PART Ⅳ AUTOMATION NEW TECHNOLOGY
Unit 24 Intelligent Robots
Key Words and Terms
1. industrial robot 工业机器人
2. weld v. 焊接, 使密接
3. assemble v. 集合, 装配
4. repetitive adj. 重复的, 反复性的
5. texture n. 质地
6. intelligent robot 智能机器人
7. tactile adj. 触觉的, 有触觉的
8. simulate v. 模拟, 模仿
9. bestow v. 给予, 安放
10. orientation n. 方位, 定位
11. seam v. 缝合, 焊合
12. illumination n. 照明, 阐明, 启发
13. camera n. 照相机, 摄影机
14. lens n. 透镜, 镜头
15. pixel n. 像素
16. charge-coupled devices 电荷耦合器件
17. random assess memory 随机存储
18. tactile adj. 触觉的, 有触觉的
19. wrist n. 手腕, 腕关节 20. strain gauge 应变片
21. piezoelectric压电的
22. fragile adj. 易碎的, 脆的
23. navigate v. 航行，导航
24. bin n. 容器, 箱子
25. simply adv. 简单地、简明地、朴素地、坦白地、直率地、仅仅、只不过、简直、完全
26. possess vt. 拥有, 持有, 支配
Notations and Translation
Industrial [in'dʌstriəl] robots['rəubɔt, 'rəubət] have been developed to
perform a wide variety of manufacturing tasks, such as machine
loading/unloading, welding, painting, and assembling. However, most
industrial robots have very limited ability. For example, if the assembly
parts are not presented to the robot in a precise, repetitive fashion, the
robot simply can not perform its jobs, because it can not find the part and
pick it up. If an invading object happens to enter the work space of a
robot, the robot may collide with it, resulting in damage to both, because
the robot can not see it as an obstacle. In other words, existing robots
are far from being intelligent, and they can not hear, see, and feel
(force, shape, texture, temperature, weight, distance, and speed of
objects on its grasp or nearby).
换句话说，现有的机器人远还谈不上具有智能，且它们没有听力和视觉，对其手中或附近的物体的力量、形状、质地、温度、重量、距离及速度等还缺乏知觉。
换句话说，现在的机器人还远远不具备智能，而且它们既不能“听”也不能“看”；同时，对于在 “手”中或者附近的物体，机器人也缺乏力、形状、纹理、温度、重量、距离和速度等的感知能力。
An entirely new phase in robotic [rəu'bɔtik] applications has been
opened with the development of “intelligent robots”. An intelligent
robot is basically one that must be capable of sensing its
surroundings and possess [pə'zes] intelligent enough to respond to a
changing environment in much the same way as we do. Such ability
requires the direct application of sensory perception and artificial
intelligence. Much of research in robotics has been and is still concerned
with how to equip robots with visual sensors-eyes and tactile
['tæktail, 'tæktil] sensors-the “fingers”. Artificial intelligence will enable
the robot to respond to and adapt to changes in its tasks and in its
environment, and to reason and make decisions in reaction to those
changes.①
智能机器人本质上是具有感知能力并具有足够的智能，在环境改变时做出和人类响应类似的响应。
In the light of these requirements, an intelligent robot may be
described as one that is equipped with various kinds of sensors, possesses sophisticated [sə'fistikeitid, sə'fisti.keitid] signal processing
capabilities and intelligence for making decisions, in addition to
general mobility.
In the light of 鉴于、由于
Mobility n. 机动性
鉴于以上要求，智能机器人可以形容为，具有多种传感器，具有处理复杂信号的能力且具有做出决策的能力再加上一般的机动性。
One important capability that humans demonstrate
['demənstreit, 'demən.streit] when performing intelligent tasks is receiving
sensory information from their surroundings. Human senses provide a
rich variety of sensory inputs that are critical to many of the activities
performed. Much effort has been made to simulate similar sensory
abilities for intelligent robots, among them, vision is the most important
sense as it is estimated that up to 80% of sensory information is received
by vision. Vision can be bestowed[bi'stəuəd] on robotic systems by using
imaging sensors in various ways. For improving accuracy of
performances, it can help precisely adjust the robot band by means
of optical feedback control using visual sensors. Determining the
location, orientation, and recognition of the parts to be picked up is
another important application. For example, vision is necessary to
guide a seam-welding robot to perform mating two parts together and weld them. Regardless of the application, the vision system must contain
an illumination [i.lju:mi'neiʃən, i.lju:mə'neiʃən] source, an imagery ['imidʒəri]
sensor, an imagery digitizer and a system control computer.
为了提高工作的精度，可以通过使用视觉传感器，用光学反馈的方式来调节机器手。识别将要拾起的零件并确定其位置和方向是机器人的另一重要应用。
If ambient lighting serves an illumination source, the imaging
process is passive. This type of imaging is common in military
applications since the position of the viewer is beyond the control of
the viewer. But in industrial applications, controlled illumination or
active imaging can be used as freely as possible.
如果周围的光作为照明源，则成像过程为被动的。这种成像通常用于军事，因为观察者很难控制自己的位置。但是在工业应用中，受控的照明或称主动成像可以尽可能自由地使用。
The imagery sensor of a robot vision system is defined as an
electro optical device that converts an optical image ['imidʒ] to a video
signal. The image sensor is usually either a TV-camera or a
solid-state sensory device, for instance, charge-coupled devices
(CCD). The latter device offers greater sensitivity, long endurance
and light weight, and is thus welcome when compared with the
TV-camera.
机器人视觉系统的图像传感器为将光学图像转换为视频信号的
