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2014-国内外翻译政策研究述评

2014-国内外翻译政策研究述评
2014-国内外翻译政策研究述评

2014年12月第4期

Dec.2014No.4

外语艺术教育研究

Educational Research on Foreign Languages and Arts

收稿日期:2014-05-29

作者简介:王云生(1974- ),男,侗族,湖南怀化人,中南财经政法大学外语学院讲师、硕士,研究方向:翻译学;龙菡

(1981- ),女,土家族,湖北恩施人,湖北中医药大学外语学院讲师、硕士,研究方向:翻译教学、语言测试。

国内外翻译政策研究述评

王云生1,龙 菡2

(1.中南财经政法大学 外语学院, 湖北 武汉 430073;2.湖北中医药大学 外语学院,湖北 武汉 430065)

摘 要:中国文化“走出去”的战略引发人们对于翻译政策及其研究的思考。在总结国内外翻译政策研究的主要内容与特点的基础上,提出要重新确定翻译政策在翻译研究中的学术地位,厘清有关概念,从多元的、跨学科的视角切入,探索可能的研究方向,以期引起研究者的关注,拓展翻译研究视野。

关键词:中国文化走出去战略;翻译政策研究;学术地位;跨学科视角

中图分类号:H 059 文献标识码:A 文章编号:粤内登字O-10339(2014)04-0025-05

近年来“中国文化走出去”的话题引发了不少热议,有的认为中国文化要走出去,急需“迈过翻译坎”[1];有的认为中国文化走出去的应该是中国的“核心价值观”[2],还有的从文学译介和中外文化交流的心态、策略和方法等角度讨论了“中国文化如何走出去”的问题[3]。国家机构在“中华文化走出去”中亦扮演着重要角色,国务院新闻办公室先是分别在2006年和2009年启动“中国图书对外推广计划”和“中国文化著作翻译出版工程”,继而在2013年又联合中国作家协会、中国外文局、中国翻译协会和《人民文学》杂志社推出了“中国当代优秀作品国际翻译大赛”,旨在“激励国内外创作翻译力量向世界传播中华文化的主动性和创造性,推动中华文化走向世界,扩大中华文化的国际影响力,促进世界文化的繁荣”。[4]此外,为了增进外国对当代中国社会科学的了解,全国哲学社会科学规划办公室于2010年起设立了“中华学术外译项目”,到2013年该项目第二批有38项获批。[5]可见,讨论这些问题需要将翻译置于更广阔的时代文化背景下展开,而翻译政策为一个可取的视角。问题在于,翻译政策在翻译研究中一直处于边缘地位,没有得到足够的重视,不少翻译研究著作,甚至包括《劳特里奇翻译研究百科全书》都没有收录该词。随着翻译研

究的不断深入,我们有必要对翻译政策展开研究,重新评估其在翻译研究中的地位。而“翻译政策”一词的缺席一方面体现了翻译政策研究面临的窘境,另一方面也孕育着翻译研究空间拓展的可能性。而对翻译政策的研究有助于推动翻译研究的不断发展。笔者总结了国内外翻译政策研究的特点,概括主要研究成果,以期对目前翻译政策研究有所启示,拓展翻译研究的新视野。

一、国外翻译政策研究

“翻译政策”一词在国外提出较早,但研究进展缓慢,不够系统和深入。1972年,霍姆斯(Holmes)在《翻译研究的名与实》一文中首次提到了翻译政策,认为:“翻译研究者在(翻译政策)这一领域的任务就是从总体上就译者、翻译行为和译作在社会中的地位和角色向他人提供有根据的建议,如特定社会文化状态下需要翻译什么样的作品、译者现有和应有的社会和经济地位、翻译在外语教学中应扮演的角色。”从定义上看,霍姆斯提出的翻译政策所涵盖的范围比较广。

The task of the translation scholar in this area is to render informed advice to others in defining the place and role of translators, translating, and translations in society at large: such questions, for

总第48期外语艺术教育研究

instance, as determining what works need to be

translated in a given socio-cultural situation, what the

social and economic position of the translator is and

should be, or what part translating should play in the

teaching and learning of foreign languages. [19]77

以色列特拉维夫学派也曾讨论翻译政策。佐哈尔(Even-Zohar)的多元系统理论提出,翻译文学至少在两个方面(与该国文学多元系统)相关联:其一是原文被译入语文学选择的方式和原则;其二是对某种范式、行为和政策的选择,也就是对文学形式的选择。[20]在佐哈尔看来,当某种文学比较年轻,尚在草创阶段,或者处于边缘、弱小状态,或者经历某种转折、危机、处于文学真空时,那么翻译文学就有可能占据该文学多元系统的中心位置。这就意味着,译文在译入语文化中的位置决定了不同的翻译政策,从而将新的范式、文类或者文体风格译介到目的语的文学系统中来。一旦翻译文学在目标语文化系统内占据主流地位,成为经典,那么翻译政策更多的是倾向于维护目的语文学的范式,而不是引进新的范式。

受多元系统理论启发,图里(Toury)发展了描写性翻译研究,其核心概念就是规范(norm)。在图里提出的“规范”概念中,翻译政策属于初始规范(preliminary norm),是“某个时期,某种语言/文化通过翻译来选择所输入的文本类型或者具体的文本时的一些决定性因素”。

Translation policy refers to those factors that govern the choice of text-types; or even of

individual texts, to be imported through translation

into a particular culture/language at a particular

point in time. Different policies may of course

apply to different subgroups, in terms of entire

text-types (eg. literary vs. non-literary ) or human

agents and groups thereof (eg. different publishing

houses), and the interface between the two often

offers very fertile grounds for policy hunting.[21]58

不过图里是从广义上讨论翻译政策,定义不够清晰,没有体现翻译政策的法律性质,也没有对此作进一步的论述。

与霍姆斯关系密切的鲁汶学派对翻译政策也有研究。比利时鲁汶天主教大学翻译研究中心的梅勒阿茨教授(Reine Meylaerts)将翻译政策区分为官方和民间两类进行探讨。其中官方语境下的翻译政策也即狭义的翻译政策,是“在教育、法律事务、政治团体、管理、媒体等公共领域用以调整翻译活动的一整套法律规范”(a set of legal rules that regulate translation in the public domain: in education, in legal affairs, in political institutions, in administration, in the media[22]165)。可见,狭义的翻译政策大多具有法律属性,发布主体一般是政府部门和国际机构。需要注意的是,有时候没有翻译政策也是一种翻译政策,体现的是主流意识形态对翻译的态度。政府部门制定的翻译政策往往规定了政治或文化产品输入与输出的数量或具体形式(例如是编译、改写还是全译),或者通过审查制度操纵翻译过程。一些国际机构,如欧盟和联合国等,也制定了翻译政策,具体有三类:(1)不翻译或者使用国际通用语的政策;(2)多语翻译政策,也即将所有的语言译成除自身之外的其他语言;(3)机构内部不翻译的政策以及机构与外部沟通的政策。第一种类型适用于国际性的科技组织,这些机构内部仅使用一种语言,大多数以英语作为通用语言。英语作为通用语在科学、技术和商务中发挥着日益重要的作用,因而在相关国际性机构中不需要进行翻译,即使那些非英语母语的人也不需要将英语译成自己的母语。第二类政策中,欧盟是典型代表。欧盟重要的法律和政策性文件需要译成欧盟的23种官方语言,这些语言在欧盟内部享有同等地位,因此欧盟的翻译量之巨不难想象。第三类翻译政策往往由国际非盈利组织以及跨国企业制定,在这些机构内部往往使用通用语,而在机构与外部沟通时选择具体的语言对进行翻译。第一类和第三类翻译政策是比较有趣的现象:一方面有大量翻译存在,另一方面同时大量使用某种通用语,不过二者并不矛盾。

梅勒阿茨指出,翻译政策还广泛存在于一些非官方的场合。这类翻译政策看似缺乏系统性,但实际上更复杂。这类翻译政策可以是促进(或阻碍)翻译活动的奖项或者奖学金,也可能是广义上的翻译策略、技巧、指导性的原则或程序,可能涉及到整个翻译过程、各种因素(不仅仅是政府,还包括译者、 出版商等等)。这些策略可能

2014年第4期国内外翻译政策研究述评

适用于各种文本类型(如文学、媒体、科学、法律等等),成为某些理论或模型(如描述翻译理论、后殖民翻译理论、口笔译员培训等等)的概念性工具。和“策略”或“规范”等概念相比,翻译政策的这种广涉性也是其致命的弱点。

可见,国外翻译政策研究的特点包括:(1)定义不够清晰;(2)起步较早,但不够深入;(3)研究方法上采用了跨学科研究的视角,注意到翻译政策与语言政策、移民政策和公民权利的关系;(4)多关注翻译政策的时代性和效用;(5)从研究的理论价值来看,试图为翻译政策“正名”,确定其在翻译研究中的学术地位。

二、国内翻译政策研究

笔者在中国期刊网上以“翻译政策”为篇名进行检索,发现2008-2013年仅有6篇文献,其中论文3篇,包括博士论文1篇[6],硕士论文1篇[7],论文1篇[8];会议摘要3篇,作者分别是滕梅、郑晔和杨文瑨[9]-[11]。除此之外,还有未公开发表的国际学术会议论文1篇[12],国家社科基金项目1项[13],以及翻译政策研究专著2部[14][15]。

滕梅较早就开始研究翻译政策,从哈贝马斯的交往行为理论出发,借鉴其关于系统对生活世界殖民化的论述,在意识形态和政治层面上研究中国1919年以来的翻译政策与翻译活动之间的关系,强调政治、意识形态、文化、经济等各种因素对翻译活动的影响 [6],还主张国家应该对翻译活动实施有效的控制,通过制订、完善有关法律法规,使翻译政策实现“法律转型”。不过,滕梅将翻译政策定义为“国家政府或政府机构所提出或制定的与翻译活动有关的各种规定性的要求”[14]11-12,说明该定义仅限于官方制定的规章制度。该学者进一步指出,翻译政策应重新纳入霍姆斯翻译研究学科中的理论研究范畴,并针对我国翻译市场存在的主要问题提出未来翻译政策制订与实施的建议。[9]其专著《中国翻译政策研究》从政治、意识形态、文化等各种因素出发,重新确定了翻译政策在翻译研究中的位置,并总结了翻译政策与翻译活动关系的普遍性规律,提出制定和实施具有中国特色的、为社会主义建设服务的翻译政策标准和原则。[14]卢华萍借鉴布迪厄的社会学理论分析了制约翻译活动的诸多因素,提出应制定合理的翻译政策来规范和指导当前的翻译活动,具体的做法有:奖励优秀的翻译作品,制定相应的法律以加强翻译市场监管,等等。[7]黄立波、朱志瑜指出了晚清翻译政策的特点主要有:“1)以官为主,自上而下;2)现学现用,急功近利;3)中学为体,西学为用。”该研究还认为翻译政策是官方或民间机构关于翻译问题的讨论、陈述或行动方案,“通常都是由有一定权威的机构或个人制定的、具有强制性的、制度化了的明文规定”[8]。郑晔通过梳理《中国文学》1951-2001年在四个不同社会发展阶段国家翻译政策对该刊文学译介的影响,分析了该刊未能有效实现对外传播中国文学文化目的的原因,认为有必要区分对外翻译政策和对外宣传,建议以译语国家的意识形态和诗学为参照来挑选适合对外译介的作品。[10]杨文瑨以翻译机构——京师同文馆为个案,讨论洋务派的翻译政策对其翻译活动的控制,以期对当今翻译教学的模式、内容和目标提供参考。[11]王云生则聚焦于晚清张之洞担任湖广总督期间制定和实施的翻译政策,以湖北乃至全国学制改革为视角,探讨翻译政策在社会发展中发挥的重要作用。[12]

国内翻译政策研究的特点包括:(1)起步较晚,发展迅速。根据不完全统计,共检索出14项相关文献,但是有份量的研究成果较少。(2)研究视野比较开阔,大多采用跨学科的研究方法,既有哈贝马斯的交往行为理论、布迪厄的社会学理论、勒菲弗尔的改写理论,也借鉴了具体的理论工具如翻译规范和创造性叛逆等,此外还有历史研究法和描述法等等。(3)研究时段主要集中在晚清及之后,恰好是中国翻译活动出现高潮的时期,具有代表性。(4)既有宏观研究,如黄立波、朱志瑜关于晚清翻译政策的讨论[8],也有微观的个案研究,如杨文瑨关于翻译机构(京师同文馆)的翻译政策研究。[11]

三、启示与展望

现有的翻译政策研究给我们带来不少启示,由此可以总结出翻译政策的几个基本特点:权威性、动态性和多层次性。所谓权威性,是指翻译政策大多针对某个时期或者某个范围的特点而制

总第48期外语艺术教育研究

定,具有强制性和规范性。翻译政策的动态性体现了其可变性,在翻译政策尚未以法律法规的形式确定下来之前,往往呈现动态发展的态势,而一旦成为规范,进入经典形式库,往往会维护主流意识形态而阻碍新范式的出现。翻译政策的多层次性表明,既有官方的,也有民间的翻译政策;既有内部的也有外部的翻译政策,还有内部与外部沟通的翻译政策;有时候零翻译政策也是一种翻译政策。这其中也有不足之处,需要深入探讨。

(一)翻译政策的“名与实”

首先要确定翻译政策在翻译研究中的地位。翻译政策的权威性、动态性和多层次性导致了其概念的模糊性,这需要我们重新思考下列问题:什么是翻译政策;翻译政策的特点是什么;翻译政策在跨文化交际过程中扮演什么样的角色;翻译政策与其他相关的翻译研究术语,如规范、原则的关系如何;等等。

(二)翻译政策研究的跨学科性

翻译政策与语言政策有密切的关系。语言政策的制定有赖于政治学、社会学、伦理学、人类学、社会语言学、法律等多个学科的研究成果。翻译政策研究同样需要从跨学科的视角开展研究。已经有学者开始关注语言政策和翻译政策之间的关系[23],但比较系统的研究还不多见。2013年上海外国语大学中国外语战略研究中心召开了主题为“语言与未来”的首届高峰论坛,将外语教育提升到国家战略层面。穆雷在会上发言,指出国内语言政策与翻译政策的研究成果非常少,尤其是“国别翻译政策的比较研究,对当前翻译政策需求的调研以及对翻译政策的内涵、形态、功能和实施途径的研究比较缺乏”[16]。

(三)翻译政策的个案研究

翻译研究中宏大的理论叙事,离不开个案分析和文本研究的支撑,两者并不矛盾,也无法截然分开。但从目前的翻译政策研究现状来看,可能更需要后者。此外,目前翻译政策研究中对口译关注较少。Hertog的研究表明,学界对欧洲法庭口译中口译服务的比较研究相对较少。[24]

(四)翻译政策的法律属性研究

中外学者都认识到翻译政策尤其是官方翻译政策的法律属性,虽然研究尚不多见,但已经引起学者的重视。例如,全国政协委员、中国翻译协会秘书长、中国外文出版发行事业局副局长黄友义曾多次在全国政协会议期间提交推动翻译立法、促进翻译行业健康发展的提案[17][18],以便有效监管翻译行业的市场准入,实现翻译行业从业人员的资格认证, 规范翻译行业服务秩序。

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(责任编辑:郝俊杰)

Review of Studies on Translation Policy

WANG Yunsheng1, LONG Han2

(1. School of Foreign Languages, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China; 2. School of Foreign

Languages, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China )

Abstract: Issues concerning translation policy as well as its studies needs to be revisited in terms of China’s “Going-out” cultural strategy. Based on the review of studies on translation policy both at home and abroad, the author argues the necessity to relocate the position of translation policy in translation studies and clarify relevant concepts. Considering the multidisciplinary features of present translation studies, the author also proposes potentials and orientations in this field so as to arouse relevant academic interests and promote translation studies.

Key words:China’s “Going-out”cultural strategy; translation policy studies; academic position; multidisciplinary approach

最新01-14年专八汉译英(附答案)

01到14年专八汉译英真题及答案: 2014年本题是一篇典型的文学翻译,原文选自老舍名篇《我的母亲》。老舍的作品生活气息浓郁,语言朴实直白。因此,在翻译本篇时不仅要注意忠实于文字意义,更要忠实地再现原文的语言风格,所以要避免用过于高级的词汇表达和句子结构,用平实的语句表达出原文的精神面貌。 当我在小学毕了业的时候,亲友一致的愿意我去学手艺,好帮助母亲。我晓得我应当去找饭吃,以减轻母亲的勤劳困苦。可是,我也愿意升学。我偷偷的考入了师范学校——制服,饭食,书籍,宿处,都由学校供给。只有这样,我才敢对母亲说升学的话。入学,要交十圆的保证金。这是一笔巨款!母亲作了半个月的难,把这巨款筹到,而后含泪把我送出门去。她不辞劳苦,只要儿子有出息。当我由师范毕业,而被派为小学校校长,母亲与我都一夜不曾合眼。我只说了句:“以后,您可以歇一歇了!”她的回答只有一串串的眼泪。 参考译文:After I graduated from primary school,relatives and friends all suggested that I should drop out and learn a trade to help my mother. Although I knew that I ought to seek a livelihood to relieve mother of hard work and distress,I still aspired to go on with study. So I kept learning secretly. I had no courage to tell mother about the idea until admitted to a normal school which provided free uniforms,books,room and board. To enter the school,I had to pay ten Yuan as a deposit. This was a large sum of money for my family. However,after two weeks' tough effort,mother managed to raise the money and sent me off to school in tears afterwards. She would spare no pains for her son to win a bright future. On the day when I was appointed the schoolmaster after graduation,mother and I spent a sleepless night. I said to her,"you can have a rest in the future." but she replied nothing,only with tears streaming down her face. 2013年 生活像一杯红酒,热爱生活的人会从中品出无穷的美妙。将它握在手中观察,它的暗红有血的感觉,那正是生命的痕迹。抿一口留在口中回味,它的甘甜有一丝苦涩,如人生一般复杂迷离。喝一口下肚,余香润人心肺,让人终受益。红酒越陈越美味,生活越丰富越美好。当人生走向晚年,就如一瓶待开封的好酒,其色彩是沉静的,味道中充满慷慨于智慧。 Life is like a cup of wine; people who love it discover inexhaustible wonders from it. Hold in the hand and gaze at it, the dark red color is reminiscent of the blood, which is the impress of life. Take a sip of it and appreciate the taste, the bittersweet flavor is exactly the same with life, which is complicated and blurred. Once the sip is swallowed, the lingering fragrance pleases the heart and refreshes the mind, leaving a person lifelong benefit. There was a remarkable resemblance between life and wine: the taste becomes more delicious as the wine mellows, just as life gets better as it becomes more abundant. When life comes to twilight years, it looks calm and tastes full of wisdom and generosity, just like a bottle of wine to be savored.

2014年英语四级短文翻译预测集锦

短文翻译集锦 1. 中秋习俗 在中国月饼是一种特殊的食品,广受海内外华人的欢迎。中秋节吃月饼就好比圣诞节吃馅饼(mince pies)。为了庆祝中秋节,中国人通常做两件事:一是观赏满月。二是品尝美味的月饼。中秋节是每年农历八月十五日。据说,这一天的月亮是一年中最圆的。而月亮正是庆贺中秋的全部主题。在中国人眼中,月饼象征着全家人的大团圆。 参考译文: Moon cakes are a special kind of food in China. They are very popular with the Chinese at home and abroad. Moon cakes are to Mid-Autumn Festival what mince pies are to Christmas. To celebrate Mid-Autumn Festival, Chinese usually do two things: enjoy the full moon and eat delicious moon cakes. Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar. It is the time when the moon is said to be at its brightest and fullest. And the moon is what this celebration is all about. In the eyes of the Chinese people, a moon cake symbolizes the reunion of all family members. 2.传统艺术 皮影戏又称“影子戏”。它是中国著名民间戏剧形式之一。表演时艺人通常一边演唱一边操纵用兽皮或纸板制作的人物形象。它们的影子通过灯光出现在帘布上。这营造了有人物在活动的幻象。有时表演者需要控制三到四个偶人。皮影戏在我国历史悠久,元代时还曾传到世界上很多国家,迷倒了不少国外戏迷,被人们亲切地称为“中国影灯”。 参考译文 The shadow puppet play, also known as ‘shadow play’, is one of China’s famous folk opera forms. During the performance, players usually sing while holing/manipulating human figures, which are made of animal skin and paper board. The shadows of those human figures are reflected on a curtain through the light. This creates the illusion of moving images. Sometimes the performer needs to control three or four puppets. Shadow puppet play enjoys a long history in China. It was introduced to many countries during the Yuan Dynasty and attracted many foreign audience. They call the art form Chinese shadow play. 3.社交饥渴 手机,是一项伟大的发明。但很显然,手机也刷新了人与人的关系。会议室门口通常贴着一条公告:请与会者关闭手机。可是,会议室里手机铃声仍然响成一片。我们都是普通人,并没有多少特别重要的事情。尽管如此,我们也不会轻易关掉手机。打开手机象征着我们与这个世界的联系。显然,手机反映出我们的“社交饥渴症”。(thirst for socialization) 参考译文 The cell phone is a great invention. But obviously, It has altered the relationship among people. There is usually a notice on the door of the meeting room, which reads, “Please turn off your hand-set.” However, phones ring now and then when the meeting goes on. We are but ordinary people and have few urgencies to tackle with. Never the less, we will not switch off our

近十年英语专业八级考试翻译原题及参考答案-

2007年英语专业八级考试翻译原题及参考答案 C-E:暮色中,河湾里落满云霞,与天际得颜色混合一起,分不清哪就是流云哪就是水湾。也就在这一幅绚烂得图画旁边,在河湾之畔,一群羊正在低头觅食。它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来,瞧一眼这美丽得黄昏。也许它们要抓紧时间,在即将回家得最后一刻再次咀嚼。这就是黄河滩上得一幕。牧羊人不见了,她不知在何处歇息.只有这些美生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。这儿水草肥美,让它们长得肥滚滚得,像些胖娃娃.如果走近了,会发现它们那可爱得神情,洁白得牙齿,那丰富而单纯得表情。如果稍稍长久一点端详这张张面庞,还会生出无限得怜悯。 Beside this picturewithprofusionsof colors, a group of sheep are lowing their heads,eating by the river bank、Hardly none ofthemwouldspare some timeto raise their eyes tohave a glanceat the beautifuldusk、Theyare, perhaps,takinguse ofevery minuteto enjoy their lastchew before being driven home、This is a picture ofthe Yellow River bank,inwhich the shepherd disappears,andno oneknows where he is resting himself、Only the sheep,however,as free creatures,are joyfullyappreciating thedusk、The exuberant wate rplants have nutritedthesheep, making them

最新近十年英语专业八级考试翻译原题及参考答案-

2007年英语专业八级考试翻译原题及参考答案 C-E:暮色中,河湾里落满云霞,与天际的颜色混合一起,分不清哪是流云哪是水湾。也就在这一幅绚烂的图画旁边,在河湾之畔,一群羊正在低头觅食。它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来,看一眼这美丽的黄昏。也许它们要抓紧时间,在即将回家的最后一刻再次咀嚼。这是黄河滩上的一幕。牧羊人不见了,他不知在何处歇息。只有这些美生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。这儿水草肥美,让它们长得肥滚滚的,像些胖娃娃。如果走近了,会发现它们那可爱的神情,洁白的牙齿,那丰富而单纯的表情。如果稍稍长久一点端详这张张面庞,还会生出无限的怜悯。 Beside this picture with profusions of colors, a group of sheep are lowing their heads, eating by the river bank. Hardly none of them would spare some time to raise their eyes to have a glance at the beautiful dusk. They are, perhaps, taking use of every minute to enjoy their last chew before being driven home. This is a picture of the Yellow River bank, in which the shepherd disappears, and no one knows where he is resting himself. Only the sheep, however, as free creatures, are joyfully appreciating the dusk. The exuberant water plants have nutrited the sheep, making them grow as fat as balls. When approaching near, you would find their lily-white teeth and a variety of innocent facial impressions.

2014-2017专八翻译来源

2014年英语专八翻译来源 汉译英 当我在小学毕业的时候,亲友一致地愿意我去学手艺,好帮助母亲,我晓得我应当去找饭吃,以减轻母亲的勤劳困苦。可是,我也愿意升学。我偷偷地考入了师范学校--制服、饭食、书籍、宿处,都由学校供给。只有这样,我才敢对母亲提升学的话。入学,要交十元的保证金。这是一笔巨款!母亲作了半个月的难,把这笔巨款筹到,而后含泪把我送出门去。她不辞劳苦,只要儿子有出息。当我由师范毕业,而被派到小学任校长,母亲与我都一夜不曾合眼。我只说了句:“以后,您可以歇一歇了!”她的回答只是一串串的眼泪。 老舍著;老树画画绘,真正的生活者,中国画报出版社,2015.07,第6页 老舍著,茶馆想北平猫城记,巴蜀书社,2015.02,第74页 我的母亲(节选)——老舍After I graduated from primary school, relatives and friends all suggested that I should drop out and learn a trade to help my mother. Although I knew that I ought to seek a livelihood to relieve mother of hard work and distress, I still aspired to go on with study. So I kept learning secretly. I had no courage to tell mother about the idea until admitted to a normal school which provided free uniforms, books, room and board. To enter the school, I had to pay ten Yuan as a deposit. This was a large sum of money for my family. However, after two weeks’ tough effort, mother managed to raise the money and sent me off to school in tears afterwards. She would spare no pains for her son to win a bright future. On the day when I was appointed the schoolmaster after graduation, mother and I spent a sleepless night. I said to her, "you can have a rest in the future." but she replied nothing, only with tears streaming down her face. 2015年英语专八翻译来源 汉译英 2014上海茶花展今天开幕60种云南山茶首次来沪 产生日期:2014-01-29来源:新华网 “茶花闹春暖意迎新”2014上海茶花展今天在上海植物园拉开序幕,花展将持续到3月16日。此次花展通过丰富的茶花品种和景点,营造缤纷花卉闹新春的节日气氛。 茶花的自然花期在12月至翌年4月,以红色系为主,另有黄色系和白色系等,花色艳丽。品种展示、花卉造景……本届花展充分展示了茶花的品种资源和科研水平,是近三年来本市规模最大的一届茶花展。为了使广大植物爱好者有更多与茶花亲密接触的机会,本届茶花展的布展范围延伸至整个园区,为赏花游客带来便利。 此次茶花展历时2个月,展期内200多个茶花品种、1000余株茶花将陆续亮相。 根据茶花品种和花期的不同,花展分为两个阶段:第一阶段为“滇茶风情”,从春节至元宵节。重点推出两个以云南茶花品种为主的温室展区:一个以“茶马道,丽江情”为主题;一个集“云南茶花品种展示”“茶花花朵艺术展示”和“上海植物园茶花新品种展示”于一体。春节期间,共有60多个云南山茶品种首次在沪与游客见面。第二阶段主题为“名品争艳”,从二月中旬至三月中旬。元宵节后茶花将进入盛开期,届时多个室外景点的“特色茶花品种展示区”将集中布置各类花型的茶花,成为最值得期待的赏茶区域。 此外上海植物园内名字中带“马”的植物均被挂上了特制的“标签”隆重推出,是上海植物园马年新春花展的一大亮点。本次花展由上海市绿化和市容管理局主办,上海植物园和上海星源农业实验场共同承办。 参考译文:Camellia’s flowering period starts from December and ends in the next April,and

2014年英语翻译

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