMA 美国会计学会AAA 税务稽核署IRS 独资企业Proprietorship 合伙人企业Partnership 公司Corporation 会计目标Accounting Objectives 会计假设Accounting Assumptions 会计要素Accounting Elements 会计原则Accounting Principles 会计实务过程Accounting Procedures
财务报表Financial Statements 财务分析Financial Analysis 会计主体假设Separate-entity Assumption 货币计量假设Unit-of-measure Assumption 持续经营假设Continuity(Going-concern) Assumption 会计分期假设Time-period Assumption 资产Asset 负债Liability 业主权益Owner's Equity 收入Revenue 费用Expense 收益Income 亏损Loss 历史成本原则Cost Principle 收入实现原则Revenue Principle 配比原则Matching Principle 全面披露原则Full-disclosure (Reporting) Principle 客观性原则Objective Principle 一致性原则Consistent Principle 可比性原则Comparability Principle 重大性原则Materiality Principle 稳健性原则Conservatism Principle
管理会计（高等教育出版社） 于增彪（清华大学）改编 余绪缨（厦门大学）审校 CHAPTER 17 TACTICAL DECISION MAKING QUESTIONS FOR WRITING AND DISCUSSION 1. A tactical decision is short-run in nature; it involves choosing among alternatives with an immediate or limited end in view. A stra-tegic decision involves selecting strategies that yield a long-term competitive advantage. 2.Depreciation is an allocation of a sunk cost. This cost is a past cost and will never differ across alternatives. 3.The salary of a supervisor in an accept or reject decision is an example of an irrelevant future cost. 4.If one alternative is to be judged superior to another alternative on the basis of cash-flow comparisons, then cash flows must be ex-pressed as an annual amount (or periodic amount); otherwise, consideration must be given to the time value of the nonperiodic cash flows. 5.Disagree. Qualitative factors also have an important bearing on the decision and may, at times, overrule the quantitative evidence from a relevant costing analysis. 6.The purchase of equipment needed to pro- duce a special order is an example of a fixed cost that is relevant. 7.Relevant costs are those costs that differ across alternatives. Differential costs are the differences between the costs of two alterna-tives. 8.Depreciation is a relevant cost whenever it is a future cost that differs across alternatives. Thus, it must involve a capital asset not yet acquired. 9.Past costs can be used as information to help predict future costs. 10.Yes. Suppose, for example, that sufficient materials are on hand for producing a part for two years. After two years, the part will be replaced by a newly engineered part. If there is no alternative use of the materials, then the cost of the materials is a sunk cost and not relevant in a make-or-buy decision.
The definition of accounting: Management accounting is that companies to strengthen internal management and the realize of the aim of maximum profit in western , using various methods, collecting, processing and manage authorities’plan reasonably and information needed to control the economic process effectively , around three centers: cost, profit and capital, analysis the thing in the past, a branch of accounting that plan for the future. The brief history of development of Management accounting: (1) The era of the efficiency of the management accounting (the beginning of the 20th century to the '50 s) (2)The era of benefit of management accounting (the 80 s and 1950 s), (3)The era of management accounting’s reflection (1980 s), (4)The era of management accounting”s transition (1990 s) The functions of managers: (1) Planning, planning is that managers identify and select appropriate goals and put into effect. (2) The functions of organization, the organization is a process that managers to build a framework of a working relationship so as to enable
管理会计中的英文字母含义《管理会计》是会计专业一门相当重要的课程，书中有许多英文字母的缩写（特别在各种各样的公式中），它们其实并不是编者随意指定的，而是有着其内在的含义。了解它们的含义不仅有助于对书中内容的理解，还能增强对内容的记忆，不至于在考试中引起混淆。下面笔者就这些字母作了一些注解，希望能给大家的学习带来帮助。 注：这些字母基本上都取自指示该意的单词或词组的中心词的第一个字母。 1、利息I interest（n.兴趣，关心，重要性，影响，利息，[常pl.]利益，利害） 2、现值P present value（adj.现在的，出席的，当面的） 3、终值F final value（adj.最后的，最终的，决定性的） 4、天数、期数N number（n.数，数字，数量，号码，算术，诗，韵律、v.遍号码，共计……，计入，计算，算入） 5、年金A annuity（n.年金，养老金，年金享受权） 6、概率P probability（n.可能性，或然性，概率） 7、期望值E expectation（n.期待，预料，指望，展望， [数]期望（值）） 8、变动资产A asset（n.资产，有用的东西） 9、变动负债B debt（n.债务，罪过）
10、销售额S sale（n.出售，卖出，贱卖，廉价出售，销路，销售额） 11、销售净利润P profit（n.利润，益处，得益） 12、收益留存比率E earning （n.所赚的钱，收入） 13、香港上市的股票H股/纽约上市的股票N股] Hongkong （香港）、New York （纽约） 14、现金折扣CD 其中的C是指：cash（n.现金）、其中的D是指：discount （n.折扣） 15、债券成本的计算公式 其中的K是指：key（n.钥匙，关键，解答，要害等）、其中的b是指：bond（n.结合（物），粘结（剂），联结，公债，债券，合同）、其中的T是指：tax（n.税，税款，税金）、其中的f是指：fee（n.费（会费、学费、手续费等），酬金）、其中的i是指利息，注解同第1条 16、银行借款成本的计算公式 其中的L是指：lend（v.借给，贷（款））、其它字母的注解同上文所指 17、优先股成本的计算公式 其中的D是指：dividend （n.被除数，股息，红利，额外津贴，奖金，年息）、其中的P是指：preferred stock（n.<美>优先股）。普通股成本的计算公式中V是指value（n.价值，估价，评价，价格，[数]值，确切涵义、vt.估价，评价，重视）、其中的s是指：stock（n.股票，股份，托盘，祖先，血统，原料）、其中的g是指：gain（n.财物的增加，财富的获取，利润，腰槽，收获、vt.得到，增进，赚到，开腰槽于、vi.获利，增加）、其它字母的注解同上文所指 18、边际贡献及其计算