lesson3
Marine Diesel船用柴油机intermal combustion engine内燃机combustion chambe r燃烧室principle of its operation工作原理cylinder气缸piston活塞fine spray of fuel细多状燃油crankshaft曲轴propeller推进器cycle循环four-stroke diesel engine四冲程柴油机suction进气compression压缩expansion膨胀exhaust排气t ow-stroke one二冲程柴油机bottom dead下止点exhaus排气residual exhaus gases残留废气top dead centre上止点fuel inject燃油喷射inlet ports进气口working stroke工作冲程reduction gerar box减速齿轮箱alternator交流发电机connecting rod连杆
s cavenge por t扫气口
lesson5
Fixed parts固定件moving parts运动件crank case曲柄箱liner缸套和衬套
cylinder cover气缸盖cylinder block气缸体crown活塞体piston rod活塞杆
corss head十字头main bearin g主轴承axial thrust轴向推力end-chock bolts端塞螺栓driven shaft从动轴thrust block推力块scavenging air box扫气箱bedplate机座frame机架cooling jacket冷却水套exhaust valve排气阀fuel valve燃油阀
starting valve气动阀satety valve安全阀indicator cock示功器旋塞piston skirt活塞裙piston ring活塞环gasket垫圈reciprocating movement往复运动
l esson6
fuel oil system燃油系统operation and maintenance运行和维护carbon residues残碳fuel oil’s viscosity燃油粘度heavy oil重油residual oil渣油settling tank沉淀柜
fuel oil tank燃油柜service tank日用柜fine filter细滤器
pressure regulating valve压力调节阀needle valve针阀low tanklevel低油位报警transfer pump输送泵three-way valve三通阀injector pump喷射泵filter过滤器lesson7
lubricating oil film润滑油膜moving part运动件mverment condition运动条件
oil cooled pistons油冷式活塞resist oxidation抗氧化
total loss system总量损耗系统circulating system循环式系统gearing传动装置
piston head活塞顶piston ring活塞环liner wall衬套壁
reversal of direction of motion运动方向的改变mechanical quill机械注油器
crank case曲轴箱bearing轴承piston rod活塞杆
auxiliavy equipment辅助设备p ump泵centrifvge离心分离机
lesson8
fuel jetector valve燃油喷射阀staring air valve起动空气阀mechanical strength机械强度internal passages内部管道heat exchanger热交换器
jacket water circulating pump气缸套冷却水循环泵turbo-blower涡轮增压器
closed system闭式系统open sysem开式系统head tank压力水柜
sea water airculating cooler海水循环式冷却器cavitation effect气蚀效应air bell气囊vent port放气口ventilation pipe透气管branch支路visual flow indicator可视式流量计nozzle carbon喷嘴积碳lubricating oil covler滑油冷却器blind-flange盲板法兰
Lesson 9
舱底水：bilge 压载水：ballast相互连接：interconnect涨水，进水：inflow在船上，到舷外：overboard水密舱室：watertight compartment 应急舱底水泵：emergency bilge suction 替换物，选择对象：alternative 饮水装置：priming device到某种程度：in some extemt 调节船舶吃水差：turn the vessel切换阀箱：change-over chest
Lesson 11
容积式泵：displatement pump离心泵：centrifugal pump往复泵：reciprocating pump叶片泵：vane pump齿轮泵：gear pump旋转泵：rotary pump离心力：centrifugal fore轴向的：axial涡轮，涡轮机：turbine自吸式：self-priming 啮合齿轮：meshing gears蒸汽喷射器：steam ejector 舵机液压系统：steering gear hydraulic system 人字齿：double helical teech大气压：atmospheric pressure 立式泵：vertical pump
Lesson 13
甲板机械：deck machinery克令吊：crane 日常检验：rountine checking锚泊设备：anchor arrangement集装箱吊装设备厂：锚链管：chain pipe原动机：generator
装卸能力：cargo handling productivity多旋转吊杆系统：multiwinch slewing derrick system 绞车卷筒：winch end 吊杆式起货装置：derrick cargo rig安全负载：safe working load
Lesson3
1．The diesel engine is type of internal combustion engine which ignites the fuel by injecting it into hot ,high pressure air in a combustion chamber
柴油机是一种内燃机，它是通过将燃油喷射到具有高温高压气体的燃烧室从而点燃燃油。2．A charge of fresh air is drawn or pumped into the engine cylinder and then compressed by the moving piston to very high pressure
新鲜空气被吸入或注满主机气缸，这时通过活塞的压缩产生很大的压力。
3．The operation between two injections is called a cycle, which consists of a fixed sequence of events
工作周期是指在两次喷油之间的过程，它是由一个固定顺序组成。
4．The exhaust ports are uncovered also. Pressurized fresh air charges into the cylinder, blowing out any residual exhaust gases from the last stroke through the exhaust port.
排气口打开，压缩空气的新鲜空气充入到气缸;来自最后一个冲程通过排气口排出一些残留废气。
5．In the two-stroke engine ,each revolution of the crankshaft makes one power or working stroke , while in the four-stroke engine , it takes two revolutions to make one power stroke.
在二冲程柴油机中，曲轴每转一周就做一次功或一个工作行程：而在四冲程柴油机中，曲轴每转两周才做一次功。
Lesson5
1．We found NO.2 cylinder knocking.
我们发现2号缸发生敲缸。
2．All the piston rings are worn on the same side .
所有的活塞环都在同一侧被磨损。
3．This liner was renewed lately. But it is already worn out about 5 hundredths of one millimeter.
这个衬套前不久刚更换的，但是它每毫米已经被磨损了百分之五。
4．The white metal of the lower half of the crosshead bearing is squeezed out.
十字头轴承下半部分的白合金被挤出来。
5．The piston is a little bit inclined.
这活塞有点倾斜。
6．Cylinder clearance is too large.
气缸间隙太大。
7．The cylinder cover starting valve leaks.
汽缸盖上的气动阀泄露。
8．The cylinder oil one-way valve leaks.
汽缸油单向阀泄露。
9．A bedplate must both be strong enough and sufficiently rigid.
一个机座必须拥有足够的强度和硬度。
Lesson6
１．By our estimation, there will be about one hundred and twenty tons of oil fuel oil left on board, and we are going to store it in one tank.
据我们的估计，大约一百二十吨的燃油将留在船上，我们将它们储存在一个油柜里。2．The fuel oil requires treatment before passing to the engine.
燃油在进入主机之前需要被处理。
3．A typical fuel injector consists of two basic parts , the nozzle and the nozzle holder.
一个典型的燃油喷射包括两个基本部分，喷嘴和喷嘴座。
4．Once the injector pump cuts off the high pressure fuel supply, the needle valve will shut down quickly under the spring compression force.
一旦喷射泵中断高压油供应，针阀将通过弹簧的压缩迅速关闭。
5 ．Each pump is connected to the injector, or injector , serving one cylinder.
每个泵都连接一个或多个喷射器来为一个气缸服务。
6．Fuel must be supplied at a certain pressure if the injection pump is to function.
如果喷射泵要起到作用，那么燃油必须提供足够的压力。
7．The relief valve both limits the feel pressure and provides continuous venting of the fuel system.
减压阀为燃油系统限制流入的压力和提供持续的通风孔的泄放压力。
8．The quantities of fuel delivered to each cylinder is evenly distributed.
大量燃油被均匀地分配到每个缸内。
Lesson7
1．The lubrication oil temperature is too high for main engine.
为主机提供的润滑油温度太高了。
2．The lubrication oil is with coke.
这润滑油中渗有焦炭。
3．Adjust the temperature adjusting valve of lubricating oil system to mechanical demand. 通过调整润滑油系统的温度调节阀来满足机械的需要。
4．Adjust pressure of lubricating oil properly so that the pressure of lubricating oil is higher than the pressure of sea water in condenser.
通过调整恰当地滑油压力，使滑油的压力比冷凝器中的海水压力高。
5．Safe and efficient means are to be provided to ascertain the amount of fuel oil, lubricating oil or other flammable liquid left in any tank.
安全和有效的方法被提供于确定燃油滑油或其他可燃液体在船舱总量。
6．Main engine are to be provided with a main lubricating oil pump of sufficient capacity to maintain supply of lubricating oil at the maximum continuous output of the machinery. 主机能提供一个容量足够的主滑油泵，能维持在机械装置最大的连续输出下供应滑油。
7．The capacity of lubricating oil drain tanks is to be sufficient to hold the whole system .
润滑油污油柜的容量能够储存全部系统的油。
8．All ships are to be provided with lubricating oil storage tank having an adequate capacity .
所有的船提供满足加热装置的容量。
9．Lubricating oil tanks are to be provided with heating devices complying with the requirements.
滑油舱能提供满足加热装置的需要。
10.The lubricating oil piping is to be entirety separate from other piping system.
滑油管路完全地与其他系统的管路隔开。
Lesson8
1．Excessive heat cause damage to the eng ine .
过高的温度将导致主机损坏。
2．The engine is cooled by a closed fresh water circuit, divided into a high temperature circuit and a low temperature circuit.
主机冷却是通过一个闭式淡水冷却回路冷却的。它可分为高温淡水回路和低温淡水回路。3．Most coolers used on board ship transfer heat from a hot fluid to seawater.
在船上大多数的冷却器是通过热液体的热量传递给海水。
4．In almost all heat exchangers, heat flows from the hot fluid to a cooling one through an intermediate heat-conductive wall.
在几乎所有的热交换器热量流动穿过一个中间热传导墙从高温流体传到低温的液体。
5、most marine heat exchangers are of the shell-and-tube type.
大多数的主机热交换器是管壳式类型的
6、If lubricating oil encounters high temperature it can burn , leaving as it does so carbon deposit.
如果滑油遇到高温时就会烧掉，从而留下积碳。
7、Some engines may use completely seprate systems for oil cooling of pistons and bearing lubrication.
一些主机可能使用完整的独立活塞的油冷却和轴承的滑油系统
8、Cooling water systems of diesel engines are to be provided with alarm devices for indicating the excess temperature.
柴油机的冷却水系统提供警报装置来指示过高的温度
9、In a complete central freshwater cooling system , fresh water is circulated from seawater-cooled central heat exchangers to main engine and auxiliary machinery coolers.
在一个完整的中央淡水冷却系统中，淡水是从海水冷却中央热交换器中循环到主辅机的冷却器中
10、When it is necessary , the main diesel engine with closed circuit fresh water cooling system is to be provided with suitable means for warming the engine before starting.
在必要的时候，主柴油机将关闭淡水冷却循环系统这是为了保证主机启动前的暖缸Lesson9
1、The bilge main is arranged to drain any watertight compartmentoter than ballast,oil or water tanks and to discharge the contents overboard.
舱底水总管用来排放除压载水舱，油或水舱外的其他任何水密舱室，并将其中的液体排出舷外
2、An emergency bilge pump is required for passenger ships but many also be fitted as an extra on cargo ships.
客船要求配应急污水泵，但在许多货船上这只是一个附加
3、The power supply is arranged from the emergency generator.The carious pumps .and lines are interconnected to some extent so that each pump can act as an alternative or standby for another.
电源是从应急发电机这里提供的，各种泵和管路子某种程度上是相连接的。以便于每台泵都可以互为备用
4、The ballast system is arranged to ensure that water can be drawn from any tank or the sea and discharged to any other tank or the sea as required to trim the vessel.
压载系统能确保按要求从任何一个柜或者海水中抽取，可以排到任意一个柜或者海里，从而来调节船舶的吃水差
5、Some ships will have a tunnel from the engine room to NO.1 hold aft bulkhead ,forbilge, ballast and oil pipes and fittings and others will have a duct keel to carry the pipes forward. 许多船上有一条隧道是从机舱通往1号货舱后隔舱壁，舱底水，压载水和油管，管件和其他管路会有一个输送管把管道向前
Lesson11
1、The motor for the sea water pump should be repaired.
海水泵的马达应该修理
2、This is a job of modification.Would you give the details of requirements?
这是一个修理工作，你能否提供一些细节性的要求？
3.The extent of repair on the variable stroke pump can't be determined before it is dismantled
可变行程泵在拆卸之前不能确认其修理范围
4.All such repair wort can't be done before the components are removed
在所有的部件没被拆卸之前所有的修理工作都不能进行
5、please give me the necessary data of these turbochargers
请给我这些增压器必要的数据
6.Something has gone wrong with the governor
调速器出现了一些问题
7.The plunger of the fuel pump is jammed in the pump sleeve
燃油泵的柱塞被卡在泵的袖套上
Lesson 13
1.Cargo winch has been in stalled.起货绞车已经安装好了。
2.Please check the windlass washers请检查起锚机的垫片
3.No load test of anchor windless 锚机没有做负载测试
4.These require less time to prepare for working cargo than derricks and have the advantage of being able to accurately place cargo in the hold
起货机与吊杆式的起货机相比起来这些需要准备装卸货的时间更少而且能够准确地把货物放置到货舱里面这优点
5.Cargo winches are used with various derrick systems arranged for cargo handling
起货绞车和用于货物装卸的各种吊杆系统一起使用
6.Cranes have replaced derricks on many modern ships
在现代船上克令吊代替了吊杆式起货机
7.Various items of machinery and equipment can be found outside of the machinery space
在机舱的外面有各种的机器和设备
8.The deck crane provides an immediately operational unit requiring only one man to operate it
甲板克令吊提供一个能够马上工作的装置，只需要一个人来操作。
Lesson22
1.One spare cyinder cover to be removed to workshop cleaned thoroughly
一个备用的汽缸盖被拆下来之后拿到工作间进行彻底的清洗
2.One spare piston and piston rod assembly to be removed to shop ,disassembled and cooling space cleaned up chemically
一个备用活塞和活塞杆的总成被拆到工作间，解体和冷却腔要化学清洗干净
3.Fresh water pump motor to be tested as specification
淡水泵马达要按照规定来测试
4.The valve to be replaced in position这个阀按原来的位置换回
5.Cooling system to tested to C/E's satisfaction 冷却系统测试到轮机长满意为止
6.One piece of main oil pump to be taken off ,and sent to word shop for dismanting,cleaning and inspection 一台主油泵拆下来之后送到工作间去是为了解体清洁和检查
7.One set fresh water cooler of main engine to be cleaned chemically on fresh water side,tube to be cleaned by wire brush ,zinc anodes to be renewed,the end covers to be chipped and painted, then refitted in order after pressure tested
一台主机淡水冷却器的淡水则要化学清洗，管子是通过钢丝刷来清洁，锌棒要更新，端盖要清洁在涂油漆，等压力测试后重新安装好。
8.The sealing surface between cylinder cover and liner to be checked and skimmed if necessary
如果需要的话，汽缸盖和衬套的封密性要检查和刮平
9.Worn out ring grooves to be built up by welding under preheating and annealed after welding,then machined to standard dimensions
磨损的环槽在预热的情况下通过堆焊来重新建立起来，而且堆焊后在淬火，然后放到车床上车到标准尺寸。
第一章汽车总论 1)Today’s average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can be grouped into four major categories: body, engine, chassis and electrical equipment 。P1 现在的车辆一般都由15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。这些零部件主要分为四类：车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。 2)The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel (also called a compression-ignition engine). Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train. P3 发动机作为动力设备，常见的类型是内燃机，其原理是通过发动机缸内的液体燃料燃烧而产生能量。发动机可分为两类：汽油机（点燃式）和柴油机（压燃式），都属于热力发动机。燃料燃烧产生热量使缸内气压上升，产生的能量驱动轴旋转，并传递给动力传动系。 第二章内燃机 1)Power train system: conveys the drive to the wheels 2)Steering system: controls the direction of movement 3)Suspension system: absorbs the road shocks 4)Braking system: slows down the vehicle P4 传动系把发动机输出的扭矩传递给驱动轮。传动系包括离合器（对应机械变速器）或液力变矩器（对应液力自动变速器）、变速器、驱动轴、主减速器、差速器和驱动桥。 5)Drum brakes have a drum attached to the wheel hub, and braking occurs by means of brake shoes expanding against the inside of the drum. With disc brakes, a disc attached to the wheel hub is clenched between two brake pads. P6 鼓式制动器的制动鼓和轮毂连接，制动蹄张开压紧制动鼓内侧从而产生制动。在盘式制动器上，连着轮毂的制动盘被紧紧夹在两个制动块之间。 1)Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn.The power stroke"uses up"the gas,so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture:this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves;An inlet valve allows the mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job . P10 活塞通过连杆和曲轴连接，使得气体带动曲轴旋转半圈。作功冲程耗尽了所有的气体，这样就必须采取相应的措施排出废气并且向气缸内充入新的可燃混合气：气体的运动由气门来控制。进气门使可燃混合气在恰当的时刻进入气缸，排气门使燃烧后的废气排出气缸。 2)The spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in ignition,which converts the energy cntained in the fuel to kinetic energy.The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft. P11 火花点火式发动机是由外部提供点火的内燃机，从而将含在燃料内的能量转化成动能。发动机的一个工作循环分布在活塞的四个行程中，一个完整的工作循环曲轴需要转动两圈。 3)The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus,there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine. P15
01.THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01元素和元素周期 表。 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 原子核中的质子数的原子称为原子序数，或质子数，卓电子数的电中性的原子也等于原子序数Z，总质量的原子是非常接近的总数量的质子和中子在原子核。这被称为质量数，这个数的原子中的中子，中子数，给出了所有的数量 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of
About car engine Of all automobile components,an automobile engie is the most complicated assembly with dominant effects on the function of an autombile.So, the engine is generally called the"heat"of an automobile. 在汽车的所有部件中，汽车发动机是最复杂的组件，其对整车性能有着决定性的作用。因而发动机往往被称作发动机的“心脏”。 There are actually various types of engines such as electric motors,stream engines,andinternal combustion engines.The internal combustion engines seem to have almost complete dominance of the automotive field.The internal combustion engine,as its name indicates,burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion into rotary force used to propel the vehicle. 事实上，按动力来源分发动机有很多种，如电动机、蒸汽机、外燃机等。然而内燃机似乎在发动机领域有着绝对的统治地位。就像其字面意思一样，内燃机的染料在气缸内燃烧，通过将燃烧产生气体的膨胀力转换成转动力来驱动发动机前进。 Engine is the power source of the automobile.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder.However,this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars or trucks.The puston attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin,called a piston pin or wrist pin.The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft.The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft,which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large bearings called rod bearing.Similar bearings, called main bearings,are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. 发动机是整部车的动力来源。能量来自于活塞在气缸内的（往复）直线运动。然而这种（往复）直线运动必须要转换成旋转运动才能驱动车轮。活塞与连杆通过一个销来连接，这个销称为活塞销。连杆的下部连接于曲拐。连杆把活塞的上下往复运动传递给曲拐，从而将往复直线运动转变成旋转运动。连杆和曲拐的连接使用大的轴承，称之为连杆轴承，类似的轴承也用于将曲轴连接到机体，称之为主轴承。 They are generally two different types of cooling system:water-cooling system and air-cooling system.Water-cooling system is more common.The cooling medium, or coolant, in them is either water or some low-freezing liquid, called antifreeze.A water-cooling system consists of the engine water jacket, thermostat, water pump, radiator, radiator cap, fan, fan drive belt and neccessary hoses. 主要有两种类型的冷却系统：水冷和风冷。水冷系统更为普遍。系统所用冷却介质或是冷却液常委水或其他低凝固点液体，称为抗凝剂。一个完整的水冷系统包括机体水套，节温器，水泵，散热器，散热器罩，风扇，风扇驱动皮带和必需的水管。 A water-cooling system means that water is used as a cooling agent to circulate through the engine to absorb the heat and carry it to the radiator for disposal.The ebgine is cooled mainly through heat transfer and heat dissipation.The heat generated by the mixture burned in the engine must be transferred from the iron or aluminum cylinder to the waterin the water jacket.The outside of the water jacket dissipates some of the heat to the air surrounding it, but most of the heat is carried by the cooling water to the radiator for dissipation.When the coolant temperature in the system reaches 90°,the termostat valve open fully, its slanted edge shutting off
01 THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01 元素和元素周期表 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 在一个原子核中的质子数量被称为原子序数，或质子数，Z。在一个电中性原子中的电子数量也等于原子序数，Z。一个原子的总质量被测定是非常接近于原子核中质子和中子的总数。这个总数被称为质量数，A。在一个原子中的中子数量等于A – Z的数量。 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example: 这个术语(指chemical element)也可以指由相同质子数的原子组成的纯化学物质。对化学家来说，这类原子通过原子数来说明，因为它的性质是决定其化学行为。目前，从Z = 1 到Z = 107的所有原子是知道的；有107种化学元素。每一种化学元素起了一个名字和独特的象征。对于大多数元素都仅仅是一个象征的英文名称缩写形式，由一个或两个字母组成，例如：
Unit 1 Chemical Industry 化学工业 1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin‘s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). 1．化学工业的起源 尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。 date bake to/from: 回溯到 dated: 过时的，陈旧的 stand sb. in good stead: 对。。。很有帮助
Fuel Supply System of Gasoline Engine(UNIT SEVEN) All the gasoline engines have substantially identical fuel systems and run on a mixture consisting of fuel vapor and air. The fuel system comprises the units designed to store, clear and deliver fuel, the units intended to clean air and a unit for preparing a mixture from fuel vapor and air. In a fuel system different components are used to supply fuel from the fuel tank into the engine cylinder. Some of the important components are fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filter, carburetor, intake manifold and fuellines or tubes connecting the tank, pump and the carburetor. The fuel tank is a fuel container used for storing fuel. It is made of sheet metal. It is attached to the vehicle frame with metal traps and is located at the rear of the vehicle. They are mounted in a boot or boot-floor pan in case of front-engined cars and small commercial vehicles. In order to strengthen the tank as well as to prevent surging of fuel when the vehicle rounds a curve of suddenly stops, baffle plates are attached to the inside of the tank. A cap is used to close the filler opening of the tank. The fuel line is attached at or near the bottom of the tank with a filtering element placed at the connection. The other components of the fuel tank are the fuel gauge sending unit, a vent pipe, receiving unit. To prevent the dirt and water from entering the luggage compartment, a sealing strip is fitted between the fuel tank and boot floor pan. Moreover to limit the transmission of frame distortion to the tank giving rise to squeaking as the metal parts get rubbed together, rubber or felt pads are often fitted between the mountings and the tank. Provision is also made against drumming of the tank by these mountings. The tank may be placed at the side of the chassis frame for convenience in case of large commercial vehicles. The length of the connecting lines or tubes from the tank to the carburetor is also restricted by this at the same time. A porous filter is attached to the outlet lines. By drawing fuel from the tank through the filter, any water in the bottom of the tank as well as any dirt into the fuel gathers on the surface of the filter. To keep the fuel always under atmospheric pressure, the filter pipe or tank is vented. In order to prevent dirt in the fuel from entering the fuel pump or carburetor, fuel filters and screens are used in the fuel system. If the dirt is not removed from the fuel, the normal operation of these units will be prevented. The engine performance will also be reduced.
unit1 body 车身chassis 底盘enclosure外壳、套hood车棚、车顶sway 摇摆frame车架steering转向、操作brake 制动weld焊接rivet铆钉bolt螺钉washer垫圈vibration 振动stabilizer稳定器ride乘坐舒适性handling操作稳定性linkages转向传动机构plier钳子distributor分电器alternator交流发电机regulator调节器carburetor化油器radiator散热器、水箱defroster除冰装置sludge金属碎屑transmission变速器differential 差速器power train 传动系unitized body 承载式车身suspension system 悬架系统steering system 转向系braking system 制动系shock absorbers减震器control arms控制臂steering wheel 转向盘steering column转向管柱steering gears 转向器tie rod 横拉杆idler arm随动臂brake shoe制动蹄disc brake 盘式制动器drum brakes 鼓式制动器ignition system 点火系统exhaust system 排气系统lubrication system 润滑系oil filters 机油滤清器drive（or propeller）shaft传动轴universal joints 万向节dynamo发电机horn喇叭swived 旋转steering box转向器timing gear 正时齿轮bevel gear 锥齿轮mesh with与啮合leaf spring 钢板弹簧stub axle 转向节 unit2 longitudinal纵向的transverse横向的reciprocate往复spin旋转piston活塞ignite点火rub摩擦quart夸脱reservoir油箱mechanical机械的enclosed被附上的gallon加仑stroke冲程camshaft凸轮轴combustion燃烧disengaged脱离啮合的flywheel飞轮internal-combustion engine内燃机diesel-fuel柴油LPG=Liquefied Petroleum Gas液化石油气体CNG=Compressed natural gas压缩天然气spark ignition火花点火compression ignition压缩点火spark plug火花塞gas-turbine engine蒸汽机Stirling engine斯特灵发动机lubricating system润滑系统oil pan油底壳oil pump机油泵exhaust system排气系统emission-control system排放控制系统energy conversion能量转换air/fuel ratio空燃比connecting rod连杆TDC=Top Dead Center上止点BDC=Bottom Dead Center 下止点intake stroke进气冲程compression stroke压缩冲程power stroke作功冲程exhaust stroke排气冲程compression ratio压缩比lifter挺柱rocker摇臂retainer弹簧座seal密封件tappet 推杆lobe凸起gasket垫圈valve train配气机构cam follower气门挺柱rocker arm摇臂combustion chamber燃烧室intake valve进气阀exhaust valve排气阀valve stem气门杆valve cover气门室盖valve port阀口valve guide气门导管 unit3
Unit 2 Research and Development 研究和开发 Research and development, or R&D as it is commonly referred to, is an activity which is carried out by all sectors of manufacturing industry but its extent varies considerably, as we will see shortly. Let us first understand, or at least get a feel for, what the terms mean. Although the distinction between research and development is not always clear-cut, and there is often considerable overlap, we will attempt to separate them. In simple terms research can be thought of as the activity which produces new ideas and knowledge whereas development is putting those ideas into practice as new process and products. To illustrate this with an example, predicting the structure of a new molecule which would have a specific biological activity and synthesizing it could be seen as research whereas testing it and developing it to the point where it could be marketed as a new drug could be described as the development part. 研究和开发，或通常所称R&D是制造业各个部门都要进行的一项活动。我们马上可以看到，它的内容变化很大。我们首先了解或先感觉一下这个词的含义。尽管研究和开发的定义总是分得不很清楚，而且有许多重叠的部分，我们还是要试着把它们区分开来。简单说来，研究是产生新思想和新知识的活动，而开发则是把这些思想贯彻到实践中得到新工艺和新产品的行为。可以用一个例子来描述这一点，预测一个有特殊生物活性的分子结构并合成它可以看成是研究而测试它并把它发展到可以作为一种新药推向市场这一阶段则看作开发部分。 1.Fundamental Research and Applied Research In industry the primary reason for carting out R&D is economic and is to strengthen and improve the company?s position and profitability. The purpose of R&D is to generate and provide information and knowledge to reduce uncertainty, solve problems and to provide better data on which management can base decisions. Specific projects cover a wide range of activities and time scales, from a few months to 20 years. 1．基础研究和应用研究 在工业上进行研究和开发最主要的原因是经济利益方面，是为了加强公司的地位，提高公司的利润。R&D的目的是做出并提供信息和知识以减低不确定性，解决问题，以及向管理层提供更好的数据以便他们能据此做出决定。特别的项目涵盖很大的活动范围和时间范围，从几个月到20年。 We can pick out a number of areas of R&D activity in the following paragraphs but if we were to start with those which were to spring to the mind of the academic, rather than the industrial, chemist then these would be basic, fundamental (background) or exploratory research and the synthesis of new compounds. This is also labeled “blue skies” research. 我们可以在后面的段落里举出大量的R&D活动。但是如果我们举出的点子来源于研究院而不是工业化学家的头脑，这就是基础的或探索性的研究 Fundamental research is typically associated with university research. It may be carried out for its own intrinsic interest and it will add to the total knowledge base but no immediate applications of it in the “real world” well be apparent. Note that it will provide a valuable
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE 引擎燃烧室 1. principle of operation 原理 Engine and power : Engine is used to produce power. The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat by the burning of the fuel at a controlled rate. This process is called combustion. If engine combustion occurs with the power chamber. ,the engine is called internal combustion engine. If combustion takes place outside the cylinder, the engine is called an external combustion engine. Engine used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines. Heat energy released in the combustion chamber raises the temperature of the combustion gases with the chamber. The increase in gas temperature causes the pressure of the gases to increase. The pressure developed within the combustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force, which is then converted into useful mechanical power. 译: 引擎和能量: 引擎为汽车提供能量，燃料的化学能通过燃烧，转化为热能，这个过程叫燃烧。假如燃烧在燃烧室，这样的发动机叫内燃机。假如燃烧在气缸外，这样的发动机叫外燃机。 用在汽车上的一般是内燃机，热能在燃烧室释放，燃烧室气体温度升高。气体温度的升高使气体的压力曾加，燃烧室内的高压气体作用在活塞头部产生可以利用的化学能，化学能转化为机械能。 Engine T erms : Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn. The power stroke “uses up” the gas , so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture :this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves ;an inlet valve allows the new mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job. Engine terms are : TDC(Top Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is farther away from the crankshaft. BDC(Bottom Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is nearest to the crankshaft. Stroke : the distance between BDC and TDC; stroke is controlled by the crankshaft. Bore : the internal diameter of the cylinder. Swept volume : the volume between TDC and BDC Engine capacity : this is the swept volume of all the cylinder e.g. a four-stroke having a capacity of two liters(2000cm) has a cylinder swept volume of 50cm. Clearance volume: the volume of the space above the piston when it is at TDC. Compression ratio = (swept vol + clearance vol)\(clearance vol) Two-stroke : a power stroke every revolution of the crank.