厦门大学考博英语试题2009

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编16(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．It is important in scientific experiments that the chemicals should be kept at a(n)______temperature of 40 degrees.A．constantB．equalC．sameD．definite正确答案：A解析：constant a．始终如一的，不变的；不断的，连续发生的；忠实的(朋友)(如：He’s been constant in his devotion to scientific studies．)。

equal(to)a.相等的，同样的：平等的；胜任的。

samea.相同的，一样的(same必须与the连用)。

definite a.明确的，确切的；肯定的。

2．Peasants______ over 80 percent of the Chinese populationA．makeB．consistC．constituteD．account正确答案：C解析：constitute vt.组成，构成，形成(如：Seven days constitute a week．U．S．interference in the internal affairs of other countries constitutes a real threat to world peace．)。

make up构成，占(多大比例)。

consist of由……组成，由……构成(consist是不及物动词，后面不能直接跟宾语；consist of只表示“由……组成”，不能表示“构成……”)。

account for构成，占(多大部分)。

3．According to the recent census, under-18s ______ nearly 95% of the single children in Chinese families.(2004年厦门大学考博试题)A．composeB．instituteC．prescribeD．constitute正确答案：D解析：本题中，constitute意思是“组成、构成”，constitute的主语可以是复数名词，也可以是单数名词，所“构成”的事物在属性和特征上或者在组织上，与组成成分是一致的。

2009南开大学英语考博试题（回忆版）1听力：20分，很往年一样，单选10个，短文3篇（1.保险的种类；2.非洲的AIDS 问题；3.测谎仪）共10题10分，感觉听不太清楚。

感觉不是六级的。

那个外国男的accent is somewhat special.2单词题：10个，10分，今年的很简单，六级就够了3作文(20分) : on enforcement of the morality in China提纲：1，问题 2， 分析原因 3，对策 200words4阅读理解 共4篇40分： 比去年少一篇但是明显偏难了第一题，有关公司内部职员股票； 经济经济第二题，有关霍金的Big Bang ，黑洞理论；物理，黑洞理论；物理第三题，有关对黑人的歧视；政治第四题，生物入侵；生物。

此四篇据说涵盖了南开四大优势学科。

5改错题10空10分，原文：Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years ago, you cannot help being struck by the appearance of the women taking part. Their hair-styles and make-up look dated; their skirts look either too long or too short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous. The men taking part in in the the the film, film, film, on on on the the the other other other hand, hand, hand, are are are clearly clearly clearly recognizable. recognizable. recognizable. There There There is is is nothing nothing nothing about about about their their their appearance appearance appearance to to suggest that they belong to an entirely different age. This illusion is created by changing fashions. Over the year, the great majority of men have successfully resisted all attempts to make them change their style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year a few so- called top designers in Paris or London lay down the law and women the whole world over rush to obey. The decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial. This year, they decide in their arbitrary fashion, skirts will be short and waists will be high; zips are in and buttons are out. Next year the law is reversed and far from taking exception, no one is even mildly surprised. If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they shudder at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are annually black-mailed black-mailed by by by the the the designers designers designers and and and the the the big big big stores. stores. stores. Clothes, Clothes, Clothes, which which which have have have been been been worn, worn, worn, only only only a a a few few few times times have to be discarded because of the dictates of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a women is capable capable of of of standing standing standing in in in front front front of of of a a a wardrobe wardrobe wardrobe packed packed packed full full full of of of clothes clothes clothes and and and announcing announcing announcing sadly sadly sadly that that that she she she has has nothing to wear. Changing fashions are nothing more than the deliberate creation of waste. Many women squander vast vast sums sums sums of of of money money money each each each year year year to to to replace replace replace clothes clothes clothes that that that have have have hardly hardly hardly been been been worn. worn. worn. Women, Women, Women, who who who cannot cannot afford afford to to to discard discard discard clothing clothing clothing in in in this this this way, way, way, waste waste waste hours hours hours of of of their their their time time time altering altering altering the the the dresses dresses dresses they they they have. have. Hem-limes are taken up or let down; waist-lines are taken in or let out; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on. No No one one one can can can claim claim claim that that that the the the fashion fashion fashion industry industry industry contributes contributes contributes anything anything anything really really really important important important to to to society. society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomf ort, providing they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn’t at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shivering in a flimsy dress on a wintry day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in dainty shoes. When When comparing comparing comparing men men men and and and women women women in in in the the the matter matter matter of of of fashion, fashion, fashion, the the the conclusions conclusions conclusions to to to be be be drawn drawn drawn are are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women’s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of fickleness and instability? Men are too sensible to let themselves be bullied by fashion designers. Do their their unchanging unchanging unchanging styles styles styles of of of dress dress dress reflect reflect reflect basic basic basic qualities qualities qualities of of of stability stability stability and and and reliability? reliability? reliability? That That That is is is for for for you you you to to decide.阅读相对论原文：Stephen William Hawking BiographyThe theories of British physicist and mathematician Stephen William Hawking (born 1942) placed him in the great tradition of Newton and Einstein. Hawking made fundamental contributions to the science of cosmology--the study of the origins, structure, and space-time relationships of the universe. Stephen Stephen W. W. Hawking Hawking was was was born born born on on on January January January 8, 8, 8, 1942, 1942, 1942, in in in Oxford, Oxford, Oxford, England. England. England. His His His father, father, a a well-known well-known researcher in tropical medicine, urged his son to seek a career in the sciences. Stephen found biology and medicine too descriptive and lacking in exactness. Therefore, he turned to the study of mathematics and physics. Hawking Hawking was was was not not not an an an outstanding outstanding student student at at at St. St. St. Alban's Alban's Alban's School, School, School, Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, nor nor later later later at at at Oxford Oxford University, which he entered in 1959. He was a sociable young man who did little schoolwork because he was able to grasp the essentials of a mathematics or physics problem quickly and intuitively. While at Oxford he he became became increasingly interested in in relativity relativity theory theory and and quantum quantum mechanics, mechanics, eventually graduating with a first class honors in physics (1962). He immediately began post-graduate studies at Cambridge University. The onset of Hawking's graduate education at Cambridge marked a turning point in his life. It was then that he embarked upon the formal study of cosmology that focused his intellectual energies in a way that they they had had had never never never been been been previously. previously. And And it it it was was was then then then that that that he he he was was was first first first stricken stricken stricken with with with amyotrophic amyotrophic amyotrophic lateral lateral sclerosis sclerosis (Lou (Lou (Lou Gehrig's Gehrig's Gehrig's disease), disease), disease), a a a debilitating debilitating debilitating neuromotor neuromotor neuromotor disease disease disease that that that eventually eventually eventually led led led to to to his his his total total confinement to a wheelchair and to a virtual loss of his speech functions. At Cambridge his talents were recognized by his major professor, the cosmologist Dennis W. Sciama, and he was encouraged to carry on on his his his studies studies studies despite despite despite his his his growing growing growing physical physical physical disabilities. disabilities. disabilities. His His His marriage marriage marriage in in in 1965 1965 1965 to to to Jane Jane Jane Wilde Wilde Wilde was was was an an important step in his emotional life. Marriage gave him, he recalled, the determination to live and make professional progress in the world of science. Hawking received his doctorate degree in 1966 and began his life-long research and teaching association with Cambridge University. Hawking made his first major contribution to science with his theorem of singularity, a work which grew out of his collaboration with theoretician Roger Penrose. A singularity is a place in either space or time at which some quantity becomes infinite. Such a place is found in a black hole, the final stage of a collapsed star, star, where where where the the the gravitational gravitational gravitational field field field has has has infinite infinite infinite strength. strength. strength. Penrose Penrose Penrose proved proved proved that that that a a a singularity singularity singularity was was was not not not a a hypothetical construct; it could exist in the space-time of a real universe. Drawing upon Penrose's work and on Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, Hawking demonstrated that our our universe universe universe had had had its its its origins origins origins in in in a a a singularity. singularity. In In the the the beginning beginning beginning all all all of of of the the the matter matter matter in in in the the the universe universe universe was was concentrated in a single point, making a very small but tremendously dense body. Ten to twenty billion years ago that body exploded in a big bang which initiated time and the universe. Hawking was able to bring current astrophysical research to support the big bang theory of the origin of the universe and refute the rival steady-state theory. Hawking's research into the cosmological implications of singularities led him to study the properties of the the best-known best-known best-known singularity: singularity: singularity: the the the black black black hole. hole. hole. Although Although Although a a a black black black hole hole hole is is is a a a discontinuity discontinuity discontinuity in in in space-time, space-time, space-time, its its boundary, called the event horizon, can be detected. Hawking proved that the surface area of the event horizon of a black hole could only increase, not decrease, and that when two black holes merged the surface surface area area area of of of the the the new new new hole hole hole was was was larger larger larger than than than the the the sum sum sum of of of the the the two two two original original original surface surface surface areas. areas. areas. Working Working Working in in concert concert with with with B. B. B. Carter, Carter, Carter, W. W. W. Israel, Israel, Israel, and and and D. D. D. Robinson, Robinson, Robinson, Hawking Hawking Hawking was was was also also also able able able to to to prove prove prove the the the "No "No "No Hair Hair Theorem" first proposed by physicist John Wheeler. According to this theorem, mass, angular momentum, and electric charge were the sole properties conserved when matter entered a black hole. Hawking's continuing examination of the nature of black holes led to two important discoveries. The first of them, that black holes can emit thermal radiation, was contrary to the claim that nothing could escape from a black hole. The second concerned the size of black holes. As originally conceived, black holes were immense in size because they were the end result of the collapse of gigantic stars. Using quantum mechanics mechanics to to to study study study particle particle particle interaction interaction interaction at at at the the the subatomic subatomic subatomic level, level, level, Hawking Hawking Hawking postulated postulated postulated the the the existence existence existence of of millions of mini-black holes. These were formed by the force of the original big bang explosion. Hawking summarized his scientific interests as "gravity--on all scales," from the realm of galaxies at one extreme to the subatomic at the other extreme. In the 1980s Hawking worked on a theory that Einstein unsuccessfully searched for in his later years. This is the famous unified field theory that aims to bring together together quantum quantum quantum mechanics mechanics mechanics and and and relativity relativity relativity in in in a a a quantum quantum quantum theory theory theory of of of gravity. gravity. gravity. A A A complete complete complete unified unified unified theory theory encompasses encompasses the the the four four four main main main interactions interactions interactions known known known to to to modern modern modern physics: physics: physics: the the the strong strong strong nuclear nuclear nuclear force, force, force, which which operates at the subatomic level; electromagnetism; the weak nuclear force of radioactivity; and gravity. The unified theory would account for the conditions which prevailed at the origin of the universe as well as for the existing physical laws of nature. When humans develop the unified field theory, said Hawking, they will "know the mind of God." As his physical condition grew worse Hawking's intellectual achievements increased. Not content with causing a revolution in cosmology, he presented a popular exposition of his ideas in A Brief History ofTime: From the Big Bang to Black Holes. First published in 1988, this book acquired great popularity in the United States. It sold over a million copies and was listed as the best-selling nonfiction book for over a year. In In 1993 1993 1993 Hawking Hawking Hawking wrote wrote Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays , , which, which, which, in in in addition addition addition to to to a a discussion discussion of of of whether whether whether elementary elementary elementary particles particles particles that that that fall fall fall into into into black black black holes holes holes can can can form form form new, new, new, "baby" "baby" "baby" universes universes separate from our own, contains chapters about Hawking's personal life. He co-authored a book in 1996 with Sir Roger Penrose titled The Nature of Space and Time, which is based on a series of lectures and a final final debate debate debate by by by the the the two two two authors. authors. authors. Issues Issues Issues discussed discussed discussed in in in this this this book book book include include include whether whether whether the the the universe universe universe has has boundaries and if it will continue to expand forever. Hawking says yes to the first question and no to the second, while Penrose argues the opposite. Hawking joined Penrose again the following year, as well as Abner Shimony and Nancy Cartwright, in the creation of another book, The Large, the Small, and the Human Mind (1997). In this collection of talks given as Cambridge's 1995 Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Hawking and the others respond to Penrose's thesis on general relativity, quantum physics, and artificial intelligence. Hawking's work in modern cosmology and in theoretical astronomy and physics was widely recognized. He He became became became a a a fellow fellow fellow of of of the the the Royal Royal Royal Society Society Society of of of London London London in in in 1974 1974 1974 and and and five five five years years years later later later was was was named named named to to to a a professorial professorial chair chair chair once once once held held held by by by Sir Sir Sir Isaac Isaac Isaac Newton: Newton: Newton: Lucasian Lucasian Lucasian professor professor professor of of of mathematics, mathematics, mathematics, Cambridge Cambridge University. Beyond these honors he earned a host of honorary degrees, awards, prizes, and lectureships from the major universities and scientific societies of Europe and America. These included the Eddington Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, in 1975; the Pius XI Gold Medal, in 1975; the Maxwell Medal of the Institute of Physics, in 1976; the Albert Einstein Award of the Lewis and Rose Strauss Memorial Fund (the most prestigious award in theoretical physics), in 1978; the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute, in 1981; the Gold Medal of the Royal Society, in 1985; the Paul Dirac Medal and Prize, in 1987; and the Britannica Award, in 1989. By the last decade of the 20th century Stephen Hawking had become one of the best-known scientists in the world. Hawking's endeavors include endorsing a wireless connection to the internet produced by U.S. Robotics Inc., beginning in March 1997, and speaking to wheelchair-bound youth. In addition, Hawking made an appearance on the television series Star Trek that his fans will not soon forget. Hawking does not readily discuss his personal life, but it is generally know that he was divorced from his first wife in 1991 and they have two sons and a daughter. When asked about his objectives, Hawking told Robert Deltete of Zygon in a 1995 interview, "My goal is a complete understanding of the universe, why it is as it is and why it exists at all." 阅读生物入侵原文：WHAT WHAT makes makes makes for for for a a a successful successful successful invasion? invasion? invasion? Often, Often, Often, the the the answer answer answer is is is to to have have better better better weapons weapons weapons than than than the the the enemy. enemy. And, as it is with people, so it is with plants —at least, that is the conclusion of a paper published published in in in ★★Biology Biology Letters[1] Letters[1] by Naomi Cappuccino, Cappuccino, of of Carleton University, University, and and Thor Arnason, of the University of Ottawa, both in Canada.怎样才能成功入侵？答案常常是：拥有比敌人更好的武器。

中国人民大学2009年博士研究生入学考试(英语)试题Information is the primary commodity in more and more industries today.By 2005, 83% of American management personnel will be knowledge workers. Europe and Japanare not far behind.By 2005, half of all knowledge workers (22% of the labour force) will choose"flextime, flexplace"arrangements, which allow them to work at home, communicating with the office via computer networks.In the United States, the so-called "digital divide"seems to be disappearing. In early 2000, apoll found, that, where half of white households owned computers, so did fully 43% of African- American households, and their numbers were growing rapidly. Hispanic households continued tolag behind, but their rate of computer ownership was expanding as well.Company-owned and industry-wide television networks are bringing programming to thousands of locations. Business TV is becoming big business.Computer competence will approach 100% in US urban areas by the year 2005, with Europeand Japannot far behind.80% of US homes will have computers in 2005, compared with roughly 50% now.In theUnited States, 5 of the 10 fastest-growing careers betweennow and 2005 will be computer related.Demand for programmers and systems analysts will grow by 70%. The same trend is accelerating in Europe, Japan, and India.By 2005, nearly all college texts and many high school and junior high books will be tied to Internet sites that provide source material, study exercises, and relevant news articles to aid in learning. Others will come with CD-ROMs that offer similar resources.Internet links will provide access to the card catalogues of all the major libraries in the worldby 2005. It will be possible to call up on a PC screen millions of volumes from distant libraries. Web sites enhance books by providing pictures, sound, film clips, and flexible, indexing and search utilities.Implications: Anyone with access to the Internet will be able to achieve the education neededto build a productive life in an increasingly high-tech world. Computer learning may even reduce the growingAmericanprisonpopulation.Knowledge workers are generally better paid than less-skilled workers. Their wealth israising overall prosperity.Even entry-level workers and those in formerly unskilled positions require a growing level of education. For a good career in almost any field, computer competence is a must. This is one majortrend raising the level of education required for a productive role in today's work force. For many workers, the opportunity for training is becoming one of the most desirable benefits any job can offer.1. Informationtechnology is expected to have impact on all the following EXCEPT ____.A.Americanmanagement personnelB.Europeanmanagement personnelC.Americanpeople's choice of careerD.traditional practice at work2. "digital divide"in the 4th paragraph refers to ____.A.the gap in terms of computer ownershipB.the tendency of computer ownershipC.the dividing line based on digitsD.the ethnic distinction amongAmericanhouseholds3. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT according to the passage?A.By 2005 all college and school study materials will turnelectronic.B.By 2005 printed college and school study materials will be supplemented with electronic material.C.By 2005 some college and school study materials will be accompanied by CD-ROMs.D.By 2005 Internet links make worldwide library search a possibility.4. Which of the following areas is NOT discussed in the passage?A.Future careers.B.Nature of future work.C.Ethnic differences.D.Schools and libraries.5. At the end of the passage, the author seems to emphasize ____ in an increasingly high-tech world.A.the variety of educationB.the contentof educationC.the need for educationD.the functionof educationIt often happens that a number of applicants with almost identical qualifications and experience all apply for the same position.In their educational background, special skills and work experience, there is little, if anything, to choose between half a dozen candidates. How then does the employer make a choice? Usually on the basis of an interview.There are many arguments for and against the interview as a selection procedure. The main argumentagainst it is that it results in a wholly subjective decision.As oftenas not, emplyers do notchoose the best candidate, they choose the candidate who makes a good first impression on them.Some employers, of course, reply to this argumentby saying thatthey have become so experiencedin interviewing staff that they are able to make a sound assessment of each candidate’s likely performance.4The main argument in favour of the interview — and it is, perhaps, a good argument— is thatan employer is concerned not only with a candidate ’ s ability, but with the suitability of his or her personality for the particular work situation. Many employers, for example, will overlook occasional inefficiencies from their secretary provided she has a pleasantpersonality.It is perhas true to say, therefore, that the real purpose of an interview is not to assess the assssable aspects of each candidate but to make a guess at the more intangible things, such as personality, character and social ability. Unfortunately, both for the employers and applicants forjobs, there are many people of great ability who simply do not interview well. There are also, of course, people who interview extremely well, but are later found to be very unsatisfactory employees.Candidates who interview well tend to be quietly confident, but never boastful; direct and straightforward in their questions and answers; cheerful and friendly, but never over-familiar; andsincerely enthusiastic and optimistic. Candidates who interview badly tend to be at either end of the spectrum of human behaviour. They are either very shy or over-confident. They show either a lack of enthusiasm or an excess of it. They either talk too little or never stop talking. They are either over-polite or rudely abrupt.2.We c an infer from the passage that an employer might tolerate his secretary’ s occasional mistakes, if the latter is ____A.direct.B.cheerful.C. shy.D.capable.3.Whatis the author ’ s attitude towards the interview as a selectionprocedure?A.Unclear.B.Negative.C.Objective.D.Indifferent.4.According to the passage, people argue over the interview as a selection procedure mainly because they have ____.A.differentselectionproceduresB.differentpuposes in the interviewC.differentstandards for competenceD.differentexperiences in interviews5.The purpose of the lastparagraph is to indicate ____.A.a link betweensuccess in interview and personalityB.connections betweenwork abilities and personalityC.differences in interview experienceD.differences in personal behaviorIn the case of mobile phones, change is everything. Recent research indicates that the mobile phone is changing notonly our culture, butour very bodies as well.First. Let's talk about culture. The difference between the mobile phone and its parent, thefixed-line phone, you getwhoever answers it.This has several implications. The most common one, however, and perhaps the thing thathas changed our culture forever, is the "meeting" influence. People no longer need to make firm plansabout when and where to meet. Twenty years ago, a Friday night would need to be arranged in advance. You needed enough time to allow everyone to get from their place of work to the first meeting place. Now, however, a night out can be arranged on the run. It is no longer "see you thereat 8", but"textme around 8 and we'll see where we all are".Texting changes people as well. In their paper, "insights into the Social and PsychologicalEffects of SMS Text Messaging", two British researchers distinguished between two types of mobile phone users: the "talkers" and the "texters"-those who prefer voice to text message and those who prefer textto voice.They found that the mobile phone's individuality and privacy gave texters the ability toexpress a whole new outer personality. Texters were likely to report that their family would besurprised if they were to read their texts.This suggests thattexting allowed texters to presenta self-image thatdiffered from the one familiar to those who knew them well.Another scientist wrote of the changes that mobiles have brought to body language.There are two kinds that people use while speaking on the phone. There is the "speakeasy": the head is heldhigh, in a self-confident way, chatting away. And there is the "spacemaker": these people focus onthemselves andkeep outother people.Who can blame them? Phone meetings get cancelled or reformed and camera-phones intrude on people's privacy. So, it is understandable if your mobile makes you nervous. But perhaps you needn'tworry so much.After all, it is goodto talk.1. Whenpeople planto meetnowadays, theyA.arrange the meeting place beforehandB.postpone fixing the place till lastminuteC.seldom care aboutwhenandwhere to meetD.still love to work outdetailedmeeting plans.2. According to the two British researchers, the social and psychological effect are mostly likely to be seenonA.talkersB.the "speakeasy"C.the "spacemaker"D.texters3.We caninfer from the passage thatthe texts sentby texters areA.quite revealingB.well writtenC.unacceptable by othersD.shocking to others4. According to the passage ,who is afraidof being heardwhile talking on the mobileA.talkersB.the speakeasyC.the spacemakerD.texters5. Anappropriate title for the passage mightbeA.the SMS effectB.culturalimplication of mobile useC.change in the use of the mobileD.body language andthe mobile phoneI am one of the many city people who are always saying thatgiventhe choice we wouldpreferto live in the country away from the dirt and noise of a large city. I have managed to convince myself thatif it weren'tfor my job I wouldimmediately headoutfor the openspaces andgo back to nature in some sleepy village buried in the county.Buthow realistic is the dream?Cities can be frightening places. The majority of the population live in massive tower blocks, noisy, dirty and impersonal. The sense of belonging to a community tends to disappear when youlive fifteen floors up. All you can see from your window is sky, or other blocks of fiats. Children become aggressive and nervous - cooped up at home all day, with nowhere to play; their mothers feel isolated from the restof the world.Strangely enough, whereas in the pastthe inhabitants of onestreet all knew each other, nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks don't even say helloto each other.Country life, on the other hand, differs from this kind of isolated existence in that a sense of community generally binds the inhabitants of small villages together.People have the advantage ofknowing that there is always someone to turn to when they need help. But country life has disadvantages too.While it is true thatyou may be among friends in a village, it is also true thatyouare cut off from the exciting and important events that take place in cities. There's little possibilityof going to a new show or the latest movie. Shopping becomes a major problem, and for anythingslightly out of the ordinary you have to goon an expedition to the nearest large town. The city- dweller who leaves for thecountry is oftenoppressedby a sense of unbearable stillness andquiet. What, then, is the answer? The country has the advantage of peace and quiet, but suffers from the disadvantage of being cut off: the city breeds a feeling of isolation, and constant noise batters the senses. Butone of its main advantages is thatyou are at the centre of things, and thatlife doesn'tcome to an end at half-past nine at night. Some people have found (or rather bought) a compromisebetween the two: they have expressed their preference for the "quiet life" by leaving the suburbs and moving to villages within commuting distance of large cities. They generally have about as much sensitivity as the plastic flowers they leave behind-they are polluted with strange ideas aboutchange andimprovement which they force on to the unwilling origina l inhabitants of the villages. What then of my dreams of leaning on a cottage gate and murmuring "morning" to the localsas they pass by. I'm keen on the idea, but you see there's my cat, Toby. I'm not at all sure that he 7would take to all that fresh air and exercise in the long grass. I mean, can you see him mixing with all those hearty malesdown the farm? No, he would rather have the electric imitation-coal fire anyevening.1.We getthe impression from the firstparagraph thatthe author___.edto live in the countryedto work in the cityC.works in the cityD.lives in the country2. In the author's opinion, the following may cause city people to be unhappy EXCEPT___.A.a strong sense of fearck of communicationC.housing conditionsD.a sense of isolation3. The passage implies that it is easy to buy' the following things in the country EXCEPT___A.daily necessitiesB.fresh fruitsC.designer clothesD.fresh vegetables4. According to the passage, which of the following adjectives best describes those people who work in large cities andlive in villages?A.Original.B.Quiet.C.Arrogant.D. Insensitive.5. Do you think the author will move to the country?A. Yes, he will do so.B.No, he will notdo so.C. It is difficultto tell.D.He is in two minds.3 汉英译汉10%We all have biological clock which … when we sleep and when we wake up. If you wake up at 7 every weekday morning but sleep until noon on weekend,you'll upset your biological clock and befatigued.On weekend we should go to bed to sleep early in order to make your biological clock happy andrelieve fatigue.4 英汉译英10%最近的新闻报道说，有一名马里兰州（Maryland）男子对手机制造商提起了法律诉讼，诉称手机微波使他患上了脑癌。

2012年厦门大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．The weather wasn’t favorable and both teams had to______icy rain and a strong wind during the match.A．pin downB．get stuck inC．take control ofD．contend with正确答案：D解析：D选项：contend with的意思为“与(某事物)抗争；苦于应付”，如：Theyhad to contend with winds and sand storms．(他们必须与大风沙作斗争。

)句意：天气很不好，两支球队在比赛中还得应对狂风和冰冷的雨水。

故选D。

其他三项意思分别是：pin down把……固定住，迫使作出决定；get stuck in开始起劲地做某事；take control of控制。

2．People planning to travel by car to North Dakota in the winter are advised to______ their cars with snow tires and warm clothing.A．installB．purchaseC．provideD．equip正确答案：D解析：D选项：equip的意思为“装备，使有能力”。

equip的宾语后可接由with引导的短语，表示“用……装备”，如：Please equip yourself with a sharp pencil and a rubber for the exam．(请准备一枝尖的铅笔和一块橡皮参加考试。

2009年专八真题及答案In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-fillingtask on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.Writing Experimental ReportsI.Content of an experimental report, e.g.--- study subject/ area--- study purpose--- ____1____II.Presentation of an experimental report--- providing details--- regarding readers as _____2_____III.Structure of an experimental report--- feature: highly structured and ____3____--- sections and their content:INTRODUCTION ____4____; why you did itMETHOD how you did itRESULT what you found out____5____ what you think it showsIV. Sense of readership--- ____6____: reader is the marker--- ____7____: reader is an idealized, hypothetical, intelligent person with little knowledge of your study--- tasks to fulfill in an experimental report:? introduction to relevant area? necessary background information? development of clear arguments? definition of technical terms? precise description of data ____8____V. Demands and expectations in report writing--- early stage:? understanding of study subject/area and its implications? basic grasp of the report's format--- later stage:? ____9____ on research significance--- things to avoid in writing INTRODUCTION:? inadequate material? ____10____ of research justification for the studySECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the interview.1. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. Toastmasters was originally set up to train speaking skills.B. Toastmasters only accepts prospective professional speakers.C. Toastmasters accepts members from the general public.D. Toastmasters is an exclusive club for professional speakers.2. The following are job benefits by joining Toastmasters EXCEPTA. becoming familiar with various means of communication.B. learning how to deliver messages in an organized way.C. becoming aware of audience expectations.D. learning how to get along with friends.3. Toastmasters' general approach to training can be summarized asA. practice plus overall training.B. practice plus lectures.C. practice plus voice training.D. practice plus speech writing.4. Toastmasters aims to train people to be all the following EXCEPTA. public speakers.B. grammar teachers.C. masters of ceremonies.D. evaluators5. The interview mainly focuses onA. the background information.B. the description of training courses.C. the requirements of public speaking.D. the overall personal growth.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet. Questions 6 and 7 are'based on the foUowing news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.6. Which of the following is the main cause of global warming?A. Fossil fuel.B. Greenhouse gases.C. Increased dryness.D. Violent storm patterns.7. The news item implies that ______ in the last report.A. there were fewer studies doneB. there were fewer policy proposalsC. there was less agreementD. there were fewer objectivesQuestions 8 and 9 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.8. The cause of the Indian train accident wasA. terrorist sabotage.B. yet to be determined.C. lackof communications.D. bad weather.9. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. The accident occurred on a bridge.B. The accident occurred in New Delhi.C. There were about 600 casualties.D. Victims were rescued immediately.Question 10 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10seconds to answer the question.Now listen to the news.10. What is the main message of the news item?A. Young people should seek careers advice.B. Careers service needs to be improved.C. Businesses are not getting talented people.D. Careers advice is not offered on the Intemet.PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet.TEXT AWe had been wanting to expand our children's horizons by taking them to a place that was unlike anything we'd been exposed to during our travels in Europe and the United States. In thinking about what was possible from Geneva, where we are based, we decided on a trip toIstanbul, a two-hour plane ride from Zurich.We envisioned the trip as a prelude to more exotic ones, perhaps to New Delhi or Bangkok later this year, but thought our 11- and 13-year-olds needed a first step away from manicured boulevards and pristine monuments.What we didn't foresee was the reaction of friends, who warned that we were putting our children "in danger," referring vaguely, and most incorrectly, to disease, terrorism or just the unknown. To help us get acquainted with the peculiarities of Istanbul and to give our children a chance to choose what they were particularly interested in seeing, we bought an excellentguidebook and read it thoroughly before leaving.Friendly warnings didn't change our planning, although we might have more prudently checked with the U.S. State Department's list of troublespots. We didn't see a lot of children among the foreign visitors during our six-day stay in Istanbul, but we found the tourist areas quite safe, very interesting and varied enough even to suit our son, whose oft-repeated request is that we not see "every single" church and museum in a given city.Vaccinations weren't needed for the city, but we were concemed about adapting to the water for a short stay. So we used bottled water for drinking and brushing our teeth, a precaution that mayseem excessive, but we all stayed healthy.Taking the advice of a friend, we booked a hotel a 20-minute walk from most of Istanbul's major tourist sites. This not only got us some morning exercise, strolling over the Karakoy Bridge, but took us past a colorful assortment of fishermen, vendors and shoe shiners.From a teenager and pre-teen's view, Istanbul street life is fascinating since almost everything can be bought outdoors. They were at a good age to spend time wandering the labyrinth of the Spice Bazaar, where shops display mounds of pungent herbs in sacks. Doing thiswith younger children would be harder simply because the streets are so packed with people; itwould be easy to get lost.For our two, whose buying experience consisted of department stores and shopping mall boutiques, it was amazing to discover that you could bargain over price and perhaps end up with two of something for the price of one. They also learned to figure out the relative value of the Turkish lira, not a small matter with its many zeros.Being exposed to Islam was an important part of our trip. Visiting the mosques, especially the enormous Blue Mosque, was our first glimpse into how this major religion is practiced. Our children's curiosity already had been piqued by the five daily calls to prayer over loudspeakers in every corner of the city, and the scarves covering the heads of many women.Navigating meals can be troublesome with children, but a kebab, bought on the street or in restaurants, was unfailingly popular. Since we had decided this trip was not for gourmets, kebabs spared us the agony of trying to find a restaurant each day that would suit the adults' desire to try something new amid children's insistence that the food be served immediately. Gradually, we branched out to try some other Turkish specialties.Although our son had studied Islam briefly, it is impossible to be prepared for every awkward question that might come up, such as during our visits to the Topkapi Sarayi, the Ottoman Sultans' palace. No guides were available so it was do-it-yourself, using our guidebook,which cheated us of a lot of interesting history and anecdotes that a professional guide could provide. Next time, we resolved to make such arrangements in advance.plex, with its imperial treasures, its courtyards and its harem. The last required a bit of explanation that we would have happily lef~to a learned third party.11. The couple chose Istanbul as their holiday destination mainly becauseA. the city is not too far away from where they lived.B. the city is not on the list of the U.S. State Department.C. the city is between the familiar and the exotic.D. the city is more familiar than exotic.12. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A. The family found the city was exactly what they had expected.B. Their friends were opposed to their holiday plan.C. They could have been more cautious about bringing kids along.D. They were a bit cautious about the quality of water in the city.13. We learn from the couple's shopping experience back home thatA. they were used to bargaining over price.B. they preferred to buy things outdoors.C. street markets were their favourite.D. they preferred fashion and brand names.14. The last two paragraphs suggest that to visit places of interest in IstanbulA. guidebooks are very useful.B. a professional guide is a must.C. one has to be prepared for questions.D. one has to make arrangements in advance15. The family have seen or visited all the following in Istanbul EXCEPTA. religious prayers.B. historical buildings.C. local-style markets.D. shopping mall boutiques.TEXT BLast month the first baby-boomers turned 60. The bulky generation born between 1946 and1964 is heading towards retirement. The looming "demographic cliff" will see vast numbers ofskilled workers dispatched from the labour force.The workforce is ageing across the rich world. Within the EU the number of workers aged between 50 and 64 will increase by 25% over the next two decades, while those aged 20-29 willdecrease by 20%. In Japan almost 20% of the population is already over 65, the highest share inthe world. And in the United States the number of workers aged 55-64 will have increased bymore than half in this decade, at the same time as the 35- to 44-year-olds decline by 10%.Given that most societies are geared to retirement at around 65, companies have a loomingproblem of knowledge management, of making sure that the boomers do not leave before theyhave handed over their expertise along with the office keys and their e-mail address. A survey ofhuman-resources directors by IBM last year concluded: "When the baby-boomer generationretires, many companies will find out too late that a career's worth of experience has walked outthe door, leaving insufficient talent to fill in the void."Some also face a shortage of expertise. In aerospace and defence, for example, as much as40% of the workforce in some companies will be eligible to retire within the next five years. At the same time, the number of engineering graduates in developed countries is in steep decline.A few companies are so squeezed that they are already taking exceptional measures. Earlierthis year the Los Angeles Times interviewed an enterprising Australian who was staying inBeverly Hills while he tried to persuade locals to emigrate to Toowoomba, Queensland, to workfor his engineering company there. Toowoomba today; the rest of the developed world tomorrow?If you look hard enough, you can find companies that have begun to adapt the workplace to older workers. The AARP, an American association for the over-50s, produces an annual list ofthe best employers of its members. Health-care firms invariably come near the top because they are one of the industries most in need of skilled labour. Other sectors similarly affected, says the Conference Board, include oil, gas, energy and government.Near the top of the AARP's latest list comes Deere & Company, a no-nonsenseindustrial-equipment manufacturer based in Illinois; about 35% of Deere's 46,000 employees areover 50 and a number of them are in their 70s. The tools it uses to achieve that –flexible working, telecommuting, and so forth - also coincidentaUy help older workers to extend their working lives. The company spends "a lot of time" on the ergonomics of its factories, making jobs there less tiring, which enables older workers to stay at them for longer.Likewise, for more than a decade, Toyota, arguably the world's most advanced manufacturer, has adapted its workstations to older workers. The shortage of skilled labour available to the automotive industry has made it unusually keen to recruit older workers. BMW recently set up a factory in Leipzig that expressly set out to employ people over the age of 45.Needs must when the devil drives.Other firms are polishing their alumni networks. IBM uses its network to recruit retired people for particular projects. Ernst & Young, a professional-services firm, has about 30,000 registered alumni, and about 25% of its "experienced" new recruits are former employees who return after an absence.But such examples are unusual. A survey in America last month by Ernst & Young found that "although corporate America foresees a significant workforce shortage as boomers retire, it is not dealing with the issue." Almost three-quarters of the 1,400 global companies questioned by Deloitte last year said they expected a shortage of salaried staff over the next three to five years. Yet few of them are looking to older workers to fill that shortage; and even fewer are looking to them to fill another gap that has already appeared. Many firms in Europe and America complain that they struggle to find qualified directors for their boards - this when the pool of retired talent from those very same firms is growing by leaps and bounds.Why are firms not working harder to keep old employees? Part of the reason is that the crunch has been beyond the horizon of most managers. Nor is hanging on to older workers the only way to cope with a falling supply of labour. The participation of developing countries in the world economy has increased the overall supply - whatever the local effect of demographics in the rich countries. A vast amount of work is being sent offshore to such places as China and India and more will go in future. Some countries, such as Australia, are relaxing their immigration policies to allow much needed skills to come in from abroad. Others will avoid the need for workers by spending money on machinery and automation.16. According to the passage, the most serious consequence of baby-boomers approaching retirement would beA. a loss of knowledge and experience to many companies.B. a decrease in the number of 35- to 44- year-olds.C. a continuous increase in the number of 50-to 64-year-olds.D. its impact on the developed world whose workforce is ageing.17. The following are all the measures that companies have adopted to cope with the ageing workforce EXCEPTA. making places of work accommodate the needs of older workers.B. using alumni networks to hire retired former employees.C. encouraging former employees to work overseas.D. granting more convenience in working hours to older workers.18. "The company spends 'a lot of time' on the ergonomics of its factories" (Paragraph Seven) means thatA. the company attaches great importance to the layout of its factories.B. the company improves the working conditions in its factories.C. the company attempts to reduce production costs of its factories.D. the company intends to renovate its factories and update equipment.19. In the author's opinion American firms are not doing anything to deal with the issue of theageing workforce mainly becauseA. they have not been aware of the problem.B. they are reluctant to hire older workers.C. they are not sure of what they should do.D. they have other options to consider.20. Which of the following best describes the author's development of argument?A. introducing the issue---citing ways to deal with the issue---~describing the actualstatus---offering reasons.B. describing the actual status--- introducing the issue---citing ways to deal with theissue---offering reasons.C. citing ways to deal with the issue---introducing the issue----describing the actualstatus---offering reasons.D. describing the actual status--offering reasons---introducing the issue---citing ways todeal with the issue.TEXT C(1) The other problem that arises from the employment of women is that of the working wife.It has two aspects: that of the wife who is more of a success than her husband and that of the wife who must rely heavily on her husband for help with domestic tasks. There are various ways in which the impact of the first difficulty can be reduced. Provided that husband and wife are not in the same or directly comparable lines of work, the harsh fact of her greater success can be obscured by a genial conspiracy to reject a purely monetary measure of achievement as intolerably crude. Where there are ranks, it is best if the couple work in different fields so that the husband can find some special reason for the superiority of the lowest figure in his to the most elevated in his wife's.(2) A problem that affects a much larger number of working wives is the need to re-allocate domestic tasks if there are children. In The Road to Wigan Pier George Orwell wrote of the unemployed of the Lancashire coalfields: "Practically never ... in a working-class home, will you see the man doinga stroke of the housework. Unemployment has not changed this convention,which on the face of it seems a little unfair. The man is idle from morning to night but the woman is as busy as ever - more so, indeed, because she has to manage with less money. Yet so far as myexperience goes the women do not protest. They feel that a man would lose his manhood if, merely because he was out of work, he developed in a Mary Ann3) It is over the care of young children that this re-allocation of duties becomes really significant. For this, unlike the cooking of fish fingers or the making of beds, is an inescapably time-consuming occupation, and time is what the fully employed wife has no more to spare of than her husband.(4) The male initiative in courtship is a pretty indiscriminate affair, something that is tried on with any remotely plausible woman who comes within range and, of course, with all degrees of tentativeness. What decides the issue of whether a genuine courtship is going to get under way is the woman's response. If she shows interest the engines of persuasion are set in movement. The truth is that in courtship society gives women the real power while pretending to give it to men. (5) What does seem clear is that the more men and women are together, at work and awayfrom it, the more the comprehensive amorousness of men towards women will have to go, despiteall its past evolutionary services. For it is this that makes inferiority at work abrasive and, more indirectly, makes domestic work seem unmanly, if there is to be an equalizing redistribution of economic and domestic tasks between men and women there must be a compensating redistribution of the erotic initiative. If women will no longer let us beat them they must allow us to join them as the blushing recipients of flowers and chocolates.21. Paragraph One advises the working wife who is more successful than her husband toA. work in the same sort of job as her husband.B. play down her success, making it sound unimportant.C. stress how much the family gains from her high salary.D. introduce more labour-saving machinery into the home.22. Orwell's picture of relations between man and wife in Wigan Pier (Paragraph Two) describes a relationship which the author of the passageA. thinks is the natural one.B. wishes to see preserved.C. believes is fair.D. is sure must change.23. Which of the following words is used literally, NOT metaphorically?A. Abrasive (Paragraph Five).B. Engines (Paragraph Four).C. Convention (Paragraph Two).D. Heavily (Paragraph One).24. The last paragraph stresses that if women are to hold important jobs, then they mustA. sometimes make the first advances in love.B. allow men to flirt with many women.C. stop accepting presents of flowers and chocolates.D. avoid making their husbands look like "Mary Anns".25. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the present form of courtship?A. Men are equally serious about courtship.B. Each man "makes passes" at many women.C. The woman's reaction decides the fate of courtship.D. The man leaves himself the opportunity to give up the chase quickly.TEXT DFrom Namche Bazaar, the Sherpa capital at 12,000 feet, the long line threaded south,dropping 2,000 feet to the valley floor, then trudged down the huge Sola-Khumbu canyon until it opened out to the lush but still daunting foothills of Central Nepal.It was here at Namche that one man broke rank and leaned north, slowly and arduouslyclimbing the steep walls of the natural amphitheater behind the scatter of stone huts, then past Kunde and Khumjong.Despite wearing a balaclava on his head, he had been frequently recognized by the Tibetans,and treated with the gravest deference and respect. Even among those who knew nothing about him, expressions of surprise lit up their dark, liquid eyes. He was a man not expected to be there. Not only was his stature substantially greater than that of the diminutive Tibetans, but itwas also obvious from his bearing - and his new broadcloak, which covered a much-too-tightarmy uniform - that he came from a markedly loftier station in life than did the average Tibetan. Among a people virtually bereft of possessions, he had fewer still, consisting solely of a rounded bundle about a foot in diameter slung securely by a cord over his shoulder. The material the bundle was wrapped in was of a rough Tibetan weave, which did not augur that the content wasof any greater value - except for the importance he seemed to ascribe to it, never for a moment releasing his grip.His objective was a tiny huddle of buildings perched halfway up an enormous valley wallacross from him, atop a great wooded spur jutting out from thelower lap of the 22,493-foot AmaDablum, one of the most majestic mountains on earth. There was situated Tengboche, the most famous Buddhist monastery in the Himalayas, its setting unsurpassed for magnificence anywhere on the planet.From the top of the spur, one's eyes sweep 12 miles up the stupendous Dudh Kosi canyonto the six-mile-long granite wall of cliff of Nuptse at its head. If Ama Dablum is the Gatekeeper,then the sheer cliff of Nuptse, never less than four miles high, is the Final Protector of the highest and mightiest of them all: Chomolongma, the Mother Goddess of the World, to the Tibetans; Sagarmatha, the Head of the Seas, to the Nepalese; and Everest to the rest of us. And over the great barrier of Nuptse She demurely peaks.It was late in the afternoon - when the great shadows cast by the colossal mountains were descending into the deep valley floors - before he reached the crest of the spur and shuffled to a stop just past Tengboche's entrance gompa. His chest heaving in the rarefied air, he removed his hand from the bundle--the first time he had done so - and wiped grimy rivulets of sweat from around his eyes with the fingers of his mitted hand.His narrowed eyes took in the open sweep of the quiet grounds, the pagoda-like monastery itself, and the stone buildings that tumbled down around it like a protective skirt. In the distance the magic light of the magic hour lit up the plume flying off Chomolongma's 29,029-foot-high crest like a bright, welcoming banner.His breathing calmed, he slowly, stiffly struggled forward and up the rough stone steps tothe monastery entrance. There he was greeted with a respectful nameste -"I recognize the divinein you" - from a tall, slim monk of about 35 years, who hastily set aside a twig broom he had been using to sweep the flagstones of the inner courtyard. While he did so, the visitor noticedthat the monk was missing the small finger on his left hand. The stranger spoke a few formal words in Tibetan, and then the two disappeared inside.Early the next morning the emissary - lightened of his load - appeared at the monastery entrance, accompanied by the same monk and the elderly abbot. After a bow of his head, which was returned much more deeply by the two ocher-robed residents, he took his leave. The two solemn monks watched, motionless, until he dipped over the ridge on which the monastery sat, and out of sight.Then, without a word, they turned and went back inside the monastery.26. Which of the following words in Paragraph One implies difficulty in walking?A. "threaded".B. "dropping".C. "trudged".D. "daunting".27. In the passage the contrast between the Tibetans and the man is indicated in all the following aspects EXCEPTA. clothing.B. height.C. social status.D. personal belongings.28. It can be inferred from the passage that one can get ______ of the region from the monastery.A. a narrow viewB. a hazy viewC. a distant viewD. a panoramic view29. Which of the following details shows that the man became relaxed after he reached the monastery?A. "...he reached the crest of the spur and shuffled to a stop..."B. "...he removed his hand from the bundle..."C. "His narrowed eyes took in the open sweep of the quiet grounds..."D. "...he slowly, stiffly struggled forward and up the rough stone steps..."30. From how it is described in the passage the monastery seems to evokeA. a sense of awe.B. a sense of piety.C. a sense of fear.D. a sense of mystery.PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question. Mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet.31. The Head of State of New Zealand isA. the governor-general.B. the Prime Minister.C. the high commissioner.D. the monarch of the United Kingdom.32. The capital of Scotland isA. Glasgow.B. Edinburgh.C. Manchester.D. London.33. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence and later became the U.S. President?A. Thomas Jefferson.B. George Washington.C. Thomas Paine.D. John Adams.。

2013年厦门大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．______one time, Manchester was the home of the most productive cotton mills in the world.A．OnB．ByC．AtD．Of正确答案：C解析：at one time为固定词组，意义为“曾经”。

句意是，曼彻斯特曾经是世界上最大的纺织厂基地。

所以正确答案是C选项。

2．If you come to Tokyo, I can put you______in an apartment near my company.A．acrossB．downC．outD．up正确答案：D解析：四个选项的意思分别是put across使……被理解；put down放下，镇压；put out熄灭，赶走；put up供给……住宿。

句意是，如果你来东京，可以住在位于我公司附近的一处公寓里。

所以正确答案是D选项。

3．It seems oil______from this pipe for some time. We’ll have to take the machine apart to put it right.A．had leakedB．is leakingC．leakedD．has been leaking正确答案：D解析：现在完成进行时表示在一段时间内持续进行的动作，并对现在产生一定的影响。

句意是，似乎石油从管道泄漏已有一段时间了。

我们将不得不把机器拆开修理。

所以正确答案是D选项。

4．He will agree to do what you require______him.A．ofB．fromC．toD．for正确答案：A解析：四个选项的意思分别是require of sb．要求某人；require sth．from sb．要求某人某事；require to do sth．要求做某事。

2009年复旦大学博士研究生入学考试因英语试题Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15%):Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there arefour choices marked A,B, C and D, Choose the one that best completes thesentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with asingle line through the center.I. In my Opinion, a good deal of the for their success must go to John Francis, The captain.A. reputationB. respectC. creditD. compliment2. It had been an abominable afternoon, at about Six O'clock in her father's suddencollapse into sub-consciousness.A. pitchingB. risingC. soaringD. culminating3. Mary was a shy Woman and took behind a rather forbidding bluntness of manner.A. refugeB. kindnessC. frightD. appearance4. You can't count on him; he's liable to out when things become difficult.A. beB. letC. take D opt5. As they entered the village shop, the old lady behind the counter at them kindly.A. beamedB. glaredC. grimacedD. peeped6. The outlying island that belongs to this metropolis is an oasis where green prevails and traditions hold fast.A. bustlingB. whistlingC. ruffling.D. rustling7. The aim of making self-criticism for the mistakes is to help us so that We shall not retreat them later.A. show offB. hold outC. measure upD. sober up8. The famous writer was born in Herhamsted, which was town to be on the map.A. too a smallB. a too smallC. a small tooD. too small a9. The young man was at the of his career when he was killed in a car accidentA. zenithB. glamourC. bloomD. blossom10．__ nothing more to say, the man got to his feet, said goodbye and left the room.A. There wasB. As there beingC. BeingD. There being11. We hadn't met for nearly 20 years, but I recognized him I saw him in the street,A. the minute that.B. the minute WhenC. at a time whenD. at a time that12. I know of no other qualities than thinking which makes for the perfection of the mindit alone makes us men and distinguishes us from the beastsA. in caseB. providing thatC. for all thatD. inasmuch as13. The sheep were huddled into a to protect them from overnight frosts.A. hutchB. penC. cageD. kennel14. We had to take the front door off its to get this desk in to the house.A. joints :B. hingesC. boardsD. axles15. Cream is a yellowish oil-in-water which forms When milk is allowed to standA. emulsionB. albumenC. embrocationD. yolk16. For some people brought up in this period, the habits of duty lasted for the wholeof their lifetime.A. capriciousB. callousC. filialD. elusive17. Her cinematic debut was and she decided to return to the theatre where sheremained for the rest of her career.A. indelibleB. infallibleC. incredulousD. inauspicious18. Employees knew from the very that their jobs would finish this year.A. upshotB. outbreakC. outcomeD. outset19. There was a group of demonstrators anti-government slogans in the square. A. crowing B. chanting C. intoning D. crooning20. In their The groups old as many records as all Se other groups hi the country puttogether.A. eulogyB. heydayC. summitD. mundaneness21. He never does any disinterested action; he's always on the .A. make B: move C. rise D. go22. After losing the court case the company became something of a joke in the businessworld.A. StandingB. steadyC. persistingD. settled23 "See you " ，she said casually 。

2009年吉林大学考博英语真题G Part 1 Vocabulary and Structure (15 points)Directions: There are thirty incomplete sentences in this part. For e ach sentence there are four choices, marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSW ER SHEEET with a single line through the center.1. However, growth in the fabricated metals industry was able to____ some of the decline in the iron and steelindustry.A. overturnB. overtakeC. offsetD. oppress2. France's ____of nuclear testing in the south pacific last month t riggered political debates and mass demonstrations.A. assumptionB. consumptionC. presumptionD. resumption3. The winners of the football championship ran off the field carryi ng the silver cup____.A. turbulentlyB.tremendouslyC.triumphantlyD. tentatively4. the 215-page manuscript circulated to publishers last October. ____ an outburst-of interest.A. flaredB. glitteredC. sparkedD. flashed5. The most important for assessment in this contest is originality of design. ？A. thresholdB. partitionC. warrantD. criterion6.The American society is____ an exceedingly shaky foundation of natur al resources, which is connected with the possibility of a worsening environment.A.establishedB.affiliated toC.originated fromD.incorporated with7. She has ____ a large sum of money from her father.A. inheritedB. presentedC. hostedD. turned'8. He may give the impression of being severe, but he is quite a kind person___.A. from heartB. at heartC. of heartD. by heart9. The city government is getting its residents to property ___thei r garbage.A. break upB. dispose ofC. check outD. hand out10. The English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest ___to everyone.A. speculationB. attributionC. utilizationD. proposition11. In fact as he approached this famous statue, he only barely res isted the ___to reach into his bag for his camera.A. impatienceB. impulseC. incentiveD. initiative12. Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common secondlanguage could____.A. descendB. declineC. deteriorateD. depress13. Equipment not ____ official safety standards has all been remov ed from the workshop.A.conforming toB.consistent withC.predominant overD.providing for14. The introduction of gunpowder gradually made the bow and arrow___ _, particularly in Western Europe.A. obscureB. obsoleteC. optionalD. overlapping15. They used to quarrel a lot, but now they are completely with___ _ each other.A. reconciledB. negotiated C, associated D. accommodated16. Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just____ and needs proving.A. spontaneousB. hypotheticalC. intuitiveD. empirical17. The future of this company is ____ : many of its talented empl oyees are flowing into more profitable net-basedbusinesses.A. at oddsB. in troubleC. in vainD. at stake18. It is no ______ that a large number of violent crimes are comm itted under the influence of alcohol.A . coincidence B. correspondence C. inspiration D. intuition19. The English language contains a(n) _ of words which are comparat ive seldom used in ordinary conversation.A. altitudeB. latitudeC. multitudeD. attitude20. A membership card ____the holder to use the club's facilities fo r a period of twelve months.A. approvesB. authorizesC. rectifiesD. endows21. He wore shorts and a T-shirt that revealed well-muscled legs and arms and a strong neck that ____the grizzled hair.A. beliedB. deniedC. reliedD. believed22. The football team celebrated its victory in a ____fashion, so the neighbors downstairs complained bitterly to them.A. strenuousB. ambiguousC. tumultuousD. conspicuous23. The bus is packed and it seems there is no room for one more person in the ____.A. channelB. streetC. laneD. aisle24. His first play has been ___to the screen.A. transferredB. translatedC. transportedD. transformed25. It is impossible to __ what will happen.A. talkB. speakC. predictD. prediction26. This is the sample of Chinese architecture ___by Japanese designe rs.A. changedB. alteredC. variedD. modified27. His whole attitude had undergone a ___ change.A. miniatureB. subtleC. fewD. little28. My conscience __ me to tell the truth.A. compelsB. repelsC. dispelsD spells29. I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a character.A. graciousB. uniqueC. suspiciousD. particular30. The room was dark, and Stan nearly fell over a chair as heto the phone.A. trembledB. stumbledC. mumbledD. scrambledPart II Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this part there are 4 passages followed by questions or unfinished statements . each with four suggested answers. Choose t he one you think is the best answer. Mark you choice on the ANSWER SHEEET with a single line through the center.Questions 31-35 are based on the following passage:Economists believe that investors are rational, and that stock pri ces are therefore unpredictable. It sounds peculiar, but the logic is ironclad.Rational investors would take into account everything they know wh en buying or selling stock ___ all the information available about w here profits, interest rates, technology and so on are going. So sto ck prices would reflect all available knowledge, and would change onl y when new information came in. And new information is, by definitio n, unpredictable, which means that changes in stock prices would be unpredictable, too. But investors, being human, are driven by fear, g reed and the madness of crowds.In principle this should create patterns in stock prices, and in pri nciple you can use those patterns to outperform the market. But whil e it may be very hard to tell whether the market is overvalued or undervalued, one thing is for sure: It fluctuates more than it sho uld. That isinstead of rising or falling only when there is real news about fut ure, stocks surge and plunge for no good reason.People sell because other people are selling, or buy because other people are buying. And, as a result, it is more a series of random leaps than a random walk. Tuesday was a case in point. On a slow news day, markets suddenly dived, with the Dow falling by more tha n 3 percent and the Nastaq by more than 5 without anything happenin g to change your fundamental view about what is on in the U.S. eco nomy. Why was the market so easily spooked? Presumably because everyo ne is even more confused than usual about what stocks are really th ose days.On one side, the U.S. economy has been wallowing in good news. Prod uctivity has been soaring, allowing the economy to grow far faster t han seemed possible. And with clever new applications of silicon chip s coming out every day, it is easy to become exuberant about the f uture. On the other hand, as any financial theorist could tell you, good news that you already expect to hear I isn't news. Five year s ago, a 2 percent annual increase in worker productivity would have been regarded as excellent, and stocks would have risen sharply. To day it would be regarded as a disappointing performance, and would d rive stocks down.So, is it terrific or incredible? Nobody really knows. And a rationa l market would accept this ignorance, and waitfor some actual evidenc e in favor of one side or the other.Of course, it doesn’t work that way. One Tuesday, something caused investors to become sligh tly less convinced than they had been the day before that we are li ving in the best of all possible world. And the result was a huge destruction of paper-virtual- wealth.31. Paragraph 2 seems to suggest that ________ .A. investors are not always rationalB. stock price reflects all available knowledgeC. a rational investor should be good in prediction of the marketD. because new information is unpredicted it is hard for investors t o be rational32. According to the text, investors become irrational because _______ _ .A. they are not experiencedB. they possess the nature we all haveC. the U.S. economy is sometimes unpredictableD. they are confused about the changes of the stock market33.The result of “Tuesday case’’is that _______.A. the U.S. economy soaredB. the U.S. stock price fell sharplyC. people were disappointed about U.S. economyD. people were not sure about what stocks were really worth34. In paragraph 5, the phrase "wallowing in" may be replaced by____.A. delighted inB. surprised byC. convinced byD. doublful about35.We learn from the text that __.A. the investors are ignorantB. the stock market can be frightened very easily •C. the falling of Dow by 3 percent is considered as a 'random walk”D. a 2 percent annual increase in worker productivity is not a goodresultQuestions 36-40 are based on the following passageThe military services recently have shown more interest in family issues,including those relating to father-child relationships. This interest parallelsthe growing recognition by military leaders of the interdependency between military effectiveness and family functioning. It has been found that the extent to hich members are satisfied with their familylife is reflected in their job performance and is eventually tied totheir decision to stay in the military.for handling incidents of child abuse (虐待)and neglect. A key aspect of these important moves is their focus on prevention rather than punishment and discharge.This recognition, coupled with the changing image of the military community and family, has helped to provide more support services for military fathers. At the present time, the military services include a number of organizations that provide an impressive rangeof services and programs for fathers. Among these are Family Support Centers, Chaplain Services, Parent Education Programs, Child-Care Services, and Recreational Services for fathers and their children. In addition, each service branch has established policies and procedures Despite military efforts to provide services for families, militaryfathers have been unwilling in ihe past to seed services or ask for help with a personal or family problem. They often believe thatif they seek help for a problem, (hey may risk the danger of putting themselves in very unfavorable conditions and thus ruin their careers. As a consequence, military services and programs in recent yearshave increasingly adopted the concept of reaching out to military fathers to prevent certain problems in their planning efforts.36. The word "parallels" (line 3, para1) means ___.A. extends side by side withB. is similar toC. grows at the same time asD. acts as a balance to37. From the first paragraph we can see that _______ .A. enjoyable family life is the key to military effectivenessB. military leaders are anxious to improve their relationship with their children C. fathers are usually unwilling to stay in the militar y D. enjoyable family life promotes job performance38. The fundamental goal of the organizations listed in the second p aragraph is___.A. to prevent crimes in the militaryB. to bring about military effectivenessC. to handle incidents of child abuse and neglectD. to educate the children in the military39. The support services described in the passage .A. have done their best to help military fathersB. have solved all the problems of military fathersC. have not been functioning e fficientlyD. have ruined some people's careers .40. Form the last sentence of the passage, we know that____.A. access to military services has been made more convenient recentlyB. military services have been working hard on some ideological pro blemsC. more and more people have realized the importance of planning in military servicesD. the concept of prevention rather than punishment has been accepted by most people in the militaryQuestions 41-45 are based on the following passage:For more than a decade, the Federal Superfund program, designed to c lean up America's waste sites, has been a gold mine for lawyers and consultants.Billions have been spent on Superfund since 1980,but cleanup has been completed at fewer than 5 percent of the nation's 1,200 most dange rous waste sites.Where has the money gone? An enormous amount has been spent arguing and litigating over who should pay for cleanup. When Congress creat ed Superfund, it envisioned fast, efficient cleanups that would be fu nded by findingthose responsible at each and every site and making them pay. While this sounds good in theory, in reality this approach has buried Co ngress's vision under an avalanche of litigation and expensive, length y negotiations.First, many sites were created by waste disposal that took place 20, 30 or 40 years ago, or even longer. This can make identifying eve ryone connected with a site-finding records to prove who has owned a nd operated it, who sent what waste, how much and where-expensive an d time-consuming.Second, Superfund holds anyone who has ever owned, used or transporte d waste to a site liable for the entire cost of cleanup, even if no laws were broken at the time and even if they contributed only a tiny fractions of waste. This forces those identified at Superfundsites--- whether they be large corporations, small businesses, local governments, hospitals, universities or even individuals -- to spend more time and money looking for others to share the costs.With cleanup costs averaging $26 milling per site and some sites cos ting in the hundreds of millions, it's little wonder that organizatio ns and private parties spend years in negotiating and litigation. In fact, at some sites, more money is spent on determining who will pay than on cleanup itself. This does a lot for lawyers and consult ants but very little for the environment. .Even the Administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EP A) commented, “One of the sad truths about the program is that so much money has gone to people in three-piece suits and not moon s uits.41. What can we learn about the Federal Superfund program?A. It is an environmental protection plan.B. It concerns the cleanup of mining operations for gold run by the federal government.C. it employs lawyers and consultants to decide the proper cleanup sites.D. It completes about 5% of the cleanup every year.42. The third paragraph suggests that____.A. quick results were not expected when the program was initiatedB. the funding of cleanups would come from whoever was responsible f or the waste sitesC. the program has caused people to be more car eful about waste disposalD. Congress has all but given up the prog ram43. Which of the following is the major problem in carrying out the program?A. Identifying the waste sites.B. Estimating the cost of cleanup.C. Finding the important records and files.D. Determining the responsibility for the waste sites.44. Negotiations and litigation go on and on because those involved and identified .A. demand absolute fairness in paying the costB. want others to sh are the costsC. deny having broken lawsD. have little money on the cleanup45.What does the last sentence of the passage imply?A. The EPA has spent a lot of money.B. Cleanup needs much more money than expected.C. Money has disappe ared in many different ways.D. Money has been wasted on litigation.Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:The realm of product liability is one that has always put legal sch olars and practitioners at odds. Viewed by some as genuine efforts t o protect the public from dangerous goods and others as an excuse for dirty lawyers to sue rich companies, the matter has yet to be r esolved. Product liability, and its implications for disgruntled consum ers wishing to sue the makers of what they buy, continues to be de bated.Those who argue that current product liability laws are positive asse rt that without such laws, manufacturers would be free to do as the y please without regard for the safety of the consumers who buy the ir products. As a result, they argue, shoddy merchandise would emerge , with every possible corner cut in order to lower costs, at the e xpense of quality. Not only would the shoddy merchandise be a rip-of f, however, but the products could likely be harmful as well. Propon ents of this point of view hail the new wave of warning labels and increased quality assurance that has resulted from recent product li ability legislation, confident in their conviction that it has made t he American marketplace a safer place to shop.Opponents of the current status-quo, however, cite the overwhelming am ount of litigation that has taken place as a result of stricter pro duct liability. A moderate approach is advised by this group, between the necessary safeguards that would prevent abuse of the system by the companies and the excessive consumer-protection laws that allow producers to be sued at the drop of a hat. These people argue that greed and the alluring possibility of easy money lead unscrupulous buyers to look for any excuse to bring minor grievances to court, h oping for a million-dollar outcome.As the situation stands now, the former camp is getting its way, re flecting society's priority of safety over economics. Recent lobbying by producers have begun to shift the tide, however. As abuse of pro duct liability laws continues and grows, courts are beginning to note the trend and take appropriate measures, casting a keener eye on s uch cases so as to distinguish between frivolous cases and more seri ous claims. In regard to the future of product liability legislation and its relation to our ever increasingly litigious society, only t ime will tell.46. It is stated that consumers who bring product liability problems to litigation____.A. are primarily motivated by the possibility of quick money through a lawsuitB. suffer injuries from faulty merchandise and deserve ap propriate compensationC. will find their options limited in the future as product liabilit y laws will move toward a more moderatepositionD. bring their issues to litigation based on both legitimate and pro fit-seeking ,grounds47. Manufacturers in the passage tend to ________ .A. invariably produce dangerous products that require legislation to e nsure safetyB. hold profit and cost-cutting in higher regard than consumer safetyC. be the victims of a legal institution that unfairly targets the mD. be bound by the current system, causing them to take caution in producing their products48. Those who favor less strict product liability laws believe that _________ .A. such laws curb producers’ability to create shoddy merchandise to attain greater profitB. the laws need to be modified to better s ense (he needs of both consumers and producersC. the results of su ch laws have been positive thus far. but need to be modifiedD. st rict product liability laws are unnecessary and should be disposed of49.The author's attitude toward the issue seems to be _________ .A. biasedB. puzzlingC. objectiveD. indifferent50. The main purpose of this passage is to ________ .A. present two opposing sides of an argument for the reader's consid erationB. educate the reader about the effect of product liability legislati on on the legal systemC. convince the reader that product liability laws need to be change dD. inform the reader of the current status of product liability l awsPart III Cloze(10 points)Directions: There are twenty blanks in the following passage. For eac h blank there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corre sponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.A food bank is the center of food collection and distribution in a community. This food usually 51 from grocery stores or manufactur ers that have thousands of pounds of food to give 52 . Food banks operate intricate and advanced warehousing operations, 53 food is co llected, 54 and re-distributed to the community. Traditionally, a food bank does not distribute food 55 to those in 56 . 57, food banks serve an58 network, of organizations in their 59 communities. These organizations serve one part of the 60 and know the needs of the people there. 61 working, together, the food bank and the community organization can serve a greater 62Many food banks provide of peo ple in the most efficient way.Many food banks provide 63 services. They 64 from after school feedi ng programs, 65In the aftermath of welfare reform, food banks throughout the country are raising private Kids Cafe, to community agricul ture projects.66 to operate innovative programs and to 67 those who are hungry. Every food bank strives to be a hunger advocate producing 68 studi es and tracking statistics, while lending their hands-on expertise to get legislation passed and ensuring that the 69 of domestic hunger is not lost in the shadow of an70 boom".51. A. results B. collects C. comes D. gathers52. A. away B. out C. over D. off53. A. which B. where c. what D. how54. A. accepted B. offered c. processed D. sorted55. A instantly B. directly c voluntarily D. readily56. A need B haste c. debt D. order57. A. However B. Otherwise c. Instead D. Certainly58. A. abnormal B. optional c. imaginary D. extensive59. A. individual B. respective c. special D. widespread60. A. organization B. bank c. operation D. community61. A. Therefore B. Nevertheless C. Still D. Conversely62. A. amount B. deal C. number D. quantity63. A regular B. other C. daily D. depositing64. A.change B. alter C. differ D range distributing65. A. including B. providing C. managing D66. A. demands B. properties C. funds D. plans67. A. shelter B. feed C. clothe D. finance68. A. poverty B. welfare C. hunger D. food69. A. issue B. policy C. reform D. project70. A. economical B. economics C. economy D. economicPart IV Translation from English into Chinese. (15 points) Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate th e underlined sentences into Chinese：Your translations must be writte n neatly on ANSWER SHEET.Many critics of the current welfare system argue that existing welfar e regulations lead to family instability. They believe that those reg ulations, which exclude most poor husband-and-wife families from Aid t o Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) assistance grants, contribute to the problem of family dissolution. (71)Thus, they conclude that expanding the set of families that can elig ibly get such grants would result in a marked strengthening of the low-income family structure.If all poor families could receive welfare, would the incidence of instability change markedly? The answer to this question depends o n the relative importance of three types of potential welfare recipie nts. The first is the “cheater”-the husband who is reported to have abandoned his family, but in fact disappears only when the social worker is in the neighborhood. ( 72) The second consists of a loving husband and devoted father who, sensing his own inadequacy as a family supporter, leaves so that h is wife and children may enjoy the relative benefit provided by publ ic assistance.There is very little evidence that these two types are significant.The third type is the unhappily married couple, who remain toget her out of a sense of economic responsibility or their children, bec ause of the high costs of separation, or because of the consumption benefits of marriage. This group is large. (73) The formation, main tenance, and dissolution of the family is in large part a function of the relative balance between the benefits and costs of marriage a s seen by the individual members of the marriage. Since the family performs certain functions society regards as vital, a complex network of social and legal process has evolved to reinforce marriage. Much of the variation in martial stability across income classes can be explained by the variation in costs of dissolution imposed by soc iety, such as division of poverty, and child support. (74) Marital s tability is related to the costs of achieving an acceptable agreement on family consumption and production and to the prevailing social p rice of instability in the marriage partners' social-economic group. E xpected income exerts pressures on family instability by reducing the cost of dissolution. To the extent that welfare is a form of gove rnment-subsidized AFDC payments, it reduces the costs of separation an d guarantees a minimal standard of living for wife and children. So welfare opportunities are a significant determinant of family instabi lity in poor neighborhoods, but this is not the result to AFDC regu lations that exclude most intact families from coverage. (75) Rather, welfare-related instability occurs because public assistance lowers bo th the benefits of marriage and the costs of its breach by providin g a system of government-subsidized payments.Part IV Writing(20 points)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a co mposition.The writing covers the following: more deserts appearing in many area s and possible causes of the problem, suggestions for improving the living environment such as planting trees, and what you could do for environmental protection. You should write at least 200 words follow ing the outline given above.。

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1。

(10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit—fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer's piece in the Science Times on Tuesday。

Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives。

This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer，that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high—priced option。

It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning —a gradual 7 — instead of instinct。

Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to9 intelligence？That's the question behind this new research. I like it。

2011年厦门大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Which sport has the most expenses ______ training equipment, players’personal equipment and uniforms?A．in place ofB．in terms ofC．by means ofD．by way of正确答案：B解析：句子的大意为：就训练设备、运动员的个人装备和服装来说，哪项运动花费最多?A项in place of“代替”；B项in terms of“就……而言，在……方面”；C项bymeans of“凭借……”；D项by way of“用……方法”。

所以B项符合题意。

2．All______is a steady supply of water to the farmland.A．which needsB．that is neededC．the thing is neededD．need正确答案：B解析：句子的大意为：所需要的就是对农田用水的稳定供应。

本句主语为不定代词all，“that is needed”为主语的定语从句。

所以B项符合题意。

3．Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, ______obtaining water is not the least.A．for whichB．to whichC．of whichD．in which正确答案：C解析：句子的大意为：住在澳洲中部的沙漠区会面临很多问题，获取水资源还不是最重要的。