当前位置:文档之家› 8增词法的翻译(教师版)

8增词法的翻译(教师版)

8增词法的翻译(教师版)
8增词法的翻译(教师版)

英汉翻译常用技巧----增词法

Oct. 24th–28th 增词法是指在原文的基础上添加必要的单词,词组,分句或完整句,从而使译文在语法,形式上都符合汉语的习惯并使译文在文化背景,词语联想方面与原文保持一致,以达到疑问与原文在内容,形式和精神方面对等起来的目的。

Practices first:

1.In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work

on the daily summary over some coffee. 晚上在参加宴会,出席音乐会,观看乒乓球表演后,他还会边喝咖啡边写每日小结。

2.With what enthusiasm members of Communist Party of China are conducting political studies.

中国共产党员正以多么高的热情进行政治学习啊!

3.In the films of those days, all too often it was the same scenario: the hero meets the heroine,

they fall in love and live happily ever after. 那时的电影总是一样的剧情:男主人公与女主人公相遇,继而相爱,从此过上幸福的生活。

4.Don’t take it seriously. I am just making fun of you. 不要认真嘛!我不过是开开玩笑而已。

5.Once, they had a quarrel over the question of whom to turn off the TV. 他们曾经为了谁去关

电视的问题吵了一架。

I.Semantic amplification

由于中英文语言差异,翻译时常常要根据意义的需要,在相关词汇后加上适当的词,使直通顺自然,符合中文表达习惯。

增加名词:在汉语中,及物和不及物动词的区别不是很明显,有时所谓及物动词后面的宾语如果上下文中能够看的出,往往可以省略不说;而英语则不然。特别是一些不及物动词必须带上它后面的宾语句子意思才能显得完整。因此,在翻译时往往就需要增补。

a. Make a schedule or chart of you time and fill in committed time such as eating, playing, meetings, classes, etc. 作一个时间表,然后,将吃饭、睡觉、开会、上课等等的时间填上。

b. I came here in the spirit of friendship and learning. 我是为友谊和求学而来。

有时形容词前面也可以加上名词:

c. His wife thinks that this furniture is too expensive and, moreover looks very ugly. 他妻子认为,这件家具价格昂贵而且外表难看。

有时,一些名词或者数量词的复数形式翻译成汉语后前面也要加词表示重叠:

d. Thousands of students from the city’s colleges and universities jammed the railway station awaiting the arrival of their football team. 成千上万的高校学生一起涌到火车站欢迎他们的足球队凯旋。

e. To look after the hordes of sick men there were only a few old doctors who were helpless before such scene of suffering and misery. 只有这些老医生来照看一群群的伤员,他们在如此的痛苦、悲伤面前,显得无可奈何。

1.This is a Ford. 这是一辆福特牌汽车。

2.This new brand of PC is cheap and fine. 这个新牌子的电脑物美价廉。

3.We can learn what we did not know before. 我们能学会以前不懂的东西。

增加动词

由于英语是一门“静止”的语言,在所有的词汇当中,用名词的居多;而相比较而言,汉语则无此限制,不管有多少动词都可以并排使用。因此,许多英语的名词翻译成汉语时都要加上一些动词,否则,意思则很不完整,例如:

a. His speech in at the meeting turned out exerts a stimulating effect on the mind of the people present that day. 他那天在会上所做的报告使所有在场的人深受鼓舞。

b. He maintains that only hard work and unswerving perseverance can lead to improved performance. 他坚持认为,只有通过勤奋工作加上不懈的努力才会取得好的成绩。

c. The lives claimed by shoddy construction projects should be enough to put governments at all levels on the alert. 伪劣建筑夺取了很多人的生命,这一点足以使我们的各级部门提高警惕。

d. Efforts must be made to improve service for more than 1 million domestic and overseas tourists.为了一百万的国内外旅客的利益,我们一定为改善服务质量而进行努力。

英语中的某些不及物动词实际隐含有宾语的意思,翻译时应补充其宾语:

4.Mary washed for a living after her husband died. 自从她丈夫去世后,玛丽靠给人洗衣服维

持生计。

5.Day after day, she did the same thing---sweeping, washing and cleaning. 日复一日,她做着

同样的事情:拖地,洗衣服,整理房间。

增加表示程度等的副词:

a.They started up into the sky until the noise of the rocket died away.

他猛地抬头往天空看,直到火箭发射的声音渐渐远去。

b. He stole a glance at the pretty girl walking alongside with him.

他偷偷地瞥了她一眼。

6.She poured out her story of misfortune. 她滔滔不绝地倾诉了她的不幸遭遇。

7.Time drops in decay, like a candle burnt out. 时间一点一滴的逝去,犹如蜡烛慢慢燃尽。

根据隐含的意义补充形容词等:

8.Facts are to scientist as words are to the poets. 事实对于科学家正如文字于诗人一样重要。

增加表示总结或概括的词语:

9.Henry Kissinger had slept in the hotel before in July and then in October. 基辛格分别于7月

和十月两度下榻于该酒店。

10.The advantages of the hall are bright, spacious, fashionable and without echo. 这个大厅有四

大优点:明亮,宽敞,样式新颖,没有回音。

11.They talked about wage, price and inflation. 他们谈及工资,物价和通货膨胀等问题。

英语词态及曲折变化词体现在动词上,汉译时应增加一些表示时间,状态等助词:如“曾经”“已经”“过/了”表示过去,“正在”“着”“现在”等表示现在进行,“将”“会”“要”等表示将来,以及其他一些词“过去”“现在”“将来”等。

12.I was, and remain grateful for his influence on my life. 他在我生命中有着重要的影响,对

此,我过去很感激,现在依然很感激。

13.China has been implementing the birth control policy over the past decades. 过去几十年来,

中国一直在推行计划生育政策。

英语中介词,副词,形容词甚至连词等都可以表达动作含义,亦可通过助动词等省略作谓语的动词,翻译时应补充合适的动词:

14.They quarreled for about 10 hours, through dinner, and deep into the night. 他们吵了大约10

小时,中间吃了顿晚饭又接着吵到深夜。

15.He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech. 他没有致闭幕辞就宣布会议结束。

16.We don’t retreat; we never have and never will. 我们决不后退,我们从来没有后退过,将

来也决不后退。

英语中数词与可数名词往往直接连用,但翻译时应加上适当的量词:

17.Flowers bloom all over the garden. 朵朵鲜花在花园里处处开放。

18.The first electronic computers came into use in 1950s. 第一代电子计算机在二十世纪五十

年代正式投入使用。

19.A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea. 一轮红日从平静的海面冉冉升起。

20.Repeat the experiment using a wooden ruler, a piece of glass, a coin, a piece of paper, and a

pin. 用一把木尺,一块玻璃,一枚硬币,一张纸和一个大头针,重做这个实验。

某些由动词或形容词派生出来的抽象名词,翻译时可根据上下文增加名词,使译文更符合汉语规范:如preparation(准备工作),madness(疯狂行为),tension (紧张局势)等:

21.We have made some achievements, and we must guard against complacency. 我们取得了一

些成绩,但还要防止自满情绪。

22.Persuasion should be carried out among residents here. 应该对这里的居民开展说服工作。

II.Structural amplification

正如前面所说的那样,中英文在句式方面也有很大差异,英语经常可以省略一些词而用其他的语法成分把那层意义暗含出来,翻译时可根据汉语的表达习惯,补充一些购架结构式的词语,甚至短句(如以达到汉语排比句式的需要等):

1.Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, writing an exact man. 读书使人充实,辩论使人机智,写作使人准确。

2.Histories make men wise, poets witty, the mathematics subtle, natural philosophy deep, moral grave, logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻,伦理使人庄重,逻辑修辞使人善辩。

3.Without Bill Gates, there surely will not be Microsoft. 如果没有比尔盖次,就不会有微软帝国。

4.Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability. 读书足以怡情,足以博采,足以长才。5.Association with the good can only produce good; with the wicked, evil. 近朱者赤,近墨者黑。

增加承上启下的词语:

6.Yes, I like Hunan cuisines. Lots of Chinese people do these days, sort of the fashion. 不错,我喜欢湘菜,现在很多中国人都喜欢湘菜,这种情况算是有点赶时髦吧。

7.They have made many mistakes, bad ones. 他们已经犯下了许多错误,而且还是很糟的错误。

III.Rhetorical amplification

主要指英汉翻译时为保证SL和TL之间美感,句势,韵律等的对应,应增加相关字词以满足汉语使用2/4/6/8等双词,特别是四字词组的习惯:

1.Fine words dress ill deeds. 花言巧语,卑鄙行经。

2.Truth is never pure, and rarely simple. 真理从来都不是纯洁无暇的,很少简单明了。3.Her room is always kept clean and tidy, though she is busy all day long. 虽然她整天忙忙碌碌,她的房间却总是干干净净,整整齐齐。

4.We have no more right to consume happiness without producing it than to consume the wealth without creating it. 如果我们不创造幸福就无权享受幸福,正如如果我们不创造财富就无权享受财富一样。

5.According to scientists, it took nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil(表层土). 根据科学家的研究,自然界要生成一英寸的表层土壤需要500年的时间。

6.The frequency, wave length, and speed of sound are closely related. 频率,波长和声速三者是密切相关的。

7.Learning without thought is vain; thought without learning is idle. 学而不思则惘,思而不学则殆。

8.The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest the greatest. 最好的导体电阻最小而最差的导体电阻最大。

Practices: 1. 林语堂的Moment in Peking当中描写慈禧太后的句子:

The ignorant old woman who ruled for the entire last half of the nineteenth century did more than any other single person to hold back China’s progress. Without her the progressive Emperor Kuangshu would certainly have gone on with his reforms. To the end, the Emperor, like an eagle deprived of its wings, remained submissive to his aunt. Ignorance added to a strong character was a double curse; stupidity joining hands with stubbornness was twice stupid.

张振玉先生的译文:

那个愚蠢无知的老太婆统治了19世纪的后50年,使中国不能进步,她可算功劳第一。若没有她,锐意求进的光绪皇帝,一定会进行他的维新大计。光绪皇帝,像个剪去翅膀的苍鹰,一直对他这位大权在握的老伯母必恭必敬,百依百顺。愚而妄,其为祸则加倍地强烈。愚蠢再与刚愎携手,则愚蠢倍增。

译文2: 那个无知的老太婆在19世纪后半叶统治中国整整50年之久。阻止中国进步的第一大功臣,当真非她莫属。若不是她,锐意进取的光绪皇帝,一定能推行他的维新大计。然而自始至终,光绪都慑服于他这位伯母的淫威之下,如一只剪去翅膀的苍鹰。无知而刚愎,其为祸则倍增。愚蠢与顽固携手,便是愚不可耐。

2. Of Study

Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business. For expert men can exe-cute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning, by study;

and studies themselves, do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them bothers; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books, else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things.

读书足以怡情,足以博彩,足以长才。其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其傅彩也,最见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节,然纵观统筹、全局策划,则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰,文采藻饰太盛则矫,全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足,经验又补读书之不足,盖天生才干犹如自然花草,读书然后知如何修剪移接;而书中所示,如不以经验范之,则又大而无当。有一技之长者鄙读书,无知者羡读书,唯明智之士用读书,然书并不以用处告人,用书之智不在书中,而在书外,全凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难作者,不可尽信书上所言,亦不可只为寻章摘句,而应推敲细思。书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之,有只须读其部分者,有只须大体涉猎者,少数则须全读,读时须全神贯注,孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读,取其所作摘要,但只限题材较次或价值不高者,否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏、淡而无味矣。

Reading make a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know, that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtitle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores. Nay, there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body, may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the Schoolmen; for they are cymini sectors. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers' cases. So every defect of the mind, may have a special receipt.

读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记使人准确。因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强,不常讨论者须天生聪颖,不常读书者须欺世有术,始能无知而显有知。读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻,伦理学使人庄重,逻辑修辞之学使人善辩:凡有所学,皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍,无不可读适当之书使之顺畅,一如身体百病,皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾,射箭利胸肺,慢步利肠胃,骑术利头脑,诸如此类。如智力不集中,可令读数学,盖演题须全神贯注,稍有分散即须重演;如不能辨异,可令读经院哲学,盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人;如不善求同,不善以一物阐证另一物,可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷,皆有特药可医。(王佐良先生译)

词法翻译

2012-2013(1)研究生英语翻译理论与实践1 词法翻译 一、词义的选择 (一)根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义。 ?Like charges repel; unlike charges attract. ?He likes mathematics more than physics. ?In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. ?Like knows like. (二)根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系选择和确定词义。 ?He is the last man to come. ?He is the last man to do it. ?He is the last person for such a job. ?He should be the last man to blame. ?He is the last man to consult. ?This is the last place where I expected to meet you. ?An area the si ze of the Hornet’s flight deck was marked off on an airstrip and they practiced taking off time after time from this restricted space. ?He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to take off. 二、词义的引申 (一)将词义抽象化的引申 1. 将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词。 ?There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of him. ?Every life has roses and thorns. ? 2. 将带有特征性形象的词译成该形象所代表的概念的词。 ?In fact, the Bavarian environment was so charged with Nazi sentiment throughout the 1920s that Hit ler’s storm troops goosestepped into power in Furth in 1930. ?See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the next four weeks was never distinct. (二)将词义具体化的引申 ?The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green. ?Jewish-owned shops were shut down. Swastikas replaced six-pointed stars. The walls of anti-Semitism were closing in. 三、词义的褒贬 ?(一)有些词本身就有褒贬意义,翻译时就应相应地表达出来。 ?He was a man of high renown. ?His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death. ?The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy. ?Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President. ?“He was polite and always gave advice willingly,” she recalled. ?We were shocked by his coarse manners. ?(二) 有些词的词义是中立的,本身不表示褒义或贬义,但在一定的上下文中可能有

英文翻译技巧之减词法

翻译技巧之减词法 一、从语法角度来看 (一)省略代词 英语代词的使用频率远远高于汉语。因此,英文汉译时往往按照汉语习惯将原文中的一些代词省略。 1.省略作主语的人称代词 根据汉语习惯,在指代关系明确的情况下,假如前后两句主语相同,就不必重复出现。英语通常每句都有主语,因此做主语人称代词往往多次出现,这种代词汉译时常常可以省略。 (1)He who never reached the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到长城非好汉。 (2) We live and learn. 活到老,学到老。 2.英语中有些作宾语的代词,不管前面是否提到过,翻译时往往可以省略。 (1) I’ve received your letter and read it with delight. 我收到了你的来信,愉快地读了。 3.省略物主代词 英语中的物主代词,汉译时往往可以省略,例如,I wash my face in the morning. 汉语只需说“我早上洗脸”,而不必说“我早上洗我的脸”。(二)省略代词it 英语中代词it既可用作人称代词,又可用作非人称代词、先行代词或强调句型中。下面侧重讨论it在其他几种用法中英语汉译时的省略。 1.非人称代词it的省略

非人称代词it在句中做主语时实际上是个虚词,并不指代上下文中具体的事物,一般主要用于表示自然现象、时间、距离、环境及一般情况等。汉译时,常将这一非人称代词it省略。 (1)It was just growing dark, as she shut the garden gate. 她关上园门时,已是暮色苍茫了。 (2) I glanced at my watch. It was earlier than I thought. 我看了一下手表,发现时间比我想象的要早。 2.先行代词it的省略 先行代词it的主要作用是充当语法规则所要求的形式主语或形式宾语。它本身也是个虚词,没有具体的词汇意义,因此汉译时往往可以省略。 (1)It was Pasteur who discovered that diseases are caused by living germs. 是巴斯德发现了疾病是由活着的病菌引起的。 (2) It was on a small Pacific island that they found this rare kind of spiders. 正是在太平洋的一个小岛上他们发现了这种稀有的蜘蛛。 3.强调句型中的it的省略 在“It is/was+that/who...”的强调句型中,it也是一个没有具体意 义的虚词,汉译时一般予以省略。 (三)省略连接词 汉语词语之间连接词用得不多,其上下逻辑关系常常是暗含的,由词语的词序来表示。英语则不然,连接词用得比较多。因此,英译汉时在很多情况下可以不必把连接词翻译出来。 He studied in the college for two years, and then he went to join the army. 他在大学念过两年书,后来就去参军了。 1.省略并列连接词

英汉翻译中的增词法和减词法

英汉翻译中的增词法和减词法 英汉两种语言,由于表达方式不尽相同,翻译时既可能要将词类加以转换,又可能要在词量上加以增减。 标签:翻译;增词法;减词法 英汉两种语言,由于表达方式不尽相同,翻译时既可能要将词类加以转换,又可能要在词量上加以增减。增补法就是在翻译时按意义上和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。减词法也可以称之为省略法。省略是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来,因为其在译文中是不言而喻的。但省略并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。 一、增词法 (一)词汇加词,也就是说,由于词汇方面的原因而引起的加词现象 1.加动词 由于英语的词汇当中,名词居多;而汉语则不管有多少动词都可以并排使用。因此,许多英语的名词翻译成汉语时都要加上一些动词,否则,意思则很不完整,例如: The cities utilize these funds for education,police and fire departments,public works and municipal buildings.市政府将这些资金用于兴办教育事业,加强治安消防,投资公共建筑和市政工程。 2.加名词 在汉语中,及物和不及物动词的区别不是很明显;而英语对及物动词和不及物动词的区别很明显,特别是一些不及物动词必须带上后面的宾语句子意思才完整。因此,我们在翻译时往往需要增词。例如: According to scientists,it takes nature 500years to create an inch of topaoil. 根据科学家们的看法,自然界要用500年的时间才能形成一英寸厚的表面土壤。 3.加形容词 With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism. 中国人民正在以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊!

考研英语:增词译法让翻译更通达

考研英语:增词译法让翻译更通达 刘正锋—英语教研室 增词法就是在翻译时按意义上和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实、更通顺地表达原文的思想内容。英汉两种语言,由于表达方式不尽相同,有些词在英语中省略而不会影响全句意思的完整表达,但是翻译成汉语后就可能出现意思不够明确或者句子不够通顺的现象,此时就需要使用增词法这种翻译技巧。例如增加原文中省略的部分,增动词,增名词,增加表示时态的词等等,下面跨考教育英语教研室的刘正锋老师将通过翻译真题来具体分析什么情况下使用增词法,以及如何使用增词法是翻译更加通顺。 (1) 增省略 英语中多省略,中文喜欢重复,所以在两种语言在转换时要汉语中要补充出英语中省略的内容。 比如,03年第四篇阅读第一句话It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. 这句话中,in Canada 与inevitable,in California 与optional 之间,省略了主语death, 翻译是,必须补充出来。“据说,在英国死亡很紧迫,在加拿大死亡不可避免,在加利福尼亚死亡可以选择。” 又比如, How well the predictions will be validated by later performance// depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used// and on the skill and wisdom// with which it is interpreted.(95年,72题) 句子结构是 How well...引导的被动结构是主语从句,How well是主语从句中的状语前置,depends是句子谓语,depends后面两个介词短语作并列宾语upon...and on..., the information used是名词+定语,with which it is interpreted定语从句,先行词是the skill and wisdom,代词it指代the information 这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实,这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性,还取决于解释这些信息的技能和才智。 本句主干的谓语部分是动词短语depend upon….and on….所带的两个并列的宾语部分,and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. 是谓语动词部分第二个并列的宾语,因为是与前面的depend upon相并列的,所以在翻译时,可以加上动词depend,翻译为“取决于…还取决于….” (2)增时态词

词法翻译

绪论 一、翻译小史: 学史以明智,翻译亦如此。据《圣经》记载,人类的祖先们曾经说同一种语言,在足以强大的时候,想要建造一座通天塔(the Babel)上天,从而激怒了上帝。上帝盛怒之下,摧毁通天塔,将人类分散到世界各地,由此产生了不同的种族和不同的语言。此后,人类各民族间的交流就要靠翻译了。事实上,不管是中国还是西方,翻译的历史都是源远流长的。 1.中国翻译史简述 中国的翻译活动源远流长,最早的传译之事可上溯至西周(C.1100-771B.C.)之前。“《礼记?王制》载:‘中国,夷、蛮、戎、狄……五方之民,言语不同,嗜欲不同。达其志,通其欲,东方曰象,西方曰狄,北方曰译。’寄、象、狄、译都是指通译言语的人。”(毛荣贵,2002∶3) 翻译事件对于一个国家的历史和社会发展往往产生重大影响。我国历史上翻译影响社会发展最大的有三次翻译高潮。 1)汉唐时期佛经的传译:西汉张骞;东汉安世高;时至唐代,佛经翻译达到了登峰造极的程度,玄奘(600-664)先后主持译出经论75部1335卷1300万字佛经,占唐代新译佛经总数的一半以上。(关键词:佛经,梵语,安世高,支谦,玄奘) 2)明末清初西欧科技翻译:利玛窦(Matteo Ricci, 1552-1660)组织翻译了相当数量的西方天文、数学、水法、测量等方面的著述;徐光启和利玛窦合译《测量法义》。力图使国人能借鉴西方的先进思想、文化或科技,从而富国强民。 3)清末民初西方思潮的翻译:严复《天演论》(T. H. Huxley: Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays)、《原富》(Adam Smith: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth and Nations);康有为、梁启超、林纾(林琴南)、王国维等。马列主义经典著作、文艺理论、苏俄及各国的进步文艺作品,如鲁迅、瞿秋白等。 新中国成立后,文革前和文革中以俄语为主,改革开放后以英语为主;我们几乎所有学科的理论框架、术语都译自英语;西方文化进入我们的方方面面很大程度上来自翻译。2.西方翻译史要略 西方翻译史可以简要地分为三个阶段:古典翻译,近代翻译和当代翻译。 1)古典翻译(公元前三世纪――文艺复兴时期13-14世纪)。贺拉斯(Quintus Horatius Flaccus 前65年-前8年),罗马帝国奥古斯都统治时期著名的诗人、批评家,代表作有《诗艺》等。西塞罗(Marcus Tullius Cicero前106年—前43)古罗马著名政治家、演说家、雄辩家、法学家和哲学家。总的来说,西方的古典翻译活动主要围绕圣经进行。比如公元前三世纪七十二名犹太学者就翻译的《圣经?旧约》后被称为《七十子希腊文本圣经》。公元405年,哲罗姆(St. Jerome)对照希伯来原文翻译出了《通俗拉丁文本圣经》(The Vulgate),后来成为罗马天主教承认的唯一文本。中世纪时,由于宗教势力的加强,教会神职人员纷纷用自己的民族语言翻译《圣经》,以使普通老百姓也能读懂《圣经》。14世纪80年代,约翰?威克利夫(John Wyclif)翻译了《圣经》,《圣经》的英译本就此问世。1611年,英国国王詹姆斯一世同意的钦定本《圣经》正式问世。当然,古典翻译活动除了圣经翻译以外,还翻译古希腊、罗马的文学、艺术、科学等名家著作。至文艺复兴时期,圣经翻译和古典文学作品和其他人文科学著作的翻译达到了一个高潮。 近代翻译时期主要是从十七世纪至二十世纪初。在这一时期,翻译的规模虽然不比文艺复兴时期,但是翻译的题材不再局限于圣经或文学翻译,而是呈现了多样化的趋势。同时,

2020年MBA英语翻译方法:增词法

2020年MBA英语翻译方法:增词法 所谓增词法,就是在翻译时按意义上(或修辞上)和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。用增词法翻译技巧的目的是为了更加准确、通顺和完整的表达原文的内容。当然不能无中生有地随意增词,而是增加原文中虽无其词而有其意的一些词。 英汉两种语言,因为表达方式不尽相同,有些词在英语中能够省略而不会影响全句意思的完整表达,但是翻译成汉语后就可能出现意思不够明确或者句子不够通顺的现象;还有一些词,虽然在英语原文中意义明确而完整,但是翻译成汉语后却不通顺。在这种情况下,就需要使用增词法的翻译技巧。 一、增加原文中省略的部分 (一)增补回答句中省略的词语 Do you like sport? Yes, I do. 你喜欢体育运动吗?是的,我喜欢体育运动。 Are you tired? Not very. 你累了吗?不太累。 (二)增补并列结构中省略的词语 We don’t retreat, we never have and never will。 我们不后退,我们从没有后退过,将来也决不后退。(we never have and never will=we never have retreated and never will retreat) A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money.

愚人会很快忘记说过的话,智者会很快放弃手里的钱。(a man of genius and his money=a man of genius and his money are soon parted) (三)增补表示逻辑关系或者平衡结构的词语 有时候英语原文中并没有表达逻辑关系的词语,但根据上文能够判断出其隐含的逻辑关系,如假设、让步、因果关系等,在翻译时要适当加以补充。 Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected? 如果对自己的错误都不能理解到,怎么能指望你会悔改呢? 二、增加意义上或修辞上的需要上的部分 (一)增加动词 根据上下文的具体意义,在翻译时经常需要在某些名词及动词之前或之后增加动词,才能使译文的意思明确完整,读起来也较通顺自然,符合汉语习惯。 He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech. 他没有致闭幕辞就宣布结束会议。 He spoke hopefully of the success of the negotiation. 他满怀希望地说谈判会取得成功。 After the basketball match, the chairman still has an important meeting. 在观看篮球比赛之后,主席还有一个重要会议要参加。 (二)增加形容词或者副词

翻译技巧:加词法和减词法

翻译技巧(二):加词法和减词法 加(增)词法 英汉两种语言,由于表达方法不尽相同,有些词在英语中可以省略而不会影响全句意思的完整表达,但译成汉语后就可能出现意思不够明确的语言现象;还有些词虽然在原文中意义明确而完整,但译成汉语后文字却不甚通顺流畅。在这种情况下,就需要使用增词译法。增词法就是在翻译时按照意义、修辞或句法上的需要,在原文的基础上添加必要的单词、词组、分句或完整句,从而使得译文在语法、语言形式上符合译文习惯和在文化背景、词语联想方面与原文一致,使得译文与原文在内容、形式和精神等三方面都对等起来,更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。 S y n t a c t i c a l A m p l i f i c a t i o n(从句法结构上考虑的增词) This kind of amplification includes: amplification by supplying such kinds of words as verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, category words, generalization words, and the plural forms of nouns. (1) 增加量词(classifier) 英语中数词与可数名词往往可以直接连用,不用加量词。而汉语往往要加量词。 It was a nova! 这是一颗新星! The sun rose thinly from the sea. 一轮红日从海边淡淡升起。 A stream was winding its ways through the valley into the river. 一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷,汇到江里去了。 (2) 增加表达复数的词(convey the concept of plurality)

增词法翻译练习.doc-for students

.增词法翻译练习 用增词法翻译下列句子: 1.The retreat(撤退)commenced(开始,着手)in all haste. 我们撤退的十分匆忙 2.Her grace was a delight. 她优雅的气质让人愉快 3.There was a wide emptiness (空旷)over the street. 街道的上方很空旷 4.His arrogance(傲慢,自负)made everyone dislike him. 他傲慢的性格使人生厌 5.He waited for the booing(发出嘘声)to quiet down, then cleared his throat. 他等到嘘声 渐渐平息,然后清了清喉咙 6.Humans vying(竞争)for dominance(优势,统治)will turn to genetics to compete.人们 对优势地位的竞争会变成竞争的基因。 7.Considering its growing economic importance, the general(普遍的)neglect(忽视)of geology in university teaching is difficult to justify(证明). 考虑到它在经济上日益增长的重要性,大学教学中普遍对地理学的忽视很难证明 8.Psychologist Richard Stuart showed in the 1960s that overweight women could lose pounds by modifying(缓和)both their eating behavior and “stimulus environment”. 心理学者Richard Stuart 在19世纪70年代表示肥胖的女性可以通过缓和他们的饮食习惯和环境刺激来减肥。 9.He had noticed the mounting (可骑的东西)insubordination(不顺从,反抗), and he realized with embarrassment that he was the cause of what could have become his own downfall. 他已经注意到他统治的人民开始反抗他的统治,他也尴尬地意识到他自己是导致他垮台本因 10.He is much less selfish and much more peaceful now. 他变得不那么自私,而且心境更平 和。 11.Outside stood a little girl, dripping(湿淋淋的)wet and shivering(颤抖).外面站着一个 小女孩,她浑身湿透,颤抖不已。 12.If future predictions of a shortage of quality(高级,优质)workers come true, it will become even more important to make employees feel part of the team. 如果关于未来会缺少高技术工人的预言成真,那么让雇员感到是集体中的一员至关重要。 13.If techniques like this sound silly, keep in mind that the power of self-monitoring(监视,监 听)has been conducted over the last four decades. 如果科技听起来像这么傻,那记住自我监控已经过了过去40年。 14.America’s best-known billionaire(亿万富翁)is back to doing what he has always done best---designing exciting new products and making barrels(桶)of money. 美国最著名的亿万富翁正回来做他最擅长的事,设计令人兴奋的产品并通过它来赚成桶的钱 15.Most Chinese children seem to get whatever they want, from ice cream, swees and toys to endless attention from the adults around them. 大多数中国孩子似乎都得到了他们想要的任何东西,从冰欺凌,甜食一直到他们周围大人们无限的关注。 16.“How shall I do it?”----“Just as you wish.”我该怎么做。。就像你希望的那样做 17.Any leak, even at this late date, could have tremendous(巨大的)international repercussions (反响). 任何漏洞,即使在这样迟的时期,都会一起巨大的国际反响。 18.He did not really represent their opinions to the higher-ups(上级), although he claimed he did. 他不能真正的代表他们对上级的观点,尽管他说他能。

2016年英语口译笔译初级笔译翻译技巧:增词法(上)

2016年英语口译笔译初级笔译翻译技巧: 增词法(上) 所谓增词法,就是在翻译时按意义上(或修辞上)和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。用增词法翻译技巧的目的是为了更加准确、通顺和完整的表达原文的内容。当然不能无中生有地随意增词,而是增加原文中虽无其词而有其意的一些词。 英汉两种语言,由于表达方式不尽相同,有些词在英语中可以省略而不会影响全句意思的完整表达,但是翻译成汉语后就可能出现意思不够明确或者句子不够通顺的现象;还有一些词,虽然在英语原文中意义明确而完整,但是翻译成汉语后却不通顺。在这种情况下,就需要使用增词法的翻译技巧。 (一)、增加原文中省略的部分 (一)增补回答句中省略的词语 Do you like sport? Yes, I do. 你喜欢体育运动吗?是的,我喜欢体育运动。 Are you tired? Not very.

你累了吗?不太累。 (二)增补并列结构中省略的词语 We don’t retreat, we never have and never will。 我们不后退,我们从没有后退过,将来也决不后退。(we never have and never will=we never have retreated and never will retreat) A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money. 愚人会很快忘记说过的话,智者会很快放弃手里的钱。(a man of genius and his money=a man of genius and his money are soon parted) (三)增补表示逻辑关系或者平衡结构的词语 有时候英语原文中并没有表达逻辑关系的词语,但根据上文可以判断出其隐含的逻辑关系,如假设、让步、因果关系等,在翻译时要适当加以补充。 Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected? 如果对自己的错误都不能认识到,怎么能指望你会悔改呢? Students should learn from teachers and vice versa. 学生应该想老师学习,老师也应该向学生学习。

词法翻译篇练习

词法翻译篇 第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译 第一节翻译中的选义 一 1. 他昨天擦破了皮,现在到医院换药去了。 He had a scratch yesterday and now has gone to change dressing[1] in the hospital. 2. 佃农家庭的生活自然是很苦的。可是由于母亲聪明能干,却也舒服。 The life of a tenant farmer’s family was of course hard, but we somehow managed to scrape along because mother was a clever and able woman. 3. 豪华家具带给您典雅的欧陆风情。 You will be enchanted by the unique European style of Fuhua furniture 4. 我那新郎官哪!那个死东西!他就是死也不肯仅洞房。 My betrothed! Damn him, he simply refused to come into the bridal chamber! 二、量词搭配 1. 一窝蜜蜂 a swarm of bees 一窝小鸡 a brood of chickens 一窝幼犬 a litter of pups 2. 一群美女 a bevy of beautiful ladies 一群猎狗 a pack of hounds 一群鸭 a team of ducks 一群羚羊 a herd of antelopes 3. 积极支持 unfailing support 积极的财政政策 proactive fiscal policy 积极利用国外资源 make effective use of overseas resources

2019年英语口译笔译初级笔译翻译技巧:增词法(上)

2019年英语口译笔译初级笔译翻译技巧:增词法(上) 所谓增词法,就是在翻译时按意义上(或修辞上)和句法上的需要 增加一些词来更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。用增词法翻译技巧 的目的是为了更加准确、通顺和完整的表达原文的内容。当然不能无 中生有地随意增词,而是增加原文中虽无其词而有其意的一些词。 英汉两种语言,因为表达方式不尽相同,有些词在英语中能够省 略而不会影响全句意思的完整表达,但是翻译成汉语后就可能出现意 思不够明确或者句子不够通顺的现象;还有一些词,虽然在英语原文中 意义明确而完整,但是翻译成汉语后却不通顺。在这种情况下,就需 要使用增词法的翻译技巧。 (一)、增加原文中省略的部分 (一)增补回答句中省略的词语 Do you like sport? Yes, I do. 你喜欢体育运动吗?是的,我喜欢体育运动。 Are you tired? Not very. 你累了吗?不太累。 (二)增补并列结构中省略的词语 We don’t retreat, we never have and never will。 我们不后退,我们从没有后退过,将来也决不后退。(we never have and never will=we never have retreated and never will retreat) A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money.

愚人会很快忘记说过的话,智者会很快放弃手里的钱。(a man of genius and his money=a man of genius and his money are soon parted) (三)增补表示逻辑关系或者平衡结构的词语 有时候英语原文中并没有表达逻辑关系的词语,但根据上文能够判断出其隐含的逻辑关系,如假设、让步、因果关系等,在翻译时要适当加以补充。 Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected? 如果对自己的错误都不能理解到,怎么能指望你会悔改呢? Students should learn from teachers and vice versa. 学生应该想老师学习,老师也应该向学生学习。

最新英语翻译技巧-增词法

最新英语翻译技巧-增词法 2017最新英语翻译技巧-增词法 所谓增词法,就是在翻译时按意义上(或修辞上)和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。用增词法翻译技巧的目的是为了更加准确、通顺和完整的表达原文的内容。当然不能无中生有地随意增词,而是增加原文中虽无其词而有其意的一些词。 (一)增补回答句中省略的.词语 Doyoulikesport?Yes,Ido. 你喜欢体育运动吗?是的,我喜欢体育运动。 Areyoutired?Notvery. 你累了吗?不太累。 (二)增补并列结构中省略的词语 Wedon'tretreat,weneverhaveandneverwill。 我们不后退,我们从没有后退过,将来也决不后退。(weneverhaveandneverwill=weneverhaveretreatedandneverwillre treat) Afoolandhiswordsaresoonparted;amanofgeniusandhismoney. 愚人会很快忘记说过的话,智者会很快放弃手里的钱。(amanofgeniusandhismoney=amanofgeniusandhismoneyaresoonpart ed) (三)增补表示逻辑关系或者平衡结构的词语

有时候英语原文中并没有表达逻辑关系的词语,但根据上文可以判断出其隐含的逻辑关系,如假设、让步、因果关系等,在翻译时要适当加以补充。 Withoutasenseofyourfault,howcanrepentanceandamendmentbee xpected? 如果对自己的错误都不能认识到,怎么能指望你会悔改呢? Studentsshouldlearnfromteachersandviceversa. 学生应该向老师学习,老师也应该向学生学习。

笔译技巧3 英汉互译中的增词法和减词法

英汉互译中的增词法和减词法 (一)语法增减词 A.英汉在语法上存在某些明显的差异; B.英语有冠词,汉语没有; C.英语多用代词,相较汉语; D.英语介词丰富,汉语介词很少; E.英语多用关联词语,汉语主要靠逻辑关系来铺排句子,强调意念的连贯性;F.汉语多用助词表示各种语气。 例如: a.I’ve been rich and I’ve been poor —and I tell you , rich is better. 富裕也罢,贫穷也罢,我都经历过。说实话,富裕当然胜过贫穷。(省略关联词和已出现过的作主语的人称代词) b.活到老,学到老。 One is never too old to learn .(增加人称代词) c.该地区已没什么城乡差别。 There is little difference between town and country in this region .(增加介词) d.Is more growth really better ? 经济发展得越快越好吗?(增加语气词) (二)词义增减词 A.很多情况下,英汉词汇的语义范围往往有宽窄之分,并非一一对应; B.如果英语词汇的语义范围比汉语宽,英译汉时要采取增词法,使原文隐含的 意思得以充分表达; C.如果英语词汇的语义范围比汉语窄,英译汉时要则要采用减词法。 例如: a.It is pointed out that the sheer(纯粹的,一味地)increase in quantity of products has imposed an enormous cost on society in the form(方式,形式)of pollution ,crowding , proliferation(激增)of wastes that need disposal , and debilitating(使虚弱,使衰弱)psychological and social effects. 一味地追求产品数量的增长 已经让社会付出了巨大的代价。 比如环境污染,交通拥挤,需特殊处理废物的激增, 以及由此造成的负面的心理及社会影响。(增词法) b.The only cure for envy in the case of ordinary men and women is happiness , and the difficulty is that envy is itself a terrible obstacle to happiness. 对于普通人而言,治疗嫉妒的唯一方法是快乐,然而困难在于,嫉妒本身就是快

翻译技巧:加词法和减词法

翻译技巧:加词法和减词法-标准化文件发布号:(9556-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII

翻译技巧(二):加词法和减词法 加(增)词法 英汉两种语言,由于表达方法不尽相同,有些词在英语中可以省略而不会影响全句意思的完整表达,但译成汉语后就可能出现意思不够明确的语言现象;还有些词虽然在原文中意义明确而完整,但译成汉语后文字却不甚通顺流畅。在这种情况下,就需要使用增词译法。增词法就是在翻译时按照意义、修辞或句法上的需要,在原文的基础上添加必要的单词、词组、分句或完整句,从而使得译文在语法、语言形式上符合译文习惯和在文化背景、词语联想方面与原文一致,使得译文与原文在内容、形式和精神等三方面都对等起来,更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。 S y n t a c t i c a l A m p l i f i c a t i o n(从句法结构上考虑的增词) This kind of amplification includes: amplification by supplying such kinds of words as verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, category words, generalization words, and the plural forms of nouns. (1) 增加量词(classifier) 英语中数词与可数名词往往可以直接连用,不用加量词。而汉语往往要加量词。 It was a nova! 这是一颗新星! The sun rose thinly from the sea. 一轮红日从海边淡淡升起。 A stream was winding its ways through the valley into the river. 一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷,汇到江里去了。 (2) 增加表达复数的词(convey the concept of plurality) 汉语中的名词没有复数概念,也没有词形上的变化,很多情况下不必表达出来;而英语中的名词有词形的变化,但没有量词,所以在翻译成汉语的时候,可根据情况增加重叠词、数词或其他一些词来表达复数的概念,以达到修辞效果。 All roads lead to Rome 条条大路通罗马 The lion is the king of animals. 狮子是百兽之王。 The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 群山已在山谷里开始投下蔚蓝色的长影。 I saw bubbles rising from under the water.

英语翻译中的增词法

增词法(上) 试译下列句子 Success is often just an idea away. 原译:成功往往只是一个念头的距离。 改译:成功与否往往只是一念之差。 分析:“原译”似乎与原文一一对应、丝丝入扣。但却含糊不清,让人难解其意。“改译”增加了“与否”二字起到了画龙点睛的作用,让人茅塞顿开。 The dust, the uproar(喧嚣)and the growing darkness threw everything into chaos. 原译:烟尘、喧闹声和渐浓的夜色使一切都陷入混乱之中。 改译:烟尘滚滚,人声嘈杂,夜色愈浓,一切都陷入混乱之中。 分析:“改译”增加“滚滚”、“人声”几个字,不仅将原文意思表达得淋漓尽致,而且“四字格”的运用也使译文音韵和谐、琅琅上口。 英汉两种语言由于表达方式不尽相同,翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加,使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格,又能符合译入语的表达习惯。 增词法(amplification):亦称增词或增益法,指的是在英汉翻译中适当增加原文中无其形而有其义的词语,以使译文自然通顺,完整、贴切地表达原文的思想内容。 翻译时倘若过于拘泥于原文的表达形式,采用一对一的逐词死译,往往就会使译文生硬晦涩,令人费解,有时甚至背离原文的意思。 但是,增词法并不意味着译者可以随心所欲、任意地添枝加叶,而必须遵守一条基本原则: ——增加原文字面虽未出现,但却为其实际内容所包含的词语。 增词一般用于以下三种情况: 一是为了意义上的需要; 二是为了修辞上的需要; 三是为了语法(句法)上的需要。 根据意义上或修辞上的需要 一、增加量词 1)由于英语中没有量词,数词(包括不定冠词a)与可数名词往往直接联用,而汉语却往往要借助量词。因此翻译时应根据汉语表达习惯恰当地增加表示其形状、特征或材料的量词。 a bike 一辆自行车 a mouth 一张嘴 a full moon 一轮满月 Repeat the experiment using a wooden ruler,a metal spoon,a coin,a tin lid,a pencil and a rubber eraser. 用一把木尺、一把金属匙、一枚硬币、一个铁盒盖、一枝铅笔和一块橡皮,重做这个试验。 Aluminum is said to be the thirteenth element in the periodic table. 铝是周期表上的第13号元素。 A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.

词法翻译学生版

第二章词法翻译 词法翻译即根据“表达通顺”的需要在词类层次进行的各种处理,包括词性(类)转换、增词或减词、重复或省略、正译或反译、抽象化和具体化等等方法,以达到“表达通顺”之目的,此类方法,大多属于“此路不通,另辟蹊径”。 第一节词类转译 词类转译又叫词性转换。翻译过程中,为了句子通顺的需要,有时需改变原文的词性,不必也不可拘泥于原文的词性:即不能追求词性的对等。 一、转译成动词: 1.Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources. 2.The government called for the establishment of more technical schools. 3.I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood. https://www.doczj.com/doc/e011225685.html,lions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty. 5.It was a very informative meeting. 6.This pupil is a good writer. 7.I am no drinker, nor smoker. 8.I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I. 9.Rockets have found their application for the exploration of the universe. 10. Arrogance and complacency turned out to be his ruin. 11. The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labor productivity. 12. Ours is a policy for peace. 13. Those Mexicans were great workmen. (jinghao: P.107) 14. The Bench was nothing to me but an insensible blunderer. 15. He is not an originator, but merely a calculator. 二、转译成名词: 1. Formality has always characterized their relationship. 2. To them, he personified the absolute power. 3. It was officially announced that Paris is invited to the conference. 4. This instrument is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of structure. 5. Glass is more transparent than plastic cloth. 6. This problem is no more important than that one. 7. A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car. 8. Stevenson is eloquent and elegant—but soft. 9. Because of Einstei n’s theory, scientists never regarded again regarded the world as they had before. 10. The knowledge of how to communicate in an original, amusing, and spontaneous manner to delight the audience may be of importance to a would-be lecturer. 三、转译成形容词。

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档