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英语语法总结(整理版)

英语语法总结(整理版)
英语语法总结(整理版)

英语语法总结全集(By Eleanor 灿灿)语法讲座一:名词和主谓一致

语法讲座二:动词的时态与语态

语法讲座三:情态动词

语法讲座四:代词

语法讲座五:形容词和副词

语法讲座六:分词

语法讲座七:动名词

*动名词与现在分词用法的区别

语法讲座八:不定式

语法讲座九:反意疑问句和倒装句

语法讲座十:连词和状语从句

语法讲座十一:名词性从句

语法讲座十二:定语从句

*关于非限定性定语从句

*限制性和非限制性定语从句的区别

语法讲座十三:虚拟语气

语法讲座一:名词和主谓一致

一、名词的分类

英语中名词主要可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。

1.可数名词

可数名词一般都有单复数。单数时,名词前可加不定冠词a/an;复数时,前面可加数词,名词本身要改成复数形式。

可数名词的复数有规则和不规则两种变化。规则的名词,只要在单数名词之后加“s”,“es”或去“y”加“ies”就行,如:an umbrella, twelve umbrellas;a factory, three factories。不规则的名词变化则要靠积累记忆,如:a mouse, ten mice;a policeman, six policemen。

有少数可数名词,如sheep,works(工厂),Chinese等,它们的单复数同形:a sheep, four sheep;a chemical works, five chemical works。

此外,还有一些可数名词只有复数形式,如clothes,trousers,cattle,police,people(人,人民)等。

英语名词中还有一些合成词,它们的复数形式有三种可能:1)后面的部分变成复数形式:grown-ups,boy students,grandchildren。2)前面的部分变成复数形式:passers-by,lookers-on,sons-in-law。3)前、后都变成复数形式:men doctors,women drivers。2.不可数名词

不可数名词没有单复数的变化,前面也不能加a/an,或数词。但是我们可以用量词来表示不可数名词的数量,单复数表现在量词上,如:a piece of paper;two pieces of paper。

在有些情况下,不可数名词也可用a/an,表“一种”、“某种”的意思,如have a wonderful time,receive a good education,be made into a fine paper。

有时为了表示量大,不可数名词的后面也可加“s”,如sands,ashes,waters等。

但是我们在学习不可数名词的时候,特别要记住英语中有一些名词,它们无论在什么情况下,前面都不能用a/an,后面也不可加“s”,如weather,information,等。

3.有的名词既可是可数名词,也可是不可数名词

英语中有相当一部分的名词,既可以是可数,也可以是不可数,它们的意义有时略有不同,有时则完全不同。如:difficulty, success, time, work,paper,glass,等。

4.用于表示可数与不可数名词的数量“多”“少”的常用词和词组

跟可数名词连用的如:few, a few, many。

跟不可数名词连用的如:little, a little, much。

可数与不可数都能用的是:a lot of , plenty of。

二、主谓一致

1.通常被看作单数的主语部分

1)不定式、动名词和主语从句。

eg.. To see is to believe.

Seeing is believing.

What he said was different from what he did.

2)表示“时间”“距离”“金钱数量”的名词。

eg. Twenty years is quite a long time.

10 kilo meters doesn’t seem to be a long distance to Mira.

300 dollars is too much for this old coin.

3)数学式子。

eg. Two plus five is seven.

4)书报杂志、国家、单位的名字。

eg. The Times is published daily.

The United States is a big country.

5)前面用a kind of, a sort of或this kind of, this sort of等词组的名词。

eg. This kind of tree(s) often grows well in warm weather.

6)代词either, neither作主语。

eg. Either of the plans is good.

Neither of them was carrying a weapon.

7)many a/ more than one 加单数名词,或one out of加复数名词作主语。

eg. Many a young man has tried and failed.

More than one employee has been dismissed.

One out of ten thousand computers was infected with the virus.

2.通常被看作复数的主语部分

1)一些只有复数的名词如clothes, trousers, police等。

eg. These trousers are dirty.

但要注意比较:A new pair of trousers is what you need。

2)代词both作主语。

eg. Both of them have received high education.

3.需要进行分析才能确定的主语部分

1)代词all, some,作主语。

所代的名词是可数名词,就看作复数;是不可数名词,就看作单数。

eg. All is ready. (= Everything is ready.)

All are present. (= All the people/students... are present.)

2)a lot of, lots of, plenty of, some, any, 20% of, half of...等词组作主语。

所修饰的名词是可数名词,就看作复数;是不可数名词,就看作单数。

eg. 70% of the surface of the earth is covered with water.

90% of the graduates from the high school go to university.

3)关系代词who, which, that作主语。

由先行词决定单、复数。

eg. The student who is talking with the principal is Tom.

The students who have chosen physics will have a test tomorrow.

但要注意one of ...与only one of...所修饰的先行词。

eg. He is one of the students in our class who have been to Beijing.

He is the only one of the students who has been to London.

4)一些表示集体意义的名词如family, team, class等。

当这些名词强调的是一个整体时,看作单数;当它们强调的是这个集体中的成员时,看作复数。

eg. Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.

My family are all early risers.

4.出现在句首,用连词或介词连接的两个名词或词组

1)用both...and...连接的两个名词看作复数。

Both Kate and Jean are football players.

2)用or, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also...连接的两个名词,由靠近动词的名词决定单复数。

Either you or I am to go.

Not only the students but also the teacher has to observe the rules.

3)用as well as, (together) with, like, besides, but, except等连接的两个名词,由第一个名词决定单复数。

eg. His eyebrows as well as his hair are now white.

No one but these two peasants has been there.

实际上这些都是介词短语提前,不是并列的主语。

4)用and连接的两个名词有几种情况:

a)看作复数。

eg. Tom and Mary are primary pupils.

b) 在有every ... and every ..., each ... and each ... 的时候;或用and连接的两个名词表示的是一件东西或一个人时,看作单数。

eg. Every boy and every girl in our country has the right to go to school.

Bread and butter is what he eats for breakfast every day.

语法讲座二:动词的时态与语态

一、动词的时态

英语的动词可以有十六种变化,但现在常用的是十二种,其中有九种是高中学生必须

1.一般现在时态

A)意义:现阶段经常反复发生的动作或现在的状态。

eg. He gets up at six every morning.

There is a big tree in the back yard.

B)常用的时间状语:always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, never, every day, once a week,等。

C)表示一种真理、自然规律等,在间接引语中也仍然用一般现在时态。

eg. The scientist explained that the earth goes round the sun, but no one believed him then.

D)在时间、条件等状语从句中,代替将来时。

eg. If he is not busy, he will come to the party tomorrow.

E)注意第三人称单数时,动词后面要加“s”。

2.一般过去时态

A)意义:过去的动作或状态。注意,即使是刚刚发生的事情,时间非常短,也要用过去

时态。如:Wow! It’s you—Mary! I didn’t know you were here!

B)常用的时间状语:yesterday, last week, 3 years ago, just now, 等。

C)动词过去式的规则变化(加ed)和不规则变化。

3.一般将来时态

A)意义:将来要发生的动作或状态。

B)常用的时间状语:tomorrow, next moth, in two weeks, 等。

C)除了用shall/will之外的将来表达法:

a) is/am/are going to do,意为“打算、准备、马上就要”。

eg. It’s going to rain.

b) is/am/are to do,意为“(计划好/安排好)要......”

eg. The new underground railway is to be opened to traffic next year.

c)is/am/are about to do,意为“马上就要”。

eg. Hurry up! The plane is about to take off.

d) 某些动词(主要是一些表示位置移动的动词)可用一般现在时态或现在进行时态表示将来的动作。

eg. The train leaves for Beijing at 8:30 this evening.

He is going to London next week.

4.现在进行时态

A)意义:表示在说话的同时或最近一个阶段正在发生的动作。

B)常用的时间状语:now, these days, at present, at the moment, 等。

C)有时可以和always, constantly, forever等时间状语连用,表示说话人的某中特殊的感情。

eg. He is always thinking of others.

Mrs Smith is constantly quarrelling with her neighbours.

D)有些瞬间动词可以用进行时态表示“马上就要......”

eg. The old man is dying.

E)英语中有些表示状态、感觉、心理活动的动词没有进行时态,如know, understand, believe, like, love, see, hear, seem, 等等。

5.过去进行时态

A)意义:表示过去某个时刻正在做的动作。

B)常用的时间状语:this time yesterday, at 9:00 last night, 等。

C)有些动词(主要是一些表示位置移动等的动词和瞬间动词)的过去进行时态可以表示过去将来的意义。

eg. I was told that she was leaving for Australia the next morning.

*6.将来进行时态

A)意义:表示将来某个时刻正在发生的动作。

B)常用的时间状语:this time tomorrow, at 9:00 next Sunday morning, 等。

eg. What will you be doing at 9:00 on June 7next year?

7.现在完成时态

A)意义:a. 表示过去某个时刻开始,一直持续到现在的动作或状态。(只有部分延续性动词,如live, work, study, 等可以表示这一意义)

eg. I have lived in Shanghai since I was born.

He has been married for half a year.

b. 表示过去做过的某一个动作对现在的影响。

eg. I have seen this film. It’s fantastic!

Jack is playing video games, because he has done his homework.

B)常用的时间状语:a. since 1990, for 9 years,等。

b. already, yet, just now, this week,never, ever,so far,up till now, lately, in the past/last few years,等。

C)b组所表示的现在完成时态与过去时态的区别:虽然现在完成时态b组表示的动作也是发生在过去,但它强调的是与现在的关系,而过去时态只表示过去发生的动作,叙述一个事实。试比较:

eg. 1) He went to Beijing two days ago.

He has gone to Beijing.

2) Henry lost his mobile phone yesterday, but found it later.

Henry has lost his mobile phone again.

D)瞬间动词要表示“一直到现在”,不能直接用“完成时态加for”的方式,必须用其他句型。

eg. 他离开上海已经三天了。

He has left Shanghai. He left three days ago.

He has been away from Shanghai for three days.

It is three days since he left Shanghai.

8.过去完成时态

A)意义:表示过去某个时刻之前所做的动作,即“过去的过去”。所以一般要用过去完成时态的话,句子中或上下文一定有一个过去时态的动作或时间状语做比较,才能用。

eg. He had learned English before he went to Canada.

B)常用的时间状语:by the end of last year 等。

C)在用间接引语时,主句的动词是过去时态,用来替换直接引语中的过去时态或现在完成时态。

eg. He asked the girl, “Where have you been?”

→He asked the girl where she had been.

He said, “I cleaned the classroom yesterday.”

→He said that he had cleaned the room the day before.

D)有些动词(如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等)的过去完成时态可表示过去事实上没有实现的希望、计划等。

eg. I had hoped to attend the party, but I was too busy.

*9.将来完成时态

A)意义:表示在将来某个时刻之前将会完成的动作。

B)常用的时间状语:by the end of next year等。

eg. You will have studied English for 10 years by the time you finish high school.

10.现在完成进行时态

A)意义:表示一个动作从过去开始,一直持续到现在,还会继续进行下去

B)常用时间状语:since ..., for ..., so far, up till now 等。

C)现在完成进行时态与现在完成时态的比较:

只有现在完成时态的第一种意义的那些动词,它们的现在完成与现在完成进行两种时态表示的意义相同,可以互换使用。

eg. I have studied here for 3 years. = I have been studying here for 3 years.

而其他的一些动词,使用两种时态,意义就各不相同了。

试比较:The little boy has read the text.(小男孩已经读过课文了。)

The little boy has been reading the text.(小男孩一直在读课文。)试翻译:1)从上午九点开始我就一直在做功课。

I have been doing my homework since 9 in the morning.

2)今天的功课我已经做好了。

I have done today’s homework.

*11.过去完成进行时态

意义:表示从过去某一时间开始的动作一直持续了一段时间再结束。(结束的时间点也在过去)

eg. He had been searching for the watch for a half hour when we came back.

12.过去将来时态

意义:表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或状态,一般多用在间接引语中。

eg. He told me that he would read the book a second time.

二、动词的语态

英语中的动词可分为及物动词和不及物动词,以及系动词。及物动词有主动语态和被动语态;不及物动词或动词词组(如happen, belong to, take place等)和系动词(如become, seem, sound, look, taste,等)没有被动语态。

各种时态在助动词be上表示,动作由过去分词体现。

2.注意在动词词组变被动的时候,原来词组中的介词或副词不要漏掉。

eg. The villagers took good care of the wounded soldier.

→The soldier was taken good care of by the villagers.

3.有些动词既是及物动词,又是不及物动词,这些动词比较少用被动语态。

eg. We begin our class at 8:00 every morning. → ? Our class is begun ... ?

Our class begins at 8:00 every morning.

4.有少数动词或动词词组可用主动形式,表示(从中文里我们所感觉的)被动意义。

eg. The book sells poorly.

His translation reads better than yours.

Who is to blame for the accident?

语法讲座三:情态动词

一、can, may, must

根据意思与习惯用法,我们可以把can, may, must分成以下两组用法,方便学习与掌握。

1.第一组用法见下表(主要在初中的时候我们所掌握的):

a) can的肯定、否定、疑问及过去式的例句:

eg. Computers can do a lot of things for us.

Money cannot buy everything.

Can you speak French?

I could run very fast when I was young.

b) can与be able to

can与be able to的意思相近,经常可以互换使用,但是be able to除了有一般现在与过去时态之外,还有将来、完成等时态,所以要表示将来能够或已经能够做什么事,就要用be able to。

eg. You will be able to communicate with foreigners fluently if you finish the course.

The baby has been able to one or two simple sentences.

在用过去式的时候,could与was able to的意思不同,could表示的是“当时能够做某事”的意思,而was/were able to表示的是“当时能够,并且成功地做到了”的意思。

试比较:

Einstein was able to flee Germany when Hitler came into power.

I could pass the examination, but I was too careless.

c) could在疑问句时用意表示请求,意义同can,是一种比较客气的表达方式。

eg. Could you give me a hand?

B) may

a) may的肯定、否定、疑问及过去式的例句:

eg. You may choose anyone here you like.

—May I leave now? —Yes, of course/Sure. Go ahead.

—No, you mustn’t. (注:口语中也能用cannot。)

I was told that the boss might come to the office before 9

b)mustn’t与may not.

mustn’t一般是说话人表示“不可以”或“禁止”,而may not一般是指按规定“不允许”的意思。试比较:

You mustn’t leave the bike here.

The sign on the wall reads, “Visitors may not feed the animals in the zoo.”

c) may可放在句首,表示“祝愿”。

eg. May our friendship last forever.

d) might有时用在疑问句中,只是一种比may更客气一点,而非过去式。

eg. Might I have a few words with you, sir?

C) must

a) must的肯定、否定、疑问及过去式的例句:

eg. Everyone must obey the rules.

—Must I finish the work today? —Yes, you must.

—No, you needn’t/don’t have to.

He told me he must/had to see a doctor tomorrow morning.

b) must与have to

用must更强调主观上“必须”,而have to 更强调客观上的“不得不”。

在间接引语中,主句动词是过去式时,用had to多,但must也可以用。

have to有现在、过去和将来三种时态。

c) must有时可以表示“偏偏”“非...不可”的意思。

eg. Why must you make such a mess when the visitors are coming?

a) can, may, must的第二种用法,是用来表示说话人的一种推测。其中may与must的区别其实是说话人对可能性大小所做判断的区别,觉得可能性大,就用must,可能性小,就用may。而can与may, must是肯定、否定、疑问分工的不同。

现在时举例:

—Can Tom be in the classroom?

—Yes, he must be there.

或—Yes, he may be there, but I’m not quite sure.

或—No, he can’t be there, because he hasn’t come to school today.

过去时举例:

I must have been asleep. I didn’t hear your footsteps.

David became angry at the meeting. He may have misunderstood what I meant.

James can’t have forgotten t he examination yesterday. There must have been something wrong with him, I believe.

b)表示可能性的否定句中有时也可用may,但意思与cannot有所不同。may not一般解释为“可能不”,而cannot解释为“不可能”

c)表示可能性,也可以用might和could,但并非may和can的过去式,而是表示说话人觉得可能性实在是比较小了,有虚拟的意味。跟may与can一样,might用在肯定句,could 用在否定句和疑问句。might do的过去式是might have done,could的过去式是could have done。

eg. —Could it be Susan at the door?—Yes, it might be her.(现在口语中也可用could be 回答)

*d) could have done也可以用在肯定句里,表示过去有这种可能,但事实上没有发生(虚拟语气的用法)。

eg. It was dangerous to do so. You could have killed yourself!

二、shall, will, would

1.用在一般疑问句中,表示征求对方的意见。第一、第三人称用shall,第二人称用will 或would。

eg. Shall I turn on the TV?

Shall my brother go with us?

Will/Would you do me a favour?

2.shall与第二、第三人称连用,用在肯定、否定句中,表示“命令、允诺、警告、威胁,及说话人的意愿和决心”。

eg. You shall do it at once!

He shall have the money when he finish his work on time.

You shall fail if you don’t work hard.

If Shylock breaks the law, everything he has shall be taken away from him.

3.will在陈述句中可用于任何人称,表示“意愿、意志、决心”等。有时也可用在条件句中。

eg. I will help you at any time if necessary.

The captain will land you safe in Liverpool, if you will be man.

4.will和would可以表示习惯性反复发生的动作,或在某一条件下,一定会发生的动作。这时,will一般指“现在”,would一般指“过去”。

eg. Oil will float on water, because it is lighter.

He would take a walk after supper when he lived here.

上面例句中的would可以用used to来替换。used to也表示“过去常常”,但used to 还隐含了“现在不再这样了”的意思。而would则没有这种意思。

eg. He used to smoke, but he has given it up now.

三、should/ought to

1.可以表示一种必要性、义务,解为“应当、应该”。可以与任何人称连用,并用在肯定、否定、疑问句中。但疑问句时用should更多一些。

eg. You should/ought to pay more attention to your spelling.

2.可以表示一种推测,解为“应该是”。用于任何人称的肯定、否定、疑问句。它还有进行和完成两种形式:should/ought to be doing(对现在正在进行的动作的推测)和should/ought to have done(表示与过去的事实相反,“本来应该”的意思)。

eg. They should be here by now.

The students should be doing the experiment in the lab.

You should have come here ten minutes earlier.

3.should有时可以表示说话人惊讶的感觉,解为“竟然”。

eg. I have never imagined that he should say so at the meeting.

四、need和dare

need和dare两词,都既可作为情态动词,又可作为实意动词,所以复习的重点是分清在句子中它们分别是哪种动词。

1.need解为“需要、必须”。

A) 作为情态动词时,多用于疑问句和否定句。

eg. —Need I do it again? —No, you needn’t.

注意:与Must I do it again?的意思相近,但用need问,问的人一般希望得到的是否定的回答;而用must问,问话的人一般希望得到的是肯定回答。

B) 作为实意动词,可用于各种句型,是及物动词,可以跟名词做宾语。

eg. We need another five workers to do the work.

C) needn’t have done与didn’t need to do的区别

needn’t have done和didn’t need to do分别是情态动词用法与实意动词用法的过去形

式,但是所表示的意义不同。needn’t have done意思是“本来不必”,言下之意是“做了不必要做的事了”;而didn’t need to do意思是“当时不必要”,言下之意是“当时不必要,因此可能就没有做”。

试比较:She was too nervous to reply, but fortunately she didn’t need to say anything.

她紧张得无法答复,但幸运的是,她那时什么也不必说。

You needn’t have mentioned it to him, because he had been told everything before.

你本来不必跟他提这件事的,之前已经有人把一切都讲给他听了。2.dare解为“敢”。

A) 作为情态动词时,多用于疑问句和否定句。

eg. Dare you say that to your boss?

The little boy dare not face his teacher.

但是dare的固定词组“I dare say...”,用在肯定句中。

eg. He’ll come again, I dare say.

注意:dare作为情态动词时,它的过去式是dared。

eg. They dared not laugh in front of their manager.

B)作为实意动词,dare可以用在各种句型里。

但是注意在否定句里,有时后面的不定式的to可以省略。

eg. They didn’t dare (to) laugh in front of their manager.

语法讲座四:代词

一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词

1.人称代词的主格、宾格和所有格

作主语时用主格,做宾语和表语时用宾格,作定语时用所有格。

形容词性的所有格和名词性的所有格:如my和mine,your和yours等。

eg. Your school is so different from ours (= our school).

2.英语中第一、第二、第三人称代词在句子中的排列次序:单数时为you, he and I;复数时为we, you and they。

3.it用于指人的情况:

A) —Who is it/that speaking? —It’s Mary speaking.

B) —What’s wrong with the baby?—It’s crying loudly.

4.双重所有格的用法

在英语中经常会碰到双重所有格的情况,如a friend of mine,the invention of his等,这种表达法的意思与my friend, his invention基本相同,只有细微的差别。

另外,名词也有双重所有格的表达法,如a friend of my father’s, the invention of Professor Brown’s等。

5.在表示宾语的身体部位的名词前,一般用定冠词the代替所有格。

试比较:The policeman caught the thief by the arm.

The young lady carried a small baby in her arm.

6.We students与Our students的区别

We students中文为“我们学生”,“学生”是“我们”的同位语,用这一词语的时候,说话人是学生。而Our students其实是“我们的学生”,说话人不是学生。当然,用We students 的时候,We students必须是主语,如果是宾语,则用us students。

eg. We students should learn more than book knowledge at school.

Good teachers always bear us students in mind.

7.反身代词的用法

A)作宾语

eg. We must learn to adjust ourselves to the new situation.

注意反身代词与代词宾格作宾语的区别:

eg. Jane’s mother stared at her in the mirror. (Jane的母亲望着镜子中的Jane。)Jane’s mother stared at herself in the mirror. (Jane的母亲望着镜子中的自己。)试译:请好好保重。

Please take good care of yourself.

在幼儿园里,老师会很好地照顾你的。

Teachers will take good care of you in the kindergarten.

B)用作同位语,强调主语或宾语

eg. I myself would never do such a thing. (= I would never do such a thing myself.) We talked with the mayor himself.

C)反身代词的一些词组

by oneself 单独,独自eg. He finished the task by himself.

for oneself 为了自己eg. She cooked a meal for herself.

between ourselves 就我们之间eg. This is a secret between ourselves.

teach oneself sth. 自学... eg. Lenin taught himself English when he was in Siberia.

seat oneself = be seated eg. He seated himself at the back of the room.

devote oneself to = be devoted to 献身于

二、指示代词

1.this, these经常指下面要讲的东西,而that, those经常指前面讲过的东西。

eg. He always begins his story like this: “Once upon a time, there was a ...”

He was ill. That’s why he didn’t come.

2.that与those可以指代前面提到的名词,经常在比较级的句子中出现。

eg. The boy t old me his story and also that of his sister’s.

Weather in Shanghai is warmer than that in Beijing.

The products produced this year are different from those produced last year.

3.this与that可用作副词,放在形容词或副词前,意思相当于so。

eg. I didn’t expect the exam wo uld be this easy.

I can only go that far, to the riverside.

三、不定代词

1.one

one只能指代可数名词的单数形式,它与it的不同之处是it代替前面所提到的名词,是特指的,也就是前面提到的同一件东西,而one代替前面所提到的名词,但它是一种泛指,即是这一类东西中的任何一个。试比较:

I have lost my cell phone and I have to buy one (= a cell phone).

I have bought a new cell phone. I bought it in Hong Kong.

2.any, some, anyone, someone, anybody, somebody, anything, something

A)any一般用在否定句,疑问句与条件状语从句中。

eg. —Have you any questions? —No, I haven’t any.

Please buy some apples if there are any.

any也可以用在肯定句中,表示“任何一个”的意思。

eg. This is common knowledge. Any pupil knows it.

B)some一般用在肯定句中,但可以用在一种表示邀请的疑问句中。

eg. Would you like to have some drinks? (= Have some drinks, please.)

试比较:Have you bought any drinks?

some有时还可以解释为“某个”的意思,相当于certain。

eg. I have read it in some magazine. (= in a certain magazine.)

C)anyone, someone, anybody, somebody都是指人,anything, something都是指物。无论是指人还是指物,都是单数性质。

3.

eg. I don’t like the colour of the shirt. Will you please show me another (one/ shirt)?

There were only two shirts left in the shop. I didn’t like the blue one. So I took the other.

We have been told that only three of us have passed the exam, and the others have to do it again next week.

There are many children in the park. Some are singing, others are dancing.

4.each与every

each相当于形容词或名词,而every相当与形容词。

each指两个或两个以上的“每一个”,every指三个或三个以上的“每一个”。

用each的时候,常可强调“各不相同”,而用every时,常强调“全部都”。

eg. Each of the hats cost 30 dollars. (= The hats cost 30 dollars each.)

There are shops on each side of the street.

At the meeting, each student expressed his or her own idea.

Every one of the students agreed with me.

5.everyone与every one

everyone只指人,同everybody。

every one既可指物,也可指人,指人时只用在of短语之前。

eg. No one is absent today. Everyone is here.

All the pictures are beautiful. I like every one of them.

6.all与both;any与either;none与neither

这三对代词的区别是一样的,在与指代数量上的不同。all, any, none都是指代三个或三个以上,both, either, neither都是指代两者。

eg. All the students like my idea.

Both his parents are ordinary workers.

There are many books in our library. You can borrow any of them.

I have two dictionaries. You may take either one.

None of my classmates will go there with me.

Neither of his two brothers could help him during that time.

7.no one, nobody, nothing和none。

no one = nobody,都是指人;nothing指物;none既可指人,也可指物。

no one, nobody, nothing都是单数性质,none作主语,如指代不可数名词,看作单数,

如果指代可数名词,既可看作单数,也可看作复数。

在作否定回答时,用none回答有针对性的人或东西,用no one, nobody, nothing回答无针对性的人或东西。

eg. —Who did you see in the office? —No one/ Nobody.

—Is there anything in the room? —Nothing..

—Is there any water in your bottle? —None.

—How many students have been chosen in your class this time? —None.

8.not与all, both, every连用

not与all, both, every连用时都是部分否定,意思是“不全是”。

eg. All that glitters is not gold.

Not every student can solve the problem.

Both of his parents are not at home, today.

试析:

Don’t spit _everywhere___ (anywhere/ everywhere).

语法讲座五:形容词和副词

一、形容词、副词的比较级与最高级

1.形容词和副词的比较级与最高级的变化

形容词和副词的比较级与最高级的变化分规则和不规则两种情况。

规则的变化,短的词(单音节及部分双音节的词)一般是在词尾加“er”或“est”(其中重读闭音节要双写最后的辅音字母;e结尾只要加“r”或“st”;“y”加辅音结尾的去“y”加“ier”或“iest”)如:big, bigger, biggest;late, later, latest;early, earlier, earliest等,较长的词(部分双音节及多音节的词)在前面加上more或most,如:careful, more careful, most careful;clearly, more clearly, most clearly等。

不规则变化的词为:good, well, bad, badly, ill, many, much, little, old, far。变化见下表:

2.常用的比较级、最高级句型

A) 用原级形容词、副词的句型:

a) as... as...“和......一样......”

eg. Try to make as few mistakes as you can.

He speaks English as fluently as you.

b) not as/so... as... “不如.......那样......”

eg. People’s brains cannot work as fast as compu ters.

c)在以上两个句型中,我们还可以加上“倍数”“分数”“百分数”等词。

eg. Tibet is twice as large as Texas. (= Tibet is twice the size of Texas).

My handwriting is not half so good as yours.

B) 用比较级形容词、副词的句型:

a) ...er than... / more ... than... “比......更......”

eg. It’s cheaper to eat at home than in the restaurant.

注意:用比较级句型的时候,比较的对象必须是同类事物。在汉语中,我们常看到“上海的天气比北京热”,这样的句子,但在做翻译的时候就要注意,必须是同类作比较:The weather in Shanghai is warmer than that in Beijing.

在比较级形容词和副词前,还可以用一些副词或短语修饰,如:much, far, even, still, a lot, a little, a bit, rather, slightly, *many等。

eg. Your argument is far more persuasive than his.

这些修饰语中的many只用在more +可数名词之前,表“多得多”之意,如many more students。而要表示“多得多”的不可数的东西,则要用much more。

还可以用“倍数(如three times)”,“数词+量词(如two degrees或five hours等)”来修饰。除此之外,还有by far也能修饰比较级的句型,但by far多用在比较级之后,个别情况下,可用在比较级之前。

eg. He arrived here only 5 minutes earlier than you.

The new method is more complicated by far than the old one.

b) less ... than... “不如......那样......”

eg. In my opinion, the writer’s second book is less in teresting than his first one.

c) ...er and ...er/ more and more “越来越......”

eg. With the final examination drawing nearer and nearer, Tim was getting more and more nervous.

d) the ...er, the ...er / the more ..., the more... “越......,就越......”

eg. The faster you solve the problem, the best result you will get.

e)带有than的句型,但不是比较的意思。

more than = not only eg. Students have learned more than book knowledge at school.

other than = 1)except eg. There’s nothing in his room other than books.

2)anything but eg. I couldn’t feel other than surprised.

3)different from eg. His tastes are quite other than mine.

rather than = instead of eg. The color seems green rather than blue.

I would sleep rather than see a film tonight.

f)在表示“两者之中比较......的那一个”时,比较级形容词前要用定冠词the。

eg. Bill is the taller of the twin brothers.

C)用最高级形容词、副词的句型:

a) the ...est/ most ... of/ in...

eg. China is one of the largest countries in the world.

b)可以用比较级的句型来表示最高级的意思:

eg. Tom is taller than anyone else/ any other one/ any of the others/ all the others in our class.

No one is taller than Tom in our class.

I have never seen a better film than this one.

请注意在上面第一个例子中的other, else等的用法。试比较:

China is bigger than any other country in Asia.

China is bigger than any country in Africa.

c)在最高级形容词或副词前可以用序数词或very, much, by far等。

eg. The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.

Among the candidates, John is the very youngest.

The Pacific is by far the largest ocean in the world.

d)在作比较的时候,最高级形容词前必须用定冠词或物主代词所有格、指示代词,在最高级副词的前面可用可不用。

eg. Don’t forget to wear the/your best clothes to the job interview.

He runs (the) fastest in our class.

但是有时候会看到在最高级形容词前不用定冠词的例子,这时,这个最高级其实不是“最......”的意思,而是“非常......”的意思。

eg. This is a most interesting film.

二、有关形容词的一些要点

1.作定语和作表语的形容词

英语中很多形容词都既可作定语,也可作表语,如kind,可以说She is a kind teacher,或She is kind。但是有些形容词只能作表语,如很多a开头的形容词(afraid, alive, alone, asleep, awake)以及glad, pleased, sorry, tired等。

有些形容词用作表语时的意思与用作定语时的意思不一样。试比较:

1)He is ill in bed.

Ill news runs apace(=quickly).

2) What’s your present address?

All the members were present at the conference.

*2.多个形容词修饰同一个名词的词序排列:

eg. a charming small round old brown French oak writing table

(描述性→大小→形状→新旧/年龄→颜色→地方→物质材料→用途)

3.形容词和名词的正确搭配

eg. price (high/low); goods (cheap/expensive); population (large/ small); rain (heavy/light)

4.形容词作状语/补语

形容词有时可以作句子的状语(也有的语法书上称之为补语)。

eg. The little girl went home, cold and hungry.

The captain promised to land the passengers safe.

5.一些由同一词根派生出来的形容词词义辨析

英语中根据构词法,经常可碰到一些由同一词根派生出的不同的形容词,在学习掌握的时候需要加以注意,不要混淆。

A) historic与historical

historic意思为“历史上有重大意义的”,historical意思为“历史的”。

eg. Waterloo is a historic battlefield, where Napoleon’s ar my was defeated.

Have you seen the historical film about Napoleon?

B) sensible与sensitive

sensible意思为“明智的”“合理的”“可感觉到的”,sensitive意思为“敏感的”“神经过敏的”。

eg. Surely it would be sensible to get a second opinion before taking any further action.

There is a sensible increase in temperature because of the global warmth.

This is such a sensitive issue that we should deal with it carefully.

C) imaginable, imaginary与imaginative

imaginable意思是“能够想象的”“想象得出的”,imaginary意思是“想象(出来)的”“虚构的”,imaginative是“富于想象力的”。

eg. The seven dwarfs tried every imaginable means, but couldn’t wake her up.

All the characters in the story are imaginary.

Jack was an imaginative child though he didn’t do well at school.

三、有关副词的一些要点

1.副词的位置

频度副词一般在动词“be”与助动词之后,行为动词之前.

eg. David is usually late.

He seldom comes early.

You can never imagine how embarrassed I was at that time!

修饰动词的副词经常在动词之后,有时也可放在句首。

eg. Though I did the exercise very carefully, I failed again.

Suddenly, a tall man appeared from behind the curtain.

表地点和时间的副词可放在句尾或句首。

2.与形容词同形的副词,以及词尾以ly结尾的副词

A)有些有ly结尾的副词经常可以有抽象的意义,而与形容词同形的副词表示的是比较具体的意义。如high/highly; deep/deeply; wide/widely

eg. He can jump very high.

The principal speaks highly of your work.

B)有些词的意思完全不同如hard/hardly; near/nearly; late/lately; most/mostly,需要加以注意。

3.一些常用副词的用法

A) very, much, very much与well的用法

very一般修饰形容词、副词和现在分词,如:very good/hard/interesting

much一般修饰比较级和过去分词,如:much faster/ respected

very much一般修饰动词,如:I love it very much.

well一般修饰worth doing与介词短语,如:well worth reading/above the trees

B) fairly与rather

fairly与rather都有“相当”的意思,但一般fairly修饰带有褒义的形容词或副词,含有“正合适”,“恰当”等的意义;而rather含有“过分”的意义,所以修饰带有贬义的形容词和副词更多,如:fairly warm, rather hot; fairly cool, rather cold; fairly easy, rather difficult 等。

C) nearly与almost

nearly与almost都可以解释为“几乎”,一般情况下,两个词经常可以互换,有人认为用almost时,感觉上比nearly更接近一些。

eg. The work was almost/nearly completed.

Almost/Nearly all the Japanese eat rice.

在any及一些否定词no, none, never, nothing, nobody的前面,必须使用almost。

eg. Almost no one believed what he said.

固定词组not nearly的意思是“远远不(够)。”

eg. There are not nearly enough people here to do the job.

I have 20 dollars, but that isn’t nearly enough for my journey fare.

语法讲座六:分词

一、分词的形式

1.现在分词与过去分词的主要区别

A)及物动词的现在分词与过去分词的区别

eg. The news excited the children.

→The news was exciting. The children were excited.

→the exciting news the excited children

My teacher’s words encouraged me greatly.

→My teacher’s words were encouraging. I was greatly encouraged.

通过上述例子,可以发现,及物动词的现在分词表示的是“主动”,它的过去分词是“被动”。

试分析:tiring与tired

interesting与interested

pleasing与pleased

B)不及物动词的现在分词与过去分词的区别

eg. China is a developing country and the UK is a developed country.

developing:正在发展,发展中

developed:已经发展好的,发达的

试比较:boiling与boiled,falling与fallen,burning与burned。

通过上述例子,可以发现,不及物动词的现在分词表示的是“进行”,它的过去分词是“完成”。

2.现在分词的四种形式

现在分词除了一般式之外,还有完成式和被动式,以动词do为例,现在分词的四种形式见下表:

A) doing:主动/进行

eg. a)I hear someone singing an English song in the next room.

Last night, I heard someone singing an English song in the next room.

b) The man standing on the platform is waving his hand to us.

c) They stood by the roadside, begging.

doing所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生,与逻辑主语是主动关系。

B) being done:被动/进行

eg. The problem being discussed is very important.

The museum being built there will be open to the public next year.

being done所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生,但与逻辑主语是被动关系。

C) having done:主动/完成

eg. Having done his homework, Tim played chess with his friends.

Having cleaned the classroom, I went home.

having done所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前,与逻辑主语是主动关系。

D) having been done:被动/完成

eg. Having been surrounded by the flood for over a week, the villagers lacked food and medicine.

Having been shown the library, the visitors were led to the audio-visual lab.

having been done所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前,与逻辑主语是被动关系。

having been done与done的区别:

试分析:Written in simple English, the book is easy to read.

Built more than 800 years ago, the Krimlin is the working place of the Russian president.

Having been surrounded by the flood for over a week, the villagers lacked food and medicine.

Having been shown round the library, the visitors were led to the audio-visual lab.

过去分词所表示的动作也发生在谓语动词之前,与逻辑主语的关系也是被动,但它不象having been done强调两个动作先后发生,过去分词经常可表示一种完成的状态。

3.分词的否定形式:not +分词

eg. She remained silent, not knowing what to say.

Not hearing the bell, the teacher kept on teaching.

二、分词的功能

1.表语(doing/ done)

eg. The situation is inspiring.

The little girl is charming.

He looks disappointed.

Nanjing Road is crowded at weekend.

Those days are gone forever.

2.宾语补足语(doing/ done)

可以跟分词作宾语补足语的常用动词有see, look at, notice, watch, observe, hear, listen to, feel, smell, have, get, set, leave, keep, make, find等。

eg. Mary heard someone knocking at the door.

I found him sitting/seated at the back of the room.

I didn’t recognize him, because he had his hair cut.

Don’t worry. I’ll have the car waiting for you.

She saw her baby playing with their pet dog.

She saw a patient carried out of the room by the doctors.

The policeman noticed the small kitchen window broken.

*The teacher caught him cheating in the exam.

*I won’t have you talking like that.

3.定语(doing/ done/ being done)

分词作定语,如果只是单个的分词,一般放在名词前,如是词组,一般放在名词之后。

eg. He took a burning stick from the fire.

There was a lighted candle at the corner of the table.

We met a group of children training in the playground.

Mr Smith is a man greatly respected by his colleagues.

The house being repaired was on fire last night.

试分析:What I saw in the dark was a frightened face. (frightened/frightening) 注意:现在分词作定语时,分词表示的动作是与句子谓语动词同时发生,不能表示位于动词之前发生的动作,如“我要跟那位打碎玻璃窗的男孩谈谈”就不能分词翻成“I’ll talk with the boy breaking the window”,而要用定语从句“the boy who broke the window”。

有些分词还可放在形容词前,用法相当于一个副词,如burning hot, freezing cold,等。4.状语(doing/ done/ having done/ having been done)

分词(短语)经常用作时间、原因、条件及伴随状语。

eg. Hearing the news, they jumped for joy.

Having received the final medical check, the astronauts boarded the spaceship.

Having been operated on the leg, the patient was moved to the ward.

Being young, he was energetic.

Badly injured, the driver lost consciousness.

Having lived there for more than half a year, she is familiar with the city.

Given more time, I could do it better.

Heated for a while, water will turn into vapour.

They sat on the grass, looking at the setting sun.

Holding the million-pound note, he stood there dumbfounded.

分词作状语,分词短语前有时还可以用连词when, while, if, unless, once, until, though 等。

eg. If playing all day, you will waste your time.

Don’t mention it when/while talking with Mary.

He will not come unless invited.

Though warned of the danger, he still went skating on the ice.

Leave the chicken in the oven until cooked to a brown color.

有的分词短语已经相当于一个固定用语,如generally speaking, judging from..., talking of...等,要靠平时注意和积累。

eg. Judging from his appearance, he can’t be over forty.

Generally speaking, boys are more interested in such activities than girls.

Talking of language learning, communication is of great importance.

注意:我们用分词作状语的时候,它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语或分词前面的名词。

错句:Walking through the park, the flowers looked beautiful.

→Walking through the park, I saw some beautiful flowers.

错句:Running into the house, the door banged after the boy.

初中英语语法知识点总结

英语语法大全 初中英语语法学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法: 1、词类:英语词类分十种: 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.):表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .

10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如:I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。 如:He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如: Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)

初中英语语法大全

初中英语语法大全 名词 一名词的定义:表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词。 二名词的分类: 名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类: 1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。 2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。 3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。 4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。 注意 专有名词一般第一个字母要大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。 名词的种类 注意 物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目来计算,称为不可数名词。不可数名词前不能加冠词a或an来表示量。 (三)名词的数 1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式: 1.单数 英语中,如果我们要表示一本书、一只鸟、一棵树等概念时,要用名词的单数

形式,表示名词的单数,要在名词前加冠词a或an。 This is a desk . 这是一张书桌。 There is an orange on the table . 桌上有一个橘子。 an orange 一个橘子 an new orange (×)→ a new orange (○) 一个新橘子 a desk a old desk (×)→ an old desk (○) 一张旧课桌 关键字:初中英语语法大全初中英语语法总结初中英语语法辅导英语语法大全名词复数名词所有格复数冠词抽象名词 a和an的使用区别 a加在以辅音开头的名词前,如a book,a pen。 an加在以元音开头的名词前,如an egg,an apple。 注意 有时a,an后面紧接的不是单数名词,而是a (an) +形容词+单数名词的形式。 这时判断用a还是an来表示“一个”的概念时,要看形容词开头字母的发音,而不是看名词。 2.复数

完整版初中英语语法大全知识点总结

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高中英语语法总结大全-形容词和副词

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初二英语语法总结大全

初二期末英语必考的十二大语法点 一. 形容词/副词的比较级和最高级 1. 形容词/副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则 (1)单音节词和少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节单词,比较级在后面加-er,最高级在后面加-est。 ①单音节单词 small→smaller→smallest short→shorter→shortest tall→taller→tallest great→greater→greatest ②少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节单词 clever→cleverer→cleverest

narrow→narrower→narrowest (2)以不发音e结尾的单音节单词,比较级在原形后加-r,最高级在 原级后加-st。 large→larger→largest nice→nicer→nicest able→abler→ablest (3)以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节(即:辅音+元音+辅音)单词中,先双写末尾的辅音字母,比较级加-er,最高级加-est。 big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest fat→fatter→fattest (4)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,把y改为i,比较级加-er,最高级加-est。 easy→easier→easiest heavy→heavier→heaviest

busy→busier→busiest happy→happier→happiest (5)其他双音节词和多音节词,比较级在前面加more,最高级在前面加most。 beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful different→more different→most different easily→more easily→most easily (6)有少数形容词、副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的,必须熟记。 good→better→best well→better→best bad→worse→worst ill→worse→worst old→older/elder→oldest/eldest many/much→more→most little→less→least far →further/farther→ furthest/farthest

初中英语语法总结(完整)

英语时态讲解 【注】构成时态的助动词be (is, am, are), have (has), shall, will 等需根据主语的变化来选择。时态是英语中一个重要的语法范畴,它表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态以及动作发生或存在的方式。动作发生的时间可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种形式,动作发生的方式可分为一般、完成、进行和完成进行四种形式。将时间形式和动作方式结合起来,就构成了以下 英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种,但是常考的或较常用的只有9种。要掌握英语的时态和语态,必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。 1、一般现在时 主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点;表示经常或习惯性的动作,句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语;表示客观规律和永恒真理等。 H e usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning. 他每天7点上班。 2、现在进行时 表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动:或表感情色彩,加强语气。与频率副词,如always,constantly,continually,again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩(赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等)。 We are having English class.

我们正在上英语课。 3、现在完成时 表示动作发生在过去,完成在过去,但强调与现在情况仍有联系,其结果或影响仍存在。 They have lived in Beijing for five years. 他们在北京已经住了5年了。 4.一般过去时 表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作,或过去习惯性动作,不强调对现在的影响,只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用,如:yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; He used to smoke a lot. 他过去抽烟比较厉害。 5. 过去进行时 表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。 Beijing was hosting the 29th Olympic Games in August 2008. 在2008年8月,北京正在举行29届奥运会。 6. 过去完成时 表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作,即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”,句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语,这种时态从来不孤立使用( before, after, by, up till ) They finished earlier than we had expected. 他们提前完成了(工作)。 7. 一般将来时 表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用。 I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我明天就要离开北京。 8、将来进行时 表将来某个时间正在发生的动作,或按计划一定会发生的事情。 I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。 9、将来完成时 表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情,时间状语非常明显。常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如:by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引导的副词从句。 By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot. 到下个月底,他步行将达到1000英里。 英语共有十六个时态、四个体。(注:四个体为——一般、进行、完成、完成进行。) 英语中的四个体相当于法语、西班牙语以及所有印欧语系罗曼语族中的式,如:直陈式,命令式等。

初中英语语法八大时态总结

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资料收集于网络,如有侵权请联系网站删除 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 (比较级and 比较级)表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟(容易) 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道,伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…(直接接想要的东西)eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时eg:I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初;……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后;尽头;末尾eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心,自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表:1 现在进行时2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原)能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧,害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心;小心 33 be different from…… 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名

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