结构住宅的发展前景
钢结构住宅是十五期间我国将重点推广的项目，其具有强度高、结构尺寸小、自重轻、施工速度快，抗震性能好及工业化程度高的特点。本文首先介绍了钢结构住宅的发展现状及它的特点，然后对钢结构住宅的发展前景进行了分析和展望。关键词：钢结构，钢结构住宅，发展前景1特殊的建筑及钢结构住宅发展现状1.1特殊的建筑的发展现状改革开放以来，我国的钢产量有了很大的提高，特别是从 1997 年以后，我国的钢产量突破 1 亿吨，但我国的钢结构用钢量占总钢产量的比例仅为 3左右，而在钢结构用钢量中，建筑钢结构用钢量又仅占10，这与我国作为产钢大国的地位是很不相称的，为此，国家外经贸委会同冶金部制定了在建筑工程中推广使用钢结构的一系列政策措施，鼓励建筑工程采用钢结构形式，争取在 2010 年建筑钢结构的用量达到总钢产量的 6。2特殊的住宅相比传统结构形式住宅的优势分析2.1特殊的住宅结构上的优势2.1.1 能合理布置功能区间利用钢材强度高的特点，设计可采用大开间布置，使建筑平面能够合理分隔，灵活方便，创造开放式住宅。而传统结构（砖混结构、砼结构）由于材料性质限制了空间布置的自由，如果开间过大，就会造成板厚、梁高、柱大，出现“肥梁胖柱”现象，不但影响美观，而且自重增大，增加造价，购房者在二次装饰时，经常由于自行改变墙体位置，增加隐患。2.1.2特殊的住宅空间利用率高在空间使用率上，钢结构的断面小，与钢筋混凝土结构相比可增加建筑有效面积 8左右。在建筑风格上，钢结构建筑也更显灵活丰富，户内空间可多方案分割，可以满足不同用户的需求。2.1.3 自重轻、抗震性能好相同建筑面积的建筑楼层，钢结构自重轻，根据比较，六层轻钢结构住宅的重量，仅相当于四层砖混结构住宅的重量。而且钢材具有延性，能比较好的消耗地震带来的能量，所以抗震性能好，结构安全度高。2.2特殊的住宅经济性优势2.2.1 施工方便、工期短特殊的构件，可以实行工厂化生产，现场安装。由于现场作业量小，对周围环境污染少，同时，施工机械化程度高，加快了施工速度。根据统计，同样面积建筑物，钢结构比砼结构工期可缩短 1/3，而且可节省支模材料。2.2.2 综合造价低由于自重轻，基础费用降低，总体用料减少，直接成本降低，建设工期短，间接费又可减少，所以综合造价低。2.2.3 符合住宅产业化和可持续发展的要求特殊的适宜工厂大批量生产，工业化程度高，并且能将节能、防水、隔热、门窗等先进成品集合于一体，成套应用，将设计、生产、施工一体化，提高住宅产业化的水平。另外，钢材报废后可实现 100％废品再回收利用，所以称“钢结构建筑”为“绿色建筑”毫不为过，它是适应我们人类可持续发展战略的新型建筑形式。3特殊的住宅发展阻力（颈瓶）分析3.1 社会认可度特殊的住宅的发展面临的首要问题是整个社会对这种新住宅体系的接受需要一个过程。轻钢结构住宅体系是在国外尤其是北美地区木结构住宅的基础上发展起来的，这两种体系虽然在国外已经十分成熟和完善，但是对于我国来说却完全是新东西，因而各种困难几乎无处不在。中国的消费者由于长期以来住惯了砖混或钢筋混凝土结构的住宅，从慢慢开始接受到逐步喜欢轻钢结构住宅，也需要一个渐进的过程。
3.2 发展钢结构住宅技术上还不够成熟特殊的体系住宅成套技术，由于过去缺乏技术引导，市场需求没有达到产业化程度，因此，我国的相关产品功能性单一，工业化程度不高，产品质量还不能满足住宅产业化标准的要求。目前，该技术零散而不系统，技术水平及标准参差不齐，不配套，需进一步研究创新并进行整合。此外，在建材和部品方面，目前建造轻钢结构试验工程所需材料许多要从
国外运来，甚至有些由外商在中国大陆委托加工的部件，往往也只能到国外去采购，在国内市场上一时还找不到。这也制约了钢结构住宅的发展和推广。3.3 专业技术人才缺乏在人员方面，由于国内无论中等或是高等专业学校的教学内容中均少涉及轻钢结构住宅体系，因此我国建筑类专业的工程技术人员对这一体系知之甚少，而更加缺乏的是熟练技术工人，所以虽然这一体系单纯从技术层面上讲并无多少难度，但真正推行起来却往往缺乏得力的骨干。3.4 工程造价问题目前轻钢结构住宅在我国大陆的报价大约是同条件传统混凝土结构住宅的 1.5 倍左右，国内消费者近期还难以接受。然而这种价格在国外比起其它结构形式住宅的造价来说，却具有很强的竞争力，这也就是为什么轻钢结构住宅体系在国外能够蓬勃发展的原因。任何新技术的产生与发展都是与所处社会的技术经济背景相联系、相适应的，目前美、日、欧等发达国家和地区，人均 GDP 约为我国的 40 至 50 倍，劳动力价格约为我国的 20 至 30 倍，因此，符合产业化生产方式的轻钢结构住宅在发达国家远比我国更易被市场接受。而我国由于科技和生产力发展水平较低，劳动力价格便宜，尽管轻钢结构住宅的性能和舒适度较高，但其对于传统建筑形式住宅的竞争优势反倒不够明显。因而市场接受起来比较缓慢。3.5 缺乏有针对性的钢结构住宅规范及相应标准我国的标准规范是针对几十年来大量使用的结构体系编制的，轻钢结构住宅体系此前在我国属于技术空白，所以不能满足我国现行强制性规范的某些条文。例如我国建国以后建造的建筑物多采用砖石和钢筋混凝土等耐火性能好的建筑材料，由此导致我国的《建筑设计防火规范》在材料选用方面似乎较国外苛刻，轻钢结构住宅难以满足其要求。这种与国内规范不衔接的状况，使轻钢结构住宅项目无论在工程报建阶段还是在工程验收阶段，都会遇到数不尽的障碍与麻烦。3.6特殊的住宅本身缺陷特殊的防火能力差。经过防火处理的钢结构的耐火时间也只有 2～3 个小时，远远逊色于砖石和钢筋混凝土等耐火性能好的建筑材料。3.7 缺乏相适应的建筑管理模式在建筑管理方面，我国现行的建筑管理模式与轻钢结构住宅这种工业化生产方式也不适应，我国加入 WTO 以后，国外许多住宅生产企业希望进入中国大陆市场，但是他们搞不清自己来到中国后应当申领什么资质，属于什么身份--设计单位？施工单位？集成商？还是制造商？4特殊的住宅发展前景展望按发达国家的最低水平推算，我国钢结构用钢量至少有 3600 万吨的发展空间。在近期内，国家将大力发展钢结构建筑，力争每年建筑钢结构用钢将占全国钢材总产量的 3％以上，年均钢材消费量为 350 万吨至 400 万吨；到 2015 年，将再翻一番，全国建筑钢结构用钢材占钢材总产量的 6％以上，由此可见，钢结构住宅市场前景十分广阔。4.1 适合建筑用的特种钢将不断涌现随着我国钢铁企业冶炼技术的提高，为适应市场的需求，适合建筑用的特种钢必将不断的涌现，例如宝钢、武钢等钢铁企业成功开发的耐火耐候钢，它是通过合适的技术，使钢材含有特定的成分（如加钼等），使钢材的表观结构及金相组织发生变化，从而使钢材本身生成所需的耐火性和耐候性。多种新型建筑用钢的出现将大力推动钢结构住宅的发展。4.2 国家将重点支持轻钢结构住宅的建设轻钢结构住宅建设在我国才刚刚涉入，我国现在是一个产钢大国，年产量 3 亿多吨，发展钢结构住宅有很大的潜力。上世纪 90 年代，国家建设部和国家经贸委一致通过，将“轻型钢结构住宅建筑通用体系的开发和应用”作为我国建筑业用钢的突破点，并正式列入国家重点技术创新项目。这一举措为我国的钢结构发展奠定了基础。如今，由于国家的宏观调控作用，房市出现了前所未有的低迷，在这个时机推出钢结构住宅，利用钢结构住宅的优势来吸引市民目光，刺激消费，增加市场的购买力，有着事
半功倍的作用。现在发展轻钢结构住宅正逢其时。4.3特殊的住宅建筑技术将不断发展随着钢结构建筑的发展，钢结构住宅建筑技术也必将不断的成熟，大量的适合钢结构住宅的新材料也将不断的涌现，同时，钢结构行业建筑规范、建筑标准也将随之逐渐完善。相信不久的将来，钢结构住宅必然会给住宅产业和建筑行业带来了一场深层次的革命。4.4 发展钢结构住宅是我国住宅产业化的必由之路住宅产业化是我国住宅业发展的必由之路，因为这将成为推动我国经济发展新的增长点。钢结构住宅体系易于实现工业化生产，标准化制作，而与之相配套的墙体材料可以采用节能、环保的新型材料，它属绿色环保性建筑，可再生重复利用，符合可持续发展的战略，因此钢结构体系住宅成套技术的研究成果必将大大促进住宅产业化的快速发展，直接影响着我国住宅产业的发展水平和前途。 5 结论如果说钢筋混凝土结构的发展使施工从手工进入了机械化，那么钢结构的应用就将使住宅施工实现现代化，钢结构住宅将成为建筑现代化发展的一个重要标志。“钢结构是环保住宅，钢结构符合可持续发展概念”——21 世纪钢结构将占领广阔的建筑市场。在我国目前大力推广住宅产业化的时代背景下钢结构体系必将成为住宅结构体系的主流。
The prospects of the steel structure houseDuring
St eel structure houseDuring the 15 projects in China steel housing is will focus on the promotion of its high strengthstructure small size light weight construction speed seismic performance and the characteristicsof a high degree of industrialization. This paper describes the development of steel housingsituation and its characteristics then the future development of residential steel analysis andoutlook.Key words: steel steel housing development prospectsA steel construction and steel residential status1.1 Development of steel buildingSince the reform and opening up Chinas steel production has been greatly improved especiallyafter 1997 Chinas steel production exceeded 100 million tons but Chinas steel steel ratio of totalsteel production is only about 3 and in the amount of steel in the steel construction steelstructure steel volume is only 10 of steel production in China as a great power status is notcommensurate this the State Economic and Trade Commission in conjunction with the Ministryof Metallurgy has developed in promote the use of steel construction in a series of policy measuresto encourage the use of steel form construction steel structure in 2010 for the amount to 6 of thetotal steel output.2 Residential Steel structure compared to traditional advantages of home2.1 The advantages of steel residential structure2.1.1 The layout features a reasonable interval toUsing the characteristics of high strength steel the design layout of large bays can be used toseparate the construction plane to a reasonable flexible and easy to create an open house. Thetraditional structure brick concrete structure because of material property limits the spatialarrangement of the free if the bay is too large will result in thickness high beam column major aquotfat fat beam columnquot not only affect the appearance and weight increase increased costs homebuyers in the secondary decoration the frequent changes in the wall as their own position andincrease risks.2.1.2 Steel high utilization rate of residential spaceIn the space usage on a small section steel and construction of reinforced concrete structures canincrease the effective area compared to 8. In the architectural style the steel structure also ismore flexible and rich in indoor spaces can be divided over the program to meet the needs ofdifferent users.2.1.3 light weight good seismic performanceBuilding floor area of the same building steel structure light weight according to comparison sixlight weight steel structure house brick house is only equivalent to the weight of four. And steelductile better able to consume the energy of the earthquake the seismic performance structuralsafety is high.2.2 The economic advantages of residential steel2.2.1 Construction short time limitSteel structures factory production can be implemented on-site installation. Because a smallamount of field operations the surrounding environmental pollution at the same time constructionof the high degree of mechanization speed up the construction pace. According to statistics thesame area of the building steel structure concrete structure construction period can be shortenedmore than 1 / 3 and can save formwork materials.2.2.2 Integrated low costAs the light weight lower cost basis the overall material reduction in direct costs shortconstruction period and reduce indirect costs so an integrated low cost.2.2.3 meet the housing industry and the requirements of sustainable developmentSteel suitable for mass production factories the high degree
of industrialization and is able energysaving waterproof heat insulation doors windows and other advanced product set in onecomplete applications will design manufacture construction and integration improve thehousing industry level.In addition steel scrap would be achieved in 100 of waste recycled so called quotsteel buildingquot asa quotgreen buildingquot is not too much it is to adapt our strategy of sustainable human development ofnew architectural forms.3 steel residential development resistance neck bottle analysis3.1 Social acceptanceSteel housing is the major problem facing the development of society as a whole to accept the newhousing system needs a process. Light steel housing system is in a foreign country especially inNorth America timber structure Jichu developed on which two kinds of system while in foreigncountries has been very matured and improved but for our country is totally a new thingYinergezhong difficulties almost everywhere. As Chinese consumers have long used to the brickor reinforced concrete structure house slowly began to receive progressively from light steelstructure like residential also requires a gradual process.3.2 rise steel technologies are not matureComplete steel structure system of residential technology the past lack of technical guidancemarket demand did not meet the level of industry Thus our functional single-related productslow level of industrialization product quality can not meet the requirements of domestic industryHua standards. Currently the technology rather than fragmented systems varying skill levels andstandards not complete but needs further research and innovation and integration.In addition building materials and parts the current pilot project will require the construction oflight steel structure in many materials shipped from abroad and even some foreign investors inmainland China commissioned by the processing of parts often can only go abroad to purchasein the domestic market Can not find a time. This also restricts the development and promotion ofdomestic steel.3.3 Lack of professional and technical personnelIn terms of personnel the domestic secondary or higher professional schools regardless of theteaching contents are less involved in light steel structure house so my architectural professionalengineers know little about this system but more the lack of a skilled workers so although thesystem is not purely a technical level how much difficulty but the real lack of effectiveimplementation of them is often the backbone.3.4 Cost issuesLight steel structure housing the current offer in the mainland of China is about the traditionalconcrete structure with conditions 1.5 times residential domestic consumers in the near termunacceptable. However this price structure in foreign countries other than the cost of housing is itis highly competitive which is why the light steel structure house abroad the reason can flourish.Any new technology and the emergence and development of both technical and economic contextin which society is linked adapt and now the United States Japan Europe and other developedcountries and regions Chinas per capita GDP of about 40 to 50 times labor cost is about for our20 to 30 times thereforeMeet the industrial production of light steel structure house than in developed countries moreeasily accepted by the market in China. In China the development in technology and lowproductivity low labor costs despite the light steel structure residential high performance andcomfort but for the traditional forms of residential building competitive advantage Fandaovisibility. Therefore market
acceptance up slow.3.5 lack of targeted domestic norms and the corresponding standard steelOur standards are widely used for decades prepared the structural system light steel structurehouse had a technical gap in China so China can not meet certain provisions of the existingmandatory standard. For example the construction of buildings in China after the founding ofmasonry and reinforced concrete multi-use properties such as good fire-resistant constructionmaterials which led to Chinas quotarchitectural design code for fire protectionquot in the materialselection appears to be more foreign harsh light steel structure housing can not meet theirrequirements . This specification does not converge with the domestic situation so that light steelstructure residential projects both in Gongchengbaojian phase or stage of the project is completedWill encounter countless obstacles and troubles.3.6 defects steel housing itselfFireproof poor. After the fire resistance of steel structure fire treatment time is only 2 to 3 hoursfar less than that of reinforced concrete masonry and construction materials such as good fireresistance.3.7 The lack of suitable construction managementIn the construction management aspects Chinas current building management mode and lightsteel structure housing this industrialization Shengchan methods are not adapt to Chinas accessionto WTO since many foreign domestic manufacturers were seeking to enter the China market butthey did not know that their Laidao China What qualifications should apply for after are in whatcapacity - Design unit Construction unit Integrators Or the manufacturer4 Prospect Steel ResidentialCalculated according to the lowest level in developed countries Chinas steel capacity at least 36million tons of steel for development. In the near future the state will develop steel constructionsteel structure of steel per year and strive to account for the national steel output more than 3average annual steel consumption of 3.5 to 4 million tons to 2015 we will go double the nationalconstr.
美国大学校名英文缩写 英文缩写英文全称中文全称 AAMU Alabama A&M 阿拉巴马农业机械大学ADELPHI Adelphi University 艾德菲大学AMERICAN American University 美国大学 ANDREWS Andrews University 安德鲁大学 ASU Arizona State University 亚利桑那州立大学AUBURN Auburn University 奥本大学 -B- BAYLOR Baylor University 贝勒大学 BC Boston College 波士顿学院 BGSU Bowling Green State University 博林格林州立大学BIOLA Biola University 拜欧拉大学BRANDEIS Brandeis University 布兰迪斯大学BROWN Brown University 布朗大学 BSU Ball State University 波尔州立大学 BU* Boston University 波士顿大学 BU SUNY Binghamton 纽约州立大学宾厄姆顿分校BYU Brigham Young Univ. Provo 百翰大学 *BU通常意义上指Boston University -C- CALTECH California Institute of Technology 加州理工大学 CAU Clark Atlanta University 克拉克亚特兰大大学 CLARKSON Clarkson University 克拉逊大学CLARKU Clark University 克拉克大学CLEMSON Clemson University 克莱姆森大学 CMU* Carnegie Mellon University 卡耐基梅隆大学CMU Central Michigan University 中央密歇根大学COLUMBIA Columbia University 哥伦比亚大学CORNELL Cornell University 康奈尔大学CSU* Colorado State 科罗拉多州立大学 CSU Cleveland State University 克里夫立大学CU* University of Colorado Boulder 科罗拉多大学波德分校 CU University of Colorado Denver 科罗拉多大学丹佛分校 CUA Catholic University of America 美国天主教大学 CWRU Case Western Reserve Univ. 凯斯西储大学*CMU 通常意义上指 Carnegie Mellon University *CSU 通用 *CU 通用
伪球迷biased fans 紧身服straitjacket 团购group buying 奉子成婚shortgun marriage 婚前性行为premartial sex 开博to open a blog 家庭暴力family volience 问题家具problem furniture 炫富flaunt wealth 决堤breaching of the dike 上市list share 赌球soccer gambling 桑拿天sauna weather 自杀Dutch act 假发票fake invoice 落后产能outdated capacity 二房东middleman landlord 入园难kindergarten crunch 生态补偿ecological compensation 金砖四国BRIC countries 笑料laughing stock 泰国香米Thai fragrant rice 学历造假fabricate academic credentials 泄洪release flood waters 狂热的gaga eg: I was gaga over his deep blue eyes when I first set eyes on him 防暑降温补贴high temperature subsidy 暗淡前景bleak prospects 文艺爱情片chick flick 惊悚电影slasher flick 房奴车奴mortgage slave 上课开小差zone out 万事通know-it-all 毕业典礼commencement 散伙饭farewell dinner 毕业旅行after-graduation trip 节能高效的fuel-efficient 具有时效性的time-efficient 死记硬背cramming 很想赢be hungry for success 面子工程face job 捉迷藏play tag 射手榜top-scorer list 学历门槛academic threshold 女学究blue stocking
Not everyone agrees on what is right and what is wrong,(并非每个人对什么是对、什么是错都持一样的看法)nor does everyone agree on what is good and bad for children. Jacques Muller thinks money is the most important thing in the world, but unfortunately, money is not everything.（但是遗憾的是，金钱并非一切）Speaking of hamburgers not all Americans like them.（并非所有美国人都喜欢吃）Not all people share the same interests（人的兴趣不尽相同）,but we can still like make friends with people who do not have our interests. Unit 2 （1）Often it is in overcoming hardships that we come to appreciate the value of life.（才懂得珍惜生命的价值） （2）Some scientists believe that people will come to be found of genetically modified crops someday（人们总有一天会喜欢转基因农作物的）since they can increase yields and farms＇incomes, reduce prices and help combat hunger and disease in the developing world. （3）With repeated hackers＇attacks on our system,we have come to realize the necessity of hiring a computer-security expert.（我们逐渐意识到有必须聘请一位计算机安全专家。） （4）Having conducted some surveys in Chinese kindergartens, Howard Gardner came to realize that the Chinese preferred “teaching by holding the hand”.（逐渐认识到中国人喜欢“把着手教”。） Unit 3 is not such an unusual word as it used to be (因特网已不再是一个不同寻常的字眼). In today’s electronic age , it is changing the way customers behave-in deciding what products to buy , and where to buy them . business suit has long been the uniform for male office workers .most men do not look unattractive in them(大多数男人穿上西装看上去倒不是没有魅力) . The problem is sometimes ,especially at the height of summer ,their movement seems to be restricted . as she is , she is not unconcerned by her sudden unemployment(尽管她富裕，她对突然遭到解雇并非无动于衷). York City was once the murder capital of the world . Due to a new policy called “zero-tolerance”, the policy of not tolerating even the smallest crime , the city can now be seen as a leader in crime fighting .This claim is not unrealistic in view of a sharp decrease in the city’s violent crimes.(鉴于严重犯罪活动的大幅下降，这样的声言并非不切实际). skips breakfast on a daily basis; frequently misses meals in order to accommodate busy work or social schedules; eats a lot of fast-food; and fails to exercise regularly .his poor health is not unrelated to his unhealthy way of life .（他身体欠佳，与他不健康的生活方式不无关系）. Unit 5 1. Fifty years ago it was taken for granted(人们理所当然地认为) that marriage was the goal of every young woman’s inmost thought, and the aim for her of her father and
10.科学危险吗？ 1．知识是危险的这一观念在我们的文化中根深蒂固。圣经中的亚当和夏娃被禁食“智慧之树”上的果实，而弥尔顿《失乐园》中的蛇将此树称为“科学之母”。当亚当试图向天使长拉斐尔询问有关宇宙本质的问题时，拉斐尔建议他最好“知之甚少”。事实上，西方文献中有大量关于科学家扰乱自然界，而后导致灾难后果的记载。科学家被描绘成一群冷酷和无视伦理道德的人。 2．那么科学真地是危险的吗？科学家需要肩负起特定的社会责任吗？我们必须认识到，可靠的科学知识并不负载道德或伦理的价值。科学只告诉我们世界为何等模样：我们人类不处于宇宙的中心这一事实本身无好坏之分；基因会影响我们的智力和行为这一可能性亦无优劣之别。道德义务 3．当科学研究在现实生活中进行时，就会带来危害性及有关的伦理问题，例如涉及人或其它动物的实验；或是将研究成果用于技术实施；又或是相关的研究涉及到人们的安全问题。由此可见，科学和技术之间有一重要区别：科学知识旨在了解自然，而技术却是运用这一知识制造产品或将这一知识运用于实际目的。 4．科学研究推导有关世界本质的观念，而技术观念则旨在制造可使用的产品。技术远比科学源远流长。而且没有科学的指引，单凭技术也发展了诸如农业和金属制造业之类的行业。我认为19世纪之前，科学实际上未对技术做出太多的贡献——即使是那些辉煌的技术成果，如蒸汽机和文艺复兴时期的大教堂，也是在没有任何科学观念的影响下，通过当时人们富于想象的反复试验完成的。 5．无论发明什么样的技术，科学家均不应该对该技术的运用做涉及道德伦
理方面的决策，因为他们在这方面没有任何特殊的权利或能力。如果要求科学家承担更多的社会义务，并赋予他们特权进行相关的决策，那么将会出现严重的危机。科学家所承担的社会责任有别于他们与其他公民共同分担的社会义务（例如支持民主社会或尊重他人权益），这种责任源于他们具备专业的知识去了解世界的本质，而普通人未能拥有这些知识。科学家的义务是公开他们的研究成果以及有关的技术应用对社会可能产生的影响，同时还需对研究的可靠性加以评价。在大多数的科学研究领域，就公众而言，某一理论的对错无关紧要，然而在某些领域，如有关人类和植物基因的研究，理论的是非会变得至关重要。 6．如果客观冷静地审视以往的事实，我们很难发现科学家在有关研究中表现出有悖伦理的行为。例如最近在英国和其它地方出现的疯牛病现象，以及在法国引起轩然大波的由输血导致的艾滋病丑闻中，我们发现与某些人所宣称的现象完全不同，科学家在这些事件中并未表现出任何违反公共伦理道德的行为。 7．科学研究中最明显的不道德行为是优生运动。这一运动的科学理据至为关键：人类绝大多数的特征（好的或不好的）均为遗传。进行此项研究的科学家未能全面评价这一观点的可靠性，对这一观点的后果也是考虑不周。更有甚者，也是更应受到谴责的是，这批科学家似乎在一种他们认为是有益于社会的观念的驱使之下，得出有关的结论。与此相反，那些共同研究原子弹的科学家的行为表现得十分合乎伦理。他们承担各自的社会责任，知会政府有关原子理论可能会产生的社会影响。是否制造原子弹的决策权在于政治家，而不是科学家。那么应不应该赋予科学家同样的决策权呢？对那些进行优生研究的德国科学家而言，他们本应该感到作为科学家和公民之间的义务冲突。
发表日期：2015-09-29 07:48 来源：80后励志网编辑：80后点击：3321次 文章标签: 英语名言教育好文读书励志英语教育 文章导读:英语是国际性的语言，英语在我们的生活中使用率也越来越高，下面这50个很潮的英文单词，年轻人一定要学会哦！ 50个很潮的英文单词，年轻人一定要学会！ 1.预约券 reservation ticket 2.下午茶 high tea 3.微博 Microblog/ Tweets 4.裸婚 naked wedding 5.亚健康 sub-health 6.平角裤 boxers 7.愤青 young cynic 8.灵魂伴侣 soul mate 9.小白脸 toy boy 10.精神出轨 soul infidelity 11.人肉搜索 flesh search 12.浪女 dillydally girl 13.公司政治 company politics 14.剩女 3S lady(single，seventies,stuck)/left girls 15.山寨 copycat 16.异地恋 long-distance relationship 17.性感妈妈 yummy mummy ; milf(回复中指出的~) 18.钻石王老五 diamond bachelor;most eligible bachelor 20.时尚达人 fashion icon 21.御宅 otaku 22.上相的,上镜头的 photogenic 23.脑残体 leetspeak 24.学术界 academic circle 25.哈证族 certificate maniac 26.偶像派 idol type 27.住房公积金 housing funds 28.个税起征点 inpidual income tax threshold 29.熟女 cougar(源自电影Cougar Club) 30.挑食者 picky-eater 31.伪球迷 fake fans 32.紧身服 straitjacket 33.团购 group buying 34.奉子成婚 shotgun marriage 35.婚前性行为 premarital sex 36.开博 to open a blog 37.家庭暴力 family/domestic violence (由回复更正) 38.问题家具 problem furniture
Unit 2 III Translation Practice Exercise 1 A. 1. 麦当劳有很多让农民恼怒的事：千篇－律，平淡无味，还有其所代表的烹饪霸权 2. 至少有40种植物已经通过了政府审核。 3. 到目前为止，还没有任何迹象表明基因重组作物会对任何人造成任何伤害。 4. 即使还没有法律措施，公众舆论正以更加怀疑的态度看待基因改良技术。 5. 这种优质作物受到农民的欢迎是情有可原的，因为对他们来说，产量即使有一丁点 的增长也就意味着利润上的极大提高。 B. 1. In recent years Europeans have become increasingly jumpy about bad food – and with good reason. 2. This year the E.U. banned the importation of non-approved GM corn. 3. It is crucially important that we take stock of this technology’s probable effects on our planet’s ecosystems. 4. We should also take a sober look at the effect of genetic engineering in the social and political realms. 5. Nature is never idle. Through random mutations, nature constantly tests new genetic models of organisms. Exercise 2. A. 1. 全世界的人们都在密切地注视他们食品中的基因构成——并地为他们所看到的一切 越发感到不安。在过去的十年里，随着科学家们将无数的水果和蔬菜的基因重组，使平常的农作物变成了能抵御霜冻、经得起除草剂，甚至产生消灭自身害虫作用的超级作物，基因改良食品已日益成为普遍现象。就总数而言，超过4,500的基因改良植物已经过测试，其中至少有40种——包括13种玉米，11种西红柿和4种大豆——已经通过了政府的审核。 2. 但是，一个国家的禁令对另一国家而言就是一种贸易保护主义，美国对欧洲的举动 持怀疑态度。自从欧洲决定继续禁止进口助长荷尔蒙的美国牛肉以来，美国通过对欧洲某些出口食品征收100%的关税作为反击，欧美之间的关系近来变得越发紧张。在这种激烈的争斗中，转基因食品禁令的审慎态度与报复差不多/ 看似是报复行为，其实是一种审慎。此外，假如欧洲如此担忧转基因食品的话，为什么还要生产它们呢？法国生产的转基因粮食规模不大，而消费得却比其它欧洲国家多。 B. 1. Ready or not, the world is entering the age of genetic engineering. Altered environments and human-created life forms will be part of this new age. Plants may be transformed into miniature factories producing plastics, medicines, or perfumes. Animals may be given human genes to make their tissues compatible with humans, allowing animal hearts and other organs to be transplanted into critically ill people. 2. We should also take a sober look at the effects of genetic engineering in the social and political realms. Because the agricultural and medical benefits of genetic engineering are expensive, poor individuals and poor nations will not be able to afford them – at least not for years to come. As a result, the economic gap between rich and poor is likely to widen. In
中外高校校名国内研究所中文全称和英文缩写 对照 集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-
中文全称英文缩写 浙江大学ZHEJIANG UNIV 中国科学院CHINESE ACAD SCI 清华大学TSINGHUA UNIV 东南大学SOUTHEAST UNIV 大连理工大学DALIAN UNIV TECHNOL 南京大学NANJING UNIV 四川大学SICHUAN UNIV 上海交通大学SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIV 中山大学SUN YAT SEN UNIV 华中科技大学HUAZHONG UNIV SCI TECHNOL 北京大学PEKING UNIV 山东大学SHANDONG UNIV 复旦大学FUDAN UNIV 南开大学NANKAI UNIV 北京邮电大学BEIJING UNIV POSTS TELECOMMUN 中国科学技术大学UNIV SCI TECHNOL CHINA 吉林大学JILIN UNIV 西安交通大学XI AN JIAO TONG UNIV 哈尔滨工业大学HARBIN INST TECHNOL 天津大学TIANJIN UNIV 兰州大学LANZHOU UNIV 华南理工大学S CHINA UNIV TECHNOL 武汉大学WUHAN UNIV 湖南大学HUNAN UNIV 华南师范大学S CHINA NORMAL UNIV 北京航天航空大学BEIJING UNIV AERONAUT ASTRONAUT 东北大学NORTHEASTERN UNIV 电子科技大学UNIV ELECT SCI TECHNOL CHINA 华东科技大学 E CHINA UNIV SCI TECHNOL 中南大学CENT S UNIV 西安电子科技大学XIDIAN UNIV 同济大学TONGJI UNIV 厦门大学XIAMEN UNIV 北京交通大学BEIJING JIAOTONG UNIV 东吴大学SOOCHOW UNIV 安徽大学ANHUI UNIV 北京理工大学BEIJING INST TECHNOL 香港城市大学CITY UNIV HONG KONG 湘潭大学XIANGTAN UNIV 北京师范大学BEIJING NORMAL UNIV
中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称哲学Philosophy 哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism xx 哲学Chinese Philosophy xx 哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic
西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学(含税收学) Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学(含保险学) Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 国防经济学National Defense Economics
南京大学Nanjing University 东南大学Southeast University 南京航空航天大学Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics 南京理工大学Nanjing university ofscience ＆technology 南京工业大学Nanjing tech university 南京邮电大学Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications 南京林业大学Nanjing forestry university 南京信息工程大学Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology 南京农业大学Nanjing Agricultural University 南京医科大学Nanjing medical university 南京中医药大学Nanjing university of Chinese medicine 中国药科大学China Pharmaceutical University 南京师范大学Nanjing Normal University 南京财经大学Nanjing University Of Finance & Economics 江苏警官学院Jiangsu police institute 南京体育学院Nanjing Sport Institute 南京艺术学院Nanjing University of the Arts 三江学院Sanjiang university 南京工程学院Nanjing institute of technology 南京审计大学Nanjing audit university 南京晓庄学院Nanjing xiaozhuang university 南京特殊教育师范学院Nanjing Normal University Of Special Education 南京森林警察学院Nanjing forest police college 东南大学成贤学院southeast university chengxian college 金陵科技学院jinling institute of technology 南京大学金陵学院Nanjing university jinling college 南京理工大学紫金学院Nanjing University of Science and Technology ZiJin College 南京航空航天大学金城学院 nanhang Jincheng college 中国传媒大学南广学院Communication University of China, Nanguang College
50个很潮的英文单词，年轻人一定要学会！ 发表日期：2015-09-29 07:48 来源：80后励志网编辑：80后点击：3321次 文章标签: 英语名言教育好文读书励志英语教育 文章导读:英语是国际性的语言，英语在我们的生活中使用率也越来越高，下面这50个很潮的英文单词，年轻人一定要学会哦！ 50个很潮的英文单词，年轻人一定要学会！ 1.预约券 reservation ticket 2.下午茶 high tea 3.微博 Microblog/ Tweets 4.裸婚 naked wedding 5.亚健康 sub-health 6.平角裤 boxers 7.愤青 young cynic 8.灵魂伴侣 soul mate 9.小白脸 toy boy 10.精神出轨 soul infidelity 11.人肉搜索 flesh search 12.浪女 dillydally girl 13.公司政治 company politics 14.剩女 3S lady(single，seventies,stuck)/left girls 15.山寨 copycat 16.异地恋 long-distance relationship 17.性感妈妈 yummy mummy ; milf(回复中指出的~) 18.钻石王老五 diamond bachelor;most eligible bachelor
20.时尚达人 fashion icon 21.御宅 otaku 22.上相的,上镜头的 photogenic 23.脑残体 leetspeak 24.学术界 academic circle 25.哈证族 certificate maniac 26.偶像派 idol type 27.住房公积金 housing funds 28.个税起征点 inpidual income tax threshold 29.熟女 cougar(源自电影Cougar Club) 30.挑食者 picky-eater 31.伪球迷 fake fans 32.紧身服 straitjacket 33.团购 group buying 34.奉子成婚 shotgun marriage 35.婚前性行为 premarital sex 36.开博 to open a blog 37.家庭暴力 family/domestic violence (由回复更正) 38.问题家具 problem furniture 39.炫富 flaunt wealth 40.决堤 breaching of the dike 41.上市 list share 42.赌球 soccer gambling 43.桑拿天 sauna weather 44.自杀 Dutch act 45.假发票 fake invoice 46.落后产能 outdated capacity 47.二房东 middleman landlord 48.入园难 kindergarten crunch 49.生态补偿 ecological compensation 50.金砖四国 BRIC countrie
1) ___________________________(她决心继续追求) the better life she had dreamed of. 2) Y ou may have to reduce your dependence on fuels by ___________________________ _________________(减少你的日常消耗). 3) ________________________________(谈到生活观), different people hold different opinions towards it. 4) _____________________________________(我们目前靠四台电脑暂时还能应付)，but we’ll need a couple more when the new staff arrive. 5) ______________________________(疑人不用)，nor suspect someone you employ. 1) She decided to keep on pursuing 2) Cutting down on your daily consumption 3) When it comes to the view about life 4) We can get by with four computers at the moment 5) Don’t employ someone you suspect unit 2 1) _______________________(冒着巨大的危险), a group of volunteers took on the mission to transport food, clothes and medicine to the quake zone. 2) The people were trapped ____________________________________(当敌军开始逼近时). 3) _________________________________(她坚信) that she was right. 4) _____________________________________(在很多黑人看来), Lincoln was America’s greatest president thanks to his outstanding exploits. 5) ____________________________(她女扮男装), so she could fight on the battlefield. 1) At huge risk 2) when the enemy army began to close in (on them) 3) She had a firm conviction 4) In the eyes of many African-Americans 5）She disguised herself as a man
1.Visual cues from audience members can indicate that a speech is dragging , that the speaker is dwelling on a particular point for too long , or that a particular point requires further explanation 听众的眼神足以表明，演说过于拖沓，演讲者在某一点上讲得太多，或者在某一点上还需要做进一步的解释。 2.But art history focuses on much more than this because art reflects not only the political values of a people , but also religious beliefs , emotions , and psychology. 但是艺术史注意的不仅仅是这些，因为艺术不仅反映了一个民族的政治价值，也反应了他们的宗教信仰，感情和心理特点。 3.One widely held belief is that a sharp fright will end a troublesome bout of hiccups , but many people prefer just waiting for them to go away as this “cure” is often worse than the ailment itself . 一个普遍认同的观点是，猛然的惊吓会止住一阵讨厌的打嗝，但是很多人更愿意等待打嗝自然过去，因为这种“止隔得方法”往往比打嗝本身更加的糟糕。 4.That our environment had little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. 这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。 5.And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours , has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions , because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way. 敌人吹嘘能在几个小时内就占领战略要地，由于受到顽强抵抗，甚至还没有能占领外围地带，这一事实使我增强了信心。 6. A physically mature female deer in good condition who has conceived in November and given birth to two fawns during the end of May or first part of June , must search for food for the necessary energy not only to meet her body’s needs but also to produce milk for her fawns. 一只成熟健壮的母鹿，在十一月怀胎，五月底或六月初生下两只幼鹿，这时，她必须寻找食物以获得必要的能量，这不仅是为了满足自身的需要，而且也是为了给幼鹿生产乳汁。 7.The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday’s election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House. 在主要问及昨天选举结果的记者招待会上，总统说他无法解释为何共和党遭到如此惨痛的失败,这最终会使共和党丧失在众议院长期以来享有的优势。 8.The second aspect is the application by all members of society from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work. 第二个方面是，社会上的一切成员，从政府部门中任公职的官员到普通公民，都应运用科学家们在科研工作中所采用的专门的思维方法和工作方法。 9.The method was largely developed by physicists , chemists and biologists ; it was later adopted by people working in such areas as education, psychology and sociology , where the subjects of research were often people. 这种方法在很大程度上先是由物理学家、化学家和生物学家使用，后来为在教育学、心理学和社会学等领域内工作的研究人员所采纳而发展起来的。
1)特困生super-sleepy students 2)讨债人debt collector 3)老赖deadbeat 4)另类offbeat 5)蕾丝边lesbian 6)油条flirtatious boy 7)晒黑族injustice exposer 8)新新人类new-new generation 9)麦霸microphone monopolist 10)楼主thread starter 11)姐弟恋cradle snatcher 12)达人pro/doyen 13)潮人trendsetter 14)性情中人unsophisticated person 15)钻石王老五diamond bachelor 16)毒枭drug lord 17)菜鸟rookie/novice 18)三夹板sandwich husband 19)熟女sophisticated lady 20)型男metro-sexual men 21)作女high-maintenance woman 22)潜规则hidden rule 23)傍大款live off a moneybags 24)爆料tip off/blow the whistle 25)拆烂污mess up knowingly 26)强档prime time 27)哑巴亏take it on the chin 28)找不着北lose one’s bearings 29)不折腾Don’t stir up turmoil. 30)双规double designation 31)高考状元college entrance exam ace 32)走光wardrobe malfunction 33)开光consecrate/bless/deify 34)骨感型boney clan 35)素人layman, bungler 36)敲门砖door opener, stepping stone 37)淘客online shopper 38)内鬼inner culprit 39)死党sworn friend 40)名嘴popular TV presenter 41)老娘舅avuncular arbitrator 42)奔奔族car-less drivers 43)考托exam scalper 44)医托hospital scalper, hospital stoolie
46.scinentists jumped to the resure withsomedistimctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eatusup of birds failed to control them 46.科学家们赶紧拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据前来救驾，大致说的是如果鸟儿不能控制害虫的话，害虫就会把我们吃掉。 47.but we have at least drawn near the pointofadmitting that birds should continue as a matter ofintrinsicright,regardless of the presence or absence of economicadvantageto us 47.但是我们至少已经几乎承认了这样一种观点：那就是鸟儿的生存是它们的固有权利，不管它对我们是否有经济利益。 48.time was when biologists somewhat overwordedthe evidence that these creatures preserve the health of gamebykilling the physically weak,or that they prey only on“worthlessspecies 48.曾几何时，生物学家总是重述以下的这条证据：这些生物是为了维持食物链的正常运行去捕食弱小的生物或“没有价值的物种”。 49.in europe,whereforestry is ecologically more advanced ,the ncommercialtreespecies are recognized ad mrs of native forest community ,tobepreserved as such ,within reason 49.在生态林业较为先进的欧洲，没有成为商业化对象的树种被视为原始森林群落的成员适当地加以保护。 50.It tends to ignore,andthus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the landcommunitythat lack commercial value, but that are essential to itshealthyning. 50.他容易忽视并最终消灭很多缺乏商业价值的物种，然而这些物种对于整个生物群落的健康运行是至关重要的。 2009年 46.It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience ,but this effect is not a part of its original motive 可以说,任何社会机构价值的衡量在扩大和改进的效果，但这种效果并不是它的原始动机。 47. Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted. and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution。 只能是机构的附带结果被逐渐的提及；也仍然只能是在机构行动中作为指导性因素的结果才能逐渐的被提及。 48. while it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition. it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. 在我们接触他们（指代不清）的时候，很容易忽略我们处于他们位置的行为结果，然而在我们处理与成年人的关系时，却不是那么容易忽略这一点。 49. Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. 既然我们对他们（代词指代不清）的主要任务是使他们能够与我们共同生活，所以我们就不得不考虑我们是否正在形成一种能确保这种能力的势力。 50. We are thus led to distinguish. within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering. a more formal kind of education-that of direct tuition or schooling. 因此在我们目前为止一直认真思考的漫长的的教育进程中，我们被引导去识别更加正式的教育，即直接支付学费或者奖学金 2008年 46 he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations, 他相信，或许这种困难也有其好处，正是这种困难促使他能够长时间专注地思考每一个句子；从而能够在推理和自己的观察中发现错误。 47 He asserts, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. 达尔文还声称，对于冗长且完全抽象的思想，他的理解能力十分有限。因为这个原因，他确信自己在数学方面根本不会