第一章:
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.(语言学普遍被定义为对语言进行的科学研究.)
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.(语言是用于人类交际目的的一套任意的有声符号系统.)
The scope of linguistics(语言学的研究视野):
1.phonetics(语音学)
2.phonology(音位学)
3.morphology(形态学)
4.syntax(句法学)
5.semantics(语义学)
6.pragmatics(语用学)
Some important distinctions in linguistics(语言学中的一些重要区分):
1.prescriptive & descriptive(规定性与描写性)
2.synchronic & diachronic(共时性与历时性)
3.speech and writing(言语与文字)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/e210846365.html,nguage and parole(语言与言语)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/e210846365.html,petence and performance(语言能力与语言运用)
6.traditional grammar and modern linguistics(传统语法与现代语言学)
The difference between traditional grammar and modern linguistics(传统语法与现代语言学之间的异同点):
1.Linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.
2.Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.
3.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.
The design/defining features of human language(语言的甄别性特征):
1.Arbitrariness(语言的武断性/任意性)
2. Productivity(语言的创造性)
3.Duality(语言的二重性)
4.Displacement(语言的移位性)
5.Cultural transmission(语言的文化传递性)
第二章:
Phonetics(语音学) is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds th at occur in the world’s languages.(语音学指的是对语言的语音媒介进行的研究)
Three branches of phonetics:
1.Articulatory phonetics(发音语音学)—from the speakers’ point of view,”how speakers produce speech sounds.”
2.Auditory phonetics(听觉语音学)—from the hearer’s point of view,”how sounds are perceived.”
3.Acoustic phonetics(声学语音学)—from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to another.
Speech organs(发音器官):three important areas:
1.the pharyngeal cavity(咽腔)----the throat
2.the oral cavity(口腔)----the mouth
3.the nasal cavity(鼻腔)----the nose
The diagram of speech organs:
1.lips(唇)
2.teeth(齿)
3.teeth ridge(alveolus)(牙齿/龈)
4.hard palate(硬腭)
5.soft palate(velum)(软腭)
6.uvula(小舌)
7.tip of tongue(舌尖)
8.blade of tongue(舌面)
9.back of tongue(舌后) 10.vocal cords(声带) 11.pharyngeal cavity(咽腔) 12.nasal cavity(鼻腔)
Orthographic representation of speech sounds(语音的正字法表征):
1. A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription is the International Phonetic Alphabet(IPA)国际音标.
2. The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter to represent one speech sound.(其基本原则是一个字母待变一个音.)
Braod transcription(宽式标音)----used in dictionary and textbook for general purpose, without diacritics.
Narrow transcription(严式标音)----used by phonetician for careful study, with diacritics.
Classification of English consonants(辅音的分类):
Ⅰ、in terms of manner of articulation(发音方式):
1.stops(闭塞音)/plosives(爆破音)
2.fricatives(摩擦音)
3.affricates(塞擦音)
4.liquids(流音)
5.nasals(鼻音)
6.glides(滑音)/semivowels(半元音)
Ⅱ、in terms of place of articulation(发音部位):
1.bilabial(双唇音)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/e210846365.html,biodental(唇齿音)
3.dental(齿音)
4.alveolar(齿龈音)
5.palatal(腭音)
6.velar(软腭音)
7.glottal(喉音)
Classification of English vowels(元音的分类):
1.monophthongs or pure/single vowels(单元音)
2.diphthongs(双元音)
Phonology(音位学) studies the patterning of speech sounds, that is , the ways in which speech sounds forms systems and patterns in human languages.(音位学研究的是语音如何组合在一起并在交流中传达意义.)
Phone(音素):a phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.(音素是一个语音单位或者说语音段.我们在语言交际中听到的、发出的语音都是音素。)
Phoneme(音位):a phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone
in a certain phonetic context.(音位是一个音位学的单位,而且是一个有区别意义的单位,是个抽象的单位.它不是指任何语言,而是由某特定语音情境下的某个音素来代表或实现.)
Allophone(音位变体) can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments .
Phonemic contrast(音位对立):different or distinctive phonements sre in phonemic contrast.(如果相似的语音是2个区别性的音位,就可以说这两个音形成了音位对立.)
Complementary distribution(互补分布):allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.They do not distinguish meaning, they occur in different phonetic contexts. (如果相似的语音是同一个音位的音位变体,那么它们就不能区别意义,而是在分布上互相补充,这样两个音处于互补分布之中.)
Minimal pair(最小对立体):when two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair.( 当两个词除了一个在此语言串的同一位置上产生的语音音段之外,在其他所有方面都相同,那么这两个声音组合就可以说是形成了一个最小对立体.)
Some rules in phonology:
1.sequential rules(序列规则)
2.assimilation rule(同化规则)
3.deletion rule(省略规则)
Suprasegmental features(超切分特征):
1.stress(重音)
2.tone(音调)
3.intonation(语调)
What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?
答:V owel sounds are differentiated by a number of factors:the position of the tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.
1.V owels may be distinguished as front, central, and back according to which part of the tongue
is held highest.
2.The openness of the mouth:close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open
vowels.
3.The shape of the lips:unrounded, rounded
4.Then the English vowels can also be classified according to the length of the sound.
Corresponding to the distinction of long and short vowels is the distinction of tense and lax vowels.
第三章:
Morphology(形态学) refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.(形态学就是对于词的内部结构和构成规则的研究.)
第四章:
Synatx(句法学) is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.(句法学是语言学的一个分支,它研究词是如何被组合成句子的,以及支配句子构成的规则.)
Category(范畴) refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same of similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.(范畴是指在某一特定的语言中执行相同或相近功能的一组语言项目,如句子,名词或短语,或者动词.)
The ariteria on which categories are determined(判断词范畴的方法):
1.meaning(意义)
2.inflection(曲折变化)
3.distribution(分布)
Phrases(短语) that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements(成分): head(中心语), specifier(标志语), and complement(补语).
第五章:
Semantics(语义学) can be simply defined as the study of meaning.
Some views concerning the study of meaning:
1.the naming theory(命名论)
2.the conceptualist view(概念论): This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic
form and what it refers to;rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.(概念论认为,在语言学的形式合它的所指之间并不存在着直接的联系;而是在意义的诠释中,它们通过大脑思维中的概念)
3.contextualism(语境论): Meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context---elements closely linked with language behaviour.(意义应当从场景\运用\语境这些与语言行为紧密相联的成分的角度来进行研究.)
4.behaviorism(行为主义论): Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.”(言者发出该形式的场景和它在听者身上所起的反应.)
Sense(意义) is the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.(意义指的是语言形式的内在含义.)
Reference(指陈) means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.(指陈指的是语言形式在现实物质世界中所指的事物,是语言成分和非语言成分的经验世界之间的关系.)
Synonymy(同义现象) refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms(同义词).(同义现象是指意义的相同或极为相近.意义相同的词称为同义词.)
1.Dialectal synonys(方言同义词)
2.Stylistic synonys(文体同义词)
3.Synonys that differin their emotive or evaluative meaning(情感或评价意义存在差异的同义词)
4.Collocational synonys(搭配同义词)
5.Semantically different synonys(语义上存在差异的同义词)
Words that are opposite in meaning are antonyms(反义词).
1.Gradable antonyms(等级反义词)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/e210846365.html,plementary antonyms(互补反义词)
3. Relational oppsites(关系反义词)
第六章:
Pragmatics(语用学): It is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful
communication.(语用学是研究某一语言的使用者如何利用句子而达成到成功的交际.)
What essentically distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.(语义学和语用学的区别就在于意义的研究中是否考虑到语境的因素.)
Context(语境): a basic concept in the study of pragmatics. It is generally considered as constitude knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.(一般认为语境是由言者和听者的共享知识构成的.)
Austin’s new model of speech acts: 1.locutionary act(言内行为) 2.illocutionary act(言外行为) 3.perlocutionary act(言后行为).
Searle’s classification of speech acts:
1.assertives / representatives(陈述类): stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true.(陈述/描述,说出说话人认为正确的东西.)
Eg: ①I think the film is moving. ②I’m certain I have never seen the man before.
2.directives(指令类): trying to get the hearer to do sth.(试图让听话人做某事.)
Eg: I order you to leave right now.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/e210846365.html,missive(承诺类): committing the speaker himself to some future course of action.(对未来某行为的承诺.)
4.expressives(表达类): expressing the speaker’s psychological state about sth.(表达感情或态度<心里状态>)
Eg: I’m sorry f or being late.
5.declarations(宣告类): bringing about an immediate change in the existing state or affairs.(通过说出某事带来立即的变化.)
Eg: You’re fired.
Four maxims of Cooperative Principle(合作原则):
1.the maxim of quantity(数量准则): ①Make your contribution as informative as required(for the current purpose of the exchange)(<为当前会话>提供足够信息) ②Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.(不要提供超于所需信息之外的信息.)
2.the maxim of quality(质量准则): ①Do not say what you believe to be false.(不说假话) ②Do not
say that for which you lack adequate evidence.(不说缺乏足够证据的话)
3.the maxim of relation(关系准则): Be relevant(要有相关性)
4.the maxim of manner(方式准则): ①Avoid obscurity of expression.(避免表达艰涩) ②Avoid ambiguity.(避免歧义) ③Be brief(avoid unnecessary prolixity)(简洁). ④Be orderly.(有条理)
第七章:
Morphological and syntactic change(形态和句法变化):
1.Change in “agreement” rule(“一致关系”规则的变化)
2.Change in negation rule(否定过则的变化)
3.Process of simplification(简化过程)
4.Loss of inflections(曲折变化的丢失)
V ocabulary change(词汇变化):
1.Addition of new words(新词的增加): ①Coinage(创新词) ②Clipped words(缩略词)
③Blending(紧缩法) ④Acronyms(词首字母缩略词) ⑤Back-formation(逆构词法) ⑥Functional shift(功能转换) ⑦Borrowing(借用)
2.Loss of word(词的丢失)
3.Changes in the meaning of words(词义的变化): ①Widening of meaning(词义的变大)
②Narrowing of meaning(词义的缩小) ③Meaning shift(词义的转换)
Some recent trends(一些最近的趋势):
1.Moving towards greater informality(更趋向于非正式化)
2.The influence of American English(美国英语的影响)
3.The influence of science and technology(科学技术的影响):①space travel②computer and internet language③ecology(生态学)
Causes of the language change:
1.the rapid development of science and technology.(科学技术的快速发展)
2.social and political changes(社会和政治的变化)
3.The way children acquire the language(儿童语言习得) provides a basic cause of change.
4.economy of memory(记忆经济化)
第八章:
Sociolinguistics(社会语言学) is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.(社会语言学是语言的次领域,是研究语言和社会的关系以及语言的运用和语言使用者所在的社会结构之间的关系.)
Varieties of language:
1.Dialectal varieties(方言变体):
①Regional dialect(地域方言):口音是方言的重要特征
②Sociolect(社会方言): sociolect is a linguistic characteristic of a particular social class.(带有社会阶层特征的语言变体)
③Language and gender(语言和性别)
④Language and age(语言和年龄)
⑤Idiolect(个人语言)
⑥Ethnic dialect(种族语言)
2.Register(语域): “register”, in a restricted sense, referring to the variety of language related to one’s oppupation.(语域,与某人职业有关的语言变体.) The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register.(与场合相符合的类型就是语域.)
3.Degree of formality(正式度)
Five stages of formality(Martin Joos):
1.intimate(亲密的),
2.casual(随意的),
3.consultative(客气的),
4.formal,
5.frozen(冷淡的).
《英语语言学概论》课程教学大纲 一、课程说明: 《语言学概论》课程是英语专业本科阶段的一门必修课。 《语言学概论》研究始于20 世纪初，其目的是揭示人类深层结构，对语言和语言交际作出客观、科学描述。现已形成了语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等一系分支学科。语言学研究社会学等人文学科的结合逐步形成了社会语言学这样的交叉学科。 对于主修语言学的学生来说，了解语言学的知识和语言理论是完全必要和有益的。 本课程的对象是英语专业高年级学生，在本科阶段第6学期和第7 学期开设。其中第一、二、三、四、五、七、八、十一章为必修，其余章节为选修。 二、教学目的及要求: 本课程的具体要求是：比较全面，系统地了解《语言学概论》这一领域的研究成果，以及一些最主要、最有影响的语言理论和原则，从而加深对人类语言这一人类社会普遍现象的理性认识，并具备一定的运用语言学理论解释语言现象、解决具体语言问题的能力。 本课程是一门知识性比较强的课程。在教学过程中，应重点讲授主要理论、原则、和研究方法，使学生着重掌握基本概念和基本理论，在理解消化的基础上记忆。 本课程的对象是英语专业学生，在讲解过程中原则上采用英语范例，但不排除一些有助于学习者理解的、针对性强的汉语例子。应鼓 励学生结合自己的语言实践提供更多的例子来解释相关理论，以达到理论和实践相结合的目的。
三、教学重点与难点: 本课程的教学重点是语言学的基本知识和基本理论，语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学这些语言学的核心内容。 本课程的教学难点是音韵学理论、句法结构和各个语言学流派的理论观点及其局限性。 四、与其它课程的关系: 本课程是一门主干性课程。与其相关的课程，如语法学、词汇学和语体学等都是语言学的分支，属于选修课程。 五、学时与学分: 学时：72学时 学分：4学分 六、教学内容： 第一章绪论 本章主要教学内容: 1．语言学习的意义 2．语言的定义。 3．语言的定义特征 4．语言的起源。 5．语言的功能。 6．语言学的定义。 7．语言学的核心内容。 8．宏观语言学的定义及分支。
英语语言学练习题 Ⅰ. Matching Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Column A 1.displacement https://www.doczj.com/doc/e210846365.html,ngue 3.suprasegmental feature 4.deep structure 5.predication analysis 6.idiolect 7.pidgin 8.mistakes 9.interlanguage 10.motivation 11.arbitrariness https://www.doczj.com/doc/e210846365.html,petence 13.broad transcription 14.morphology 15.category 16.errors https://www.doczj.com/doc/e210846365.html,ponential analysis 18.context 19.blending 20.culture 21.learning strategies 22.selectional restrictions 23.phrase structure rules 24.culture diffusion Column B A.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9 B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. 21 C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23 D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 24 E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 6 F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7 G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents- ---- arguments and predicates. 5 H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22 I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. 4 J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3 K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14 L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2 https://www.doczj.com/doc/e210846365.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1 N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10 O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20 P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18
一、课程性质及其设置目的与要求 （一）课程性质和特点 《英语语言学概论》课程是我省高等教育自学考试英语专业（本科段）的一门重要的专业理论课程，其任务是培养应考者系统地学习英语语言学的基本知识，掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论，了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用，熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物；通过该课程的学习，考生可以从不同的角度了解语言（的性质），了解语言学习和语言教学，为日后进一步学习语言学、从事语言教学实践和语言学研究打下扎实基础。本课程的特点是：专业术语多，概念多，内容抽象，所以，考生最好在学习本课程之前先学习提高语言读写能力的课程，如高级英语、泛读（三）、写作等，这样可以减少语言障碍，有利于学好语言学的理论知识。 （二）本课程的基本要求 本课程共分为本书共分四编，计十三章。第一编（一至二章）介绍了语言和语言学；第二编（三至八章）介绍了语言学的主要分支—语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学；第三编（九至十二章）为跨学科领域与应用—话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学，以及语言学理论与外语教学；第四编（十三章）介绍了现代语言学流派。通过对本书的学习，要求应考者对英语语言学有一个全面和正确的了解。具体应达到以下要求： 1、掌握语言的性质、功能，以及语言学的研究范围、语言学的分支和重要的语言学概念； 2、掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论； 3、了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用； 4、熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物。 （三）本课程与相关课程的联系 英语语言学概论是一门基础理论课程，其含盖范围很广，既涉及语言系统内部的语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学，又涉及许多交叉学科，如话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学、应用语用学（包括语言学理论与外语教学），以及本教程未涉及的神经认知语言学、计算机语言学、人工智能与机器翻译等。语言学的进一步研究甚至会涉及到哲学、逻辑学等领域。 在自考课程中，词汇学与语言学关系最为密切，词汇学的许多概念、理论和研究方法都来源于语言学。高级英语、泛读（三）、写作、翻译等课程则是学好语言学的基础。文学与语言学并非对立的关系，这两个领域的研究方法可以互相补充、互相借鉴，日后无论从事语言学还是文学研究，这两个领域都必须同时涉猎。 二、课程内容与考核目标
一、绪论 语言学的定义 语言学的研究范畴 几对基本概念 语言的定义 语言的甄别特征 What is linguistics 什么是语言学 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要研究的不是某一种特定的语言，而是人类所有语言的特性。 The scope of linguistics 语言学研究的范畴 Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学 \Pragmatics语用学\Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Applied linguistics应用语言学 Prescriptive vs. descriptive 规定性与描述性 Descriptive：a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. Prescriptive: it aims lay down rules for "correct" behavior. Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic, and mainly spoken data. Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on "high" written language Synchronic vs. diachronic 共时性与历史性 The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study. Speech and writing 口头语与书面语 Speech enjoys priority over writing in modern linguistics study for the following reasons: （1） speech precedes writing in terms of evolution （2） a large amount of communication is carried out in speech tan in writing （3） speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language Language and parole 语言与言语 Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community Parole refers to the realization of language in actual use Competence and performance 能力与运用 Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users' knowledge of the rules of his language Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication What is language 什么是语言 Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication Characteristics of language: 语言的特性 Language is a rule-governed system Language is basically vocal Language is arbitrary （the fact different languages have different words for the same
英语语言学 一、名词解释 第一课 l.Synchronic 共时性：Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “poinL in timeA A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind? 2>Langue 语言：The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community? 3>Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. ^Arbitrariness 任意性：One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 第二课 1.Phoneme 音位：Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning? The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 2
序号政治考试范围外语考试范围业务课一考试范围业务课二考试范围 1 (101)政治理论（含法律硕士）见招生简章 (212)二外日语见招生简章 (722)英语综合水平（词汇、语法、阅读、翻译、写不指定 (823)英语专业知识（含英语语言学、英美文学、英《英美文化基础教程》朱永涛外语教学与研究出版社1991年版；《英国文学作品选读》（21世纪专业系列教材）王松年等总主编、赵文薇主编上海交通大学出版社，版本不限；《美国文学欣赏》戴炜栋总主编吴定柏主编上海外语教育出版社2002年版；《简明英语语言学教程》戴炜 2 (101)政治理论（含法律硕士）见招生简章 (213)二外俄语见招生简章 (722)英语综合水平（词汇、语法、阅读、翻译、写不指定 (823)英语专业知识（含英语语言学、英美文学、英《英美文化基础教程》朱永涛外语教学与研究出版社1991年版；《英国文学作品选读》（21世纪专业系列教材）王松年等总主编、赵文薇主编上海交通大学出版社，版本不限；《美国文学欣赏》戴炜栋总主编吴定柏主编上海外语教育出版社2002年版；《简明英语语言学教程》戴炜 3 (101)政治理论（含法律硕士）见招生简章 (214)二外法语见招生简章 (722)英语综合水平（词汇、语法、阅读、翻译、写不指定 (823)英语专业知识（含英语语言学、英美文学、英《英美文化基础教程》朱永涛外语教学与研究出版社1991年版；《英国文学作品选读》（21世纪专业系列教材）王松年等总主编、赵文薇主编上海交通大学出版社，版本不限；《美国文学欣赏》戴炜栋总主编吴定柏主编上海外语教育出版社2002年版；《简明英语语言学教程》戴炜 4 (101)政治理论（含法律硕士）见招生简章 (215)二外德语见招生简章 (722)英语综合水平（词汇、语法、阅读、翻译、写不指定 (823)英语专业知识（含英语语言学、英美文学、英《英美文化基础教程》朱永涛外语教学与研究出版社1991年版；《英国文学作品选读》（21世纪专业系列教材）王松年等总主编、赵文薇主编上海交通大学出版社，版本不限；《美国文学欣赏》戴炜栋总主编吴定柏主编上海外语教育出版社2002年版；《简明英语语言学教程》戴炜 5 (101)政治理论（含法律硕士）见招生简章 (216)二外西班牙语见招生简章(722)英语综合水平（词汇、语法、阅读、翻译、写不指定 (823)英语专业知识（含英语语言学、英美文学、英《英美文化基础教程》朱永涛外语教学与研究出版社1991年版；《英国文学作品选读》（21世纪专业系列教材）王松年等总主编、赵文薇主编上海交通大学出版社，版本不限；《美国文学欣赏》戴炜栋总主编吴定柏主编上海外语教育出版社2002年版；《简明英语语言学教程》戴炜 1.什么是英语专业考研？ 英语专业考研和普通考研英语是截然不同的。 考研英语是针对那些报考非英语专业的考生所进行的英语水平测试，是教育部统一出题，主要考查大学英语的基本知识，包括完型、阅读、新题型、翻译、写作等五部分，卷面分值为100，与政治(分值为100)和其他两门专业课(分值分别为150分)共同构成了研究生入学考试的四大科目。 而英语专业考研是针对报考英语专业研究生的考生而进行的，考核科目为：政治、基础英语(分值150分)、综合英语或专业课(分值150分)以及第二外语(分值100)共四门。 2.英语专业考研的专业和方向是什么？ 大的专业学科门类叫：英语语言文学，还有一个是外国语言学及应用语言学方向：很多，有的大的综合类院校在招生考试中，以研究方向来考不同的第2
Chapter 1 Language语言 1.Design feature (识别特征) refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 2.Productivity(能产性) refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in their native language. 3.arbitrariness (任意性) Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and its meaning. 4.symbol (符号) Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, or sound that represents something else by association or convention. 5.discreteness (离散性) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. 6.displacement (不受时空限制的特性) Displacement refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are not in the immediate situations of its users. 7.duality of structure (结构二重性) The organization of language into two levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality of structure. 8.culture transmission (文化传播) Culture transmission refers to the fact that language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by inheritance. 9.interchangeability (互换性) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 1.★What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has captured the main features of language. First, language is a system. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense. The third feature of language is symbolic nature. 2.★What are the design features of language? Language has seven design features as following: 1) Productivity. 2) Discreteness. 3) Displacement 4) Arbitrariness. 5) Cultural transmission 6) Duality of structure. 7) Interchangeability. 3.Why do we say language is a system? Because elements of language are combined according to rules, and every language contains a set of rules. By system, the recurring patterns or arrangements or the particular ways or designs in which a language operates. And the sounds, the words and the sentences are used in fixed patterns that speaker of a language can understand each other. 4.★ (Function of language.) According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of children’s language? And what are the three functional components of adult language? I.Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language: 1) Instrumental function. 工具功能 2) Regulatory function. 调节功能 3) Representational function. 表现功能 4) Interactional function. 互动功能 5) Personal function. 自指性功能 6) Heuristic function. 启发功能[osbQtq`kf`h] 7) Imaginative function. 想象功能 II.Adult language has three functional components as following: 1) Interpersonal components. 人际 2) Ideational components.概念 3) Textual components.语篇
语言学总结 一、语言和语言学 1、语言的区别性特征：Design of features of language 任意性arbitrariness 指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系 二重性duality 指语言由两层结构组成 创造性creativity 指语言可以被创造 移位性displacement 指语言可以代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点 2、语言的功能（不是很重要） 信息功能informative 人际功能interpersonal 施为功能performative 感情功能emotive function 寒暄功能phatic communication 娱乐功能recreational function 元语言功能metalingual function 3、语言学主要分支 语音学phonetics 研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程，考查人类语言中的声音 音位学phonology 研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列 形态学morphology 研究词的内部结构和构词规则 句法学syntax 研究句子结构，词、短语组合的规则 语义学semantics 不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义，还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。如语素和句子的意义 语用学pragmatics 在语境中研究意义 4、宏观语言学macrolingustics 心理语言学psycholinguistics 社会语言学sociolinguistics 人类语言学anthropological linguistics 计算机语言学computational linguistics 5语言学中的重要区别 规定式和描写式：规定式：prescriptive说明事情应该是怎么样的 描写式：descriptive 说明事情本来是怎么样的 共时研究和历时研究：共时：synchronic 研究某个特定时期语言 历时：diachronic 研究语言发展规律 语言和言语：语言：langue指语言系统的整体 言语：parole指具体实际运用的语言 语言能力和语言运用：乔姆斯基(chomsky提出) 能力：competence用语言的人的语言知识储备 运用：performance 真实的语言使用者在实际中的语言使用 二、语音学 1、语音学分支 发音语音学articulatory phonetics研究语言的产生 声学语言学acoustic phonetics 研究语音的物理属性 听觉语音学auditory phonetics 研究语言怎样被感知 2 IPA（国际音标）是由daniel Jones琼斯提出的
英语语言学期末考试试卷 第一部分选择题 I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%X10=20%) 1. Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, but they differ in that ____________. A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took a psychological point of view B. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took a sociological point of view C. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semantic point of view D. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmatic point of view 2. Language is a system of ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication. A. unnatural B. artificial C. superficial D. arbitrary 3. We are born with the ability to acquire language, _______________. A. and the details of any language system are genetically transmitted B. therefore, we needn’t learn the details of our mother tongue C. but the details of language have to be learnt. D. and the details are acquired by instinct 4. A(n)________ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. It is a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. allophone C. phoneme D. sound 5. The morpheme –ed in the word “worked” is a(n) __________ morpheme. A. derivational B. inflectional C. free D. word-forming 6. WH-movement is __________ in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative. A. obligatory B. optional C. selectional D. arbitrary 7. Naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, was proposed by _________. A. Grice B. Plato C. Saussure D. Ogden and Richards 8. “John married a blond heiress.”__________ “John married a blond.” A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes 9. In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called _______, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. A. utterance B. reference C. predication D. morpheme 10. In Austin’s speech act theory, ___________ is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. A. a perlocutionary act B. a locutionary act
第一章 1.What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication 2.Design features of language ①Arbitrariness(任意性)refers to the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. (sounds and meanings) ②Duality（二层性）:The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. ③Productivity/creativity(创造性）:Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. ④Displacement(移位性):Human Languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at moment of communication. (p7) 3.Functions of language ①Informative(信息功能): to give information about facts. (ideational) ②Interpersonal(人际功能): to establish and maintain social status in a society.(age, sex, language, background, accent, status) ③Performative(施为功能) : language is used to do things, to perform certain actions. (name, promise, apologize, sorry, declare) ④. Emotive/Expressive(情感功能): to express feelings and attitudes of the speaker. ⑤Phatic communion(寒暄交流) : to use small and meaningless expressions to establish a comfortable relationship or maintain social contact between people without any factual content. (health, weather) ⑥Recreational function(娱乐): the use of language for sheer joy. (lyrics, poetry) ⑦Metalingual function(元语言功能): to talk about language itself. 4. What is linguistics? Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 5. Important distinctions in linguistics Descriptive & prescriptive Synchronic & diachronic Langue & parole Competence & performance 6.Descriptive(描写/述性)—describe and analyze linguistic facts or the language people actually use (modern linguistic) Prescriptive(规定性)—lay down rules for“correct and standard”linguistic behavior in using language (traditional grammar:“never use a double negative”) 7.Synchronic study(共时)—description of a language at some point of time (modern linguistics) Diachronic study (历时)—description of a language as it changes through time (historical development of language over a period of time) 第四章 1．What is Syntax（句法）? Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form