DESIGN OF EMBEDDED CONTROLLER USING HYBRID SYSTEMS FOR INTEGRATED BUILDING SYSTEMS
A. Yahiaoui1, J. Hensen1, L.Soethout2, D. van Paassen3
1Center for Building & Systems TNO-TU/e, 5600MB Eindhoven, Netherlands 2TNO Built Environment and Geosciences, 2600AA Delft, Netherlands 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, TU Delft, 2628CD Delft, Netherlands
E-mail: a.yahiaoui@bwk.tue.nl
ABSTRACT:The design of controllers for integrated building systems has been traditionally
carried out using basic techniques validated frequently by simulation. However, the demands
on occupants’ comfort, safety and energy consumption increase speedily as the current
controllers used in buildings are not efficient and enough flexible to be adapted to any
changes. To investigate such issues, this paper focuses mainly on the design of embedded
control systems for integrated building plants. So therefore, the challenges of modeling
embedded controller for building heating system are treated at higher-level of abstraction with
the help of sophisticated tools and new development techniques. Particularity, this paper
concerns the relevance and reliability of integrating distributed control and building
performance simulation environments by run-time coupling, over TCP/IP protocol suite. In
addition, this paper involves a case-study with an important setup where the simulated results
are obtained within the use of run-time coupling approach.
Keywords – Building performance simulation, embedded control systems, run-time coupling,
hybrid systems, and energy consumption.
1. INTRODUCTION
Technology advances allow us to design system embedded controllers for the purpose to achieve high demands on building performance systems because of the combination of hardware and software components and observance of time constraints. These demands such as: comfort and control aspects, flexibility, equipment loads and minimum energy efficiency; can rise rapidly if the systems are composed of components related to different time and signal concepts. At the same time, improved HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning) systems and control design strategies can offer numerous opportunities to meet those demands within efficient costs. While HVAC systems consist of physical (mechanical, hydraulic, electrical, etc.) components and exhibit a mix of discrete and continuous behavior, embedded control systems are essential because of their heterogeneity composition of several subsystems and consequently the design problem is divided into a set of sub-problems, e.g. deriving the actual control law, detecting disturbances, defining state events and so on. By modeling these different components with differential equations and finite state automata, it is possible to characterize a wide range of phenomena present in physical systems.
With model-based design embedded control system, it is often desirable to firstly describe requirements specification usually necessary to take intrinsic properties of the environment of building systems into account. From an abstract point of view, this task is crucial for the design of embedded control systems as it necessitates hybrid description techniques, which are able to specify both discrete and continuous dynamics (Koopman, 1996). Then, it is clear that hybrid systems are best suited to model embedded controllers for building HVAC systems acting with an analogue environment and designating a class of components that exhibits a dual of multiple natures; such techniques are called heterogeneous or hybrid systems. In addition, hybrid systems are capable to generalize real time systems by considering additional physical continuous properties of the system and its environment, in which those proprieties are then transformed into timing requirements for the embedded control systems. For instance, when there is a decision making in building hybrid systems
aids by switching controllers used to achieve control stability and to improve building performance. Although, the power management plays an important role in Building Automation Systems (BAS), the use of hybrid control strategies for building systems can significantly reduce the energy consumption in addition to traditional control systems.
However, hybrid systems are necessary to analyze the building behaviors and their complex plant systems in order to have suitable formal tools to manage in some way the intrinsic complexity of such systems. Such a complexity can even be augmented when a system consisting of distinct components, for example in applications like coordinating platoons of different vehicles in Automated Highway Systems (see i.e. Yahiaoui, 2003). The work described in this paper, focuses more on the flexibility of design and modeling embedded controllers for integrated building systems. For such a purpose, a model-based embedded control design is used throughout the design cycle in order to identify challenges encountered and to meet all requirements necessary in the design of control systems. This model-based control design built-in mathematical functions and parameters optimized for designing and analyzing control strategies through an offline simulation. In addition, these systems can be easily coupled with real-time applications, as it is distributed control modeling environments and building performance simulation software by run-time coupling.
To deal with the embedded controller of indoor temperature under constraints that avoid undesirable operation regimes, a prototype embedded control system for building plant model is developed following the notion of Statecharts representation. This consists of modeling the temperature control process using a space modeled of continuous-time and discrete-events of different elements forming a feedback loop in system. A model-based design of an embedded controller for building heating system is proposed, in this paper to regulate suitably the indoor temperature in a room. Then, through distributed control and building performance simulation software tools by run-time coupling, simulated results are obtained within a case-study represented with respect to the same material proprieties used in construction.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: the next section presents a succinct description of distributed control and building performance simulation. Then it follows the analysis behind elaborating the embedded control systems based-design methodology. This is followed by a case study demonstration and its hybrid automaton representation. The fifth section consists of the synthesis relevant to the design of embedded control for integrated building systems in feedback structure. The section of this paper finishes with the simulation results and conclusions.
2. DISTRIBUTED CONTROL AND BUILING PERFORMANCE SIMULATION
One key of the issues facing us when we want to simulate a building modeling plus environmental control systems is that frequently certain system components and/or control features can be modeled in one simulation environment while models for other components and/or control features are only available in other simulation software. More specifically, there is domain specific software for building performance simulation (BPS), which is usually relatively basic in terms of control modeling and simulation capabilities (e.g. ESP-r, TRNSYS). On the other hand, there exists domain dependant control modeling environments (CME), which is very advanced in control modeling and simulation features (e.g. Matlab/Simulink). To alleviate the restricted issue mentioned above, it is essential to reason behind our hypothesis that marrying the two approaches by run-time coupling would potentially enable integrated performance assessment by predicting the overall effect of innovative control strategies for integrated building systems.
Previous (in Yahiaoui et al., 2003 and Yahiaoui et al., 2005), it has been described that a promising approach to run-time coupling between ESP-r and Matlab/simulink is an IPC (Inter-process Communication) using Internet sockets. This approach performs distributed simulation by a network protocol in order to exchange data between building model and its controller, as it almost happens in a real situation. Both building model and its controller which are separated and work together through run-time coupling can be located on different kinds of hosts in which the performance simulation is much faster than using a single computer. Consequently, the development of this new advent would potentially enable new flexible functionalities of building control strategies that are not yet possible.
During simulation, commands and data are transmitted between ESP-r and Matlab/Simulink. If for instance the building model (i.e. ESP-r) has to send its current measured process to its controller (i.e. Matlab/ Simulink) with TCP/IP-stream, a method called encodes them and transmits them with a defined control sequence via TCP/IP to a method received. This then receives the control sequence, decodes data from TCP/IP-stream format and sends data to the recipient (Matlab/ Simulink). When the controller has to send back the actuated process to its building model via TCP/IP, the same procedure is followed in this case, as shown on figure 1.
Fig. 1. Distributed control and building performance simulation environments
In the current implemented approach of run-time coupling between ESP-r and Matlab, it is ESP-r which starts simulation. Indeed, Matlab is launched at every ESP-r time-step as a separate process. If the connection between ESP-r and Matlab breaks down the data to be exchanged cannot be transferred until the communication between them is reconnected. More detail about distributed building domain specific and domain independent software tools by run-time coupling can be found in (Yahiaoui et al., 2004 and Yahiaoui et al., 2005).
3. EMBEDDED CONTROL SYSTEM-BASED DESIGN METHODOLOGY
The development of embedded control systems are frequently composed of a number of distinct phases, and it is common that the description of different phases requires certain knowledge of different tools used for the respective domain. Figure 2 illustrates an example of a classical development process “V Diagram” often used to describe the design cycle of different stages. Although such a diagram is originally developed to encapsulate the design process of embedded control systems common to automotive, aerospace and defense
applications (White et al., 1994); then several version of this diagram can be established to describe a variety of product design cycles.
Fig. 2. The classical embedded control design "V Diagram”
with serveral distinct phases
In this diagram, the development process for different stages of the system is as a waterfall model where each step follows the next; progressed in time from left to right as represented in figure 2. This diagram shows how various stages produced at each step are used in the development process of an embedded control application. However it is often an iterative process and the current cycle development will not proceed linearly through these steps (i.e. any of the steps in a process does not have to be completed before the next step starts). This is just a useful model for system design purposes.
The objective of a rapid development to make this cycle diagram as efficient as possible is by minimizing the iterations required for the embedded system design process. This process can be broken down into five basic stages:
The first step in development begins with analysis and documentation of requirements for the embedded control system, which is defined by the user of what the system should achieve in order to meet the needs. This stage can involve both functional and non-functional requirements. Further information about writing requirements can be found in (Firesmith, 2003).
The next broad step is system specification, which is accomplished within a set of requirements. Then a system design is produced from the system specification. This step takes the features required to define the relationships between their components.
The Stateflow modeling formalism derived from Statecharts developed by Harel (1987) is, therefore used here to implement a control strategy with real-time specifications.
In the third stage, the implementation concentrates on a rapid prototyping that can be automatically generated and integrated using an automatic code generator to be running on the target hardware. In that fact, the use of a software-based system model, like Malab/Stateflow in the design process allows us to create a testable prototype without the need for hardware.
During the fourth stage, the functional testing phase involves checking that each feature specified in the system design has been implemented in the component. In this case, a synthesis of hybrid controller is implemented with proprieties specified necessary to satisfy requirements. An embedded control structure for an integrated building model is proposed by taking into account the interaction between the actual controller and its environment.
Finally, the last phase provides a documented method for verifying and validating the
design against requirements imposed by occupants. Real-time hardware is often used to simulate the interaction between the control system and its real-world environment.
A software model also provides a platform that can be quickly iterated during the transition from requirements to design stages. Hence, the run-time coupling approach is performed to simulate the embedded controller used for integrated building system. Within those all five stages, verification plays a fundamental role in the design process of model-based controller. Sorter of information focuses on how software tools can help with the rapid control prototyping and hardware-in-the-loop testing process.
4. BUILDING CONTROL APPLICATION: A CASE-STUDY
In this section, an application for a building case-study model is presented. The application comprises a working office space unit (4.8*4.2*2 m 3) with two radiant-ceilings used for both heating and cooling mode. A controller is used to regulate the appropriate temperature inside the room by opening or closing the valves on pipelines (either the pipeline of warm water or other of cold water). The constructions used in this office space are internally insulated cavity walls and internally single glazed walls. The office is located in a six floor of the building sited around the atrium, as shown in figure 3. The walls facing south and the atrium are in a single glazed structure. It has a thermostat in which the user is allowed to set a temperature at five degrees higher or lower than the common set-point, which is 21degree-Celsius.
Fig. 3. A case study building model
4.1 Mathematical Modeling of Heating System
A simple mathematical model for the building plant, shown in figure 3 can be represented as the rate change of the temperature difference in the heat flow Q in supplied by the heater, and the heat rate Q loss lost through the wall insulation, related by the following equation:
()in out in loss d mc T T Q Q dt
?=? (1) where m is the building mass (Kg ), c is the average specific heat (.J Kg K ), loss Q and in Q are heat flow rates (J s or W ), and in T and out T are temperatures (o C ).When the outside
in Q
loss Q in T
out T
temperature out T is constant (or very slowly varying), the relation given by equation (4) can became, ()in in loss d mc T Q Q dt
=? (2) The rate of the heat in Q supplied by the ceiling panel is relative to the temperature difference of water circulated from the inlet to the outlet of this panel: .().in pw win wout w Q c t t m =? (3) where w m is mass flow rate of water (/Kg s ), win t and wout t are inlet and outlet water temperature (o C ) and pw c is the specific heat capacity of water (.J Kg K ). The rate of heat loss Q lost through the wall insulation is proportional to the temperature
difference across the insulation, in which it is given by 0()loss in out Q U T T =? (4) where 0U is a heat loss coefficient (W K ).
Submitting from equation (3) and (4) into equation (1) gives a relation of non-linear equation in form of the state-space representation, which is as follow:
00.()...pw win wout in in w out c t t U U d T T m T dt m c m c r c
?=?++ (5) where the 0.out U T r c
factor is the effect of the disturbance input. The value of c for this example consisted of using common proprieties for air temperature in which it is taken from table with respect to the average temperature of the building in wintertime, as mentioned in (ETB, 2005). On the basis of this table, c is something like 1.005(./.)k J Kg K . The value of m is also calculated with respect to density ρ, which is in the order of 1.2053()Kg m . The heat loss coefficient 0U is calculated in relation of U-value defined by each area in relation with all areas of the room. The .()win w out pw t t c ? term is estimated
with the nominal values described in the specifications of the ceiling, used in heating mode.
3.1 Building Heating Systems Requirements
A requirements document for building heating system is well documented and described in (Booch, 1991) and (Hatley et al., 1988). On the assumption proposed in this paper, it demonstrates that a model-based design provides numerous advantages over the traditional design approach. In the actual fact, a number of the limitations or shortcomings presented in traditional design using classical or conventional control methods can be avoided. As a result, model-based control design can provide a time- and cost-effective approach based on the development of simple dynamic control system when a single building plant model is used. The functioning of the heating system described in figure 4 is formed into a block diagram. This block diagram is as a black box, which interacts with its environment. The basic function of this system is to regulate the heat flow supplied to the building in an attempt to maintain a variable temperature as comfortable as possible. This variable (or controlled) temperature is regulated by the controller in function of a reference (or desired) temperature set by the occupant through a manual device input. If the room is occupied, the controller is activated in order to keep the variable temperature around the desired temperature. In case the room is not-occupied (vacant), the indoor temperature refers to the temperature effected by the environment. In addition, the system can also maintain a common living pattern and attempt as well to raise the temperature within a certain defined period (e.g. 30mn) before an occupant is anticipated into that room. The common living pattern can be updated each time the variations of temperature appear important in the building (i.e. based on a defined period).
Fig. 4. Building heating system diagram
In most cases, the room is equipped at least with two sensors where the first is used to continuously measure the indoor temperature and the other is equipped with an infrared sensor that constantly determine whether or not the room is occupied. The user interface allows to the user to control the heater, in which by default it is completely switched down. The timer can be used to provide a continuously timing step incremented for every step of elapsed time. The specified heating flux supplied to the room is controlled within a valve that flows the amount of hot water necessary to heat enough the room for the actual situation. Additionally, the heat-flow regulator can work together with other components of the heating system to exactly determine the amount of heat capacity necessary to satisfy all requirements imposed by the occupant and environment.
4.2 Hybrid Automata
A hybrid automaton is a dynamical system that describes the evolution in time of the values of a set of discrete and continuous state variables. A syntax language used here for modeling both a mathematical and a graphical representation is similar to the syntax given in (Alur, 1996). Intuitively, the hybrid automata models a game theoretic approach basically matching the design purpose (Lygeros, 2000). This modeling formalism moves the game features explicitly into the hybrid dynamical model (see Lygeros, 1998).
The hybrid automaton for the heating system has discrete and continuous components in its states, its control input, and its disturbance, as the equation (5) is described. The control objective is to maintain the temperature of the air in the room around the common set-point sp T , whatever the disturbance happen to be. Then, the hybrid transition relation is given as
}{,in status T H On Off Heater ??=∈?×???
? (6) A simple model of hybrid automata for building heating system is represented in figure 5. For heating system modes, the states are {)()(}12,,,Q q Off no heating q On heating ==?=. The component of each state refers to the status of input disturbance variable ]0,out out t T ?∈?
and temperature inside the room {}(,)|(,)in sp in sp in
T T T T T =∈?&. The continuous controller input is {}
|,max min w w w w in Q m m m m ?????=∈and its discrete input events are {},Off On valve valve .
Fig. 5. Hybrid automaton modelling a heating system of a room
3.2 The Stateflow Data Model
Both Simulink and Stateflow are graphical languages; Matlab is used for control and data-flow applications that mix continuous and discrete-time domains. Those tools are based on a particular mathematical formalism, language and necessary to analyze and simulate the design of a hybrid system. In fact, hybrid systems are best suited to model embedded systems acting with an analogue environment, a disturbance that effects the indoor temperature.
Simulink is an interactive tool for modeling and simulating linear and nonlinear dynamic systems. It can also be used for continuous-time, discrete-event and multi-variable systems. Stateflow is a collective design and development tool for complex control and decision-making problems. Stateflow supports visual formalism for modeling and simulation of complex systems by simultaneously using finite state machine (FSM) concepts, Statecharts (Harel, 1987) and flow diagram notations. A Stateflow model can be included in a Simulink model as a sub-system. The figure 6 illustrates a graphical environment for the embedded controller developed for building heating system. This example can offer a capability to start on simulating control behavior, as a hardware prototype is not available.
Fig. 6. A screenshot of a control model of combined continuous-time and discrete-event
5. SYNTHESIS OF HYBRID CONTROLLER
With model-based distributed control and building simulation environments, the control algorithms are designed and performed offline building models of which the simulation can be ran on two computers. Hence, a generic control diagram depicting the interaction between
the controller and its environment plus the building model is shown in figure 7. Finally it should be noted that this control diagram is developed in the way to aid in the testing of the
algorithm as a hardware prototype is represented in real-time.
Fig. 7. A prototype embedded control system for building plant model
After the implementation and validation of the system design (see figure 2), the software code is deployed to be used on the final target hardware. Traditionally, this task is not used since the control modelling algorithms are designed with a high-level diagram representation, as their source codes can be formerly different from the one used for real-time specifications.
6. SIMULATION RESULTS
A building model represented in figure 3 is implemented in ESP-r by carrying out the same
The results show small oscillations of the controller response around the set-point in working period (6:00 to 18:00 o’clock), this is due to the disturbance variation as controller capability used in hybrid automata can not prevent errors early. In addition, hybrid systems can be easily coupled with model based modern control techniques (see e.g. Sazonov, 2003). This can aid in the elimination of errors early in the control design phase resulting in a more robust control system and stability notions that refer to appropriate formalisms of their correctness. As a result, many practical applications can be modeled accurately using a simple hybrid models and two main advantages of such models are an important design tool for rapid prototyping of controller designs for real-time and embedded systems, and a greater confidence for their functioning according to requirements specification.
7. CONCLUSIONS
A model-based design of embedded controllers for integrated building systems is presented and tested throughout the use of distributed control modeling and building performance simulation software by run-time coupling. This work has demonstrated a procedural design approach to the development of simple or complex dynamic control systems for either single or complex building plant model. Hence, the importance of integrating control modeling and building performance simulation environments by run-time coupling over TCP/IP has qualified that any model-based control system can now be used for any integrated building plant model. Sorter of innovative control strategies using model-based design provides numerous advantages over the traditional design approach. Within this approach, it is possible to achieve better building performance and handle larger systems.
However, hybrid systems can generalize real time systems by considering additional physical continuous properties of the building system and its environment, future work includes applications of embedded control systems with additional physical disturbances like door/windows opening, adding or removing PC to/from the building, etc.
8. REFERENCES
Alur, R., Henzinger, T.A. and Sontag, E.D. (1996) Hybrid Systems III: Verification and Control, LNCS 1066, Springer-Verlag.
Booch, G. (1991) Object-Oriented Design with Applications, in Proc. Benjamin Cummings Redwood City CA.
ETB, (2005) The Engineering ToolBox’s website,Inc.
Harel, D. (1987) Statecharts: A Visual Formalism for Complex Systems, in Proc. Journal of Science of Computer Programming, Vol. 8, pp. 231-274
Hatley, D. J. and Pirbhai, I. A. (1988) Strategies for Real-Time System Specification, in Proc.
Dorset House New York
Koopman, P. (1996) Embedded System Design Issues -- The Rest of the Story, in Proc.
International Conference on Computer Design, Austin.
Lygeros, J., Godbole, D. and Sastry, S. (2000) A game-theoretic approach to controller design for hybrid systems, in Proc. IEEE, Vol. 88, Number 7
Lygeros, J., Tomlin, C. and Sastry, S. (1998) On controller synthesis for nonlinear hybrid systems, in Proc. 37th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, pp. 2101-2106 Sazonov, E. S., Klinkhachorn, P. and Klein, R. L. (2003) Hybrid LQG-Neural Controller for Inverted Pendulum System, in Proc. 35th SSST Symposium, Morgantown, WV Yahiaoui, A. (2003) évaluation de la s?reté et du débit sur le système d’autoroute automatisé: Application à l’analyse de la sécurité en système de transport avancé in Proc. 4e Conférence Francophone MOSIM, pp. 219-225, Toulouse, France. Yahiaoui, A., Hensen J.L.M. and Soethout L.L. (2003) Integration of control and building performance simulation software by run-time coupling, in Proc. “IBPSA Conference and Exhibition 2003”, Vol. 3, pp. 1435-1441, Eindhoven, NL.
Yahiaoui, A., Hensen, J., and Soethout, L. (2004) Developing CORBA-based distributed control and building performance environments by run-time coupling, in Proc. 10th ICCCBE, Weimar, Germany.
Yahiaoui, A., Hensen J.L.M., Soethout L.L. and Van Paassen, D. (2005) Interfacing of control and building performance simulation software with sockets, in Proc. “IBPSA Conference and Exhibition 2005”, Montreal, Canada.
White, S., Alford, M. and Hotlzman, J. (1994) Systems Engineering of Computer-Based Systems, In Proc. IEEE Computer Society, pp. 18-29, Los Alamitos CA
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2、安装允许偏差 地脚螺栓位臵允许偏差（MM） 项目允许偏差 支承面标高±3.0 水平度 L/1000 地脚螺栓螺栓中心偏移 5.0 垂直度 H/1000 四、在施工段找出定位轴线： 根据图纸，在现场找出预埋部位附近的建筑定位轴线与水平层高标高线（50线或1m线）的位臵并进行复核，尽可能按照多的轴线来划分水平分布尺寸。 找出各轴线后，测量建筑物外轮廓线，并绘制测量出的建筑物图，与建筑施工图对比，及时将测量结果传递至设计师，由设计师对误差进行分析并作出修改。 五、按照图纸核对现场尺寸： 现场各施工段支模的实际尺寸往往与设计图纸有偏差，所以要核对，尤其是立面、平面外轮廓变化较多的地方、转角处、突出的部位等，将实际测量尺寸标注在施工图纸上。根据现场的尺寸，结合幕墙的分格，求出偏差每分格内平均值，如未超出规范允许范围内的偏差，则根据现场尺寸分格埋设，如超出规范允许偏差，则必须及时组织包括设计师、业主工程师在内的小组，进行修正方案讨论和确定。 六、定出垂直、水平分布位臵：
ICS Q/ZXJZ 钢结构工程预埋件埋设工程施工工艺标准 中国新兴建设开发总公司 发布
目次 1 适用范围 (1) 2 引用标准 (1) 3 术语 (1) 4 材料要求 (1) 5 施工准备 (1) 6 操作工艺 (1) 7 质量控制 (1) 8 质量标准 (1) 9 成品保护 (1)
钢结构工程预埋件埋设工程施工工艺标准 1 适用范围 本标准适用于钢结构工程的预埋件和预埋螺栓的埋设施工。 2 引用标准 钢结构工程施工质量验收规范（GB50205—2001） 钢结构设计规范（GB50017—2002） 建筑工程施工质量验收统一标准（GB50300—2001） 工程测量规范（GB50026—1993） 建筑钢结构施工手册 3 术语 预埋件——为便于钢结构构件与混凝土结构连接，在混凝土结构施工时预先埋设的钢板连接件。 预埋螺栓——为便于钢结构构件与混凝土结构连接或为便于钢构件的安装定位，在混凝土结构施工时预先埋设的螺栓。 螺栓群——由两个或两个以上螺栓组成用于连接固定同一柱（梁）构件的预埋螺栓的总称。 锚筋——与预埋件焊接连接用于锚固预埋钢板的钢筋。 4 材料要求 4.1 预埋件及预埋螺栓材料的品种、规格必须符合设计要求，并有产品质量证明书。当设计有复验要求时，尚应按规定进行复验并在合格后方准使用。 4.2 当由于采购等原因不能满足设计要求需要代换时，应征得设计工程师的认可并办理相应的设计变更文件。 4.3 预埋钢板的平整度及预埋螺杆的顺直度影响使用时应进行校平和矫直处理，并在运输时进行必要的保护，预埋螺杆的丝扣部位应采用塑料套管加以保护，防止丝扣破坏。 5 施工准备 5.1 施工前应根据工程特点编制详细的操作工艺方案，对操作工人进行统一交底。 5.2 电焊工、测量员等工种应经考试合格并取得上岗资格证。 5.3 预埋件（预埋螺栓）进场时应附带质量证明文件和产品合格证，进场后应组织相关人员进行检查验收。 5.4 安装前与土建技术人员办理测量控制线交接手续，复核土建单位给定的测量控制线，根据该控制线引测预埋件（预埋螺栓）的平面及高程控制线。 5.5 根据工艺方案要求加工辅助用支架，准备辅助用料，并存放到指定位置，由专人妥善保管。 5.6 与土建单位混凝土及钢筋工序进行统一协调，合理安排好各工序间的穿插施工。 5.7 施工用电焊机、气割、测量仪器等进行统一检查调试。 6 操作工艺
中英文资料对照外文翻译 一、英文原文 A NEW CONTENT BASED MEDIAN FILTER ABSTRACT In this paper the hardware implementation of a contentbased median filter suitabl e for real-time impulse noise suppression is presented. The function of the proposed ci rcuitry is adaptive; it detects the existence of impulse noise in an image neighborhood and applies the median filter operator only when necessary. In this way, the blurring o f the imagein process is avoided and the integrity of edge and detail information is pre served. The proposed digital hardware structure is capable of processing gray-scale im ages of 8-bit resolution and is fully pipelined, whereas parallel processing is used to m inimize computational time. The architecturepresented was implemented in FPGA an d it can be used in industrial imaging applications, where fast processing is of the utm ost importance. The typical system clock frequency is 55 MHz. 1. INTRODUCTION Two applications of great importance in the area of image processing are noise filtering and image enhancement [1].These tasks are an essential part of any image pro cessor,whether the final image is utilized for visual interpretation or for automatic an alysis. The aim of noise filtering is to eliminate noise and its effects on the original im age, while corrupting the image as little as possible. To this end, nonlinear techniques (like the median and, in general, order statistics filters) have been found to provide mo re satisfactory results in comparison to linear methods. Impulse noise exists in many p ractical applications and can be generated by various sources, including a number of man made phenomena, such as unprotected switches, industrial machines and car ign ition systems. Images are often corrupted by impulse noise due to a noisy sensor or ch annel transmission errors. The most common method used for impulse noise suppressi on n forgray-scale and color images is the median filter (MF) [2].The basic drawback o f the application of the MF is the blurringof the image in process. In the general case,t he filter is applied uniformly across an image, modifying pixels that arenot contamina ted by noise. In this way, the effective elimination of impulse noise is often at the exp ense of an overalldegradation of the image and blurred or distorted features[3].In this paper an intelligent hardware structure of a content based median filter (CBMF) suita ble for impulse noise suppression is presented. The function of the proposed circuit is to detect the existence of noise in the image window and apply the corresponding MF
中国姓氏英语翻译大全 A: 艾--Ai 安--Ann/An 敖--Ao B: 巴--Pa 白--Pai 包/鲍--Paul/Pao 班--Pan 贝--Pei 毕--Pih 卞--Bein 卜/薄--Po/Pu 步--Poo 百里--Pai-li C: 蔡/柴--Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢--Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑--Cheng 崔--Tsui 查--Cha
常--Chiong 车--Che 陈--Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程--Cheng 池--Chi 褚/楚--Chu 淳于--Chwen-yu D: 戴/代--Day/Tai 邓--Teng/Tang/Tung 狄--Ti 刁--Tiao 丁--Ting/T 董/东--Tung/Tong 窦--Tou 杜--To/Du/Too 段--Tuan 端木--Duan-mu 东郭--Tung-kuo 东方--Tung-fang E: F:
范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅--Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou 古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei 管/关--Kuan/Kwan 郭/国--Kwok/Kuo 公孙--Kung-sun 公羊--Kung-yang 公冶--Kung-yeh 谷梁--Ku-liang H:
韩--Hon/Han 杭--Hang 郝--Hoa/Howe 何/贺--Ho 桓--Won 侯--Hou 洪--Hung 胡/扈--Hu/Hoo 花/华--Hua 宦--Huan 黄--Wong/Hwang 霍--Huo 皇甫--Hwang-fu 呼延--Hu-yen I: J: 纪/翼/季/吉/嵇/汲/籍/姬--Chi 居--Chu 贾--Chia 翦/简--Jen/Jane/Chieh 蒋/姜/江/--Chiang/Kwong
预埋件施工方案 预埋件的加工制作如下：①、板式预埋件的锚板采用Q235B钢板，锚筋为HPB235或HPB335钢筋，采用手工电弧焊或穿孔塞焊进行锚筋与锚板间的T型焊接，焊缝须饱满无虚焊、夹渣等，预埋件表面进行热镀锌防锈处理。②、槽形预埋件为整体精密铸造钢构件，其钢号为Q235B。铸件表面无砂孔、渣孔、气孔等不良缺陷。预埋件表面进行热镀锌防锈处理。 所有预埋件的埋设尺寸偏差必须控制在20mm之内，具体根据设计而定。 在建筑工程施工中，预埋件可分为受力预埋件和构造预埋件两种，通常由两部分组成：一是埋设在砼中的锚筋，这种锚筋一般采用工级或Ⅱ级钢筋，也可以用角钢或其它型钢。二是外露在砼表面的锚板，一般选用3号钢板或角钢等。 在一些预埋件受力较大的地方，常在锚筋末端焊接档板，称之为小锚板，目的是为了增强钢筋的锚固性能。而对于有抗剪要求的预埋件，在锚板上需加焊抗剪钢板，以满足使用要求。 一、预埋件施工前的准备 l、预埋件施工工艺流程为：(1)钢筋、钢板下料加工；(2)焊接；(3)支模并安装预埋件；(4)对照施工图校对预埋件尺寸和位置；(5)浇筑砼；(6)养护与拆模；(7)检查预埋件施工质量(8)修补处理。 2、预埋件施工前，应首先了解其型式、位置和数量，然后按标准要求制作并固定预埋件。预埋件的原材料应确保合格，加工前必须检查其合格证，进行必要的力学性能试验及化学成分分析，同时观感质量必须合格，表面无明显锈蚀现象。钢筋的调直下料以及钢板的划线切割，需根据图绍尺寸认真实施。对于构造预埋件及有特殊要求的预埋件，应当注意锚筋的弯钩长度、角度等规定。 3、预埋件焊接前，必须检查钢筋钢板的品种是否符合设计要求及强制性标准规定，对不符合要求者，需查明原因，妥善解决。 4、对于焊条和焊剂型号的选定，需根据其使用要求和不同性能来进行，当采用压力埋弧焊时，采用与主体金属强度相适应的焊条；当采用手工焊时，应按强度低的主体金属焊条型号。 5、预埋件的焊缝型式应由锚筋的尺寸确定，对直径大于20mm的锚筋优先选用压力埋弧焊，当施工条件受限时，也可用电弧焊，选择适当的焊缝形式可以
城市中坚工程 施 工 方 案 编制： 审核： 审批： 河北卓尔建筑装饰有限公司 2012年10月25日
幕墙预埋件的施工工艺 1 总则 1.1 幕墙预埋件是幕墙的受力构件，它的安装工序是幕墙产品质量的关键工序。预埋件的埋设质量直接影响幕墙的安装质量和幕墙的安全使用。为确保预埋件埋设满足幕墙设计要求、特制定本规范。 1.2 本规范适用于本公司设计的幕墙工程预埋件施工和验收。 2. 预埋件埋设的工艺流程 检查预埋件预埋件的定位预埋件固定检查 混凝土浇灌拆模板清理预埋件检查 3. 检查预埋件 3.1 检查预埋件的品种、规格、数量应与该工程设计要求相符并有合格证书。 3.2 抽查预埋件的外形尺寸和焊缝质量。 焊接应牢固、焊缝应饱满、无裂纹、夹渣、气泡等缺陷。 平板预埋件焊缝高度应等于或大于0.6d (d 为锚筋直径)。 3.3 槽形预埋件应检查槽内泡沫条填充是否完好。 3.4 按楼层需要的预埋件品种、规格、数量进行配置。 4. 预埋件的定位 4.1 按工程预埋件安装点位图的位置、品种、数量要求进行埋设。 4.2 预埋件的锚筋应放在墙体构件最外排主筋的内侧，预埋件距墙体构件的边距应根据计算确定。平板预埋件距墙体构件的边距最小尺寸
不小于50mm。 4.3 预埋件的定位偏差应符合下列要求： 预埋件的标高偏差不大于10.0mm，预埋件的轴线与幕墙轴线的偏差前后不大于10.0mm，左右偏差不大于20.0mm。 4.4 在楼层边板预埋时，由于楼板钢筋较少，应按照该工程的预埋工艺要求，增设附加筋进行加强并进行预埋。 5. 预埋件的固定(关键工序、质量控制点) 5.1 预埋件定位后，用钢丝把预埋件上锚筋与主体结构的钢筋捆绑牢固(或焊接牢固)。定位后埋件表面与模板表面应紧密贴合。 5.2 焊接 A.每个预埋件的锚筋中应有 1～2 根与主体结构的钢筋焊接。(允许加钢筋进行搭接，搭接长度不小于50mm。) B.在建筑高度 30M 以上的预埋件，每三层中应有一层的预埋件锚筋和均压环梁的纵向钢筋焊接接通(幕墙防雷需要)。预埋件焊接接通的楼层，检验员应做好记录并在幕墙转接件安装时通知安装人员。 6. 检查 按4.2，4.3 条检查预埋件的安放位置和焊接质量。 7. 混凝土浇灌 混凝土浇灌、捣固时，注意防止预埋件的位移和与模板分离。 8. 拆模板 9. 清理预埋件 清理粘附在预埋件外表面上混凝土，露出其表面。
附录一英文原文 Illustrator software and Photoshop software difference Photoshop and Illustrator is by Adobe product of our company, but as everyone more familiar Photoshop software, set scanning images, editing modification, image production, advertising creative, image input and output in one of the image processing software, favored by the vast number of graphic design personnel and computer art lovers alike. Photoshop expertise in image processing, and not graphics creation. Its application field, also very extensive, images, graphics, text, video, publishing various aspects have involved. Look from the function, Photoshop can be divided into image editing, image synthesis, school tonal color and special effects production parts. Image editing is image processing based on the image, can do all kinds of transform such as amplifier, reducing, rotation, lean, mirror, clairvoyant, etc. Also can copy, remove stain, repair damaged image, to modify etc. This in wedding photography, portrait processing production is very useful, and remove the part of the portrait, not satisfied with beautification processing, get let a person very satisfactory results. Image synthesis is will a few image through layer operation, tools application of intact, transmit definite synthesis of meaning images, which is a sure way of fine arts design. Photoshop provide drawing tools let foreign image and creative good fusion, the synthesis of possible make the image is perfect. School colour in photoshop with power is one of the functions of deep, the image can be quickly on the color rendition, color slants adjustment and correction, also can be in different colors to switch to meet in different areas such as web image design, printing and multimedia application. Special effects production in photoshop mainly by filter, passage of comprehensive application tools and finish. Including image effects of creative and special effects words such as paintings, making relief, gypsum paintings, drawings, etc commonly used traditional arts skills can be completed by photoshop effects. And all sorts of effects of production are
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步Poo 百里Pai-li C: 蔡/柴Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑Cheng 崔Tsui 查Cha 常Chiong 车Che 陈Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程Cheng 池Chi 褚/楚Chu 淳于Chwen-yu
D: 戴/代Day/Tai 邓Teng/Tang/Tung 狄Ti 刁Tiao 丁Ting/T 董/东Tung/Tong 窦Tou 杜To/Du/Too 段Tuan 端木Duan-mu 东郭Tung-kuo 东方Tung-fang F: 范/樊Fan/Van
房/方Fang 费Fei 冯/凤/封Fung/Fong 符/傅Fu/Foo G: 盖Kai 甘Kan 高/郜Gao/Kao 葛Keh 耿Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭Kung 勾Kou 古/谷/顾Ku/Koo 桂Kwei 管/关Kuan/Kwan
郭/国Kwok/Kuo 公孙Kung-sun 公羊Kung-yang 公冶Kung-yeh 谷梁Ku-liang H: 海Hay 韩Hon/Han 杭Hang 郝Hoa/Howe 何/贺Ho 桓Won 侯Hou 洪Hung 胡/扈Hu/Hoo
花/华Hua 宦Huan 黄Wong/Hwang 霍Huo 皇甫Hwang-fu 呼延Hu-yen J: 纪/翼/季/吉/嵇/汲/籍/姬Chi 居Chu 贾Chia 翦/简Jen/Jane/Chieh 蒋/姜/江/ Chiang/Kwong 焦Chiao 金/靳Jin/King 景/荆King/Ching
Algebraic operation 代数运算一种图像处理运算，包括两幅图像对应像素的和、差、积、商。 Aliasing 走样（混叠）当图像像素间距和图像细节相比太大时产生的一种人工痕迹。Arc 弧图的一部分；表示一曲线一段的相连的像素集合。 Binary image 二值图像只有两级灰度的数字图像（通常为0和1，黑和白） Blur 模糊由于散焦、低通滤波、摄像机运动等引起的图像清晰度的下降。 Border 边框一副图像的首、末行或列。 Boundary chain code 边界链码定义一个物体边界的方向序列。 Boundary pixel 边界像素至少和一个背景像素相邻接的内部像素（比较：外部像素、内部像素） Boundary tracking 边界跟踪一种图像分割技术，通过沿弧从一个像素顺序探索到下一个像素将弧检测出。 Brightness 亮度和图像一个点相关的值，表示从该点的物体发射或放射的光的量。 Change detection 变化检测通过相减等操作将两幅匹准图像的像素加以比较从而检测出其中物体差别的技术。 Class 类见模或类 Closed curve 封闭曲线一条首尾点处于同一位置的曲线。 Cluster 聚类、集群在空间（如在特征空间）中位置接近的点的集合。 Cluster analysis 聚类分析在空间中对聚类的检测，度量和描述。 Concave 凹的物体是凹的是指至少存在两个物体内部的点，其连线不能完全包含在物体内部（反义词为凸） Connected 连通的 Contour encoding 轮廓编码对具有均匀灰度的区域，只将其边界进行编码的一种图像压缩技术。 Contrast 对比度物体平均亮度（或灰度）与其周围背景的差别程度 Contrast stretch 对比度扩展一种线性的灰度变换 Convex 凸的物体是凸的是指连接物体内部任意两点的直线均落在物体内部。Convolution 卷积一种将两个函数组合成第三个函数的运算，卷积刻画了线性移不变系统的运算。 Corrvolution kernel 卷积核1，用于数字图像卷积滤波的二维数字阵列，2，与图像或信号卷积的函数。 Curve 曲线1，空间的一条连续路径，2 表示一路径的像素集合（见弧、封闭曲线）。 Deblurring 去模糊1一种降低图像模糊，锐化图像细节的运算。2 消除或降低图像的模糊，通常是图像复原或重构的一个步骤。 Decision rule 决策规则在模式识别中，用以将图像中物体赋以一定量的规则或算法，这种赋值是以对物体特征度量为基础的。 Digital image 数字图像 1 表示景物图像的整数阵列，2 一个二维或更高维的采样并量化的函数，它由相同维数的连续图像产生，3 在矩形（或其他）网络上采样一连续函数，并才采样点上将值量化后的阵列。 Digital image processing 数字图像处理对图像的数字化处理；由计算机对图片信息进
总装准备车间预埋螺栓损坏整改方案 工程名称：上海大众汽车有限公司CPC总装准备车间土建与安装工程地脚螺栓预埋工程概况：本工程第一步工作主要以钢结构地脚螺栓预埋为主要工作之一也是后期钢结构吊装的前期重要工作之一，预埋螺栓全部为材质Q235,M24圆钢制成； 一、编制说明 由于该工程需预埋大量的钢构地脚螺栓预埋，是施工现场的重点工作项目，因现场地脚螺栓损坏影响施工后续工程进度，特编制此地脚螺栓损坏整改方案； 二、掌握现场施工条件：8/H承台预埋M24螺栓，基础回填时未即时做好标志，挖机司机没有发现，造成预埋螺栓压弯，把损坏的地脚螺栓承台短柱处将进行凿除后取出，并支好模板再进行后续工作， 1.在施工准备阶段，首先施工图与预埋件施工图纸，结合现场土建施工状况，了解本工程的地脚螺栓的分布、形式以及依据本工程的施工特点制定预埋螺栓整改方案、技术交底等。 2.在这个阶段要全面掌握了解现场的实际施工情况，找出预埋螺栓损坏整改的难点、易混淆的部位，在交底中进行专项说明，并召集工人开专门的工作重点交底会议，要让操作人员掌握操作要领和技术要 求。 三、制定预埋螺栓整改施工方案： 针对本工程的具体情况，积极与总包单位技术部门交流，掌握预
埋螺栓整改重点、难点的处理，在结合我司的施工组织计划，制定出合理的预埋螺栓整改施工计划，包括材料计划、劳动力组织、机械设备计划、施工工序安排、施工段划分、进度与跟踪、质量保证措施等。 1、质量要求 1、材料要求 地脚螺栓的品种、规格、性能等应符合现行国家产品标准和设计要求。2、安装允许偏差 地脚螺栓位置允许偏差（MM 项目允许偏差 支承面标高士3.0 水平度L/1000 地脚螺栓螺栓中心偏移5.0 垂直度H/1000 四、在施工段找出定位轴线： 根据图纸，在现场找出损坏的预埋部位附近的建筑定位轴线与水平轴线位置并进行复核，参考其它轴线来划分水平分布尺寸，找出各轴线后，然后对损坏的地脚螺栓测量轴线定位，及时将测量结果做好记录，由现场技术负责人对误差进行分析并作出修改。 五、按照图纸核对现场尺寸： 现场按图纸要核对，尤其是地脚螺栓损坏的部位临边几个地脚螺栓同时复测，将实际测量尺寸标注在施工图纸上。根据现场的尺寸，求出偏差每分格内平均值，如未超出规范允许范围内的偏差，则根据现场尺寸分格埋设，
中国姓氏英语翻译大全 A: 艾--Ai 安--Ann/An 敖--Ao B: 巴--Pa 白--Pai 包/鲍--Paul/Pao 班--Pan 贝--Pei 毕--Pih 卞--Bein 卜/薄--Po/Pu 步--Poo 百里--Pai-li C: 蔡/柴--Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢--Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑--Cheng 崔--Tsui 查--Cha 常--Chiong 车--Che 陈--Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程--Cheng 池--Chi 褚/楚--Chu 淳于--Chwen-yu D: 戴/代--Day/Tai 邓--Teng/Tang/Tung 狄--Ti 刁--Tiao 丁--Ting/T 董/东--Tung/Tong 窦--Tou 杜--To/Du/Too 段--Tuan 端木--Duan-mu 东郭--Tung-kuo 东方--Tung-fang E: F: 范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅--Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou 古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei 管/关--Kuan/Kwan 郭/国--Kwok/Kuo 公孙--Kung-sun 公羊--Kung-yang 公冶--Kung-yeh 谷梁--Ku-liang H: 海--Hay 韩--Hon/Han 杭--Hang 郝--Hoa/Howe 何/贺--Ho 桓--Won 侯--Hou 洪--Hung 胡/扈--Hu/Hoo 花/华--Hua 宦--Huan 黄--Wong/Hwang 霍--Huo 皇甫--Hwang-fu 呼延--Hu-yen I: J: 纪/翼/季/吉/嵇/汲/籍/姬--Chi
***有限公司 ***造纸联合厂房 预埋件施工方案 本工程为***联合厂房。 预埋件工作量大、点多面广，单块埋件重量从0.94kg到847kg不等，分布在梁底、梁侧、板底、板面及纸机柱、纸机大梁、设备基础面等，其中纸机埋件技术要求高、钢筋分布密，给施工带来相当大的难度，是本工程的重点，也是整个过程的核心部分，纸机预埋件的好坏直接影响整个造纸设备的安装。 因此预埋件施工时，要层层把关，与各工种密切配合，做到准确无误。 一、制作安装工艺程序 下料单→加工→校正复核→运输→安装→就位→校正→固定→验收→监控 1、预埋钢板和角钢应选用3#钢，当采用手工电弧焊时，Ι级钢选用E43型焊条，Ⅱ级钢选用E506型焊条；当采用埋弧压力焊时，可选用431焊机或其它性能相近的焊机。 2、锚筋不得采用冷加工钢筋，锚筋直径<Φ10采用Ι级钢筋。锚筋直径≥Φ10采用Ⅱ级钢筋，锚筋直径不得大于25mm。 3、预埋件的受力锚筋与锚筋呈T型垂直焊接时，不得将锚筋弯成L型，用角焊缝与锚板焊接。当锚筋直径≥20mm时，应采用穿孔塞焊。所有焊缝严格保证质量并加强检查。 4、纸机基础埋件采用半自动切割机进行切割，以保证长度控制在2～3mm左右，锚筋焊接牢固，并严格控制焊缝高度。下料时不考虑割缝的缝隙。由于焊接时埋板变形，采用千斤顶进行校平。 5、为保证砼浇筑时振动棒所带来的移位，要随砼的浇筑进行监控，并采用Φ16~20钢筋与埋板焊接，并支撑在侧面模板上加固，并且埋板之间进行点焊。 二、主要交叉施工顺序 1、柱上埋件安装 柱筋绑扎→柱上埋件安装→柱封模 柱上埋件待柱筋绑扎好，校正调直后，用水准仪测出高点，将埋件按位置要求点焊
武汉琴台文化艺术中心项目一期工程 钢结构工程预埋件埋设工程 施 工 方 案 武汉建工第一项目管理公司 二00四年十二月一日 目录 1、适用范围 2、编制依据 3、术语 4、材料要求 5、施工准备 6、操作工艺 7、质量控制 8、质量标准 9、成品保护
钢结构工程预埋件埋设工程施工方案 1 适用范围 本方案适用于钢结构工程的预埋件和预埋螺栓的埋设施工。 2 编制依据 钢结构工程施工质量验收规范（GB50205—2001） 钢结构设计规范（GB50017—2002） 建筑工程施工质量验收统一标准（GB50300—2001） 工程测量规范（GB50026—1993） 建筑钢结构施工手册 武汉琴台文化艺术中心项目一期工程施工图纸 3 术语 预埋件——为便于钢结构构件与混凝土结构连接，在混凝土结构施工时预先埋设的钢板连接件。 预埋螺栓——为便于钢结构构件与混凝土结构连接或为便于钢构件的安装定位，在混凝土结构施工时预先埋设的螺栓。 螺栓群——由两个或两个以上螺栓组成用于连接固定同一柱（梁）构件的预埋螺栓的总称。 锚筋——与预埋件焊接连接用于锚固预埋钢板的钢筋。 4 材料要求 4.1 预埋件及预埋螺栓材料的品种、规格必须符合设计要求，并有产品质量证明书。当设计有复验要求时，尚应按规定进行复验并在合格后方准使用。 4.2 当由于采购等原因不能满足设计要求需要代换时，应征得设计工程师的认可并办理相应的设计变更文件。 4.3 预埋钢板的平整度及预埋螺杆的顺直度影响使用时应进行校平和矫直处理，并在运输时进行必要的保护，预埋螺杆的丝扣部位应采用塑料套管加以保护，防止丝扣破坏。 5 施工准备 5.1 施工前应根据工程特点编制详细的操作工艺标准，对操作工人进行统一交底。
预埋件安装工程施工方案 本标段共安装25台风机的基础环和埋件，基础环（包括基础环、钢支腿、调节螺栓等）由发包人提供，基础环施工主要根据厂家提供的施工方法进行。1基础环安装程序 基础环安装流程图 2基础环（支架）安装 1、严格根据设计尺寸进行控制，校核安装后基础环支架高程，基础环支架现场焊接，定位及高程误差控制在±5mm以内，保证安装基础环要求； 2、保证在浇筑混凝土过程中，基础环顶面在一个水平面内，其误差不超过±2mm； 3、安装时，钢板、型钢和HPB235钢筋焊接部位一律使用E43系列焊条焊接，HRB335钢筋的焊接一律采用E50系列焊条。 4、为避免钢材局部锈蚀对焊接效果和焊接质量造成影响，必须对焊缝10cm 范围内利用气刨清理锈斑，再进行焊接。 5、绑扎钢筋（包括穿孔钢筋），任何钢筋都不宜与基础环直接接触，任何钢筋的重量都不能作用在基础环上，只能通过架立筋放置在垫层上。 6、为使表面形成整体，大面积接头处采用“U”型焊缝。
3调节螺栓安装 1、调节螺栓上的螺母可以上下调节，用于调整基础环水平。 2、调节螺栓下设支架，支架按图纸加工。为保证支架刚度，支架须焊接在预埋钢板上。 4基础环安装 1、混凝土浇筑完成后，要求基础环顶面在一个水平面内，其误差不超过±1mm，并尽量减小安装误差。 2、基础底层钢筋绑扎前，先安装调节螺栓支架，然后绑扎底层钢筋网，再将调节螺栓与基础环相连，用100t吊车吊入基坑，放置在调节螺栓支架上。 3、基础环可靠放置好后，将水平尺放置在基础环上法兰面上，调节下部的调节螺栓，初步将基础环调水平。 4、绑扎钢筋，包括穿孔钢筋，任何钢筋都不宜与基础环直接接触，任何钢筋的重量都不能作用在基础环上，而要通过钢筋网自身或架立钢筋放置在垫层上。 5、全部钢筋绑扎及预埋管安装完成后，对基础环进行第一次精确调整，要求采用精密水平尺，对基础环上法兰表面各个部位进行检查，保证各部位的安装误差都控制在允许误差范围内。 6、分层浇筑混凝土，当混凝土浇筑至基础环下法兰200mm 处时，进行第二次精确调整，保证基础环上法兰各部位的安装误差都控制在允许误差范围内。 7、浇筑基础环四周及内部混凝土，此时下料及振捣需十分注意，下料时不直接对着基础环本体，振捣器也不直接与基础环接触，施工人员不站到基础环上，其他施工机械也要避免与基础环相碰。 8、每铺筑一层混凝土即检查一次基础环平整度，发现误差随时调整。 5基础环止水 1、止水材料 （1）第一道止水是指在塔筒与混凝土的接缝处，采用Sikaflex-11FC 单组份聚氨酯密封膏，下设泡沫棒φ12。 （2）第二道止水是指上层的止水措施，采用两层复合土工膜。 2、施工要求
数字图像处理英文翻译 （Matlab帮助信息简介） xxxxxxxxx xxx Introduction MATLAB is a high-level technical computing language and interactive environment for algorithm development, data visualization, data analysis, and numeric computation. Using the MATLAB product, you can solve technical computing problems faster than with traditional programming languages, such as C, C++, and Fortran. You can use MATLAB in a wide range of applications, including signal and image processing, communications, control design, test and measurement, financial modeling and analysis, and computational biology. Add-on toolboxes (collections of special-purpose MATLAB functions, available separately) extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems in these application areas. The MATLAB system consists of these main parts: Desktop Tools and Development Environment This part of MATLAB is the set of tools and facilities that help you use and become more productive with MATLAB functions and files. Many of these tools are graphical user interfaces. It includes: the
中国姓氏英文翻译大全 A: 艾--Ai 安--Ann/An 敖--Ao B: 巴--Pa 白--Pai 包/鲍--Paul/Pao 班--Pan 贝--Pei 毕--Pih 卞--Bein 卜/薄--Po/Pu 步--Poo 百里--Pai-li C: 蔡/柴--Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢--Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑--Cheng 崔--Tsui 查--Cha 常--Chiong 车--Che 陈--Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程--Cheng 池--Chi 褚/楚--Chu 淳于--Chwen-yu D: 戴/代--Day/Tai 邓--Teng/Tang/Tung 狄--Ti 刁--Tiao 丁 --Ting/T 董/东--Tung/Tong 窦--Tou 杜--To/Du/Too 段--Tuan 端木--Duan-mu 东郭--Tung-kuo 东方--Tung-fang E: F: 范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅 --Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou 古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei 管/关--Kuan/Kwan 郭/国--Kwok/Kuo 公孙--Kung-sun 公羊 --Kung-yang 公冶--Kung-yeh 谷梁--Ku-liang H: 海--Hay 韩--Hon/Han 杭--Hang 郝--Hoa/Howe 何/贺--Ho 桓--Won 侯--Hou 洪--Hung 胡/扈--Hu/Hoo 花/华--Hua 宦--Huan 黄--Wong/Hwang 霍--Huo 皇甫--Hwang-fu 呼延--Hu-yen I: J: 纪/翼/季/吉/嵇/汲/籍/姬--Chi 居--Chu 贾--Chia 翦/简 --Jen/Jane/Chieh 蒋/姜/江/--Chiang/Kwong 焦--Chiao 金/靳--Jin/King 景/荆 --King/Ching 讦--Gan K: 阚--Kan 康--Kang 柯--Kor/Ko 孔--Kong/Kung 寇--Ker 蒯--Kuai 匡--Kuang L: 赖--Lai 蓝--Lan 郎--Long 劳--Lao 乐--Loh 雷--Rae/Ray/Lei 冷--Leng 黎/郦/利/李--Lee/Li/Lai/Li 连--Lien 廖--Liu/Liao 梁--Leung/Liang 林/蔺--Lim/Lin