自考英语复习资料：英语语法指导（1）
中华考试网(https://www.doczj.com/doc/e212034608.html,) 【大中小】 [ 2010年8月12日]
Affixation （p7）
A word formation approach that attaches morpheme –an affix to a base，which is a word with 1 or more affixes in it.
Compound （p11）
A compound，the product of composition，and it is a lexical unit consisting of more than one bas e and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word.
Conversion （p12）
The derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix.
Acronyms （p15）
Acronyms is a word coined by putting together the initial letters of a group of words.
Verb Phrase （p16）
The head word of a verb phrase is the main verb. Two elements in the structure are important：the main verb and auxiliaries.
Finite Verb Phrase （p17）
Its head word is a finite verb，which is restricted by tense and keeps concord with the subject.
Non-finite Verb Phrase （p17）
Its first element is a non-finite verb free from the restrict of tense and concord of subject.
YES-NO questions （p37）
YES-NO questions can be answered by “Yes” or “No”
自考英语复习资料：英语语法指导（2）
中华考试网(https://www.doczj.com/doc/e212034608.html,) 【大中小】 [ 2010年8月12日]
WH-questions （p39）
WH-questions begin with WH-series of words.
（What if = what should I do P41，How come = why P42）
Tag questions （p43）
A tag question normally consists of a statement and a question tag.
Exclamation （p49）
Express our impression，especially our surprise，excitement，amazement，etc. It doesn…t take S-V inversion.
Proper Nouns （p56）
Proper nouns denote individual persons，places，etc，normally begins with a capital letter，has no plural form and can…t occur after an article.
Countable nouns （p57）
Nouns that can take plural.
Mass nouns （p57）
Nouns that can…t take plural.
Collective nouns （p57）
These are generally countable nouns，but even in the singular they refer to groups of people，ani mals or things.
Foreign plurals （p62）
Words that are borrowed from other languages often have foreign plurals.
Unit nouns （P65）
Unit nouns are used to specify the quantities of the modified noun.
Determiner （p74）
Words used in the premodification of noun phrase and put before any adjectives that premodify the head word of noun.
Pseudo-passive （P141）
A pseudo-passive sentence is passive in form but active in meaning. Its ed-participle is adjectivalize d；it can occur in a comparative construction，with a variety of prepositional phrases other than by-phr ase，and with other link verbs besides be and get.
Predictive meaning （epistemic）P162
The predictive meaning，rather homogeneous in nature，is concerned with the speaker…s assumption or assessment of probability and indicates the speaker?s confidence in the truth of his statement.
Non-predictive （non-epistemic）p163
Non-predictive meanings of modal auxiliaries are very heterogeneous in nature，this category covers a variety of meanings，except “prediction”。
Putative Should （p178）
Putative should is not very meaningful in its own right；in many cases，its function is to fill in a structural slot. This use of should is commonly found in the that-clause after an adjective or a noun de noting a feeling or an opinion.
e.g. It…s strange that she should wear her evening dress for such an informal party.
Infinitive （P191）
The infinitive occurs as a verb in the base form which may go with or without to.
Subject complement （P210）
Semantically，subject complements denote what the subject is or what the subject becomes –the tw o notions that are most typically expressed by be and become.
Stative adjectives （P222）静态形容词
The majority of adjectives are stative in nature，describing permanent inherent qualities.
e.g. a big house
Dynamic adjectives （P222）动态形容词
Many adjectives can also be used in the dynamic sense （be being a.）in predicative position to sh ow subjective measurement or suggest a temporary state，implying the qualities can be controlled or rest ricted. （e.g. he is being rude）
Inherent adjectives （P223）本意形容词
Inherent adjectives denote inherent qualities characterize the referent of the noun. （e.g a big house）
Non-inherent adjectives （P223）非本意形容词
Non-inherent adjectives identify qualities in an indirect way. （e.g. a big eater）
Restrictive adjectives （P224）限定性形容词
Restrictive adjectives help identify the noun by describing its distinctive qualities
（e.g. a fat woman）
Non-restrictive adjectives （P224）非限定性形容词
Non-restrictive adjectives provide additional information not essential for the identification of the nou n. Adjective modifying proper noun are normally non-restrictive. （e.g. my fat wife）
Coordination （P259）并列词
Realized by coordinators （also termed coordinating conjunctions）which join units at the same leve l.
Subordination （P259）主从连接词
Realized by subordinators （also termed subordinating conjunctions），involves the linking of units at different levels so that they form a hierarchy. A subordinator introduces a subordinate clause which is attached to the main clause （also termed the superordinate clause）。
end-focus （P355）尾部焦点
under neutral conditions，the nucleus falls on the last element of the sequence as it is common that we process the information in a message to achieve a linear presentation form low to high information value. We refer to this as the principle of end-focus.
text （P18）
Refers to a unified passage and it is a semantic unit. It is structurally well-integrated，and semantic ally coherent.
reference 照应（P381）
using grammatical pro-form which explicitly/clearly refer elsewhere
substitute 替代（P381）
cuts off part of the sentence （ a word，phrase，or a clause）and fills in the gap with a smaller item，which corresponds to the replace item.
ellipsis：省略（P381）
leaves out the redundant/wordy part and do not provide a substitute.
exophoric reference 语言外照应（P382）
Nonlinguistic or situational context.
endophoric reference 语言内照应（P382）
Linguistic or textual context
anaphoric reference 前照应（P383/285）
A demonstrative determiner with anaphoric reference is more likely to go with a non-restrictive relati ve clause
cataphoric reference 后照应（P383/285）
A demonstrative determiner with cataphoric reference，which goes with a restrictive relative clause
2011年7月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语（二）试卷 I. Vocabulary and. Structure (10 points, 1 point each) 从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。 1 .Students should_____their own interests as well as do their schoolwork. A. persuade B .pursue C. persist 2. I'd like to remind you that there is no_____on the part of suspects to answer questions. A. obligation 3. He blamed his poor performance_____jet lag. B .for 4 .We_____knowledge from our families,schools,jobs,and the mass media. 5. Not until recently_____that Thompson had ben telling the truth all along. realized I realize did realize I 6. I don’t need any help at the moment,but I_____your offer. 7 .The sad condition of women working as house servants around the world received much media_____early this year. A .importance B. attention 8 .She has no hostility to us, _____can be judged from her eyes. A. that 9 .When you're_____ a crisis, it often helps to talk to someone. through in for after over on whether the message is right or wrong should at least come after _____what the message is. out out out out II. Cloze Test (10 points,1 point each) 下列短文中有十个空白，每个空白有四个选项。根据上下文要求选出最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。 People in all parts of the world are observing "No Tobacco Day". It is the day 11 the World Health Organization (WHO) appeals to people to stop using tobacco products. WHO hopes if people stop smoking cigarettes or 12 tobacco for one day, they will stop permanently. Health experts have warned for years that smoking can lead to heart disease, cancer and other 13 ．WHO says diseases linked to smoking kill 14 2,500,000 persons each year. Still, many people find it 15 stopping smoking. One reason is nicotine, a substance found in cigarettes. Nicotine is a drug. Its effects are 16 those of cocaine and heroin. "No Tobacco Day" is intended for smokers and 17 who earn money from tobacco sales. So businesses are urged to stop selling tobacco products for twenty-four hours. 18 are urged not to carry advertisements for cigarettes. WHO has approved plans to help reach its 19 of a "smoke-free" world. They urge governments to take action to help 20 make money by growing other crops. They also call for improved public information campaigns about the risks of smoking. 11. A. whether B. which C. when D. what
英语（二）复习题 一、语法和词汇 1、被动语态 ①We shall put off the meeting till Friday. The meeting will be put off till Friday. ②Not until 1989 was he set free. ③I’m glad to be allowed to visit your school. ④He was robbed of wallet last night. 2、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的变化规则、不规则变化 ①程度相等：He is as busy as before. ②程度不相等：It is not so (as) cold today as yesterday. ③……许多：far, a lot, a great deal, a little, a bit, much. ④越…越…：The more, the better. ⑤最高级：The Y angtze is the longest river in China. 3、介词 ①at表示某一时间点，地点（小）arrive at airport ②in表示某一时间段，地点（大）arrive in HK ③on表示某一天，星期几，在…之上，arrive on Friday ④between（两个之间）与among（三个以上之间） ⑤for所朝向的目标，leave for HK（去香港） ⑥from…to…，从…到…，from9AM to 5 PM ⑦by后面不加冠词/完成时的标志，by air, by bus By the time I got there, the film had already begun. I have been teaching for 10 years/since 1990. 4、情态公司 ①can. Two eyes. can see more than one. They cannot have gone out because the light’s on. Y ou can go now. ②may. May I ask you a question?/He may have seen the movie. ③must. We must leave now./ She must have made a mistake. ④ouht. Y ou ought to take his advice. When I got there, the film had already begun, I ought to have got there earlier. ⑤need. Y ou needn’t tell him. ⑥dare. How dare they do such a thing? ⑦should. He should learn how to drive./ He should have been there earlier. 5、定语似句 ①关系代词：Which, who, whom, whose, that的用法 ②关系副词：when, why, how That is the reason why I am not taking your advice. ③介词+which/whom(仅有的两个) The girl to whom you speak is my sister. ④非限制性定语从句：I have three types of pens in my box, each of them writes smoothly. 6、倒装句 ①否定词在句首：Not until he told me the news, did I know he was killed lastnight. ②only 在句首：Only after class was he allowed to go. ③so, nor, neither 在句首：The first one wasn’t good enough and neither wasthe second. ④虚拟语气中：Had they not working so hard, they wouldn’t have succeeded. Had we made up our mind, we might have succeeded. If I were you, I would consider it. 7、虚拟语气：表示建议、命令、重要性等句子中使用，如suggest/insist/order/propose/require+should+动词原形，should常被省略，这些词的名词、形容词形式也一样，如They suggest that he not smoke here. Their suggestion was we all join the party. It’s important that we do it. 8、强调句：It+is/was（仅此两种）+that/who（人）/which （有时） 9、as的用法（下册P21-26） 10、一致原则、就近原则（下册P73-75） 11、虚所语气（续）（下册P233-P236） 二、英汉互译 1、我们拥有大量的自然资源 We have plenty of natural resources. 2、Parents, teachers in schools, work associates and communicators in or using the mass media are all capable of arousing our potential interests. For example, the degree to which and the ways in which a school encourages participation in games, sports and cultural pursuits are likely to contribute to the shaping of leisure attitudes on the part of the students. Schools usually set as their educational objective the attainment of a balanced development of the porson.The jore seriously this is sought, the more likely positive attitude towards leisure as well as academic word will be encouraged. (P162) 3、他在纠正学生错误时总是采取积极的态度 He always takes positive attitude to correct the students’mistakes. 4、他的肤色与他是否是个律师无关 His color of skin is not relevant to whether his is a good lawyer or not. 5、Some concentrated study each day is better than many study hours one day and nothing the next. As you work out your individual schedule, attempt to include a minimum of two study hours every day. This will not only keep the study habit alive but also keep you up to date on your class assignments and projects.(P175) 6、他同现代生活不合板。He is out of step wit modern life. 7、Self-dsteem is what people think about themselves-whether or not they feel valued-and when family members have self-respect, pride, and belief in themselves, this high self-esteem makes it possible to tope with the everyday problems of growing up.(P225) 8、每个人都应关心自己国家的未来。 Everybody should be concerned about the future of his own country. 9、What we dream at, night isn’t as important to how we feel in the morning as the number of people who appear in our dreams. The more people, the better we feel. Our sleep influences our mood. Our mood, in turn, affects our performance. And throughout the day, our levels of mood and performance remain cosely linked. (P308) 10、广义上说，任何人做的工作都对社会有益。 In a broad sense, the work that anyone does is of social value. 11、在商业社会里信息对每个人都有用。 Information is of great value to everyone in the business world. 12、门被档住了，有什么东西档在那儿。 The door was blocked, there was something in the way. 13、他们昨天来看你时，你在干什么？ What were you doing when they came to see you yesterday. 14、他通过努力工作赢得了许多人的尊敬。 He earned many people respect by working hard. 15、没有你的帮助，我们举取是如此巨大的成功。 Without your help, we wouldn’t have so great a success. 三、其他练习 1、I would rather stay at home than go out. 2、oneself education 3、I go upstairs instead of taking the life. 4、I couldn’t help laughing 5、I spend 10 yuan on the bood. 6、Spend some time/have trouble/be busy(in)(doing)sth. 7、apply for 申请application，申请表格 apply to 应用applicant 申请人 8、I remember being paid 我记得已经收了钱。 9、I remember to pay. 我记得要去给钱的。（但并未给） Reading comprehension(阅读理解) Passage 1. Meals should be a sort of treat, not a nutritional(营养的)treatment, for your child For now, stop being an amateur nutritionist. Give her the sort of food she really enjoys. And give her only very small portions. Don’t scold her if she doesn’t 1
2005年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语（二）试卷及答案 （课程代码：00015） PART ONE （50 POINTS） Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure (10 points, 1 point for each item) 从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。 1.Would’t you rather your child ______ successful with his study and won the scholarship? A. became B. become C. would become D. becomes 2. Although Tom is satisfied with his academic achievement, he wonders _______will happen to his family life. A. it B. that C. what D. this 3. We hope that all the measures against sandstorms, ________ was put forward by the committee, will be considered seriously at the meeting . A. while B. after C. since D. as 4. We cannot leave this tough job to a person_________. A. who nobody has confidence B. in whom nobody has confidence C. for whom nobody has confidence D. who everyone has confidence of 5. You are the best for the job _____ you apply your mind to it . A. until B. if only C. in case D. unless 6.Hey, leave _____!I hate people touching my hair. A. behind B. out C. off D. over 7.I thought the problem of water shortage would ________ at the meeting but nobody mentioned it. A. come up B. come up to C. come over D. come to 8.Mr.Smith , can I ________ you for a minute? I’d like to hear your opinion on this issue. A. say a word with B. have words with C. mention a word with D. have a word with 9.There is a deadlock (僵局) in the discussion when neither side gives ________ to the over . A. a way B. way C. the way D. its way 10. This type of desk and chair can be adjusted ________ the height of students at different ages. A. with B. for C. to D. in Ⅱ.Cloze Test (10 points, 1 point for each item) 下列短文中有十个空白，每个空白有四个选项。根据上下文要求选出最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。 For over a hundred years Japan has consistently spent large sums of money and considerable human resources in an effort to obtain technology. Her ability to negotiate __11___ by the fact most of the technology she wanted was no commercial secrets. Japan’s __12__ has also been strengthened by the fact that her internal market was large, so that __13__ to this market could be offered to multinational companies as an attraction to them to grant licenses. Besides, Japan’s work force was disciplined, so it was capable __14__ applying the information it acquired. Finally, American and European companies, who were __15__ licensers, felt that the
2014年10月高等教育自学考试英语（二）试卷 （课程代码00015） 本试卷满分100分，考试时间150分钟。 考生答题注意事项： 1．本卷所有试卷必须在答题卡上作答。答在试卷上无效，试卷空白处和背面均可作草稿纸。 2．第一部分为选择题。必须对应试卷上的题号使用2B铅笔将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。 3．第二部分为非选择题。必须注明大、小题号，使用0.5毫M黑色字迹签字笔作答。 4．合理安排答题空间，超出答题区域无效。 第一部分选择题 一、阅读判断（第1—10题，每题1分，共10分） 下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。在答题纸相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。 The Stranger Who Changed My Life It was a sunny morning in the spring of 1966. I was driving a taxi, looking for a customer. While passing New York Hospital, I found a man running down the hospital steps, waving at me. I stopped. The man reached the taxi and jumped in. “The Airport, please,”he said. As always, I wondered about my passenger. Was this man a talker? After a few moments, he started saying, “How do you like driving a taxi?” “It’s OK” I said. “I make a living and meet interesting people sometimes.” “What do you do?” I asked. “I am a doctor at New York Hospital.” Many times during long rides, I’d developed a good relationship with my passengers and received very good advice from them. This time I decided to ask for his help. “Could I ask a favor of you?” He didn’t answer. “I have a son, 15, a good kid. He wants a job this summer. Is it possible that you get one for him?” He still wasn’t talking, and I was starting to feel foolish. Finally, he said, “Well, my students have a summer research project. Maybe he could join in. Have him send me his school record.” He left his address and paid me. It was the last time I ever saw him.
Chapter 4 Phonology(音位学) 4.1 phonetics and phonology:语音学与音位学的区分 Both phonetics and phonology are concerned with speech.语音学和音位学都士对语音的研究。 定义区别 -Phonetics is a study of the production, perception and physical properties of speech sounds. 语音学是研究语音的生产、感知和物理性质的。 -Phonology studies how speech sounds are combined，organized，and convey meanings in particular languages.研究语音如何在在特定的语言中结合、组织和表达含义。 ---Phonology is language-specific.it is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.音位学是特定于语言的。它的研究对象是自然语言中的声音是如何组织和使用的。 ---Phonetics is a study of speech sounds while phonology is a study of the sound syst em of a language.语音学是一个研究语音的然后音位学是研究一种语言的声音系统的学科。 4.2 Phonemes，phones and allophones 音位、音子、音位变体 Different languages have different phonological systems.不同的语言有不同的语音系统。 定义： ①Phones are the smallest identifiable phonetic unit or segment found in a stream of speech. 音子就是在连续的发音中可辨认的最小语音单位或片段。 ②Allophones are the phones which represent a phoneme in a language and cannot change word meaning by substituting any of the set for another.音位变体是指代表语言中音位的音子，即使以一个取代另一个也不改变词义。 ③Phonemes are the minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language.音位是语言系统中最小的独特的单位。 Allophones are the realization of a particular phoneme while phones are the realizatio n of phonemes in general.音位变体是一个特定音素的认知而音子则是一般的音素。 4.3Minimal pairs 最小对立体 The phonologist is concerned with what difference are significant or technically speaki ng, distinctive. Minimal pair---a pair of words which differ from each other by one sound. Three conditions（情况）: 1）the two froms are different in meaning意义不同 2）the two forms are different in one sound segment声音片段不同 3）the different sounds occur in the same position of the two words.不同声音发生在两个单词的相同位置 Minimal set: a group of words can satisfy（满足）the three conditions . Minimal pairs help determine phonemes. 最小对立体用来定义音位。 4.4 identifying phonemes 识别音素 4.4.1 contrastive distribution，complementary distribution and free variation 对比分布，互补分布和自由变异 The distribution of a sound refers to the collective environments in which the sound concerned may appear.一个声音的分布是指其有关的声音可能出现的集体环境。 1）contrastive distribution对比分布 If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of on
重点语法知识讲解 1．动词的时态和语态 动词的时态和语态一览表 时态语态一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时 主动被动 do are done did were done will do will be done 现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时 主动被动 are doing are being done were doing were being done will be doing现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时 主动被动 have done have been done had done had been done will have done will have been done 现在完成进行时 主动被动 have been doing 1．1 现在完成时 发生在过去的动作一直持续到现在，或对现在仍有影响。 现在完成时的标志： so far， by now/ up to now，for three years， since 1995， in the past two decades 1.2 过去完成时 过去的过去。 1）said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。 He missed the train. He said he had missed the train. 2）hardly…when, no sooner… than句型中表示先发生的动作 No sooner had he got up than he received the call. 3）与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中
If I had tried harder, I would have won. I wish I had done better in the exam. 1.3 完成进行时 从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。汉语提示语：一直 The water has been running the whole night. 1.4 过去时 过去某一具体时间发生的事，不考虑与现在的关系。 过去时的标志：yesterday， in 1995， last week，in the nineteenth century，five years ago 等等。 2．非谓语动词 2.1 非谓语动词一览表 非谓语动词形式意义 现在分词 一般式 doing 主动 , 正在进行 被动式 being done 被动 , 正在进行 完成主动式 having done 主动 , 已经完成 完成被动式 having been done 被动 , 已经完成过去分词 done 被动 , 已经完成 动词不定式 一般式 to do 主动 , 将要进行 被动式 to be done 被动 , 将要进行 完成主动式 to have done 主动 , 已经完成 进行主动式 to be doing 主动 , 正在进行 2.2. 非谓语动词作状语
2014年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语（二）标准试题 (课程代码：00015) 第一部分：阅读判断题(每题1分，共10分) 下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供 的是正确信息，选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。 Running: Sport or Way of Life? You go through the channels several times and find that once again there's nothing on TV that interests you. Not a problem! Just put on some running shoes and comfortable clothes and go for a run. One of the best things about the sport of running is that you don't need expensive equipment. All you need is a good pair of running shoes and a safe environment. But don't be fooled into thinking the sport of running is easy It requires discipline and concentration. Running is good for you both physically and mentally. It strengthens your heart lungs and muscles? It makes you more aware of your body. Running also improves your body so that you don't get sick as easily. It can even help you to stay more focused in school because exercise helps you to think more clearly. How do you get engaged in the sport if you don't know much about it? Most schools offer running programs. A simple internet search can help some in your find area. Then programs show you how running can offer competition or just be for fun. They also teach runners to set practical goals and take care of their bodies. Runners have great respect for each other because they know how difficult the sport can be. If you go to a race you'll see people cheering for all the runners. Running isn't always about how fast you are or how far you're going. It's about getting out there and doing it. Participation is more important than competition and effort is recognized over talent. If you're looking for more than just a sport running may be the perfect choice for you 1. You may find it interesting in go for A run. A. True B. False C. Not Given 2. The sport of running is easy. A True B. False C. Not Given 3. It is hard to End n safe environment for running.
2019年10月髙等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语(二）试卷（课程代码：00015） 本试卷共8页，满分100分，考试时间150分钟。 考生答卷前必须将自己的姓名和准考证号写在答题卡上。 必须在答题卡上答题，写在试卷上的答案无效。 第一部分：阅读判断（第1?10题，每题1分，共10分） 下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。在答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。 To Lease(租赁) or Not to Lease Planning to lease a car because you don't think you can afford to buy? Think again. Leasing can end up being just as expensive as buying. Most people think about leasing because they believe it will cost them less money. They're right-it is cheaper, but only in the short term. For example, if you were to lease anew Subaru Forester, you might pay $300 per month for the car. If you were to buy the same car, you would pay about $400 per month. Over a three-year, you would save $3600-a big savings. But after your lease is over, you have to give the car back. Many people want to lease because they can drive a more expensive car than they might otherwise be able to afford. For example, if you spend $300 monthly on a car, you might be able to lease a new Ford Explorer. For the same price, you might have to buy a used Explorer, or buy a new but much less expensive model. A lease，therefore，allows you to drive the latest models of more expensive cars. However, whatever car you can afford to buy you get to keep it, and it will always have a resell or trade-in(以新旧换)value if you want to upgrade to a new car later. Furthermore, people who lease cars are often shocked by how much they must pay when the lease is over . Most leases limit you to a certain number of miles. If you go over that, you must pay for each mile. As a result, you may end up paying thousands of dollars in mileage(里程) fees. In addition, when you lease ,you have to pay for regular maintenance and repairs to the vehicle. Since you must return the car finally, you are paying to repair someone else's car.