Performance Analysis of MUSIC and ESPRIT DOA Estimation algorithms for
adaptive array smart antenna in mobile communication
1
T.B. LAVATE.
Department of E&T/C, College of Engg. Pune.
Pune, Maharastra, India. lavate.tb@https://www.doczj.com/doc/e91924148.html,, https://www.doczj.com/doc/e91924148.html,vate@https://www.doczj.com/doc/e91924148.html, 2
Prof. V.K. KOKATE
Department of E&T/C Indira College of Engg. &
Management Pune. Pune, Maharastra, India. vkkokateetc@https://www.doczj.com/doc/e91924148.html,
3
Prof. Dr. A. M. SAPKAL
Department of E&T/C, College of Engg. Pune.
Pune, Maharastra, India ams.extc@coep.ac.in
Abstract: Adaptive array smart antenna involves the array processing to manipulate the signals induced on various antenna elements in such way that the main beam directing towards the desired signal and forming the nulls towards the interferers. Such
smart antennas are widely used in wireless mobile
communications as they can increase the channel capacity and
coverage range. In adaptive array smart antenna, to locate the desired signal, various direction of arrival (DOA) estimation
algorithms are used. This paper investigates and compares
MUSIC and ESPRIT, DOA estimation algorithms which are widely used in the design of smart antenna system. MUSIC and ESPRIT algorithms provide high angular resolution and hence they are explored much in detail by varying various parameters of smart antenna system .However simulation in this paper shows that MUSIC algorithm is highly accurate and stable and provides high angular resolution compared to ESPRIT and hence MUSIC algorithm can be widely used in mobile communication to estimate the DOA of the arriving signals.
Keywords- MUSIC, ESPRIT, Smart antenna, DOA .
I. I NTRODUCTION
One of the most promising techniques for increasing the capacity in 3G cellular is the adaptive array smart antenna. The smart antenna technology is based on antenna arrays where the radiation pattern is altered by adjusting the amplitude and relative phase on the different elements. If several transmitters are operating simultaneously, each source creates many multipath components at the receiver and hence receive array must be able to estimate the angles of arrival in order to decipher which emitters are present and what are their angular locations. This information in turn can be used by the smart antenna to eliminate or combine signals for greater fidelity or suppress interferers to improve the capacity of cellular mobile communication . The various DOA estimation algorithms are Bartlett, Capon,
Min-norm, MUSIC and ESPRIT. But MUSIC and ESPRIT algorithms are high resolution and accurate methods which are widely used in the design of smart antennas and hence their performance is evaluated in following sections. With use of MUSIC algorithms smart antennas add a new
possibility of user separation by space through space division multiple access (SDMA).
II. DOA ESTIMATION ALGORITHMS
The purpose of DOA estimation is to use the data received by the array to estimate the direction of arrival of the signal. As shown in Fig. 1, the results of DOA estimation are then used by the array to design the adaptive beam former in such way as to maximize the power radiated towards the users and to suppress the interference. In short the successful design of adaptive array smart antenna depends highly on the performance of DOA estimation algorithm. In the design of adaptive array smart antenna for mobile communication the performance of DOA estimation algorithm depends on many parameters such as number of mobile users and their space distribution , the number of array elements and their spacing, the number of signal samples and SNR. Number of DOA estimation algorithms conventional and subspace methods.
Conventional methods also called classical methods which first compute a spatial spectrum and then estimate DOAs by local maxima of the spectrum. Methods that fall under this class are Bartlett, Capon methods. But these methods suffer from lack of angular resolution. For this MUSIC and ESPRIT algorithms are most used.
A. MUSIC Algorithm
MUSIC is an acronym which stands for Multiple Signal classification. It is high resolution technique based
Second International Conference on Computer and Network Technology
覆盖范围借助旋转不变技术估计信号参数算法
角度分辨率
on exploiting the eigenstructure of input covariance matrix. MUSIC makes assumption that the noise in each channel is uncorrelated making correlation matrix diagonal. The incident signals are somewhat correlated creating non diagonal signal correlation matrix
.
ω1ω2
ωM
Beamformer
Source Estimation Processor
∑
Mobile location
data
DOA Estimation Algorithms
eg; Music, ESPRIT
X1(k)
X2(k)
XM(k)
?1
?2
?D
M signal ports
Figure 1 M element antenna array with D arriving signals.
If the number of signals impinging on M element array is D, the number of signal eigenvalues and eigenvectors is D and number of noise eigenvalues and eigenvectors is M-D. The array correlation matrix with uncorrelated noise and equal variances is then given by R xx = A*R ss *A H + n 2
*I (1)
Where A= [a(θ1) a(θ2) a(θ3) --- a(θD )] is M x D array steering matrix
R ss =[s 1(k) s 2(k) s 3(k) ---- s D (k)]T is D x D source correlation matrix
R xx has D eigenvectors associated with signals and M – D eigenvectors associated with the noise. We can then construct the M x (M-D) subspace spanned by the noise eigenvectors such that
V N =[v 1 v 2 v 3 ------- v M-D ] (2)
The noise subspace eigenvectors are orthogonal to array steering vectors at the angles of arrivals θ1, θ2, θ3, θD and
the MUSIC Pseudospectrum is given as
P MUSIC(θ) = 1/abs((a(θ)θH V N V N H a(θ)) (3) However when signal sources are coherent or noise variances vary the resolution of MUSIC diminishes. To
overcome this we must collect several time samples of
received signal plus noise, assume ergodicity and estimate the correlation matrices via time averaging as
1 K
R xx = ∑x(k)*x(k)H (4) K k=1 and
R xx = A*R ss*A H + A*R sn + R ns *A H + R nn (5)
The MUSIC Pseudospectrum using equation (3) with time averages now provides high angular resolution for coherent signals.
B. ESPRIT Algorithm
ESPRIT stands for Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques which is another subspace based DOA estimation algorithm. It does not involve an exhaustive search through all possible steering vectors to estimate DOA and dramatically reduces the computational and storage requirements compared to MUSIC. The goal of the ESPRIT technique is to exploit the rotational invariance in the signal subspace which is created by two arrays with a translational invariance structure. ESPRIT assumes that there are D < M narrowband sources centered at the centre frequency f 0. ESPRIT further assumes multiple identical arrays called doublets and these arrays are displaced translationally but not rotationally. Fig. 2 shows four element linear array which is composed of two doublets.
d y x Ar ray-1
Ar ray-2?1?2?D S 2(k )
Figure 2 Four element linear array with two doublets. The two subarrays , array-1 and array-2 are displaced by distance ‘d’. The signals induced on each of the arrays are given by
x 1(k) = A 1*s(k) + n 1(k) and
x 2(k) = A 1*Λ*s(k) + n 2(k)
相关
遍历性
MUSIC 角度分辨率的分析
与MUSIC 比较
where Λ = diag {e jkdsin(θ1) e jkdsin(θ2) ----- e jkdsin(θD)} = D x D diagonal unitary matrix with phase shifts
between doublets for each DOA.
Creating the signal subspace for the two subarrays results in two matrices V 1 & V 2. Since the arrays are
translationally related, the subspaces of eigenvectors are related by a unique nonsingular transformation matrix ф
such that
V 1ф =V 2 There must also exist a unique nonsingular transformation matrix T such that
V 1 = AT and V 2 =A ΛT and finally we can derive
T ФT -1 = Λ (6) Thus the eigenvalues of ф must be equal to the diagonal
elements of Λ such that
λ1 = e jkdsin(θ1), λ2 = e jkdsin(θ2) ----- λD = e jkdsin(θD)
Once the eigenvalues of ф, λ1 ,λ2, ------ λD are calculated, we can estimate the angles of arrivals as
θi =sin -1(arg(λi )/kd) (7)
Clearly the ESPRIT eliminates the search procedure &
produces the DOA estimation directly in terms of the eigenvalues without much computational and storage requirements.This eigenstructure method has shown excellent accuracy and resolution in many experimental and theoretical studies.
III. S IMULATION R ESULT
The MUSIC & ESPRIT methods of DOA estimation are simulated using MATLAB. A uniform linear array with M elements has been considered here.
A. Simulation results of MUSIC DOA estimation
algorithm.
AOA Degrees
P m u (d b )
Figure 3 MUSIC spectrum for M=5 & A0A= -5, 10, 25 degrees.
AOA Degrees
|P (θ)|d b
Figure 4 MUSIC spectrum for varying number of array elements.
AOA Degrees
|P (θ)|d b
Figure 5 MUSIC spectrum for varying number of snapshots .
Table 1 DOA E STIMATION B Y MUSIC & ESPRIT F OR VARYING SNR. (Input θ =25 deg, M=4, k=100) SNR (dB) MUSIC (θ) ESPRIT(θ)
-20 21.66 -39.08 -19 24.00 23.47 0 24.66 26.02 9 25.00 25.67 20 25.00 25.21 21 25.00 24.99
Fig. 3 shows the MUSIC spectrum for uniform linear array
with five elements and SNR=20 dB, K=100 for direction of arrivals -5, 10, 25 degrees. Spacing between elements is assumed to be 0.5λ. Fig. 4 shows the MUSIC spectrum for same angles of arrivals stated above but the number of array elements is increased from 5 to 11.When number of elements in array is increased to 11 MUSIC spectrum takes the form of sharper peaks in which angular resolution is
ESPRIT 优点
improved. The number of signal snapshots used to generate realistic signal model is a key factor in the realization of practical antennas . Fig. 5 shows the music spectrum obtained for snapshots equal to 10 and 1000. Increased snapshots leads to sharper MUSIC spectrum peaks indicating more accurate detection and better resolution.
B.Simulation results of ESPRIT, DOA estimation
algorithm
Simulation of ESPRIT algorithm for linear uniform array with four elements is carried out by varying different parameters of linear array.
Table 2 DOA E STIMATION U SING ESPRIT F OR VARYING A NGULAR
S EPARATION (M=4, SNR=20 dB, K=100)
T ABLE 3DOA E STIMATION U SING ESPRIT F OR V ARYING N UMBER O F
S NAPSHOTS K.(M=4,SNR=20 D B)
T ABLE 4DOA ESTIMATION USING ESPRIT FOR VARRYING NUMBER OF
SIGNALS.(M=4,SNR=20D B,K=100) Table 2 illustrates that the percentage error in DOA detection using ESPRIT algorithm decreases as angular separation between arriving signals increases. Table 3 illustrates that when number of samples are increased the
error becomes small. Table 4 illustrates how the ESPRIT algorithm can successfully detects 2 incident signals on array of 4 elements and how it completely fails if the number of incident signals increased to 4. Table 1 indicates
DOA estimation by both MUSIC and ESPRIT with respect
to SNR. This table clearly indicates that MUSIC provides
high resolution and accurate detection of an angle of arrival
than that of ESPRIT.
IV.CONCLUSION
This paper presents the results of direction of arrival estimation using ESPRIT & MUSIC. These two methods
have greater resolution and accuracy and hence these are investigated much in detail. The simulation results of both MUSIC and ESPRIT show that their performance improves
with more elements in the array, with large snapshots of signals and greater angular separation between the signals. These improvements are seen in form of the sharper peaks
in the MUSIC and smaller errors in angle detection in the ESPRIT. However Table 1 shows that there are more errors
in DOA estimation by using ESPRIT compared to the MUSIC algorithm. Clearly MUSIC is more stable and accurate and provides high resolution and this adds new possibility of user separation through SDMA and can be widely used in the design of smart antenna system.
R EFERENCES
[1]L.C.Godara,“Application of antenna arrays to mobile communication
II: Beamforming & direction of arrival considerations”, Proceedings
of IEEE, volume 85,issue 8,August 1997, pages 1195-1245.
[2]Lal. C. Godara,“Limitations and capabilities of directions of arrival
estimation techniques using an array of antennas: A Mobile
communications perspective ,” proceedings of IEEE, pp 327-
333,1996.
[3]Paulraj and T. Kailath,“Eigenstructure methods for direction of
arrival estimation in the presence of unknown noise field”, IEEE
Transaction Acoustic, speech and signal processing, Vol.Assp. 34,
No.1, pp. 1302, Feb. 1986.
[4]J. C. Liberti, T. S. Rappaport,“ Smart antenna for wireless
communications,” Prentice Hall India,1999.
[5]Frank Gross ,“ Smart antennas for wireless communication,”
McGraw Hill. New York, 2005.
Sr,no, θ Input (deg) θ ESPRIT (deg)
1 10 9.43
25 23.94
2 20 20.02
80 80.27
K=10
θ Input (deg) θ ESPRIT (deg)
80 79.39
20 19.92
K=1000
80 80.04
20 20.00
No. of signals θ Input (deg) θ ESPRIT (deg)
2 20 20.08
40 39.96
4 10 24.46 30 32.34 50 -44.52 70 -18.82
随着快怕数和阵元数的增加丆估计精度和分辨率增加
高中英语作文：抄袭 导读：本文高中英语作文：抄袭，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。 Recently, a famous case was closed. The case was about a screenwriter plagiarizing another writer’s novel. The public kept their eyes on this case, most people believed that the screenwriter indeed plagiarized someone’s work, because the story he wrote had some much similarity with another writer’s play. The screenwriter denied that he had copied other writer’s work. What he said made the writer very angry, the writer charged the screenwriter. Now the result came out, the writer won the case and the screenwriter had to apologize. Plagiarizing someone’s work is a serious crime, it is not respectful to others and steal people’s work. Such behavior should be condemned strongly. 最近,一单的案子结案了。此案是关于一位编剧抄袭另一个作家的小说。大众关着这件案子,大多数人认为编剧确实抄袭别人的作品,因为他写的故事和另一个作家的戏剧有很多相似性。编剧否认他抄袭其他作家的作品。他所说的让作家很生气,作家起诉了编剧。现在结果出来了,作家打赢了官司,编剧就此案道歉。剽窃别人的作品是一种严重的犯罪,****别人的作品是不尊重他人的表现。这种行为应该受到谴责。
以抄袭为话题的大学英语作文 以抄袭为话题的大学英语作文 Academic Plagiarism Nowadays, the problem of academic plagiarism becomes more and more serious. In orderto earn academic titles, some teachers plagiarize others' academic papers; in order tograduate smoothly, some college students plagiarize others' graduation papers. Everything hasits reasons; academic plagiarism is no exception. First, college authorities put too much emphasis on papers while conferring academic titlesand graduating students. Second, modern technology makes it unprecedentedly easy to getinformation and materials. Some plagiarists who are morally corrupt can't resist thetemptation and decide to take risks. Third, the system of censorship and penalty are farfrom being strict, encouraging plagiarism to some extent. Plagiarism causes many bad results. On the one hand, plagiarism infringes original writers'right and it is unfair for teachers and students who don't plagiarize. On the other hand,plagiarism may spread negative thoughts
中西医临床医学吴雪楠QQ962230662 Avoid cheating A piece of news in 20th March reported that students in India are used to cheating in exams even their parents help them cheat by deleting the cheat sheets through the windows to their children like the Spider-Man. The first light through my mind was that the country is so crazy! However, when I came to the end of the website, I find a piece of related news said that a school in Hubei Province moved the examination room to a forest in order to prevent students from cheating. That’s terrib le. As I know, cheating in exams is the most serious problem in my university——if you do, you lose everything. But, the phenomenon still exists no matter what actions you take. That’s the cause of a debate ——whether the cheat should be tolerated or not? A t the beginning, I don’t think it meaningful to argue because in conventional moral domain it’s an unfair deal to other people who achieve the marks on their own. And, the exams in schools are just the first step to more academic dishonesty, professional misconduct, and unethical business practice in the future. Nobody would like to live in a world filling by unreal things I guess. However, there is always some different voice. Some people think that cheating in exams is not such a terrible thing because students will get higher scores by it. To bend it is impossible to educators, and some students will have inimical emotions to teachers because this behavior destroys the basic trust between the two groups. Maybe you also think this opinion ridiculous as I do. However, “anything existing must be reasonable”. Cheating is not a good thing, but how to deal with it is harder to be good. So, to my mind, cheating shouldn’t be tolerated at any time. Meanwhile, educators should come out better solutions to prevent the behavior at the very beginning.
Defining and Avoiding Plagiarism: The WPA Statement on Best Practices Download a PDF version of this document. Plagiarism has always concerned teachers and administrators, who want students’ work to repre sent their own efforts and to reflect the outcomes of their learning. However, with the advent of the Internet and easy access to almost limitless written material on every conceivable topic, suspicion of student plagiarism has begun to affect teachers at all levels, at times diverting them from the work of developing students’ writing, reading, and critical thinking abilities. This statement responds to the growing educational concerns about plagiarism in four ways: by defining plagiarism; by suggesting some of the causes of plagiarism; by proposing a set of responsibilities (for students, teachers, and administrators) to address the problem of plagiarism; and by recommending a set of practices for teaching and learning that can significantly reduce the likelihood of plagiarism. The statement is intended to provide helpful suggestions and clarifications so that instructors, administrators, and students can work together more effectively in support of excellence in teaching and learning. What Is Plagiarism? In instructional settings, plagiarism is a multifaceted and ethically complex problem. However, if any definition of plagiarism is to be helpful to administrators, faculty, and students, it needs to be as simple and direct as possible within the context for which it is intended. Definition: In an instructional setting, plagiarism occurs when a writer deliberately uses someone else’s language,ideas, or other original (not common-knowledge) material without acknowledging its source. This definition applies to texts published in print or on-line, to manuscripts, and to the work of other student writers. Most current discussions of plagiarism fail to distinguish between:
【篇一】关于英语作文句子摘抄 1.as an old saying goes,....正如一句古老的谚语所说 2....be nothing but... ....不过就是... 3.from where i stand.... 从我的立场来说 4.give oneself a chance to.....给某人一个机会去... 5.i feel sure that...我坚信... 6....is the best way to make sure that....确保...的办法是... 7.we must do our absolute best to....我们必须竭尽全力做... 8.there is no denying the fect that...无可否认.... 9.nothing is more+adj.+than to+v.没有比...更重要的了 10.主语+cannot emphasize the importance of....too much 再怎么强调..的重要性也不为过 11....pose a great threat to... ...对..造成了一大威胁(eg.Pollution poses a great threat to our existance.) 12.stole the spotlight from...从...获得大众的瞩目 13....touch sb. on the raw ....触到某人的痛处 14.it is not uncommon that... 这是常有的事儿。 15it is almost impossible to do.. 是很困难的 16the recent research has shown that..最近研究表明。 17...has/have no alternative but to...除...外别无选择 18....between the devil and the deep blue sea 进退维谷，左右为难 19.content in the thought that...满足于...的想法 【篇二】关于英语作文句子摘抄
Copying others’homework has long been around us . Of course, diverse excuse can be employed to make us feel better—too much schoolwork, too tight schedule, to sleepy ourselves and so on. We have to admit these causes as reasonable, but where will copying lead us to ? There is no doubting a copier will achieve nothing in the end. In fact, Everyone knows about the terrible subsequences (results) of being a homework-copying thief, we just do not take it seriously . So our achievements suffered greatly . Each time we have such a bad idea, think more out what we are doing , what our parents are working for, smiles and flowers available to no https://www.doczj.com/doc/e91924148.html,pletely saying bye to the bad habit at once may seem difficult , but not get frustrated, as long as we are determined , each time we changed a little . One day , our little steps will definitely add up to a great success.
Many people think of plagiarism as copying another’s work, or borrowing someone else’s original ideas. But terms like “copying” and “borrowing” can disguise the seriousness of the offense: According to the Merriam-Webster OnLine Dictionary, to “plagiarize” means 1)to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own 2)to use (another's production) without crediting the source 3)to commit literary theft 4)to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source. In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both stealing someone else’s work and lying about it afterward. But can words and ideas really be stolen? According to U.S. law, the answer is yes. In the United States and many other countries, the expression of original ideas is considered intellectual property, and is protected by copyright laws, just like original inventions. Almost all forms of expression fall under copyright protection as long as they are recorded in some media (such as a book or a computer file). All of the following are considered plagiarism: ?turning in someone else’s work as your own ?copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit ?failing to put a quotation in quotation marks ?giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation ?changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit ?copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work, whether you give credit or not (see our section on “fair use” rules) Attention! Changing the words of an original source is not sufficient to prevent plagiarism. If you have retained the essential idea of an original source, and have not cited it, then no matter how drastically you may have altered its context or presentation, you have still plagiarized Most cases of plagiarism can be avoided, however, by citing sources. Simply acknowledging that certain material has been borrowed, and providing your audience with the information necessary to find that source, is usually enough to prevent plagiarism.
As is known to all,the competitions have become increasingly firece in the academic field of our country.So various phenomenons of academic plagiarism are constantly exposed to the public vision. The plagiarism has not only been the severely immoral behaviour but also produced much more adverse effects.The causes can be summed up as following.In the first place,the widespread plagiarism will be considerately damaging to the favorable academic atmosphere that our government has always been endeavoring to cultivate.In the second place,the scholars' dignity would be demolished if their academic fulfillments have been stolen by others.The plagiarism will curb the academic and scientific advancements. Confronted with the undesirable impacts,the government should take many effective actions to tackle with this problem.Enacting a plenitude of legal regulations and rules can be taken into account in order to safeguard the intelligent prosperities of each original author.In addition to this way,Adopting the massive media propaganda to strengthen individuals' consciousness of their petent protection.Only in this way can we utmostly ruin the root cause of the plagiarism. In conclusion,I take a view that every person and the government must take joint efforts to make the plagiarism disappearing in our society forever.After all，it is just the innovations that can stimulate national development.
学生作弊现象英语作文 【篇一：大学生作弊现象论文】 考试是对教师教学效果和学生学习质量的一种重要的检验测试，成 为学生不断刻苦学习的动力，但是当前大学生对待学业和考试的态 度让人担忧。虽然高等院校为了保证人才培养质量，对考风考纪一 直严格管制，制定明确的规章制度的同时也对考试作弊采取严厉的 惩罚措施，但是当前大学生考试作弊现象还是屡见不鲜。个人作弊、群体作弊，利用通信手段作弊等方式层出不穷，这在很大程度上阻 碍了教师对学生以及学生对自己的知识掌握程度的清楚认识，严重 影响了教学质量的提高和人才培养目标的实现。分析当前大学生考 试作弊的根源，完善考评制度，强化质量监督已成为学校教育教学 改革的重要问题。 一、大学生考试作弊的现状与危害 1.大学生考试作弊已成普遍现象。高校是培养高素质人才的摇篮， 大学生将成为社会主义事业的建设者和接班人。当前大学生的作弊 现象存在于各类高校，作弊行为已不是个别现象，而成为十分普遍 的现象。作弊现象渗透在大学各种类别的考试中，无论在结业考试 还是各种取得资格考证的考试中都能发现作弊现象。另外，作弊主 体呈现多元化，不仅成绩差的学生在考试中作弊，很多成绩优秀的 学生都存在作弊的行为。曾经是低年级的大学生作弊比例大，现在 高年级大学生作弊行为也有增多的势头，甚至一些教师为了个人利 益和人情关系也参与作弊。 2、大学生考试作弊潜在的“认同”。在社会不良风气的影响下，学生认为作弊行为并不是什么大不了的事情，偶尔作弊未尝不可，能通 过作弊取得好成绩就是“成功者”，看到别人作弊成功就感到“自己没 作弊吃亏了”。更有甚者，则在公开场合议论作弊手法，津津乐道地 介绍自己作弊成功的经验，视作弊为一种“技能”、一种值得炫耀的“本领”，全然不把作弊当作丢人的事。作弊纯属个人事情，并不损 害社会利益以及他人利益，更谈不上违法或个人道德问题，没必要 小题大做，折射出作弊者心理上对作弊不应有的“认同”。 3、大学生考试作弊形式多样化、手段现代化。大学生的作弊手段朝着多样化和高科技化方向发展。夹带纸条、交头接耳、换卷子等传 统的作弊手法，没有因为高科技的运用而消失，而是不断地翻新。二、分析大学生作弊现象产生的原因
关于抄作业的英语作文4篇 关于抄作业的英语作文篇一Nowdays, copying other's homework has become a popularity amomgthe students.Because of a large nunmber of difficlt homework ,students are not interested in kinds of lessons. To finish the homewok to make teachers happy,they decide to copy the homework. In my opinion, it's wrong to copy homework.It is against the school rules.We should be honest and hardworking. If we have any trouble,wo can ask teachers and students for help.Anyway,wo should'nt copy other's stndents. 关于抄作业的英语作文篇二 Now it is common that students copy homework from their classmates. I think it is a terrible thing . Because homework is their own task and the check for what they learn in class. If they copy others' homework , the teachers won't get the fact so they can't help the students to improve. Besides ,if the students can't finish their homework, they 1 / 3
【句式与短语】 1. plagiarism剽窃，抄袭plagiarists剽窃者，抄袭者 2. thinking and inquiring individuals勇于思索、探究的个体 3. capable of doing sth. 形成……的能力 4. conduct independent research独立开展研究 5. to form their own judgment形成自己的判断 6. expressing their original insights表达自己独特的见解 7. without declaring due acknowledgements对资料来源隐而不宣 8. a guilty conscience良心的谴责 9. be pervasive司空见惯的 10. personal credibility个人诚信 11. stain on one’s moral integrity道德品行上的污点 12. formative period形成阶段 13. acquire depth of analyses or originality of insights拥有深度的分析，或新颖的见解 14. eradicate plagiarism铲除剽窃行为 15. several measures could be adopted有许多可采取的措施 16. to heighten moral standards 提高道德水准 17. to be more vigilant in doing. 对。. 。提高警惕 18. detecting and combating plagiarism揭露剽窃并与之作斗争 19. to tighten disciplinary codes 强化学风规范 20. be paragons of credibility成为诚信的典范 21. credibility reconstruction of the entire nation整个国家的诚信重建 In the illustration provided, authors of what should be unique articles peer over at their colleague’s work. Perhaps they are looking for inspiration, but more likely, they are stealing ideas and using these ideas as their own. It appears from this pictures that everyone is guilty of this crime; there is no strat or finish to the cycle of plagirism . Academic plagiarism is a problem that is not limited to one or two schools in the word. One can only imagine that some form of academic is present everywhere. This process can occur innocently enough. One writer is looking for information on a certain topic and does not cite his work properly, the orignal author is forgotten, and credit is not placed where it is due. I believe that this issue is a very serious problem in universities today. The administration should do everything they can to stop plagiarism. This could include lecturing students on how to properly quote references, and also raising the penalities for those who are found guility of plagiarism.
Direction: Plagiarism in academic studies is becoming a major problem worldwide,. Study the picture carefully.Your essay should include the following points: 1)a description of the illustration showing your understanging of the symbolic meaning; 2) your understanding theissue; 3) suggest counter measures. You should write about 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. In the illustration provided, authors of what should be unique articles peer over at their colleague’s work. Perhaps the y are looking for inspiration, but more likely, they are stealing ideas and using these ideas as their own. It appears from this pictures that everyone is guilty of this crime; there is no strat or finish to the cycle of plagirism . Academic plagiarism is a problem that is not limited to one or two schools in the word. One can only imagine that some form of academic is present everywhere. This process can occur innocently enough. One writer is looking for information on a certain topic and does not cite his work properly, the orignal author is forgotten, and credit is not placed where it is due. I believe that this issue is a very serious problem in universities today. The administration should do everything they can to stop plagiarism. This could include lecturing students on how to properly quote references, and also raising the penalities for those who are found guility of plagiarism.
篇一：广东人教版英语基础写作-抄袭作业及范文 2013-2014学英语21期小报基础写作抄袭作业你接受了一项写作任务，要为校英语报写一篇反映校园不良现象的文章。写作内容：请根据以下信息，写一篇关于学生抄袭作业的调查报告。 现象: 一些学生抄袭作业 原因分析：1)作业繁多，有些作业过难 2)懒惰，对学业不感兴趣 3) 仅为了交差，取悦老师 危害：1)不利于提高成绩 2)不诚信，影响个人形象 解决办法：1)向老师或同学求助 2)养成独立思考的好习惯 方法指导： 仔细读题，搞定你会的词汇短语，查找不会的短语表达 1. 抄袭作业： 6. 个人形象：self-image copy others’homework 7. 戒除坏习惯： get rid of the bad habit 2. 懒惰：lazy 3. 对...不感兴趣： 8. 向某人求助：turn to sb. for helpshow no interest in 9. 养成...的习惯：develop/ formbe not interested in the habit of be uninterested in 10. 独立思考：think independently 4. 交差/完成任务：finish the 11. 影响某物： assignments / tasks have a good/ bad effect on sth. 5. 取悦某人：please sb 翻译，转化，补充，润饰 现在，一些学生抄袭他人作业，这已经是一个不良现象。 一方面，我们学生不得不完成很多作业。同时，有些作业过难，我们完成不了。另一方面，有些学生懒惰并且对学习不感兴趣。他们抄袭他人的作业只是为了交差和取悦老师。 这种坏习惯不仅对我们的学习有不好的影响，而且违背诚信，影响个人形象。 至于如何戒除这种坏习惯，我们可以向老师或者同学求助。最重要的是，我们应该养成独立思考的习惯。 句型结构积累 1.描述现象：now, (具体)现象，which has been a bad phenomenon. which has rasied the attention of the public. which has raised the heated discussion among the public. 2.一方面，...另一方面，.... On the one hand,....; on the
高中英语作文范文：关于抄袭About Plagiarizing Recently, a famous case was closed. The case was about a screenwriter plagiarizing another writer’s novel. The public kept their eyes on this case, most people believed that the screenwriter indeed plagiarized someone’s work, because the story he wrote had some much similarity with another writer’s play. The screenwriter denied that he had copied other writer’s work. What he said made the writer very angry, the writer charged the screenwriter. Now the result came out, the writer won the case and the screenwriter had to apologize. Plagiarizing someone’s work is a serious crime, it is not respectful to others and steal people’s work. Such behavior should be condemned strongly. 最近,一单的案子结案了。此案是关于一位编剧抄袭另一个作家的 小说。大众关着这件案子,绝大部分人认为编剧确实抄袭别人的作品, 因为他写的故事和另一个作家的戏剧有很多相似性。编剧否认他抄袭 其他作家的作品。他所说的让作家很生气,作家起诉了编剧。现在结果 出来了,作家打赢了官司,编剧就此案道歉。剽窃别人的作品是一种严 重的犯罪,盗取别人的作品是不尊重他人的表现。这种行为应该受到谴 责
关于抄袭的英语演讲稿3篇 关于抄袭的英语演讲稿1 My opinion on copying others' homework It is konwn to us all that some students copy others' homework,their reasons are as below:first of all,the homework is too much and always difficult;the second,they are not intrested in the lessons;and the third,the aim of finishing their homework is to please the teacher. In my opinion,copying others' homework is not good,because it's against the rules of the school.We should be honest and work hard to get high scores.If we have difficulties,we can even ask the teacher or our classmates for their help. 关于抄袭的英语演讲稿2 Now it is common that students copy homework from their classmates. I think it is a terrible thing . Because homework is their own task and the check for what they learn in class. If they copy others' homework , the teachers won't get