controlled by the enemy; an attempt to achieve sth difficult, especially using physical force.>
4) 冲击或骑兵的突然攻击charge
5) 从各个方向攻击beset
6) 指捕食的鹰俯冲下来捕捉牺牲品，但它常常用于形象的比喻descend on
7) 暴风雨、麻烦等突然降临某人、某个地方overtake
8) 用炮弹、烟火弹或导弹进行攻击bombard
9) 试图去破坏有防守的，筑有工事的地方storm
例句：歹徒时常在黑暗的街道上攻击被害者。
Muggers often assault their victims on dark streets.
5. retire, retreat, withdraw, flee, fly
这些动词均含“退下、退却”之意。
1) Retire,指从公开或公共场合退下到私下场所，也指被免除职务或自动辞职、退役等。
2) Retreat, 含消极意味，多指被迫采取退下或退却的行动。
3) Withdraw, 侧重因某种原因而有意离开，常含礼貌、谦恭等理由。也指军队的撤退
4) flee, 书面用词，侧重指逃跑时动作匆忙，多含惧怕之意。
5) fly含义与flee相同，但系非正式用词。
四、课文A语篇与难点
课文语篇
I．课文主题
Throughout the history of mankind, there have been many conquerors. Chengis Khan spent his entire life conquering neighboring peoples and expanding the Mongolian Empire.
Many Roman Emperors did the same for the Rome empire — so much so that at one time they ruled modern-day Great Britain.
Both the Mongolian and Roman Empires had their rise and fall in the distant past. Yet if
we want to examine conquerors, there is no need to go back that far. This text will focus on Napoleon and Hitler.
Man changes nature in order to live. However, man must also be careful not to disregard the laws of nature. In this text, Napoleon and Hitler launched military campaigns against Russia (the Soviet Union), but they both ignored the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter —the Icy Defender. As a result, they both failed.
Warm-up
1) Discussion: Man or nature, which is more powerful?
2) Ss form groups to analyze the similarities and differences between the two invasions.
When they finish, some Ss groups report to class.
3) A Comparison-and-Contrast Analysis of the Two Invasions (参见教师用书P3II)
Cultural Notes(参见教师用书P4-7)
II．课文结构
Text organization
Part one (Paras 1-2) Introduction—Both Napoleon‘s and Hitler‘s military campaigns failed because of the severity of the Russian winter.
Part two (Paras 3-11) Na poleon‘s military campaign against Russia
Part three (Paras 12-20) Hitler‘s military campaign against the Soviet Union
Part four (Paras 21) Conclusion—The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign.
课文重点、难点
1. But he was not prepared for the devastating enemy that met him in Moscow---- the raw, bitter,
bleak Russian winter.
但他没有料到在莫斯科他会遭遇劲敌――俄罗斯阴冷凄苦的寒冬。
But表转折。定语从句that met him in Moscow修饰the devastating enemy。The raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter 作enemy 的同位语。
2. In August, the French and Russian armies engaged at Smolensk, in a battle that left over ten
thousand dead on each side.
到了八月，法俄两军在斯摩棱斯克交战，这一战役中，双方各有上万人阵亡。
本句中，定语从名that left over ten thousand dead on each side 修饰 a battle.
3. The French retreat turned into a nightmare. From fields and forests, the Russians launched
hit-and-run attacks on the French．
法军的撤离成为一场噩梦。俄国人出没于田野与森林，采用打了就跑的战术，向法国人发起攻击。
此句中,from fields and forests作地点状语。合成短语Hit-and-run 作定语，修饰attack. 4. To the east of Hitler‘s German empire was the Soviet Union.
希特勒的德意志亮帝国的东部与苏联毗邻。
此句为倒装结构。The Soviet Union 为主语。正常语序为The Soviet Union was to the east of Hitler‘s German empire.注意介词to与at, in, on 在表地点方面的区别。
5. On June 22, 1941, without a declaration of war, Hitler began an invasion of the Soviet Union
that was the largest military land campaign in history. Confident of a quick victory, Hitler expected the campaign to last no longer than three months.
1941年6月22日，希特勒不宣而战，入侵苏联，发动了历史上规模最大的一场陆地战役。希特勒自信能速战速决，预计这一战役不会超过3个月。
此句中,定语从句that was the largest military land campaign in history修饰an invasion。
Confident of a quick victory 为定语从句短语作原因状语。……no longer than……，为比较级短语，表前者不如后者更长，（时间上）不会超过。
6. Caught off guard by the invasion, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin instructed the Russian people to
―scorch the earth‖ in front of the German invaders.
苏联领导人约瑟夫.斯大林被打了个措手不及，他指示全国人民在德国入侵者到来之前实行“焦土”政策。
过去分词短语caught off guard by the invasion, 表示原因状语。Instruct sb. to do sth. 指示某人做某事。
7. As Hitler‘s armies drew closer and closer to Moscow, an early, severe winter settled over the
Soviet Union, the harshest in years.
正当希特勒的军队逼近莫斯科时，寒冷的冬季早早地降临苏联，那是多年不遇的严寒。
此句是一个含有as引导的时间状语从句的复合句。Closer and closer为比较级连用，表示“愈来愈（近）”。The harshest 后面省略了winter, 最高级短语the harshest 为主语an early, severe winter 的同位语。
8. With little or no shelter from the winter cold in and around Stalingrad, German troops were
further weakened by a lack of food and supplies. Not until January 1943 did the Germans give up their siege.
德国军队在斯大林格勒城内外几乎没有挡风避寒的地方，食品和补给的匮乏更使其元气大伤。直到1943年1月德国人才放弃围城。
介词短语with little or no shelter from ……作主句的原因状语。Not until …表“直到…，才…”，放于句首，引起句子倒装。常表强调时间之用。正常语序为the Germans did not give up their siege until January 1943.
句型结构
1.地点介词at、on、in、to
1）at 在较小的场所，in在较大的场所，on在……的平面上。如at the
door、at the airport、at the station、at 55 Park Street、in China、in the north、in Asia、on the desk、on the wall等。
2）on、at、in还可以表示两地相对位置。若A地属于B地，用in;A地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接用on；无边缘的衔接有to。如：
Japan lies to the east of China.(范围之外)
Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.（范围之外）
Hunan province lies on the west of Hubei province.(毗邻)
The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距离)
3）地点介词的引申、比喻意义：in the sun在阳光下，in the dark(ness)在黑暗中，in the dark 不知道，in freezing weather在严寒天气中，in the mud在泥中，in the earth在地下,in the desert在沙漠中,in a heavy rain 在大雨中，in the snow / wind在雪/风中,in public 当众，in trouble 在困境中，get into trouble陷入困境，out of trouble摆脱困难，beyond hope绝望。
2. by surprise, in surprise与to one’s surprise：
by surprise用于take …by surprise 出乎…意料；对…突然袭击。
例如：He took me by surprise when he suddenly appeared at the door.
他突然出现在门口，这使我感到意外。
in surprise 惊讶地
例如：He looked at me in surprise. 他惊讶地看着我。
to one’s surprise 使某人惊讶的是。
例如：To my surprise he got full marks in the physics test.
使我惊讶的是他物理得了满分。
to one's ＋n.令某人感到……的是, 类似结构短语有：
to one's delight 令某人高兴的是，其中delight是名词，用在以下结构中：
to one's joy令某人高兴的是
to one's sorrow令某人伤心的是
to one's excitement令某人激动的是
to one's encouragement令某人感到鼓舞的是
to one's disappointment令某人失望的是
3. 不定式
不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、状语、补语和定语。作主语和宾语时，常用it做形式主语（或宾语），而将不定式移到后面，有时还需用for/of+代词/名词引出不定式的逻辑主语。for与of用法不一样，of之前的形容词常表示某人的性格品质，如honest，kind，nice，rude等。例如:It is wise of you to have made preparations in advance.（英明是人的性格特征。）一些形容词如able，apt，certain，eager，lucky等常由不定式来修饰。如He was lucky to find his lost wallet.
不带to的不定式使用场合极多:
1）情态动词之后
2）had better，would/had rather，would sooner，had best，would just as soon，might as well，cannot but等搭配之后
3）make，let，leave等使役动词之后
4）see，watch等感官动词之后
5）主语从句中带有do的某种形式，主语补语的不定式to可以省去。如What I want to do at present is（to）have a rest.
6）except，but之前有动词do的某种形式，其后的不定式不带to。如At present we can do nothing but wait.
7）rather than，sooner than放句首时，其后的不定式不带to。如Rather than risk breaking his marriage he told his wife everything.
8）Why（not）...?结构中用不带to的不定式
9）help之后可以用或不用to
五、课文B重点、难点
1. It took more than a year for military planers to orchestrate every movement of troops, artillery,
ships and aircraft and to set everything in place for the move that was to open up a second front in Europe. （line 5-7）
军事家运筹帷幄，用了一年多的时间部署军队、大炮、船只和飞机，为这一行动作了周密安排，以便在欧洲开辟第二战线。
在句中，it是全句的形式主语，不定式短语to orchestrate… and to set….是全句的真实主语。more than为比较级短语，“比…更多，多于…，不仅”；not more than 不超过；no more than “不过；仅仅”。
例如：Winter sleep is more than sleep. 冬眠不仅仅是睡觉。
She is not more than thirty. 她不超过三十岁。
She is no more than thirty.＝She is only thirty. 她只不过三十岁。
2. Everything was controlled; right down to the placement of military decoys across the English
Channel to fool the Germans into thinking the attack would come from Britain‘s closest point to France at Pas de Calais rather than in Normandy as planned. (line 10-13)
一切就绪，英吉利海峡上甚至还设下疑兵迷惑德国人，使他们相信将在英法最接近处的加来海峡发起攻击，而不是计划中的诺曼底。
1) fool sb. into doing sth. 愚弄（迷惑）某人做某事
2）rather than 宁可，宁愿（表示主观选择）
常用结构：… would/had rather do … than (do/doing) sth.
Rather than … would ….
… prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. (偶尔doing sth.)
e.g. He would rather sacrifice his life than see damage done to state property.
他宁可牺牲自己的生命，也不肯看到国家财产受到损失。
e.g. Rather than being punished, he should be rewarded.
他该受奖励，而不应该受惩罚。
e.g. He prefers to work rather than remain idle.
他宁愿工作，也不愿闲呆着。
3) as planned 是由as引导的方式状语从句，省略部分为as (it was) planned
3. The fifth was chosen for D-Day to allow a safety margin in case the attack needed to be
postponed.（lines．22-23）
6月5日被选定为进攻开始日，其用意是留下一个安全系数，以防万一进攻需要推迟。
此句中in case 引导的条件状语从句。注意比较in case of, in the case of, in this/that case, a case in point等。
2）postpone vt.推迟，使延期（~ + sth.; ~ + doing sth.）
4. But an unusually stormy transition from spring toward summer that year held out little hope that
there would be a suitable break in the weather（lines．25-27）
然而，当年春夏之交大风暴异乎寻常的多，想天气在这个当儿出现一个适合进攻的风平浪静的间隙，希望微乎其微。
1）but引导转折从句
2) that 引导的同位语从句，修饰hope.
3) little表否定含义。
5. As a result, the paratroopers were scattered over a wide area and most missed their drop zones,
some by as much as 20 miles. （lines．57-58）
结果伞兵降落过于分散，大多数人偏离了降落区域，有的偏离了20英里之多。
1)as a result 后为表示结果的语句。比较as a result of ,其后为表示原因的语句。
2) as much as为同级比较短语。
6. Never before had suck a fleet been assembled（lines．71-72）
以前从未调集过如此庞大的舰队。
1)此句为倒装句，正常语序为such a fleet had never been assembled before。
2)Assemble vt. 聚集，集会
7. The German shore batteries that would have contested a landing in the original area would
undoubtedly have taken a heavy toll. The landing at the new sector was virtually unopposed.
（lines．104-106）
要是在原定地区登陆的话，德军海岸炮群无疑会拼命抵抗并给盟军造成惨重伤亡。在新防区的登陆几乎没有遭到任何抵抗。
1）在句中，定语从句that would have contested a landing in the original area修饰batteries；
2）a heavy toll 伤亡惨重
8. Despite difficulties, Eisenhower‘s gamble with the elements was to pay off.（lines．107-108）
尽管困难重重，艾森豪威尔在与恶劣天气的赌博中赢得了胜利。
1）在句中，despite ( in spite of) 引导让步状语。
2）pay off 成功，取得好成果; 全部偿清; 付清工资后解雇
e.g. Two years of business school really paid of
f.
在商业学校就读两年真是很合算。
e.g. You'll have to pay off your old loan before being allowed a new one.
你必须还清旧债，才能重新贷款。
e.g. The company has paid off some redundant employees.
公司在发放工资后解雇了一些多余的雇员。
六、自测复习
Text A
Old Words or Expressions New Words or Expressions
prevent from doing sth. stand/get/be in the way
(cause to) take part in sth. engage (sb.) in sth.
take a risk take a gamble
continue doing sth. in a determined way press on/ahead
wait patiently for a chance bide one‘s time
below zero, made less by minus
with the loss of at the cost of
take sb. by surprise catch sb. off guard
stop completely bring to a halt
because of thanks to
be taken into consideration be reckoned with
cause damage, injuries or deaths take its/a toll
大炮Artillery
飞机aircraft
军队troop
舰队fleet; Armada
渡海部队Sea-borne troop
空降部队airborne unit
空降兵Paratrooper
伞降信号兵pathfinder
军舰naval vessel
骑兵中队Cavalry squadron
舰炮轰击Naval bombardment
骄兵必败Pride comes before a fall
孤注一掷take the gamble of doing sth.
侥幸的是by a stroke of luck
措手不及caught off guard by sth.
冰雪卫士the icy defender
Text B
Old Words or Expressions New Words or Expressions
so as to be safe if (sth.) happens in case
helpful; showing approval favorable
because of due to
cancel call off
endure without giving in; resist withstand
before prior to
prevent from moving pin down
诺曼底登陆the Normandy Landing
他很可能是对的he is likely to right.
一切就绪everything was controlled
风平浪静calm sea
希望微乎其微little hope
一丁点希望 a thin ray of hope
意见不一opinions were divided
军事演习 a war-game exercise
降落区域drop zone
身体虚弱in poor shape
出现了意想不到的好运 a strange stroke of good fortune occurred 尽管困难重重despite difficulties
建立立足点establish a toehold
在法国境内长驱直入thrust on deep into France
七、四级和六级真题词汇链接
1. _____ I admire David as a poet, I do not like him as a man.
A) Much as C) If only
B) Only if D) As much
2. When I go out in the evening I use the bike _____ the car if I can.
A) rather than C) in spite of
B) regardless of D) other than
3. In Britain , the best season of the year is probably ______spring.
A) late B) last C) latter D) later
4. When I was very young, I was terribly frightened of school, but I soon__________ it.
A) got off B) got across C) got away D) got over
5. When he realized the police had spotted him, the man_________ the exit quickly as possible.
A) made off B) made for C) made out D) made up
6. I'd ________ his reputation with other farmers and business people in the community, and then
make a decision above whether or not to approve a loan.
A) make out B) account for C) take into account D) make up for
7. ________ your poor record in school, we think you should study harder.
A) In spite of B) In charge of C) In view of D) In case of
8. The computer has brought about surprising technological changes __________ we organize and
produce information.
A) in a way B) in the way C) in that way D) in no way
9. Government reports, examination compositions, legal documents and most business letters are
the main situations _______ formal language is used.
A) in which B) in that C) on which D) at what
10. He always did well at school _____ having to do part-time jobs every now and then.
A) in spite of B) regardless of C) on account of D) in case of
11. ______ the storm, the ship would have reached its destination on time.
A) in spite of B) in case of C) but for D) because of
12. Everybody ______ in the hall where they were welcomed by the secretary.
A) assembled B) accumulated C) piled D) joined
13. The little man was ________ more than one meter fifty tall.
A) nearly B) quite C) barely D) almost
14. New York ________ second in the production of apples, producing 850,000,000pounds this
year.
A) ranked B) occupied C) arranged D) classified
15. A dark suit is ______ to a light one for evening wear.
A). proper B).suitable C). favorable D) preferable
16. The ability to store knowledge makes computers different from every other machine
______invented.
A) ever B) thus C) yet D) as
17. Because of a _____ engagement, Lora couldn't attend my birthday party last Saturday.
A) pioneer B) premature C) prior D) past
18. The car won't start because the battery has ______.
A) run up B) run over C) run down D) run of
19. Beijing has cut its birth-rate_______ almost 60 percent in the past 20 years.
A) to B) by C) for D) with
20. We object ________punishing a whole group for one person's fault.
A) against B) about C) to D) for
21. I can't________ what that object is.
A) make up B) make over C) make out D) make for
22. I want to buy a new tie to ________ this brown suit.
A) go into B) go after C) go with D) go by
23. When the whole area was________ by the flood, the government sent food there by helicopter.
A) cut away B) cut down C) cut up D) cut off
24. The bridge named________ the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people.
A) after B) with C) by D) from
25. The engine________ smoke and steam.
A) gives up B) gives in C) gives away D) gives off
26. They _______ in spite of the extremely difficult conditions.
A) carried out B) carried off C) carried on D) carried forward
27. A good friend is one who will_________ you when are in trouble.
A) stand for B) stand by C) stand up to D) stand up with
28. All I'm trying to do is to ________ why your condition has not improved.
A) look for B) find out C) search for D) get in
29. Young children soon ________ words they hear their elders use.
A) put forward B) look forward to C) turn up D) pick up
30. If you suspect that the illness might be serious , you should not ______ going to the doctor.
A) pick out B) make out C) give off D) put off
Key
1-5AAADB 6-10CCBAA 11-15 CCCAD
16-20ACCBC 21-25CCDAD 26-30CBBDD
Unit 2
Smart Cars
一、课文A重点词汇
1. alert v. 警告
【例句】The manager alerted the staff to the crisis facing the company. 经理提醒全体员工注意公司所面临的危机。
a. 警觉的，警惕的；注意的：alert to danger 警惕危险an alert bank guard.警觉的银行保安人员
n. 警报a bomb alert 空袭警报
【扩展】alertly ad. 机警地，警觉地alertness n. 机警，警觉
用法no the alert 注意，提防，小心（后接for/against）
【例句】Drivers msut be on the alert for traffic signals. 司机必须注意交通信号。
Alert sb. to sth. 提醒某人注意某事
【例句】alert sb. to the danger of swimming 提醒某人游泳危险
2. approximately ad. 近似于，大约
【例句】There were approximately 200people on the plane. 飞机上大约有200人。
【扩展】approximate a. 大约，大概v. 近似，近似值，略计
3. convert v. 变换使（某物）转变成另一种形式、物质、状态或结果to convert rags into paper / securities into cash / pounds into francs 将破布变成纸（证券变成现款，英镑变成法郎）【扩展】converse n./a. 相反，反conversion n. 转化，转变，改变converted a. 改建的，改造的convertible a. 可变化的，可改变的convertibility n. 变化性
4. correlate v. （与……）有相互联系，使（一物与另一物）发生联系
【例句】Results in the natural sciences seldom correlate with those in history or art. 自然科学很少与历史或艺术的结果有相互联系。
【例句】To correlate the two sets of figures / to correlate one set with the other. 使这两组数字发生联系。
【扩展】correlation n. 相互联系，关联，相关correlative a. 相互关联的（字或物）
用法correlate…with / to … Success in the educational system correlates highly to / with class. 教育体制的成功与课堂有很大的关系。
5. decrease v. 减少，变少
【例句】Your hunger decreases as you eat. 饥饿感在吃饭时会渐渐消失的。
It is necessary to decrease the amount of coal used. 必须减缩用煤量。
n. 减少，减少之量
【例句】This shows a slight decrease on the numbers of the previous month. 这表明比前一个月的数目略有减少。
There was a decrease in the number of children in school. 在校的儿童人数有所减少。
6. eliminate v. 排除，消除，消灭
【例句】a policy that would eliminate inflation 回消除通货膨胀的政策。
【例句】We should eliminate the false and retain the true. 我们应去伪存真。
【扩展】eliminate n. 排除，消除，消灭eliminator n. 消除者
用法eliminate sth. from sth. 从……排除……
【例句】He‘s careless, so it is im possible for him to eliminate the mistake from his writing. 他很粗心，所以要他在写作中没有错误是不可能的。
7. hazard n. 冒险, 危险, 冒险的事a life full of hazards 充满冒险的一生
v. 冒...的危险, 赌运气, 使遭危险hazard one‘s life 冒生命危险
【扩展】hazardous a. 冒险的，有危险的hazardously ad. 冒险地hazardousness n. 危险性用法at all hazards 不顾任何危险
【扩展】danger, hazard 和risk : danger 是一般用语，含义很广，可以是任何不利的场合，危险性可轻可重，可指肯定会发生的危险，也可指在遥远的将来，不一定会发生的危险be in danger of oversleeping 睡过头的危险hazard 指可以预测到，但难以避免和推测的危险，着
重有危险的因素
【例句】He determined to run away in spite of the possible hazard 尽管可能有危险，他还是决定要逃走。
risk 语气比danger弱，含有主动冒风险的意思
【例句】You‘re running a big risk in trusting him. 如果你相信他，那要冒很大的风险。
8. lucrative a. 可获利的，赚钱的a lucrative income 一笔利润收入
【扩展】lucratively ad. 获利地，赚钱地lucrativeness n. 赚钱，获利
profitable, lucrative 和gainful ：profitable 赚钱的，获利的，有益的a profitable business 赚钱生意lucrative 比profitable 更正式a lucrative investment 有利可图的投资gainful 有报酬的，赚钱的a gainful occupation 有报酬的职业
9. manufacture v. 制造，以及其大量生产（货物等）manufacture shoes / cement 制造鞋（水泥）manufacture industries 制造工业
n. [不可数]制造，生产
【例句】Firms engaged in the manufacture of plastics 从事制造塑料的公司goods of foreign manufacture 外国产品
【扩展】manufacture n. 制造商，生产者manufactory n. 制造厂，工厂manufacturing a. 制造的，生产的
produce , mate 和manufacture: produce 生产，出产，制造（产品），生（蛋），产（崽），结（果实）produce medicine 制造药品produce calf 生小牛cotton-producing areas 产棉区make 使用最广泛，最常用的词，意思是“制造，生产，使形成”，其成品既可是物质的，也可是精神的。
【例句】This factory makes bicycles. 这家工厂生产自行车。
manufacture 制造，比make , produce 更正式，通常表示把原料经过一定程序制成产品，指使用机器的大批量生产。
【例句】This textile mill manufactures cloth of good quality. 这家纺织厂生产优质布料。10. monotonous a. 单调的；无变化的；令人厌倦的
【例句】My job at the assembly line of the car factory is rather monotonous. 我在汽车工厂装配线上的工作颇为单调乏味。
a monotonous voice的单调声音
lead a monotonous life 过着单调的生活
【扩展】monotone n. 单调，无音调变化，平音monotonic a. 单调的monotonously ad. 单调地monotonousness (also monotony) n. 单调，千篇一律
【扩展】dull, boring 和monotonous : dull 意为“uninteresting, unexciting, lacking in imagination”,强调“没有意思的，乏味的，无聊的”a dull book / speech /talk /sermon /play 枯
燥无味的书（演讲、谈话、说教、戏）boring 意为―make sb. feel wea ry and impatient by being dull or tedious‖, 强调“因沉闷乏味而使人疲劳的，令人厌倦的”a boring evening 一个无聊的晚上a boring lesson 令人厌烦的一堂课monotonous 强调“单调、千篇一律、单调乏味的”a monotonous voice 单调的声音
11. mount v. 装
【例句】mount a gun 装置一门炮mount picture 裱装图画mount jewels in gold 把珠宝镶在金（制品）上
The engine is mounted behind the rear seats. 发动机装置在后座位后面。
Vt. 爬上，走上，登上（梯、上等）
He mounted his horse in and rode away. 他爬上马骑走了。
n. 文学用语或用于专有名词“山、丘”Mount Tai 泰山
【扩展】mountain n. 高山，山mountaineer n. 山地居民，善于爬山者mountainous a. 有山的，多山的
mound, hill, mount 和mountain : 土墩，土堆hill 小山mount (文学用语或用于专有名词)山mountain 高山
12. presently ad.1、现在，目前
【例句】I don‘t need such reference book presently. 我现在还不需要这样的参考书。
【例句】His parents are presently in Japan. 他父母目前正在日本。
2、一会儿，不久
【例句】Don‘t worry. He is coming presently. 别担心，他一会儿就来。
【扩展】present a. 现在的，目前的，出席的v. 介绍，赠送，呈现presence n. 出席，现场，面前，跟前，风采，风度presentment n. 陈述，呈现，展示物presenter n. 推荐者，赠送者
presently 与present : presently esp. AmE(美语) and ScotE(苏格兰英语)意思是now, 也可指soon；而at present,只有now的意思MyEnglish is rather elementary at present. 目前我的英语还很粗浅。
13. prototype n. 原型
【例句】the prototype of a new car 新车的原型
典型，榜样
【例句】a brilliant prototype of revolutionary art and literature 革命文艺的一个光辉典范
【扩展】prototypic(al) a. 典型的，原型的prototypically ad. 典型地
prototype, sample 和model : prototype 原型，事物的原始时态，尤其指机器和工业品的原始产品a prototype aeroplane 样机sample 样本，样品，（尤指按定量或大小销售时商人提出的）样货a urine sample 尿样sample book 样本书samples of handwriting 书法样本model 除了
指“原型，模型，典范”还可指“模型”a labour model 劳动模范model of an ocean liner 一艘海轮的模型
14. stick v. 以（尖物）插入，刺
【例句】stick a fork into a potato 用叉子叉上马铃薯。
【例句】The needle stuck in my finger.针扎进我手指里。
粘住，贴住
【例句】I stuck a stamp on the letter. 我把一张邮票贴在信上。
stick (in) 陷入，卡住而不能动弹，动弹不得（也可用被动语态）
【例句】The key stuck in the lock. 钥匙插在锁里拔不出来。
【例句】The bus was stuck in the mud.公共汽车陷在泥里动不了了。
【扩展】sticker n. 坚持者，固守者，尖物sticky a. 粘的
用法be / get stunk with sb. or sth. 与某人或某物纠缠不清，无法摆脱……
【例句】It looks as if I‘m stuck with the job of cleaning up this mess. 我好像非要收拾这个烂摊子了。
stick at …… 迟疑，犹豫，顾虑，继续做某事
【例句】stick at the trifles 为小事伤脑筋了
stick at his work 继续工作
stick sth. on 把某物粘上
【例句】stick on a label 粘上标签
15. vapor n. 蒸汽，汽，雾water vapor 水蒸气
【例句】The gaseous state of a substance that is liquid or solid under ordinary conditions. 汽通常情况下呈液体或固体状态的物质的汽化状态。
v. 变成蒸汽，散发蒸汽water vapors when boiled. 水开了就会蒸发。
自夸，吹牛
【例句】He was vaporing something about the days of his youth. 他在夸耀着年轻时候的事情。【扩展】vaporous a. 形成蒸汽的，雾状的vapourousness n. 雾状物vaporous a. 似蒸汽的，忧郁症的，易忧郁的
16. vibrate v. 使快速摆动，摇动，震动，颤动
【例句】The house vibrates时房屋震动
the strings of piano vibrate 钢琴的琴键震动
one‘s voice vibrate with passion 声音因激动而颤抖
【扩展】vibrator n. 震动器vibration n. 摆动，震动，颤动
二、课文A重点短语
1.on one‘s own 独自，靠自己
【例句】nowadays more and more people get the job on their own, not by relationship. 现在越来越多的人是靠自己找工作，而不是靠关系。
2.sound like… 听起来像…
【例句】your story sounds like Arabian nights. 你的故事听起来像天方夜谈。
3.set to ; to begin working energetically; start in 热忱地开始工作；开始；动手
【例句】Beijing citizens set to learn English for Olympic Games, Beijing 2008. 为了2008年北京奥运会，北京市民已经开始学英语。
4.turn (sth.) into / become a reality （使）成为现实
【例句】His romantic dream as a poet has turned into a reality. 他要成为诗人的浪漫梦想已经成为现实。
5.be about to do sth. 一般将来式的一种形式，表示就要发生的事情。
【例句】when one is about to act, one must reason first. 凡事要先思而后行。
6.rank as among; rank 后接副词或介词词组，表示“在…中位列…”
【例句】Brazil football team ranks as among the best football teams in the world nowadays.
7.not bother to do 不屑于做某事
【例句】More and more people don’t bother to go through marriage ceremonies these days. 如今越来越多的人连婚礼都懒得举行了。
8.pick up 检测，感测
【例句】You must learn to pick up your superior’s moods and act accordingly. 你必须学会注意上级的情绪并见机行事。
9.get/ be stuck in (sth.) 停留，被阻塞
【例句】I got stuck in the lift for an hour just now. 我刚才被困在电梯里长达一小时。
10.have an impact 对…产生影响
【例句】Confucian Analects has had a great impact on Chinese. 《论语》对中国人有很大的影响。
11.what is called 所谓的
【例句】What is called foolproof methods always fail. 所谓不会有差错的办法总是失败。12.At any given time 在任何特定的时间
【例句】At any given time, people have only limited experience. 在任何特定的时间，人只有有限的经验。
13.be poised to (do) 做好准备随时（做…）
【例句】She has been poised to undertake the ordeal. 她已做好准备接受这场严酷的考验。14.call for sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事
【例句】members have called for the manager to hand in his resignation as soon as possible. 学员
们都要求经理早日递交辞呈。
15.take control of 控制
【例句】The British government took complete control of Hong Kong before 1997. 1997年之前英国政府完全控制香港。
16.in unison 一致地，和谐地
【例句】Despite our differences, we have acted in unison in our outside dealings. 尽管我们之间有分歧，但我们一致对外。
17.as well 也，又
【例句】Frustration tried a man and makes him as well. 挫折既考验人，也造就人。
三、课文A易混词【扩展】
1. decrease / diminish / reduce : decrease vi.,vt. 指不断地逐渐减少、减小、减弱，可用作名词，但较常用作不及物动词The rainfall is decreasing. 雨量在减少。diminish diminished as the sun went down 太阳下山，就逐渐不热了。Time will never make our friendship diminish. 时间永远不会使我们的友情淡薄。Reduce 是最常用的，含义较广，指（人为的）数量上的减少，尺寸上的缩小，密度、范围的减少，职位、级别的降低，经济状况的恶化，速度的减慢等to reduce household expenses 减少家庭开支reduce labour force 减少劳动力
2. alter / change / convert : alter 指对事物的外观或用途部分做细小的修改，原来的性质和本质并未发生根本变化alter the hemline of this skirt 修改这条裙子的下摆alter the bookshop into a self-service grocery 把书店改成自助食品杂货店。change 是最常用的词，比alter使用更广泛，可指小的，也可指大的，表面上的或本质上的、数量上的或质量上的，还可指一事物代替另一事物。Alter the dress without changing its style. 改一改这件衣服，而不必改变它的样式。当change 指外貌、用途等方面发生改变时，可与alter通用Her appearance has changed / altered a great deal. 她的容貌变了许多。Convert 指性质、本质上发生变化convert defeat into victory 转败为胜convert food into energy 把食物转化为能量
3. ability / capability / capacity : ability 常指人们做某种具体事情的能力，特别是经过学习而获得的实际本领，通常用于人，后面接不定式、in、at等。He has the ability to swim like a fish.他游泳游得非常好。Capability 指做某事的才干或本领，常与ability通用，但是更强调潜在的能力，可用于人或事物，后面接不定式或of等。He has the capability of solving practical problems. 他有解决实际问题的才能。Capacity 主要指接受、吸收或容纳的能力，可用于人或事物，后接for、of、不定式等。The theatre has a seating capacity of 400 people. 这个戏院可容纳400人。
四、课文A语篇与难点
课文语篇
