Informatica29(2005)391–400391 Agent Modeling Language(AML):A Comprehensive Approach to Modeling MAS
Ivan Trencansky and Radovan Cervenka
Whitestein Technologies,Panenska28,81103Bratislava,Slovakia
Tel+421(2)5443-5502,Fax+421(2)5443-5512
E-mail:{itr,rce}@https://www.doczj.com/doc/e11361806.html,
Keywords:agent,multi-agent system,modeling language,agent-oriented software engineering
Received:May6,2005
The Agent Modeling Language(AML)is a semi-formal visual modeling language for specifying,mod-
eling and documenting systems that incorporate features drawn from multi-agent systems theory.It is
speci?ed as an extension to UML2.0in accordance with major OMG modeling frameworks(MDA,MOF,
UML,and OCL).The ultimate objective of AML is to provide software engineers with a ready-to-use,
complete and highly expressive modeling language suitable for the development of commercial software
solutions based on multi-agent technologies.This paper presents an overview of AML.The scope of the
language,its structure and extensibility mechanisms are discussed,and the core AML modeling constructs
and mechanisms are introduced and demonstrated by examples.
Povzetek:Opisana je vizualizacija agentnega jezika za modeliranje.
1Introduction
The Agent Modeling Language(AML)[3,5,4]is a semi-formal1visual modeling language for specifying,modeling and documenting systems that incorporate concepts drawn from Multi-Agent Systems(MAS)theory.
The most signi?cant motivation driving the development of AML was the extant need for a ready-to-use,com-prehensive,versatile and highly expressive modeling lan-guage suitable for the development of commercial software solutions based on multi-agent technologies.To qualify this more precisely,AML was intended to be a language that:(1)is built on proved technical foundations,(2)in-tegrates best practices from agent-oriented software engi-neering(AOSE)and object-oriented software engineering (OOSE)domains,(3)is well speci?ed and documented, (4)is internally consistent from the conceptual,semantic and syntactic perspectives,(6)is versatile and easy to ex-tend,(7)is independent of any particular theory,software development process or implementation environment,and (8)is supported by Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE)tools.
Given these requirements,AML is designed to address the most signi?cant de?ciencies with current state-of-the-art and practice in the area of MAS oriented model-ing languages,which are often:(1)insuf?ciently docu-mented and/or speci?ed,or(2)using proprietary and/or non-intuitive modeling constructs,or(3)aimed at model-ing only a limited set of MAS aspects,or(4)applicable only to a speci?c theory,application domain,MAS archi-1The term“semi-formal”implies that the language offers the means to specify systems using a combination of natural language,graphical nota-tion,and formal language speci?cation.tecture,or technology,or(5)mutually incompatible,or(6) insuf?ciently supported by CASE tools.
The objective of this paper is to present the approach applied to speci?cation of AML,and a brief overview of the various modeling constructs AML provides to model MASs.Due to limitations in paper length,a comprehen-sive description of AML abstract syntax,semantics,and notation is not provided.
The rest of the paper is structured as follows:Section2 presents the approach applied to speci?cation of AML and the available extensibility mechanisms.Section3ex-plains the AML fundamental entities and their features, sections4,5,6,7and8present an overview of AML ap-proach to modeling different aspects of agents and MASs, like social aspects,different kinds of interactions,capabil-ities,mobility,and mental attitudes.In the end the conclu-sions are drawn.
2The AML Approach
Toward achieving the stated goals and overcoming the de-?ciencies associated with many existing approaches,AML has been designed as a language,which:
–incorporates and uni?es the most signi?cant concepts from the broadest set of existing multi-agent theo-ries and abstract models(e.g.DAI[24],BDI[17], SMART[9]),modeling and speci?cation languages
(e.g.AUML[1,11,12],TAO[18],OPM/MAS[20],
AOR[23],UML[15],OCL[14],OWL[19],UML-based ontology modeling[7],methodologies(e.g.
MESSAGE[10],Gaia[25],TROPOS[2],PASSI[6],
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Prometheus [16],MaSE [8]),agent platforms (e.g.Jade,FIPA-OS,Jack,Cougaar)and multi-agent driven applications,
–extends the above with new modeling concepts to ac-count for aspects of multi-agent systems thus far cov-ered insuf?ciently,inappropriately or not at all,–assembles them into a consistent framework speci?ed by the AML meta-model (covering abstract syntax and semantics of the language)and notation (cover-ing the concrete syntax),and
–is speci?ed as an extension to UML in accordance with the OMG modeling frameworks (MDA,MOF,UML,and OCL).
2.1The Language De?nition
AML is built upon the Uni?ed Modeling Language (UML)2.0Superstructure [15],augmenting it with several new modeling concepts appropriate for capturing the typical features of multi-agent systems (see Fig.1).The main advantages of this approach are:
–Reuse of well-de?ned,well-founded,and commonly used concepts of UML.
–Use of existing mechanisms for specifying and ex-tending UML-based languages (metamodel exten-sions and UML pro?les).
–Ease of incorporation into existing UML-based CASE tools.
The abstract syntax,semantics and notation of the lan-guage are de?ned at the AML Metamodel and Notation level.The AML Metamodel is further structured into two main packages:AML Kernel and UML Extension for AML
.
UML 2.0 Profile of AML
UML 1.* Profile of AML
UML 1.* Profiles Extending AML UML 2.0 Profiles Extending AML AML Metamodel
AML Notation
AML Kernel UML Extension for AML
Figure 1:Levels of AML de?nition
The AML Kernel is a conservative 2extension of UML 2.0,comprising speci?cation of all the AML modeling ele-ments.It is logically structured into several packages,each of which contains speci?cation of modeling elements ded-icated for modeling speci?c aspect of MAS.
The UML Extension for AML package adds some meta-properties and structural constraints to the standard UML
2A
conservative extension of UML is an extension of UML which re-tains the standard UML semantics in unaltered form [22].
elements.It is thus a non-conservative extension of UML,and therefore an optional part of the language.However,the extensions contained within are simple and can be eas-ily implemented in most existing UML-based CASE tools.Upon the AML Metamodel and Notation two UML pro-?les of AML are speci?ed:UML 1.*Pro?le for AML (based on UML 1.*)and UML 2.0Pro?le for AML (based on UML 2.0).The primary objective of these pro?les is to enable implementation of AML into existing UML 1.*and UML 2.0based CASE tools,respectively.
2.2Extensibility of AML
AML is designed to encompass a broad set of relevant the-ories and modeling approaches,it being essentially impos-sible to cover all inclusively.In those cases where AML is insuf?cient,several mechanisms can be used to extend or customize it as required:
–Metamodel extension offers ?rst-class extensibility (as de?ned by MOF [13])of the AML metamodel and notation.
–AML pro?le extension offers the possibility to adapt AML for a given domain,platform or development method by means of UML Pro?les,without the need to modify the underlying AML Metamodel and Nota-tion.–Concrete model extension allows to employ alterna-tive MAS modeling approaches as complementary speci?cations to the AML model.
3Modeling MAS Entities
In general,entities are objects that can exist independently of others.In order to maximize reuse and comprehensi-bility of the metamodel AML de?nes several auxiliary ab-stract metamodeling concepts called semi-entities and their types.Semi-entity types are specialized UML classes used to specify coherent set of features,logically grouped ac-cording to particular aspects of MASs.They are used to specify features of other types of modeling elements.
3.1
AML Semi-entities
AML de?nes the following semi-entities:
Behaviored semi-entities represent elements,which can own capabilities,observe and/or effect their environment by means of perceptors and effectors,provide and use ser-vices,and can be (de)composed into behavior fragments.Socialized semi-entities represent elements,which can form societies,can participate in social relationships and can own social properties.
Mental semi-entities represent elements which can be characterized in terms of their mental attitudes,e.g.which information they believe in,what are their objectives,
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ted to,when and how a particular goal is to be achieved,
which plan to execute,etc.
3.2AML Fundamental Entities
The fundamental entities that compose MASs are:agents, resources,and environments.AML therefore de?nes three modeling concepts,which can be used to model the above mentioned fundamental entities at both type and instance levels:
Agent type is used to specify the type of agents,i.e.self contained entities that are capable of interactions,observa-tions and autonomous behavior within their environment. Resource type is used to model the type of resources within the system,i.e.physical or informational en-tities with which the main concern is their availability (in terms of its quantity,access rights,conditions of us-age/consumption,etc.).
Environment type is used to model the type of a system’s inner environment3,i.e.the logical or physical surround-ings of entities which provide conditions under which the entities exist and function.
In AML,all the aforementioned entity types are special-ized UML classes,and thus can utilize all the features de-?ned for UML classes,i.e.can be instantiated,can own structural and behavioral features,behaviors,can be struc-tured into parts and ports,participate in interactions,can participate in various kinds of relationships(e.g.associa-tions,generalizations,dependencies),etc.The instances of the entity types(called entities)can be modeled by means of UML instance speci?cations classi?ed according to the corresponding types.
Furthermore,all the AML fundamental entity types in-herit features of behaviored semi-entities,and in addition to these,agent and environment types are also socialized and mental semi-entities.
Fig.2shows an example of a de?nition of an abstract class3DObject that represents spatial objects,charac-terized by shape and position,existing inside a containing space.An abstract environment type3DSpace represents a three dimensional space.This is a special3DObject and as such can contain other spatial objects.3DSpace provides a service Motion to the objects contained within (for details about services see Sect.5.4).Three con-crete3DObject s,an agent type Person,a resource type Ball and a class Goal are de?ned as specialized 3DObject s.3DSpace is further specialized into a con-crete environment type Pitch representing a soccer pitch containing two goals and a ball.
3Inner environment is that part of an entity’s environment that is con-tained within the boundaries of the system.
Figure2:Example of entities,their relationships,service provision and usage
4Modeling Social Aspects
MASs are commonly perceived as systems comprised of a number of autonomous agents,situated in a common envi-ronment,and interacting with each other in order that the desired functionality and properties of the systems could emerge.These properties of MAS are not always derivable or representable solely on the basis of properties and capa-bilities of individual agents,but are usually given also by their mutual relationships,interactions,coordination mech-anisms,social attitudes,etc.Such aspects of MASs are commonly referred to as social aspects.
From the social perspective the following aspects of MAS are commonly considered in MAS models(for de-taisl see[4]):
–Social structure concerning mainly with the identi?-cation of societies which can evolve within the sys-tem,speci?cation of their properties,structure,identi-?cation of comprised roles,individual entities that can participate in such societies,what roles they can play, their mutual relationships,etc.
–Social behavior covering such phenomena as social dynamics(i.e.the ability of a society to react to inter-nal and external events),norms(i.e.rules or standards of behavior shared by members of a society),social interactions(how individuals and/or societies interact with others in order to exchange information,coordi-nate their activities,etc.),and social activities of in-dividual entities and societies(e.g.how they change their attitudes,roles they play,social relationships), etc.
–Social attitudes addressing the individual and/or com-mon tendencies(usually expressed in terms of moti-vations,needs,wishes,intentions,goals,beliefs,com-mitments,etc.)to anything of a social value.
In this section the focus is on modeling social structure of multi-agent systems.AML modeling constructs which can be used to model social behavior and social attitudes are outlined in the subsequent sections,mainly5,6,and8.
394Informatica29(2005)391–400I.Trencansky et al.
In order to accommodate special needs for modeling so-cial aspects,AML utilizes concepts of:organization units, social relationships,entity roles,and role properties.
4.1Organization Units
Organization unit type is a specialized environment type, and thus inherits features of behaviored,socialized and mental semi-entity types.They are used to specify the type of societies that can evolve within the system from both the external as well as internal perspectives.
From an external perspective,organization units repre-sent coherent autonomous entities,which can be character-ized in terms of their mental and social attitudes,can per-form behavior,participate in different kinds of(social)rela-tionships,can observe and interact with their environment, offer and use services,play roles,etc.Their properties and behavior are both(1)emergent properties and behavior of all their constituents,their mutual relationships,observa-tions and interactions,and(2)the features and behavior of organization units themselves.
For modeling organization units from external perspec-tives,in addition to features de?ned for UML classes (structural and behavioral features,owned behaviors,rela-tionships,etc.),also all the features of behaviored,social-ized,and mental semi-entities can be utilized.
From an internal perspective,organization units are types of environment that specify the social arrangements of entities in terms of structures,interactions,roles,con-straints,norms,etc.
For this purpose organization unit types usually utilize the possibilities inherited from UML structured classi?er, and model their internal structure by contained parts and connectors,in combination with entity role types used as types of the parts.
For an example of an organization unit see Fig.3(b).
4.2Social Relationships
Social relationship is a particular type of connection be-tween social entities related to or having dealings with each other.For modeling such relationships,AML de?nes a spe-cial type of UML property,called social property.The so-cial property can be used either in the form of an owned social attribute,or as the end of a social association,and can specify its social role kind4.
For an example of modeling social relationships see Fig.3.
4.3Roles and Role Properties
Roles are used to de?ne a normative behavioral repertoire of entities,and thus provide the basic building blocks of MAS societies.For modeling roles,AML provides entity role type,a specialized behaviored,socialized and mental 4AML prede?nes peer,subordinate and superordinate social role kinds,but this set can be extended as required.semi-entity type.Entity role types are used to model ab-stractions of coherent set of features,capabilities,behav-iors,observations,relationships,participation in interac-tions,and services offered or required by entities partici-pating in a particular context.Each entity role type should be realized by a speci?c implementation possessed by an entity that can play that entity role type.An instance of an entity role type is called entity role and exists only while some behavioral entity plays it.
For modeling the ability of an entity to play an entity role type,AML provides role properties.Role property is a specialized UML property,used to specify that an instance of its owner(i.e.a behavioral entity)can play one or several roles of a particular entity role type.The role property can be used either in the form of a role attribute or as the end of a play association.
One entity can at each time play several entity roles. These entity roles can be of the same as well as of dif-ferent types.The multiplicity de?ned for a role property constraints the number of entity roles of given type the par-ticular entity can play concurrently.Additional constraints which govern playing of entity roles can be speci?ed by UML constraints.
To allow explicit manipulation of entity roles in UML activities and state machines,AML de?nes a set of actions for entity role creation and disposal,particularly create role action and dispose role action.
Fig.3(a)contains the diagram depicting an agent of type Person which can play entity roles of type Player, Captain,Coach,and Referee.The possibility of playing entity roles of a particular type is modeled by play associations.Fig.3(b)depicts an organization unit SoccerMatch,which comprises three referee s(of the Referee entity role type)and two team s(of the SoccerTeam organization unit type).The SoccerTeam itself consists of one to three coach es,and eleven to ?fteen player s of which one is the captain.The player s are peers to each other(the cooperate con-nector),and subordinates to the coach es(the manage connector),and the captain(the lead connector).The referee s are superordinate to the both SoccerTeam s (the control connector).
Fig.4shows the instantiation of the previously de?ned types in a model of a system’s snapshot,where the agent Lampard,of type Person,plays the entity role player,and the agent Terry,also of type Person,plays the entity role captain and leads Lampard.The agent Mourinho,play-ing the entity role coach manages both players Lampard and Terry.
5Modeling Interactions
To support modeling of interactions in MAS,AML pro-vides a number of UML extensions,which can be logi-cally subdivided into:(1)generic extensions to UML in-teractions,(2)speech act based extensions to UML inter-
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(b)
Figure 3:Example of social structure modeling
Figure 4:Example of the entity role instantiation and play-ing
actions,(3)observations and effecting interactions,and (4)services.
5.1Generic Extensions to UML Interactions
Generic extensions to UML interactions provide means to model:(1)interactions between groups of entities (multi-message and multi-lifeline),(2)dynamic change of object’s attributes to express changes in internal structure of orga-nization units,social relationships,or played entity roles,etc.,induced by interactions (attribute change),(3)model-ing of messages and signals not explicitly associated with the invocation of corresponding methods and receptions (decoupled message),(4)mechanisms for modi?cation of interaction roles of entities (not necessary entity roles)in-duced by interactions (subset and join dependencies),and (5)modeling the actions of dispatch and reception of de-coupled messages in activities (send and decoupled mes-sage actions,and associated triggers).
Multi-message is a specialized UML message which is used to model a particular communication between (unlike UML message)multiple participants,i.e.multiple senders and/or multiple receivers.
Multi-lifeline is a specialized UML lifeline,used to rep-resent (unlike UML lifeline)multiple participants in inter-actions.
Decoupled message is a specialized multi-message used to model the asynchronous dispatch and reception of a mes-sage payload without (unlike UML message)explicit spec-
i?cation of the behavior invoked on the side of the receiver.The decision of which behavior should be invoked when the decoupled message is received is up to the receiver what allows to preserve its autonomy in processing messages.Attribute change is a specialized UML interaction frag-ment used to model the change of attribute values (state)of interacting entities induced by the interaction.Attribute change thus enables to express addition,removal,or mod-i?cation of attribute values,and also to express the added attribute values by sub-lifelines.The most likely utiliza-tion of attribute change is in modeling of dynamic change of entity roles played by behavioral entities represented by lifelines in interactions,and the modeling of entity inter-actions with respect to the played entity roles (i.e.each sub-lifeline representing a played entity role can be used to model interaction of its player with respect to this entity role).
Subset is a specialized UML dependency between event occurrences owned by two distinct (superset and subset)lifelines used to specify that since the event occurrence on the superset lifeline,some of the instances it represents (speci?ed by the corresponding selector)are also repre-sented by another,the subset lifeline.
Similarly,join dependency is also a specialized UML de-pendency between two event occurrences on lifelines (sub-set and union ones),used to specify that a subset of in-stances,which have been until the subset event occurrence represented by the subset lifeline,is after the union event
occurrence represented by the ?Sunion ˇT
lifeline.The union lifeline,thus after the union event occurrence represents the union of the instances it has been representing before,and the instances speci?ed by the join dependency.
Send decoupled message action is a specialized UML send object action used to model the action of dispatch-ing a decoupled message,and accept decoupled message action is a specialized UML accept event action used to model reception of a decoupled message action that meets the conditions speci?ed by the associated decoupled mes-sage trigger.
A simpli?ed interaction between entities taking part in a player substitution is depicted in Fig.5.Once the main coach decides which players are to be substituted (p1to be substituted and p2the substitute),he ?rst noti?es player p2to get ready and then asks the main referee for per-mission to make the substitution.The main referee in turn replies by an answer .If the answer is “yes”,the substitution process waits until the game is interrupted.If so,the coach instructs player p1to exit and p2to enter.Player p1then leaves the pitch and joins the group of in-active players and p2joins the pitch and thereby the group of active players.
Fig.6shows an example of the communicative inter-action in which the attribute change elements are used to model changes of entity roles played by agents.The dia-gram realizes the scenario of a captain change caused by the original captain (player2)substitution.
At the beginning of the scenario the agent
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Figure 5:Example of a communicative interaction player2is captain (modeled by its role prop-erty captain ).During the substitution,the main coach gives the player2order to hand the cap-tainship over (handCaptainshipOver()message)and the player1the order to become the captain (becomeCaptain()message).After receiving these messages,the player2stops playing the entity role captain (and starts playing the entity role of
ordinary player )and the player1changes from ordinary player to captain .
Figure 6:Example of a social interaction with entity role changes
5.2Speech Act Speci?c Extensions to UML
Interactions
Speech act speci?c extensions to UML interactions com-prise modeling of speech-acts (communication message),speech act based interactions (communicative interac-tions),patterns of interactions (interaction protocols),and modeling the actions of dispatch and reception of speech-act based messages in activities (send and accept commu-nicative message actions,and associated triggers).
Communication message is a specialized decoupled message used to model communicative acts of speech act based communication within communicative interaction s (a specialized UML interaction)with the possibility of ex-plicit speci?cation of the message performative and pay-load.Both the communication message and communica-tive interaction can also specify used agent communication and content languages,ontology and payload encoding.
Interaction protocol is a parametrized communicative interaction template used to model reusable templates of communicative interactions.
5.3Observations and Effecting Interactions
AML provides several mechanisms for modeling observa-tions and effecting interactions in order to (1)allow model-ing of the ability of an entity to observe and/or to bring about an effect on others (perceptors and effectors),(2)specify what observation and effecting interactions the en-tity is capable of (perceptor and effector types and perceiv-ing and effecting acts),(3)specify what entities can ob-serve and/or effect others (perceives and effects dependen-cies),and (4)explicitly model the actions of observations and effecting interactions in activities (percept and effect actions).
Observations are in AML modeled as the ability of an entity to perceive the state of (or to receive a signal from)an observed object by means of perceptors ,which are spe-cialized UML ports.Perceptor types are used to specify (by means of owned perceiving acts )the observations an owner of a perceptor of that type can make.
Perceiving acts are specialized UML operations which can be owned by perceptor types and thus used to specify what perceptions their owners,or perceptors of given type,can perform.
The speci?cation of which entities can observe others,is modeled by a perceives dependency.For modeling behav-ioral aspects of observations,AML provides a specialized percept action .
Different aspects of effecting interactions are modeled analogously,by means of effectors ,effector types ,effecting acts ,effects dependencies,and effect actions .
An example is depicted in Fig.8(a)which shows an entity role type Player with two eyes–perceptors called eye of type Eye ,and two legs–effectors called leg of type Leg .Eyes are used to see other players,the pitch and the ball,and to provide localization information to the in-ternal parts of a player.Legs are used to change the player’s position within the pitch (modeled by changing of internal state implying that no effects dependency need be placed in the diagram),and to manipulate the ball.
5.4Services
The AML support for modeling services comprises (1)the means for the speci?cation of the functionality of a service and the way a service can be accessed (service speci?cation and service protocol),(2)the means for the speci?cation of what entities provide/use services (service provision,ser-vice usage,and serviced property),and (if applicable)by what means (serviced port).
A service is a coherent block of functionality provided by a behaviored semi-entity,called service provider,that can be accessed by other behaviored semi-entities (which
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can be either external or internal parts of the service provider),called service clients.
Service speci?cation is used to specify a service by means of owned service protocols,i.e.specialized inter-action protocols extended with the ability to specify two mandatory,disjoint and nonempty sets of(not bound)pa-rameters,particularly:provider and client template param-eters.
The provider template parameters of all contained ser-vice protocols specify the set of the template parame-ters that must be bound by the service providers,and the client template parameters of all contained service proto-cols specify the set of template parameters that must be bound by the service clients.Binding of these complemen-tary template parameters speci?es the features of the par-ticular service provision/usage which are dependent on its providers and clients.
Service provision/usage are specialized dependencies used to model provision/use of a service by particular enti-ties,together with the binding of template parameters that are declared to be bound by service providers/clients. Fig.7shows a speci?cation of the Motion service de?ned as a collection of three service protocols.The CanMove service protocol is based on the standard FIPA protocol FIPA-Query-Protocol5[21]and binds the proposition parameter(the content of a query-if message)to the capability canMove(what,to)of a service provider.The participant parameter of the FIPA-Query-Protocol is mapped to a service provider and the initiator parameter to a service client.The CanMove service protocol is used by the ser-vice client to ask if an object referred by the what parame-ter can be moved to the position referred by the to param-eter.The remaining service protocols Move and Turn are based on the FIPA-Request-Protocol[21]and are used to change the position or direction of a spatial object. Binding of the Motion service speci?cation to the provider3DSpace and the client3DObject is depicted in Fig.2.
Figure7:Example of service speci?cation 5The AML speci?cation of the interaction protocol can be found in[3].6Modeling Capabilities and
Behavior
AML extends the capacity of UML to abstract and decom-pose behavior by another two modeling elements:capabil-ity and behavior fragment.
Capability is an abstract speci?cation of a behavior which allows reasoning about and operations on that spec-i?cation.Technically,a capability represents a uni?cation of the common speci?cation properties of UML’s behav-ioral features and behaviors expressed in terms of their in-puts,outputs,pre-and post-conditions.
Behavior fragment is a specialized behaviored semi-entity type used to model a coherent re-usable fragment of behavior and related structural and behavioral features.It enables the(possibly recursive)decomposition of a com-plex behavior into simpler and(possibly)concurrently ex-ecutable fragments,as well as the dynamic modi?cation of an entities behavior in run-time.The decomposition of a behavior of an entity is modeled by owned aggregate at-tributes of the corresponding behavior fragment type. Fig.8(a)shows the decomposition of the Player entity role type’s behavior into a structure of behavior fragments.In part(b)two fragments,Mobility and BallHandling,are described in terms of their owned capabilities(turn,walk,catch,etc.).
(a)
(b)
Figure8:Example of behavior fragments,observations and effecting interactions
7Modeling MAS Deployment and Mobility
The means provided by AML to support modeling of MAS deployment and agent mobility comprise:(1)the support for modeling the physical infrastructure onto which MAS entities are deployed(agent execution environment),(2) what entities can occur on which nodes of the physical in-frastructure and what is the relationship of deployed enti-ties to those nodes(hosting property),(3)how entities can get to a particular node of the physical infrastructure(move and clone dependencies),and(4)what can cause the en-
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tity’s movement or cloning throughout the physical infras-tructure(move and clone actions).
Agent execution environment type is a specialized UML execution environment used to model types of execution environments within which MAS entities can run.While it is a behaviored semi-entity type,it can explicitly,for exam-ple,also specify a set of services that the deployed entities can use or should provide at run time.
Agent execution environment can also own hosting prop-erties,which are used to classify the entities which can be hosted by the owning agent execution environment.The hosting property’s hosting kind speci?es the relation of the referred entity type to its owning agent execution environ-ment(i.e.either resident of visitor).
Hosting association is a specialized UML association used to specify hosting property in the form of an asso-ciation end.
Move is a specialized UML dependency between two hosting properties used to specify that the entities repre-sented by the source hosting property can be moved to the instances of the agent execution environments owning the destination hosting property.Likewise the clone depen-dency is used.
Move and clone actions are specialized UML add struc-tural feature actions used to model actions that cause move-ment or cloning of an entity from one agent execution envi-ronment to another one.Both the actions thus specify:(1) which entity is being moved or cloned,(2)the destination agent execution environment instance where the entity is being moved or cloned,and(3)the hosting property where the moved or cloned entity is being placed.
8Modeling Mental Aspects
Mental semi-entities can be characterized in terms of their mental attitudes,i.e.motivations,needs,wishes,inten-tions,goals,beliefs,commitments,etc.To allow modeling all the above,AML provides:goals,beliefs,plans,con-tribution relationships,mental properties and associations, mental constraints,and commit/cancel goal actions.
Goal is a specialized UML class used to model goals,i.e. conditions or states of affairs with which the main concern is their achievement or maintenance.Goals can thus be used to represent objectives,needs,motivations,desires, etc.
Belief is a specialized UML class used to model a state of affairs,proposition or other information relevant to the system and its mental model.
The attitude of a mental semi-entity to a belief or com-mitment to a goal is modeled by the belief or the goal instance being held in a slot of the corresponding mental property(owned by the mental semi-entity,or a mental as-sociation relating the belief or the goal to the mental semi-entity).
Plan is a specialized UML activity used to model:prede-?ned plans,or fragments of behavior from which the plans can be composed.
Mental constraint is a specialized UML constraint used to specify properties of owning beliefs,goals and plans which can be used within reasoning processes of mental semi-entities.Supported kinds of mental constraints are pre-and post-conditions,commit conditions,cancel condi-tions and invariants.
Contribution is a specialized UML relationship used to model logical relationships between goals,beliefs,plans and their mental constraints.The manner in which the speci?ed mental constraint(e.g.post-condition)of the con-tributor in?uences the speci?ed mental constraint kind of the bene?ciary(e.g.pre-condition)as well as the degree of the contribution can also be speci?ed.
Actions to model commitments to and de-commitments from goals within activities are also provided.
Figure9:Example of a mental model
Fig.9shows an example of a snapshot of the mental model of a soccer team(represented by the SoccerTeam organization unit type)and its players(Player entity role type).The soccer team has the goal to win a match(modeled by the WinMatch goal).The goal WinMatch is accomplished,when the soccer match is over and the team has scored more goals than conceded. This is expressed by the suf?cient contribution of the be-lief{match.isOver and team.scoredGoals> team.concededGoals}to the postcondition of the goal WinMatch.The soccer team players may have goals to score a goal(ScoreGoal)which it is feasi-ble to commit to,when they are in a scoring chance. This is expressed by the necessary contribution of the be-lief ScoringChance to the precondition of the goal ScoreGoal.
9Conclusion
The limitation in paper length has not allowed to present all the modeling elements and mechanisms AML provides (e.g.support for ontologies,contexts,etc.).Nevertheless, we believe that from what has been presented in this pa-per,it is evident that AML provides a rich set of mod-eling constructs for modeling applications that embody and/or exhibit characteristics of multi-agent systems.It integrates best modeling practices and concepts from ex-isting agent oriented modeling and speci?cation languages
AGENT MODELING https://www.doczj.com/doc/e11361806.html,rmatica29(2005)391–400399
into a unique framework built on foundations of UML2.0 and OCL2.0.The structure of the language de?nition to-gether with the MDA/MOF/UML“metamodeling technol-ogy”(UML pro?les,?rst-class metamodel extension,etc., gives AML the advantage of natural extensibility and cus-tomization.AML is also supported by CASE tools.
We feel con?dent that AML is suf?ciently detailed,com-prehensive and tangible to be a useful tool for software ar-chitects building systems based on,or exhibiting character-istics of,multi-agent technologies.In this respect we antic-ipate that AML may form a signi?cant contribution to the effort of bringing about widespread adoption of intelligent agents across varied commercial marketplaces. Acknowledgement
The authors are indebted to Stefan Brantschen,Monique Calisti,and Dominic Greenwood,for their support and fruitful comments which have inspired many ideas and thus substantially in?uenced the current version of AML. References
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盘式扭矩传感器 一、工作原理采用应变片电测技术，在弹性轴上组成应变桥,向应变桥提供电源即可测得该弹性轴受扭的电信号。将该应变信号放大后，经过压/频转换，变成与扭应变成正比的频率信号。使用于轴向空间比较短的需要测量扭矩转速的场合。 二、主要性能指标 扭矩示值误差： < 0、5 % F S 灵敏度： 10、2 mv / V 非线性： <0、25 % F S 重复性： <0、2% F S 零点温飘： <0、5 % F S /10℃输出阻抗：1KΩ3Ω 绝缘阻抗： >500MΩ 静态超载：120 % 断裂负载：200 % 使用温度： 0 ～60℃ 储存温度： －20 ～70℃ 电源电压： +15V5%,-15V5%
总消耗电流： <130mA频率信号输出：5KHz—70℃的环境里3、保证数字扭矩仪的循环工作，可以增加内部温度。可以提高仪表的林敏度4、设置温度上下限报警指示灯，当窗口显示上下限温度时该等亮。及时做好应对措施。 5、测量扭矩时，应在转换器上设置保温措施，以免因杂质通过导致转换器接口而发生沉淀。 五、功能特点：1、无轴承结构，可高速运转。 2、信号输出可任意选择波形─方波或脉冲波。 3、检测精度高、稳定性好、抗干扰性强。 4、不需反复调零即可；连续测量正反扭矩。 5、即可测量静止扭矩，也可测量动态扭矩六、外形尺寸图：盘式变送器的截面图以圆形呈现，传递信号时与旋转，转速和转向无关。安装时不需要考虑方位，可按具体情况任意方向安装。 六、常见故障：1、仪表指示突然变化不正常。多半是由于仪器本身补偿导线断路变送器失灵造成的2、工艺操作发生变化，多半是由于调节器、测控设备损坏引起的。3、硬件环境不满足要求，会直接引起硬件设置的损坏。换件环境的操作系统，办公软件使用不正确，导致变送器的显示范围不正确。4、安装不正确，显示器的屏幕数字不发生变化。正负极接反，会直接烧坏显示仪表。5、扭矩仪表出现快速振动的现象，肯定是由于控制参数调整不当引起的。七、扭矩信号处理形式：扭矩传感器输出的频率信号送到
前列腺癌 前列腺癌的流行病学 前列腺的位置示意图 前列腺癌发病率有明显的地理和种族差异，目前在美国前列腺癌的发病率已经超过肺癌，成为第一位危害男性健康的肿瘤。在欧洲，前列腺癌占全部男性癌症人数的11%，占全部男性癌症死亡人数的9%[11]。亚洲前列腺癌的发病率远远低于欧美国家，但近年来呈现上升趋势。且增长比欧美发达国家更为迅速。前列腺癌患者主要是老年男性，新诊断患者中位年龄为72岁，高峰年龄为75~79岁。在美国，50岁以下男性前列腺癌发病率较低，但是大于50岁，发病率和死亡率就会显著增长，在我国，城乡发病率存在较大差距，特别是大城市的发病率更高。前列腺癌的发病率和死亡率仅次于肺癌，位居癌症死亡的第二位。在大多数病例中，前列腺癌在年龄较大的男性中发展缓慢，并不会导致死亡。
引起前列腺癌的危险因素尚未明确，已经被确认的包括;年龄，种族和遗传性。最重要的因素之一是遗传。如果一个直系亲属（兄弟或父亲）患有前列腺癌，其本人患前列腺癌的危险性会增加1倍。此外其他可能的高发因素有：高动物脂肪饮食等。雄激素在前列腺的发育和前列腺癌的进展过程中起关键作用。 前列腺癌发病的临床特点 由于PSA筛查的广泛使用以及公众对前列腺癌认知度高，美国75％的前列腺癌患者仅有PSA的异常。90年代以来美国前列腺癌患者的5年生存率在90％以上。而国内大部分患者是以尿路症状或骨痛而就诊，一项多中心研究显示：仅6.2％的患者是由于PSA升高而被发现，就诊患者的PSA中位数为46.1ng/ml[8]。由于大部份患者病变已为晚期，长期预后不佳。 前列腺癌的病理类型 前列腺癌病理类型上包括腺癌（腺泡腺癌）、导管腺癌、尿路上皮癌、鳞状细胞癌、腺鳞癌。其中前列腺腺癌占95%以上，因此，通常我们所说的前列腺癌就是指前列腺腺癌。前列腺癌约75%起源于外周带，20%起源于移行带，5%起源于中央带 前列腺癌的常见症状 在前列腺癌的早期，由于肿瘤局限大多数前列腺癌病人无明显症状，常在体检时偶然发现，也可在良性前列腺增生手术标本中发现。
【临床应用】 CFDA说明书适应症 1.用于治疗嗜铬细胞瘤所致的高血压发作，包括手术切除时出现的阵发性高血压，也可用于协助诊断嗜铬细胞瘤(酚妥拉明试验)。 2.用于心力衰竭(如左心室衰竭)时减轻心脏负荷。 3.用于预防和治疗静脉注射去甲肾上腺素外溢引起的皮肤坏死。 4.用于治疗男性勃起功能障碍。 其他临床应用参考 1.用于牙科手术时逆转软组织麻醉。(FDA批准适应症) 2.用于室性期前收缩的治疗。 3.用于血管痉挛性疾病，如雷诺综合征、手足紫绀等。 4.用于感染中毒性休克。 5.用于治疗碘解磷定引起的高血压。 临床指南 2010年台湾心脏病学会高血压管理指南 苯丙胺类药物依赖诊断治疗指导原则 勃起功能障碍中西医结合诊疗指南(试行版) 肠道病毒71型(EV71)感染重症病例临床救治专家共识(2011年版) 高血压合理用药指南(第2版) 急性肾小球肾炎的循证诊治指南 急性心力衰竭诊断和治疗指南(2010) 老年多器官功能障碍综合征中西医结合诊疗专家共识(草案) 男子勃起功能障碍诊治指南 妊娠期高血压疾病诊治指南(2015) 妊娠期高血压疾病诊治指南(2015)解读 实用儿科诊疗规范-儿科：感染性疾病(四) 实用儿科诊疗规范-儿科：循环系统疾病(一) 实用临床诊疗规范——儿科：泌尿系统疾病 实用临床诊疗规范-儿科：新生儿与新生儿疾病(二) 嗜铬细胞瘤和副神经节瘤诊断治疗的专家共识 围术期高血压管理专家共识 围术期高血压患者管理专家共识(2014) 支气管镜诊疗操作相关大出血的预防和救治专家共识 中国高血压防治指南(2010年修订版) 中国急诊高血压管理专家共识 收起更多指南↑ 【用法与用量】 成人 ·常规剂量 ·嗜铬细胞瘤手术 1.静脉给药术前1-2小时静脉注射5mg，术时静脉注射5mg或静脉滴注0.5-1mg/min，以防手术时肾上腺素大量释出。 ·酚妥拉明试验 1.静脉注射一次5mg。也可先注入 2.5mg，若反应阴性，再给5mg，如此则出现假阳性的机会可减少，
法兰式扭矩传感器ZJ-A型
产品特点: 1.信号输出可任意选择波形一方波或脉冲波。 2.检测精度高、稳定性好、抗干扰性强。 3.不需反复调零即可连续测量正反扭矩。 4.即可测量静止扭矩，也可测量动态扭矩。 5.体积小、重量轻、易于安装。传感器可脱离二次仪表独立使用，只要按插座针号提供 ±15VDC(200mA)的电源，即可输出阻抗与扭矩成正比的等方波或脉冲波频率信号。 6.测量范围：0-500000Nm标准可选，特殊量程定制。 应用范围： 1.电动机、发动机、内燃机等旋转动力设备输出扭矩及功率的检测； 2.风机、水泵、齿轮箱、扭力扳手的扭矩及功率的检测； 3.铁路机车、汽车、拖拉机、飞机、船泊、矿山机械中的扭矩及功率的检测； 4.可用于污水处理系统中的扭矩及功率的检测； 5.可用于制造粘度计； 6.可用于过程工业和流程工业中； 基本原理： 转矩的测量：采用应变片电测技术，在弹性轴上组成应变桥，向应变桥提供电源即可测得 该弹性轴受扭的电信号。将该应变信号放大后，经过压/频转换，变成与扭应变成正比的频 率信号。 工作过程： 将专用的扭矩应变片用应变胶粘帖在被测弹性轴上并组成应变桥，向应变桥提供电源即可 测得该弹性轴受扭的电信号。将扭矩传感器应变信号放大后，经过压/频转换，变成与扭应 变成正比的频率信号。本系统的能源输入及信号输出是由两组带间隙的特殊环形变压器承 担的，因此实现了无接触的能源及信号传递功能。 向传感器提供±15VDC电源，激磁电路中的晶体振荡器产生400Hz的方波，经过功率放大 器即产生交流激磁功率电源，通过能源环形变压器T1从静止的初级线圈传递至旋转的次 级线圈，得到的交流电源通过轴上的整流滤波电路得到±5V的直流电源，该电源做运算放 大器的工作电源；由基准电源与双运放组成的高精度稳压电源产生±4.5V的精密直流电源，该电源及作为电桥电源，有座位放大器即V/F转换器的工作电源。 当弹性轴受扭时应变桥检测得到的mV级的应变信号通过仪表放大器放大成1.5v±1v的强 信号，再通过V/F转换器变换成频率信号，通过信号环形变压器T2从旋转的初级线圈传
《NCCN前列腺癌临床实践指南》解读 作者：北京大学第一医院泌尿外科北京大学泌尿外科研究所张骞周利群来源：中国医学论坛报日期： 2010-05-13 2010版《NCCN前列腺癌临床实践指南》（以下简称《指南》）的内容与2009版相比有一定修改，在前列腺癌的诊断、治疗和预后等方面都有新的推荐意见。本文将按照原文的结构就修订内容进行叙述总结，希望能对临床医师有所帮助。 诊断、分级和复发危险分层（PROS-1） 在2009版《指南》中，对于影像学检查提示可能存在淋巴结转移的前列腺癌患者，可采用细针抽吸细胞学检查（FNA）得到淋巴结组织，以求证是否存在肿瘤转移，而2010版《指南》则推荐以活组织切片检查替代FNA，从而提高诊断的敏感性，避免细针抽吸时取不到肿瘤细胞的情况。 新版《指南》扩充了一项前列腺癌的复发危险等级，即极低危前列腺癌（见表）。极低危是从2009版低危前列腺癌中划分出来的，这使得复发危险等级的划分更加细化。 初始治疗及辅助治疗 极低危和低危前列腺癌的初始治疗（PROS-2） 在2010版《指南》中，极低危前列腺癌患者的预期寿命一般＜20年。对此类患者，初始治疗推荐仅定期积极监测（2B类），目的是早期发现病变的进展。积极监测包括每半年1次血清PSA检测及每年1次直肠指检（DRE）。 对于预期寿命≥10年的低危前列腺癌患者的初始治疗，2010版《指南》主要有两项修订。
一项是对定期积极监测方法的调整。对于接受定期积极监测的患者，检测方法在原有血清PSA和DRE的基础上增加了每年1次的前列腺活组织切片检查，这可早期发现前2种检查方法无法发现的病变，从而改善患者预后。 另一项是对行“根治性前列腺癌切除术”时行盆腔淋巴结清扫的指征进行了调整。行“根治性前列腺癌切除术”时，盆腔淋巴结的清扫取决于淋巴结转移的预测可能性。依据这个标准，2010版《指南》推荐行盆腔淋巴结清扫的门槛有所降低，由原来预测可能性的7%降至2%。另外，《指南》还增加了“异常病理特点”这一概念，其定义从根治性前列腺癌切除术后的单纯切缘阳性扩展到精囊受累、腺体外蔓延或腺体外组织可检测到PSA等，对此类患者的治疗，可选择放疗或继续观察。 中危前列腺癌的初始治疗（PROS-3） 对于接受放疗的中危前列腺癌患者，2009版《指南》明确了可采用的各种高精度放射治疗方法，包括三维适形放射治疗（3D-CRT）或逆向调强放射治疗（IMRT）联合应用影像引导放射治疗（IGRT），但并未强调IGRT应用的时间。 2010版《指南》重点强调了IGRT需配合3D-CRT或IMRT每天应用，无论患者预期寿命的长短，都须照此方案执行。 局部晚期极高危前列腺癌的初始治疗和辅助治疗（PROS-4） 对于接受放疗+雄激素剥夺疗法（ADT）的局部晚期极高危前列腺癌患者，2010版《指南》推荐ADT的治疗时间由相对较短的4~6个月延长至2~3年，虽然时间有所延长，但仍按照原方案与放疗联合应用。 补救检查方法（PROS-7） 对于放疗后PSA水平继续上升或DRE阳性的患者，除了2009版《指南》提到的进行活组织穿刺、腹部CT等检查外，2010版《指南》又新增了直肠内磁共振成像（MRI）及PSA倍增时间（PSADT）的检查指标，这些方法的增加有助于对病变的监测，相互弥补不足之处。 对于此类患者，如活组织穿刺结果为阴性且无转移，新版《指南》取消了低温手术治疗和近距离放射治疗；如检查结果示有转移，新版《指南》取消了单纯观察和ADT两种方式；如考虑患者为局部复发，新版《指南》推荐采用有创性检查方法，如活组织病理切片、直肠内MRI等进行检查。 系统治疗及系统补救治疗
第十一章抗肾上腺素药 ⒈掌握α受体阻断药的作用。 ⒉掌握β受体阻断药的作用，临床应用。 单项选择题――A型题102．普萘洛尔不具有下述哪项药理作用 A．阻断心脏β1受体及支气管β2受体 B．生物利用度低 C．抑制肾素释放 D．膜稳定作用 E．内在拟交感作用 103．“肾上腺素作用的翻转”是指 A．给予β受体阻断药后再给肾上腺素出现升压效应 B．给予α受体阻断药后再给肾上腺素出现降压效应 C．肾上腺素具有α、β受体激动效应 D．收缩压上升，舒张压不变或下降 E．由于升高血压，对脑血管的被动扩张作用 104．下列哪一种药物可用于治疗青光眼 A．阿替洛尔 B．吲哚洛尔 C．拉贝洛尔 D．普萘洛尔 E．噻吗洛尔 105．普萘洛尔治疗心律失常的药理作用基础是 A．β受体阻断 B．膜稳定作用 C．无内在拟交感活性; D．钠通道阻滞 E．以上都不对 106．酚妥拉明治疗顽固性心功能不全是通过 A．舒张冠脉血管，增加供氧量 B．降低心脏后负荷，减少耗氧量 C．降低心脏前负荷，减少耗氧量 D．扩张外周小静脉小动脉，减轻心脏前后负荷 E．加强心机收缩力 107．选择性α1受体阻断剂是 A．哌唑嗪 B．氯丙嗪 C．丙咪嗪
D．异丙嗪 E．二氮嗪 108．普萘洛尔没有下述哪一作用 A．抑制肾素分泌 B．增加糖原分解 C．抑制脂肪分解 D．降低心脏耗氧量 E．增加呼吸道阻力 109．静注普萘洛尔后注射哪种药物可表现升压效应A．肾上腺素 B．异丙肾上腺素 C．氯丙嗪 D．东莨菪碱 E．新斯的明 110．静滴去甲肾上腺素发生外漏，最佳的处理方式是A．局部注射局部麻醉药 B．肌内注射酚妥拉明 C．局部注射酚妥拉明 D．局部注射β受体阻断药 E．局部用氟轻松软膏 111．下列关于噻吗洛尔的描述中，哪一项是不正确的A．减少房水生成 B．属β受体阻断剂 C．可治疗青光眼 D．无调节痉挛 E．有缩瞳作用 112．给β受体阻断药后，异丙肾上腺素的降压作用将会A．出现升压反应 B．进一步降压 C．减弱 D．先升压再降压 E．导致休克产生 单项选择题――B型题A．α1受体阻断药 B．α2受体阻断药 C．N1受体阻断药 D．N2受体阻断药 E．β1受体阻断药
1
1目的 识别企业的生产经营活动、产品和服务中存在的危险有害因素，并进行风险评价，及时更新，为尽量减少和控制公司各项活动中的风险提供依据。 2范围 本程序适用于公司危险因素识别、评价、控制和更新工作。 3 术语 3.1危险、有害因素（危险源） 危险、有害因素（危险源）是指可能导致人员伤害或疾病、物质财产损失、工作环境破坏或这些情况组合的根源或状态因素。危险源根据评价可以划分为重大危险源、重要危险源、一般危险源。 3.2危险、有害因素识别：认知危害、有害因素的存在并确定其特性的过程。 3.3风险：特定危险、危害事件发生的可能性及后果严重性的结合。 3.4风险评价：依照现有的专业经验、评价标准和准则，评价风险程度并确定风险是否可容忍的全过程。 3.5事件：发生或可能发生伤害、疾病 (不论严重程度)或死亡的与工作相关的事件。 注1 ：事故是一种造成了伤害、疾病或死亡的事件。 注2：没有造成伤害、疾病或死亡的事件也被称为[near-miss未遂事件]、[near-hit虚惊事件]、[close call差点出事]或[dangerous occurrence危险事件]。 注3：紧急情况是一种特殊形式的事件。） 3.6危险、有害因素风险分级管控 根据对危险、有害因素的风险评价，将危险、有害因素划分为重大风险/红色风险（A级）、较大风险/橙色风险（B级）、一般风险/黄色风险（C级）、低风险/蓝色风险（D级）四个风险等级，并采用红、橙、黄、蓝色进行标识。 3.6.1重大风险/红色风险（A级） 属于不可容许的危险，必须建立管控档案，应由企业重点负责管控，必须立即整改，不能继续作业，只有当风险等级降低时，才能开始或继续工作。标识为红色。 3.6.2较大风险/橙色风险（B级） 属于高度危险，必须建立管控档案，必须制定措施进行控制管理，应由公司管理部和各职能部门根据职责分工负责管控。标识为橙色。 3.6.3一般风险/黄色风险（C级）
MH-803动态扭矩传感器 二、基本原理： 扭矩的测量：采用应变片电测技术 ,在弹性轴上组成应变桥,向应变桥提供电源即可测得该弹性轴受扭的电信号。将该应变信号放大后，经过压/频转换，变成与扭应变成正比的频率信号。如图1所示： 三、产品特点：
2.将联轴器分别装入各自轴上。 3.调节扭矩传感器与基准面的距离，使它的轴线与原动机和负载的轴线的同轴度小于Φ 0.03mm，固定扭矩传感器在基准面上。 4.紧固联轴器，安装完成。 七、信号输出与信号采集： 1、扭矩信号输出基本形式： ?方波信号、脉冲信号。 ?可根据用户需要制成电压模拟信号输出或电流模拟信号输出（单向、静止扭矩测量）。 2、扭矩信号处理形式： ?扭矩传感器输出的频率信号送到频率计或数字表，直接读取与扭矩成正比的频率信号或电压、电流信号。 ?扭矩传感器的扭矩与频率信号送给单片机二次仪表，直接显示实时扭矩值、转速及输出功率值及 RS232通讯信号。 ?直接将扭矩与转速的频率信号送给计算机或 PLD进行处理。 八、维护与保养： 1.每隔一年应给扭矩传感器两端轴承加润滑脂。加润滑脂时，仅将两端轴承盖打开，将润滑脂加入轴承，然后装上两端盖。 2.应储存在干燥、无腐蚀、室温为 -20℃——70℃的环境里。 九、注意事项： 1.安装时，不能带电操作，切莫直接敲打、碰撞扭矩传感器。 2.联轴器的紧固螺栓应拧紧 ,联轴器的外面应加防护罩，避免人身伤害。 3.信号线输出不得对地 ,对电源短路,输出电流不大于10mA?屏蔽电缆线的屏蔽层必须与 +15V 电源的公共端（电源地）连接。 十、安装使用： 1、使用环境：扭矩传感器应安装在环境温度为0℃～ 60℃，相对湿度小于90%，无易燃、易爆品的环境里。不宜安装在强电磁干扰的环境中。 2、安装方式： (1) 水平安装:如图11所示:
利其丁(甲磺酸酚妥拉明注射液) 【药品名称】 商品名称：利其丁 通用名称：甲磺酸酚妥拉明注射液 英文名称：Phentolamine Mesilate Injection 【成份】 甲磺酸酚妥拉明 【适应症】 （1）用于诊断嗜铬细胞瘤及治疗其所致的高血压发作，包括手术切除时出现的高血压，也可根据血压对本品的反应用于协助诊断嗜铬细胞瘤；（2）治疗左心室衰竭；（3... 【用法用量】 （1）成人常用量①用于酚妥拉明试验，静脉注射5mg，也可先注入1mg，若反应阴性，再给5mg，如此假阳性的结果可以减少，也减少血压剧降的危险性。②用于防止皮肤坏死，在每1000ml含去甲肾上腺素溶液中加入本品10mg作静脉滴注，作为预防之用。已经发生去甲肾上腺素外溢，用本品5～10mg加10ml氯化钠注射液作局部浸润，此法在外溢后12小时内有效。③用于嗜铬细胞瘤手术，术时如血压升高，可静脉注射2～5mg或滴注每分钟0.5～1mg，以防肿瘤手术时出现高血压危象。④用于心力衰竭时减轻心脏负荷，静脉滴注每分钟0.17～0.4mg。 （2）小儿常用量①用于酚妥拉明试验，静脉注射一次1mg，也可按体重0.15mg/kg或按体表面积3mg/m2。②用于嗜铬细胞瘤手术，术中血压升高时可静脉注射1mg，也可按体重0.1mg/kg或按体表面积3mg/m2，必要时可重复或持续静脉滴注。 【不良反应】
较常见的有直立性低血压，心动过速或心律失常，鼻塞、恶心、呕吐等；晕厥和乏力较少见；突然胸痛（心肌梗死）、神志模糊、头痛、共济失调、言语含糊等极少见。 【禁忌】 严重动脉硬化及肾功能不全者，低血压、冠心病、心肌梗死，胃炎或胃溃疡以及对本品过敏者禁用。 【注意事项】 作酚妥拉明试验时，在给药前、静脉给药后至3分钟内每30秒、以后7分钟内每1分钟测一次血压，或在肌内注射后30～45分钟内每5分钟测一次血压。对诊断的干扰，降压药、巴比妥类、鸦片类镇痛药、镇静药都可以造成酚妥拉明试验假阳性，故试验前24小时应停用；用降压药必须俟血压回升至治前水平方可给药。 【特殊人群用药】 儿童注意事项： 妊娠与哺乳期注意事项： 需权衡利弊再慎用。 老人注意事项： 在老年人用本品诱发低温的可能性增大，应适当减量。 【药物相互作用】 （1）与拟交感胺类药同用，使后者的周围血管收缩作用抵消或减弱。 （2）与胍乙啶同用，体位性低血压或心动过缓的发生率增高。 （3）与二氮嗪同用，使二氮嗪抑制胰岛素释放的作用受抑制。 （4）苯巴比妥类、导眠能等加强本品降压作用。 （5）忌与铁剂配伍。
X X X X公司管理文件文件编号：XXXXX 第1版签发:XXXXX 危险源辨识、风险评价及控制管理程序 1 目的与适用范围 本程序用来辨识XXX公司(以下简称公司)在工作活动过程和场所中的危险源，并对危险源的风险进行评价和控制。 本程序适用于公司各业务运营部门（以下简称各单位）。 2 定义与术语 危险源：可能导致伤害或疾病、财产损失、工作环境破坏或这些情况组合的根源或状态。 危险源辨识：识别危险源的存在并确定其特性的过程。 重大危险源：长期地或临时地生产、加工、搬运、使用或贮存危险物质，且危险物质的数量等于或超过临界量的单元，依据国家标准GB18218－2000进行辨识。 风险：某一特定危险情况发生的可能性和后果的组合。 风险评价：评估风险大小以及确定风险是否可容许的全过程。 3 管理职责 安全环保部负责本程序的制定、修改，负责制订风险分级标准，组织审定各单位申报的改善型方案纳入安措项目，监督检查各单位Ⅰ、Ⅱ级危险源控制执行情况，组织重大危险源安全现状评价。 各单位根据本程序的规定，负责辨识、评价、控制和管理本单位的危险源，拟订Ⅰ、Ⅱ级危险源的控制措施。对Ⅰ、Ⅱ级危险源辨识涉及到原有设施进行改造的，按照维修工程或技改工程实施渠道，提出项目建议书。同时监督检查相关方在本区域的工作活动过程和场所开展危险源辨识风险评价风险控制的情况。 涉及相关方（XXX公司）的各单位根据本程序的规定，负责辨识、评价、控制和管理本单位管理范围、区域和岗位的危险源，拟订Ⅰ、Ⅱ级危险源的控制措施。对Ⅰ、Ⅱ级危险源辨识涉及到原有设施进行改造的，按照XX分公司维修工程或技改工程实施渠道，配合项目单位提出项目建议书。同时关注、配合、跟踪维修工程和技改工程项目的计划实施进度。 运营管理部要在合同中明确提出相关方在公司范围内作业，必须开展工
工作原理： 传感器扭矩测量采用应变电测技术。在弹性轴上粘贴应变计组成测量电桥，当弹性轴受扭矩产生微小变形后引起电桥电阻值变化，应变电桥电阻的变化转变为电信号的变化从而实现扭矩测量。下面为扭矩测量的主要工作原理框图，由于采用了能源与信号的无接触传输，完美的解决了旋转状态下的扭矩测量。 电源 当测速码盘连续旋转时，通过光电开关输出脉冲信号，根据码盘的齿数和输出信号的频率，即可计算出对应的转速。 技术指标： 1.测量范围：0.5N·m--5万N·m（分若干档） 2.非线性度：±0.1%--±0.3%（Ｆ·Ｓ） 3.重复性：±0.1%--±0.2%（Ｆ·Ｓ） 4.精度：±0.2%--±0.5%（Ｆ·Ｓ） 5.环境温度：-40℃--70℃ 6.过载能力：150% 7.频率响应：100 μs 8.输出信号: 频率方波 (标准产品)，也可以为4-20毫安电流或电压信号 零扭矩: 10 KHz 正向满量程: 15 KHz 反向满量程: 5 KHz 9.输出电平：5V （可以根据客户的要求作出调整),负载电流<10mA 10.信号插座： (1)0. (2)+12V. (3)-12V. (4)转速. (5)扭矩信号. 11．绝缘电阻：大于200MΩ 12．相对湿度：≤90%RH 量程选择： 转矩转速传感器的量程选择应以实际测量的最大转矩来确定，通常情况下应留有一定余量，防止出现过载以至于损坏传感器。 计算公式：M=9550*P/N 1
M：转矩单位（牛.米）P：电机功率单位（千瓦）N：转速单位（转/分钟） 如您使用的电机为三相感应电机，转矩量程应选择为额定扭矩的2-3倍，这是由于电动机的启动转矩较大的缘故。 型号选择 C系列转速转矩传感器 代号类型 4 常规动态测试 5 静态（适用于非旋转场合） 6 小量程（10牛米以下） 4A 为4型换代产品 6A 为6型换代产品 7 可以同时测量轴向力 量程测量范围（NM） 0.5 0—0.5 1 0—1 2 0—2 5 0—5 10 1—10 20 2—20 50 5—50 100 10—100 200 20—200 300 30—300 500 50—500 700 70—700 1000 100—1000 2000 200—2000 5000 500—5000 10000 1000—10000 20000 2000—20000 50000 5000—50000 代号输出形式 1 频率输出 2 4-20mA 3 电压输出 代号精度等级 A 0.2 B 0.5 2
酚妥拉明临床新用途 时间：2009年08月11日10:51 来源：中国社区医师杂志 作者：吴军吉林省中医药科学院 酚妥拉明有血管扩张的作用。临床上常用于血管痉挛性疾病，如手足发绀症、肢端动脉痉挛症(即雷诺氏病)、感染中毒性休克、室性早搏。亦可用于嗜铬细胞瘤的诊断试验等。 本品忌与铁剂配伍；低血压、严重动脉硬化、心脏器质性损害、肾功能减退者忌用。 治疗心力衰竭 酚受拉明1O mg＋10%葡萄糖注射液250 ml静滴，速度0.05～0.12 mg/分，1次/日，连用4～8天，治疗心衰27例，同时行右心导管检查，结果肺毛细血管楔压、平均肺动脉压、右房压、外周血管阻力和肺血管阻力均下降，心脏指数、心搏指数明显增加。据报道，对肺炎、先天性和风湿性心脏病所致小儿急性心衰，每次用酚妥拉明0.5～l mg/kg与半量阿拉明静脉注射，1～6小时1次，平均用药12次，心衰获迅速改善。 治疗高血压危象
酚妥拉明10 mg＋5%葡萄糖注射液20 ml，静脉注射，5分钟注完，接着用20～30 mg＋5%葡萄糖注射液500 ml中，静滴，速度30～35滴/分。笔者认为，其作用直接舒张血管平滑肌，减少回心血量，使心排血量下降，并降低外周血管阻力，从而使血压下降。 治疗大咯血 方法：①酚妥拉明5～10 mg＋50%葡萄糖注射液40 ml，静脉注射，然后以10～20 mg＋5%葡萄糖注射液250～500 ml，静滴，1次/日，使用3～5天(咯血停止停用)；②酚妥拉明20 mg＋10%葡萄糖注射液10 ml，静滴，2～3次/日。一般3天左右可止血。其原理主要是酚妥拉明扩张血管，减少回心血量，降低肺动脉压，减轻肺瘀血。有人用酚妥拉明与垂体后叶素联合使用治疗大咯血，治疗组用酚妥拉明10～30 mg＋垂体后叶素30～60 U＋5%葡萄糖注射液250 ml静滴，20～30滴/分，1次/日，咯血停止后每日减量1/3，继续应用2～3天。 治疗支气管哮喘持续状态 有人用酚妥拉明治疗支气管哮喘持续状态患者，疗效显著，用药后30分钟，症状好转，总有效率达91%～100%。方法：①酚妥拉明10 mg＋5%葡萄糖注射液500 ml，静滴，速度30～45滴/分；②酚妥拉明10 mg＋50%葡萄糖注射液40ml，静脉注射(15～20分钟)，必要时1小时后重复应用1次。其作用与扩张血管、改善肺微循环和
危险源辨识、分类和风险评价、分级办法 危险源是在生产活动中产生的，因此，在策划服务过程时，应同时进行危险源的辨识和评价工作。在以下时机，应进行危险源的辨识和评价工作： A.管理体系建立之初； B.承接到新的产品服务项目进行产品实现的策划时； C.对生产活动中的每一具体环节进行策划时； D.修改策划时； E.公司的经营活动发生变化时； F.工作环境发生变化时； G.发生事故（事件）及紧急情况后； H.采取管理方案、纠正或预防措施使策划的活动发生变化时。 一、危险源辨识的工作步骤： 根据公司从事的生产活动的特点和易于辨识的原则，采用分析伤害的方法进行辨识，辨识的步骤为： A.确定生产活动中容易产生的伤害 (如维修时高处坠落、物体打击、触电、机械伤害、起重伤害、车辆伤害、火灾爆炸等)； B.确定那些具有能量的物质或危险物质是造成伤害的根源，即辨识第一类危险源，（如高处作业的人员、在人员上方的物体、电及其载体、运转的机械等）； C.分析造成能量或危险物质释放的条件，从人的不安全行为、物的不安全状态、环境的改变方面分析确定，即辨识第二类危险源。 第一类和第二类危险源的组合是建立和保持管理体系所需辨识的危险源。 二、公司内的危险源主要存在于以下几个方面： A.常规活动（如正常的生产活动）； B.非常规活动（如临时抢修等）； C.发生紧急事件（如发生火灾抢救过程中存在的危险）； D.所有进入作业场所的人员（含员工、相关方）的活动； E.工作场所内的生产作业设备（如机械、设施、附属设施和工具等，无论是公司内部还是租赁或临时进入的外部设备）。 三、危险源辨识的方法
A．询问、交谈：选择从事某项工作有一定经验的人询问交谈，能指出其工作中的危险源； B．现场观察：通过对作业环境的现场观察，可以找出存在的危险源； C．查阅有关记录：查阅被辨识部门的事故、职业病的记录，可从中发现存在的危险源； D．获取外部信息：从有关类似组织、文献资料、专家咨询等方面获取危险源信息，通过分析辨识存在的危险源； E．工作任务分析：通过分析被辨识部门成员工作任务中涉及的危害，可识别出有关危险源； F．安全检查记录：通过查阅检查记录，可识别出存在的危险源。 公司生产范围内的危险源辨识方法以工作任务分析为主，结合其他方法进行。 四、对于不立即采取措施有可能发生重大事故的危险源应停止作业活动并立即采取控制措施。 五、风险评价 1、本公司风险评价采用“作业条件危险性评价法”（LEC法）和经验判断法相结合； LEC法的评价方法： A. B.
扭矩传感器原理与应用 一．特点 1. 既可以测量静止扭矩，也可以测量旋转转矩; 2.既可以测量静态扭矩，也可以测量动态扭矩； 3. 检测精度高，稳定性好；抗干扰性强; 4. 体积小，重量轻，多种安装结构，易于安装使用； 5. 不需反复调零即可连续测量正反转扭矩; 6.没有导电环等磨损件，可以高转速长时间运行； 7．传感器输出高电平频率信号可直接送计算机处理； 8．测量弹性体强度大可承受100%的过载。 二测量原理 将专用的测扭应变片用应变胶粘贴在被测弹性轴上并组成应变桥,向应变桥提供电源即可测得该弹性轴受扭的电信号。将该应变信号放大后，经过压/频转换，变成与扭应变成正比的频率信号。本系统的能源输入及信号输出是由两组带间隙的特殊环型变压器承担的,因此实现了无接触的能源及信号传递功能。(虚线内为旋转部分) 三传感器原理结构（０１图） 在一段特制的弹性轴上粘贴上专用的测扭应片并组成变桥，即为基础扭矩传感器；在轴上固定着：(1)能源环形变压器的次级线圈，(2)信号环形变压器初级线圈，(3)轴上印刷电路板，电路板上包含整流稳定电源、仪表放大电路、V/F变换电路及信号输出电路。在传感器的外壳上固定着： 图五数字式扭矩传感器测量原理图 （1)激磁电路，(2)能源环形变压器的初级线圈(输入)，(3) 信号环形变压器次级线圈(输出)，(4)信号处理电路 四工作过程 向传感器提供±15V电源，激磁电路中的晶体振荡器产生４００Hz的方波，经过TDA2030功率放大器即产生交流激磁功率电源，通过能源环形变压器T1从静止的初级线圈传递至旋转的次级线圈，得到的交流电源通过轴上的整流滤波电路得到±５V的直流电源，该电源做运算放大器AD822的工作电源；由基准电源AD589与双运放AD822组成的高精度稳压电源产生±4.5V的精密直流电源，该电源既作为电桥电源，又作为放大器及V/F转换器的工作电源。当弹性轴受扭时，应变桥检测得到的mV级的应变信号通过仪表放大器AD620放大成1.５v±1v的强信号，再通过V/F转换器LM131变换成频率信号，通过信号环形变压器T2从旋转的初级线圈传递至静止次级线圈，再经过传感器外壳上的信号处理电路滤波、整形即可得到与弹性轴承受的扭矩成正比的频率信号，该信号为TTL电平,既可提供给专用二次仪表或频率计显示也可直接送计算机处理。由于该旋转变压器动- -静环之间只有零点几毫米的间隙，加之传感器轴上部分都密封在金属外壳之内，形成有效的屏蔽，因此具有很强的抗干扰能力。 本传感器输出的频率信号在零点时为10kHz.正向旋转满量程时为15KHz.反向旋转满量程时为5KHz。即满量程变量为5000个数/每秒。转速测量采用光电齿轮或者磁电齿轮的测量方法，轴每旋转一周可产生60个脉冲，高速或中速采样时可以用测频的方法，低速采样时可以用测周期的方法。本传感器精度可达±0.2%～±0.5%（F·S）。由于传感器输出为频率信号，所以无需AD转换即可直接送至计算机进行数据处理。 五应用范围 1. 检测发电机，电动机，内燃机等旋转动力设备输出扭矩及功率。
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 前列腺癌诊疗规范 前列腺癌一．临床诊断【一】症状前列腺癌在早期阶段可完全没有症状，当肿瘤发展使前列腺增大到一定体积，以及膀胱颈部发生梗阻时才出现症状。 此时的梗阻症状与前列腺增生无明显差别，表现为尿频、尿急、尿流缓慢、排尿困难、排尿不尽，甚至发生尿潴留等症状。 但在症状的变化过程中，值得注意的是前列腺癌病情进展较快，而前列腺增生很缓慢。 前列腺癌血尿不常见，一般仅见于前列腺导管癌或移行细胞癌。 在临床工作中，前列腺癌病人往往是因其他部位转移灶引起的不适而就诊，在体格检查或特殊检查时确诊的。 其症状因转移的部位不同而不同。 当肿瘤压迫或发生周围淋巴结转移造成淋巴管阻塞或压迫血管时；或因癌相关性血液高凝状态而发生下肢深静脉血栓时，可出现下肢水肿。 骨转移可为多发性的，一般以腰骶部和骨盆多见，表现为持续性骨痛、下肢活动障碍、易疲劳，严重者可出现下肢瘫痪。 当肿瘤侵犯或压迫周围神经或脊髓时，可出现局部神经疼痛如会阴部疼痛或神经功能障碍。 有肺转移时可有气短等肺部症状。 直肠受累时可有大便困难、肛门坠胀感。 1 / 21
其他还有贫血等。 【二】体格检查 1．直肠指检前列腺直肠指检是诊断前列腺癌的主要方法之一，若结合前列腺穿刺活检，60％左右的病人可获得诊断。 因病灶多发生于前列腺的后叶及两侧叶的移行区，质地坚硬，直肠指检时常能触及硬结。 检查时应注意前列腺的大小、质地、有无硬结或呈结节样改变、中间沟以及精囊情况。 早期前列腺癌虽无临床症状，但直肠指诊可以发现较小病灶。 据报道直肠指检时前列腺部触及硬结，在 50 岁以上者 50％为癌；如硬结延及精囊，前列腺边缘分界不清者 70％为癌。 也有报道前列腺癌直肠指检可漏诊 40％以上的局限性癌灶。 前列腺癌直肠指检对于前列腺癌的分期有一定帮助，直肠指检可初步检出前列腺外的浸润情况，但常常估计过低。 2．其他对于所有的癌症病人均应进行全面、仔细的体格检查，包括浅表淋巴结的触诊。 当病人诉有骨痛时应对触痛点进行仔细的骨骼检查。 检查时还需与前列腺结石、非特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎、局灶性前列腺结核以及良性前列腺增生症相鉴别。 【三】实验室检查 1．细胞黏附抑制试验前列腺癌病人白细胞黏附抑制试验的阳性率可达 77％一 89％。
( 安全管理 ) 单位：_________________________ 姓名：_________________________ 日期：_________________________ 精品文档 / Word文档 / 文字可改 煤矿安全风险分级管控制度(最 新版) Safety management is an important part of production management. Safety and production are in the implementation process
煤矿安全风险分级管控制度(最新版) 第一章总则 为进一步规范煤矿安全管理工作，全面体现预防为主的思想，实现对风险的超前预控，以预防事故的发生，特制定本制度。 第二章风险预控管理 各煤矿应建立并保持安全风险预控管理程序，以全面辨识煤矿生产系统和作业活动中的各种危险源，明确危险源可能产生的风险及其后果，并对危险源进行分级、分类、监测、预警、控制，预防事故的发生。 一、危险源辨识、风险评估 煤矿应组织员工对危险源进行全面、系统的辨识和风险评估，并确保： 1、危险源辨识前要进行相关知识的培训; 2、辨识范围覆盖本单位的所有活动及区域;
3、对所有工作任务建立清册并逐一进行危险源辨识和风险评估，并对危险源辨识和风险评估资料进行统计、分析、整理、归档; (1)危险源辨识、风险评估应采用适宜的方法和程序，且与现场实际相符; (2)对辨识出的危险源进行分级分类; (3)危险源辨识时考虑正常、异常和紧急三种状态及过去、现在和将来三种时态; (4)采用事故树分析法对系统(采掘系统、机电运输系统、“一通三防”系统)中存在的危险源进行辨识; 4、工作程序或标准改变、生产工艺发生变化以及工作区域的设备和设施有重大改变时，能及时进行危险源辨识和风险评估; 5、发生事故(包括未遂)、出现重大不符合项时能及时进行危险源辨识和风险评估。 二、风险管理对象提炼、管理标准和管理措施制定 在对危险源进行辨识、分析的基础上，应提炼出相应的风险管理对象，并符合下列要求：
扭矩测量仪设计说明书
目录 一、设计背景 (3) 二、设计题目与设计要求 (3) 三、扭矩测量及应变片的原理 (3) 1、扭矩测量的原理 (4) 2、应变片的原理 (4) 四、总体方案确定 (5) 五、具体方案设计 (5) 1、扭矩传感器的设计 (6) 2、信号的中间变换与传输 (7) 3、试验数据采集系统设计 (10) 六、测量误差分析及数据处理 (11) 七、参考文献 (12) 八、附件 1、CAD图 2、感想
一、设计背景 不久前，市场研究机构Darnell Group在一份报告中指出，2010年扭矩测量仪价格预计将与现有模拟产品持平。扭矩测量仪的平均价格已经从几年前的6美元降到了目前的3美元以下，预计2010年将跌破2美元。Darnell表示，随着数字与模拟控制器解决方案价格趋同，更多、更符合具体应用的第二代扭矩测量仪推出，软件开发环境持续改善，以及市场更加了解扭矩测量技术等因素的推动，扭矩测量产品生命周期的“引入”阶段接近结束，扭矩测量仪市场将迎来加速增长。 现在，中国已成为全球最大的数字式控制产品应用市场。汽车电子和工业电子成为维持中国数字是控制器市场增长的关键推动因素。此外，监控、马达控制和测量仪器市场的增长也对中国市场有较大贡献，特别是安全系统、马达控制、电力机车、安全与控制以及车载娱乐系统将成为扭矩测量仪的新驱动力。 扭矩传感器，分为动态和静态两大类，其中动态扭矩传感器又可叫做转矩传感器、转矩转速传感器、非接触扭矩传感器、旋转扭矩传感器等。扭矩传感器是对各种旋转或非旋转机械部件上对扭转力矩感知的检测。扭矩传感器将扭力的物理变化转换成精确的电信号。扭矩传感器可以应用在制造粘度计，电动（气动，液力）扭力扳手，它具有精度高，频响快，可靠性好，寿命长等优点。 二、设计题目与设计要求 1、设计题目：设计一款扭矩仪及扭矩传感器。 2、设计要求： 1）精度高，频响快，可靠性好，寿命长； 2）体积小、质量轻，便于安装使用； 4）没有导电环等磨损件，可以高速长时间运行； 3、使用条件： 由于扭矩测量仪一般用在机器之间的传动轴上，振动大，灰尘、油雾、水污比较多，故要求传感器封闭，只留下两个轴端在外面，工作温度在0~60度。 三、扭矩测量及应变片的原理 1、扭矩测量的基本原理 根据第九章相关内容。（P145~146） 扭矩测量的基本原理如下： 电阻应变式转矩仪是根据应变原理来测量扭矩的。处于动力机械和负荷之间
危险源LECD评价方法
危险源风险评价 （1）风险评价法。 ①风险分级。根据后果的严重程度和发生事故的可能性来进行评价，其结果从高到低分为：1级、2级、3级、4级、5级。分级的标准见表1： 表1 风险分级 ②事故的后果与可能性的综合评价结果可得出风险级别见表2： 表2 事故后果与可能性综合评价结果
③LEC法。本评价采用D=LEC方法进行评估。该方法是美国的K.J.格雷厄姆（Kenneth j.Graham）和G.F.金尼（GilbeF.Kjnney）研究了人们在具有潜在危险环境中作业的危险性，提出了以所评价的环境与某些作为参考环境的对比为基础，将作业任务条件的危险性作因变量，事故或危险事件发生的可能性、暴露于危险环境的频率及危险严重程度为自变量，确定了它们之间的函数式。根据实际经验他们给出了解情况个自变量的各种不同情况的分数值采取对所评价的对象根据情况进行“打分”的办法，然后根据公式计算出其危险性分数值，再按经验将危险性分数值划分的危险程度等级表或图上，查出其危险性的一种评价方法。这是一种简单易行的评价作业条件危险性的方法。 这一方法的具体表述是，对于一个具有潜在危险性的作业条件，K.J.格雷厄姆和G.F.金尼认为，影响危险性的主要因素有3个：L——发生事故或危险事件的可能性；E——暴露于这种危险环境的频率；C——事故一旦发生可能产生的后果。用公式来表示，则为D=LEC 式中D——作业条件的危险性。 确定了上述3个具有潜在危险性的作业条件的分值（L，E，C的取值分别见表3、表4、表5），并按公式进行计算，即可得危险性D的分值。据此，要确定其危险性程度时，则按表6所表示的分值进行危险等级的划分或评定。 表3 发生事故可能性（L）
扭矩传感器 1.概述 扭矩又叫转矩，是反映转动设备输出力的大小的重要参数。扭矩在物理学中用下面的公式计算。 其中：P表示转动设备的输出功率，单位千瓦（k W）；M表示转动设备的输出扭矩，单位牛米（N·m）；N表示转动设备的转速，单位转/分钟（r/min）。从公式可以看出，扭矩是一个与功率和转速相关的物理量，它反映了转动设备输出功率和转速的比值关系。如果知道了转动设备的输出功率和转动速度，就可以利用公式计算出转动设备的扭矩。但实际生产中，功率的测量是不容易的，而扭矩可以利用较简单的装置把扭矩转化为力和磁的测量，对于力和磁这两个物理量的检测，我们有许多成熟工具，这样扭矩的测量就变得相对简单了。 2.常见的扭矩传感器分类 常见的扭矩传感器包括电阻应变式、磁电相位差式、光电式、磁弹性式、振 3.几种常见的扭矩传感器原理 （1）电磁齿栅式转矩传感器
电磁齿（栅）式转矩传感器的基本原理是通过磁电转换，把被测转矩转换成具有相位差的两路电信号，而这两路电信号的相位差的变化量与被测转矩的大小成正比。经定标并显示，即可得到转矩值。齿（栅）式传感器的工作原理如图1所示。 图 1电磁式转矩传感器原理图 电磁式转矩传感器在弹性轴两端安装有两只齿轮，在齿轮上方分别有两条磁钢，磁钢上各绕有一组信号线圈。当弹性轴转动时，由于磁钢与齿轮间气隙磁导的变化，信号线圈中分别感应出两个电势。再外加转矩为零时，这两个电势有一个恒定的初始相位差，这个初始相位差只与两只齿轮在轴上安装的相对位置有关。在外加转矩时，弹性轴产生扭转变形，在弹性变形范围内，其扭角与外加转矩成正比。在扭角变化的同时，两个电势的相位差发生相应的变化，这一相位差变化的绝对值与外加转矩的大小成正比。由于这一个电势的频率与转速及齿数的乘积成正比，因为齿数为固定值，所以这个电势的频率与转速成正比。在时间域内，感应信号S1，S2是准正弦信号，每一交变周期的时间历程随转速而变化，测出他们之间的相差Φ即可得到扭矩值。由材料力学可知： Φ 式中Φ——弹性轴的扭转角； ——转矩； ——弹性轴材料的剪切弹性模量； ——弹性轴直径； ——弹性轴工作长度。 其中，、、都是常数，令 则有 Φ 因此，扭矩的测量就转换成相位差的测量。而S1、S2是准正弦信号，其相位的测量需要用高频脉冲插补法，即用一组高频脉冲来内插进被测信号，然后对高频脉冲计数。