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考博士英语试题及答案一、词汇和语法（共20分，每题2分）1. The word "innovate" is most closely related to which of the following?A. CreateB. ImitateC. DuplicateD. Annihilate答案：A2. Which sentence is grammatically correct?A. She has been working here since she graduated.B. She has been working here since she graduated from university.C. She has been working here since she graduated university.D. She has been working here since she was graduated.答案：B3. The correct usage of the word "subsequent" is demonstrated in which sentence?A. The subsequent event was unexpected.B. The subsequent events were unexpected.C. The subsequent event was not expected.D. The subsequent events were not expected.答案：B4. What is the antonym of "abundant"?A. ScarceB. AbundantC. PlentifulD. Ample答案：A5. The phrase "at the mercy of" means:A. To be in a position of power.B. To be controlled by someone or something.C. To show mercy to someone.D. To be in a state of uncertainty.答案：B...二、阅读理解（共30分，每篇阅读5题，每题2分）Passage 1[文章内容略]6. What is the main idea of the passage?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]7. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]8. The author's attitude towards the subject can be best described as:A. SkepticalB. OptimisticC. NeutralD. Pessimistic答案：[正确答案]9. What does the term "paradigm shift" refer to in the context of the passage?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]10. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案][其他Passage及问题略]三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）[文章内容略]11. The blank [ ] should be filled with:A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]12. The word that best completes the sentence is:A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]...四、翻译（共20分，每题5分）13. Translate the following sentence into English: [中文句子]答案：[英文翻译]14. Translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: [英文句子]答案：[中文翻译]...五、写作（共10分）15. Write an essay of about 300 words on the topic "The Impact of Technology on Education".[写作指导略][学生作文略]注意：以上试题及答案仅为示例，实际考试内容会有所不同。
华科英语面试试题及答案 一、单项选择题（每题 2 分，共 20 分） 1. Which of the following is NOT a part of the United Kingdom? A. England B. Scotland C. Wales D. Ireland 2. The English word "library" comes from the Latin word "libraria," which originally meant:
A. A place for books B. A place for scrolls C. A place for learning D. A place for writing 3. Who is the author of the novel "1984"? A. George Orwell B. Aldous Huxley C. J.R.R. Tolkien D. Virginia Woolf 4. In English grammar, what is the term for a word that modifies a noun?
A. Adjective B. Adverb C. Verb D. Preposition 5. Which of the following is a transitive verb? A. Sleep B. Run C. Laugh D. Eat 6. What is the past tense of the verb "read"? A. Read B. Readed C. Readen D. Readed 7. The phrase "kick the bucket" is an idiomatic expression that means:
A. To start a new job B. To die C. To be very tired D. To be very happy 8. Which of the following is a preposition? A. And B. But C. On D. Or 9. The word "bungalow" comes from which language? A. Spanish B. Hindi C. French D. German 10. What is the meaning of the acronym "FAQ"? A. Frequently Asked Questions B. Full-time Assistant C. Fast Acting Question D. Free Application Question 答案： 1. D 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. D 6. A 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. A 二、多项选择题（每题 2 分，共 20 分） 1. Which of the following are tenses in English grammar? A. Present Perfect B. Past Continuous C. Future Perfect D. All of the above 2. What are some common English phrasal verbs that include the word "up"?
2013年厦门大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．______one time, Manchester was the home of the most productive cotton mills in the world.A．OnB．ByC．AtD．Of正确答案：C解析：at one time为固定词组，意义为“曾经”。
句意是，曼彻斯特曾经是世界上最大的纺织厂基地。
所以正确答案是C选项。
2．If you come to Tokyo, I can put you______in an apartment near my company.A．acrossB．downC．outD．up正确答案：D解析：四个选项的意思分别是put across使……被理解；put down放下，镇压；put out熄灭，赶走；put up供给……住宿。
句意是，如果你来东京，可以住在位于我公司附近的一处公寓里。
所以正确答案是D选项。
3．It seems oil______from this pipe for some time. We’ll have to take the machine apart to put it right.A．had leakedB．is leakingC．leakedD．has been leaking正确答案：D解析：现在完成进行时表示在一段时间内持续进行的动作，并对现在产生一定的影响。
句意是，似乎石油从管道泄漏已有一段时间了。
我们将不得不把机器拆开修理。
所以正确答案是D选项。
4．He will agree to do what you require______him.A．ofB．fromC．toD．for正确答案：A解析：四个选项的意思分别是require of sb．要求某人；require sth．from sb．要求某人某事；require to do sth．要求做某事。
2013翻译Part III Chinese-English TranslationAs a developing country, China is confronted with the dual task of developing its economy and protecting its environment. However, as a country with a large population, relative insufficiency of natural resources and an expanding economy, China suffers an increasingly significant disparity between economic development and natural resources and the environment. The serious environmental problem caused by severe pollution, deteriorating ecological conditions, hugeconsumption of resources and low reclamation has already become a bottleneck for the sustainable development of the Chinese economy.Proceeding from its actual conditions, China has, in the process of promoting its overall modernization program, made environmental protection one of its basic state policies, regarded the realization of sustained economic development as an important strategy and meanwhile, carried out nationwide campaigns for pollution prevention and treatment as well as environment and ecology conservation, the conditions of environmental degradation have been controlled fundamentally. Practice shows that our practice of coordinating the relationship between economic development and environmental protection is effective. Only if man makes reasonable use of nature and keeps and harmonious relationship with it in the process of development can the civilization created by him be maintained and developed, and can he share subsistence and glory with nature and develop with nature in a coordinating way. As a member of the international community, China, while making great efforts to protect its own environment, has taken an active part in international environmental affairs, striven to promote international cooperation in the field of environmental protection, and earnestly fulfilled its international obligations. All those have given full expression to the sincerity and determination of the Chinese government and people to protect the global environment。
财教创办北大、人大、中、北外授 训营对视频集、一一保分、、小班
2013年华中科技大学
英语翻译硕士
考研真题及答案解析
育明教育梁老师提醒广大考生:
历年考研真题资料是十分珍贵的,研究真题有利于咱们从中分析出题人的思路和心态,因为每年专业课考试不管在题型还是在内容上都有很高的相似度，考研学子们一定要重视.
有什么疑问可以随时联系育明教育梁老师,我会为根据各位考生的具体情况提供更加有针对性的指导。
翻译硕士英语
第一部分是改错，十分。
一共四句话，每句话划出了ABCD 四个单词或短语，然后选择一个之后，进行改错。
第二部分是20个单选，难度不大。
第三部分是5篇阅读，30分或40分，每篇4个问题。
文章较短，难度不大，但是选项设置的很有技巧，非常多的偷换概念，移花接木，偷换主语等障碍。
第四部分是一篇缩写，10分。
给出的文章370个单词，要求缩写到100-150个单词。
难度不大，只需删除举例的段落，添加一些词句即可。
第五部分是作文，30分。
题目是did you agree or disagree some people say that "the computer has destroyed communication among friends and family".
英语翻译基础
第一部分 词语翻译
CPI
AQ
CBD
NDRC。
2013年南京大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and V ocabulary1．Shoes of this kind are______to slip on wet ground.A．feasibleB．approprateC．aptD．fitting正确答案：C解析：近义词辨析。
feasible“可行的”；appropriate“适当的，恰当的”；apt “恰当的，有……倾向的”；fitting“适合的，适宜的”。
根据语义“这样的鞋子在湿地上很容易打滑。
”可知，C选项意为“有……倾向的”，符合句意，因此本题选C。
2．I bought an alarm clock with a(n)______dial which can be seen clearly in the dark.A．supersonicB．luminousC．audibleD．amplified正确答案：B解析：形容词词义辨析。
supersonic“超音速的，超声波的”；luminous“发光的，明亮的”；audible“听得见的”；amplified“放大的，扩充的”。
根据空格后部分“在黑夜里也可以看得很清楚”可以判断空格处应填入与光亮相关的词，故答案为B。
3．Her jewelry______under the spotlights and she became the dominant figure at the ball.A．glaredB．glitteredC．blazedD．glowed正确答案：B解析：近义词辨析。
四个选项都有“发光”的意思，但glare强调发炫光，发耀眼的强光，通常指光亮平滑的表面发出的光；glitter指闪闪地发光，发光点较小；blaze指猛烈燃烧所发出强烈的光；glow多指像冶炼铁和钢时发出的红光。
北京大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part One: Listening ComprehensionSection A (10%)Directions: In this section you will hear 3 passages. Each passage will be read only ONCE. At the end of each passage, there will be a pause. Listen carefully to the passagesand then answer the questions that follow. Mark your choice on the AnswerSheet.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 3 are based on the passage you have just heard.1. Which of the following statements is true about heart disease?A. It kills 2.6 million people all over the world each year.B. It is a major disease in Western countries.C. It is caused by the blood supply that nourishes the heart muscle.D. It can cause the blood vessels to become blocked.2. What can we learn from the study in England and Scotland?A. There are more meat and fish eaters than vegetarians in the study.B. 32% of the people in the study are vegetarians.C. People who have normal blood pressure and a healthy weight-are eligible for the study.D. No vegetarians died from heart disease in the study.3. What did Tracy Parker from the British Heart Foundation suggest?A. Eating more vegetables would result in a healthy heart.B. Vegetarians should eat foods high in saturated fat and salt, too.C. We should try to avoid meat in our diet.D. Vegetarians had better eat meat to compensate for any lost vitamins and minerals. Passage TwoQuestions 4 to 6 are based on the passage you have just heard.4. Which of the following statements in NOT true about the Chinese version of James Joyce’snovel Finnegans Wake?A. It took the translator 8 years to translate.B. It was so popular among readers that a second edition was being printed.C. The first run of 8,000 copies sold out in less than a month.D. It was one of the bestsellers in Shanghai last week.5. What did the translator Ms. Dai say about her work?A. Her work was not faithful to the original intent of the novel.B. She had tried to make her work as complex as the original.C. She had tried to make her work easy to understand.D. She was not surprised that her work had become a hit in the country.6. How did some critics explain the “Finnegans Wake” phenomenon in China?A. It’s because the stream of consciousness style was warmly received by Chinese readers.B. It’s because the demand for translation of foreign-language novels exploded.C. It’s because the translation of the highbrow novel tickled some Chinese readers’ vanity.D. It’s because Chinese readers were interested in the novelist who was mentally ill. Passage ThreeQuestions 7 to 10 are based on the passage you have just heard.7. Talking about the world’s most prolific killers, which of the following is NOT mentioned by thespeaker?A.SharksB.LionsC.Cats D.Rodents8. How many birds do domestic cats kill each year?A. Between 1.4 billion and 3.7 billionB.20billionC. 33 bird speciesD. 14% of all bird species9. Why have researchers called on authorities to deal with cats?A. Because the population of cats is increasing.B. Because cats are finely tuned killers under the guise of cute, cuddly friends.C. Because cats have caused species extinctions and affect the integrity of our ecosystems.D. Because cats don’t play integral roles in our ecosystems.10. Which of the following statements is true about free-ranging domestic cats?A. They have the same hunting strategies as lions and tigers do.B. They are allowed to leave home and go anywhere they want.C. Their owners usually watch over them.D. Their owners are pleased when they take dead animals home.Section B (10%)Directions: In this section you will hear a talk about American literature. While listening, focus on the major points and do not forget to take notes. After that, complete the following outline by filling in the blanks numbered from B1 to B20 with key words. The talk will be read TWICE.There will be a One Minute pause between the first and the second reading. Then you will have another One Minute to check your work after the second reading. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- OUTLINEMoveme nt Title TimePeriodOrigins Core Beliefs and Important FiguresTranscen dentalis m B1s–1860sNewB2,the northeasternpart ofthe USThe writers showed a difference from British writers,British cultural tradition and B3.Individuals did not need B4B5.Individuals were encouraged to be B6on themselves.Ralph Waldo Emerson: published Nature in B7 .Romanti cism 1830s–1870sBritishand B8It is centered on strong B9and imagination ratherthan B10 thought.American works also focus on the B11and on humanB12.Edgar Allen Poe: best known for tales filled withB13. We might now call his work B14 stories.B15 1870s–1920s France The writers focused on events that were usual and typical rather than B16 or B17.Many writers wrote about real conditions of real peopleto educate the B18B19.Mark Twain: wrote about everyday life in the B20 statesof the US.Part Two: Structure and Written Expression (15%)Directions: For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the ANSWERSHEET.11. Prince Charles, the longest-waiting to the throne in British history, has spoken of his“impatience” to get things done.A.heir B.heirship C.heritage D.heiress12. Love was in the air in a Tokyo park as normally staid Japanese husbands gathered to screamout their feelings for their wives, promising and extra tight hugs.A.attitudeB.multitude C.gratitude D.latitude13. The number of stay-at-home fathers reached a record high last year, new figures show, asfamilies saw a in female breadwinners.A. raiseB. riseC. ariseD. increase14. The market for dust masks and air purifiers is in Beijing because the capital hasbeen shrouded for several days in thick fog and haze.A. boomingB. loomingC. doomingD. zooming15. Traditional fairytales are being ditched by parents because they are too for theiryoung children, a study found.A.scarceB.scaryC.scaredD.scarred16. It has been revealed that nearly one in five degree courses has been since thetripling of tuition fees to ￡9,000 a year.A. scratchedB. scrapedC. scrabbledD. scrapped17. Microsoft founder Bill Gates has about being a parent, stating that 13 is anappropriate age for a child’s first cell phone.A.openedup B.takenup C.putupD.heldup18. Sales of mushrooms have hit an all-time high as Britons increasingly turn to the cheap andfoodstuff for their cooking.A. versatileB. multipleC. manifoldD. diverse19. “Gangnam Style”, the popular song form South Korean recording artist PSY hasjust become the most watched video on YouTube ever.A.sanelyB.insanely C.rationally D.insatiably20. The British theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking once said in an interview thatheaven is a fairy story for people afraid of the dark.A.imposing B.lofty C.prominentD.eminent21. Some might consider it an ugly truth that attractive people are often more successful thanthose_______ blessed with looks.A. lessB. moreC. mostD. least22. they think it will come to an end through the hands of God, or a natural disaster or apolitical event, whatever the reason, nearly 15 percent of people worldwide think the end of the world is coming, according to a new poll.Neither D.Whether C.IfA.B.Either23. The European Parliament has banned the terms “Miss” and “Mrs.” they offendfemale members.A. as long asB. the momentC. so thatD. in case24. Packed like sardines into sweaty, claustrophobic subway carriages, passengers can barelybreathe, move about freely.A. as well asB. disregard forC. let aloneD. not mentioning25. Japan is one of only three countries that now hunt whales and the government saysit is an important cultural tradition.D.whosewhereA.that B.whichC.Part Three: Cloze Test 15%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and decide the best choice for each numbered blank. Mark your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Ironically, the intellectual tools currently being used by the political right to such harmful effect originated on the academic left. In the 1960s and 1970s a philosophical movement called postmodernism developed among humanities professors (26) being deposed by science, which they regard as right-learning. Postmodernism (27) ideas from cultural anthropology and relativity theory to argue that truth is (28) and subject to the assumptions and prejudices of the observer. Science is just one of many ways of knowing, the argued, neither more nor less (29) than others, like those of Aborigines, Native Americans or women. (30) , they defined science as the way of knowing among Western white men and a tool of cultural (31) . This argument (32) with many feminists and civil-rights activists and became widely adopted, leaking to the “political correctness” justifiably (33) by Rush Limbaugh and the “mental masturbation” lampooned by Woody Allen.Acceptance of this relativistic worldview (34) democracy and leads not to tolerance but to authoritarianism. John Locke, one of Jefferson’s” trinity of three greatest men,” showed (35) almost three centuries ago. Locke watched the arguing factions of Protestantism, each claiming to be the one true religion, and asked: How do we know something to be true? What is the basis of knowledge? In 1689, he (36) what knowledge is and how it is grounded in observations of the physical world in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Any claim that fails this test is “but faithful, or opinion, but not knowledge.” It was this idea—that the world is knowable and that objective, empirical knowledge is the most (37) basis for public policy—that stood as Jefferson’s foundational argument for democracy.By falsely (38) knowledge with opinion, postmodernists and ant science conservatives alike collapse our thinking back to a pre-Enlightenment ear, leaving no common basis for public policy. Public discourse is (39) to endless warring opinions, none seen as more valid than another. Policy is determined by the loudest voices, reducing us to a world in which might (40) right—the classic definition of authoritarianism.26. A. satisfied with B. angry with C. displeased at D. proud ofsharedadopted D.doubted C.27.A.discounted B.C.cultural D.subjectiverelative objective B.28.A.valuable D.variousvalidC.B.29.A.variableFurthermoreD.Otherwise30. A. However B. Therefore C.representation D.B.oppressioninhibition C.31.A.assimilationappealed D.respondedagreed C.resonated B.A.32.verified D.hatedapproved C.33.liked B.A.underminesD.produces C.strengthensA.B.34.offsetsC.whichwhy D.whatwhen B.35.A.dictated D.claimeddefined C.A.36.found B.D.equitableusefulC.37.practical B.A.equalequating D.confusingC.equipping38.A.identifying B.conduced D.reducedC.introducedA.deduced B.39.C.creatscausesD.makesB.A.40.decidesPart Four: Reading Comprehension (20%)Directions: Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question or unfinished statement, four answers are given. Readthe passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark yourchoices on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneA considerable part of Facebook’s appeal stems from its miraculous fusion of distance with intimacy, or the illusion of distance with the illusion of intimacy. Our online communities become engines of self-image, and self-image becomes the engine of community. The real danger with Facebook is not that it allows us to isolate ourselves, but that by mixing our appetite for isolation with our vanity, it threatens to alter the very nature of solitude. The new isolation is not of the kind that Americans once idealized, the lonesomeness of the proudly nonconformist, independent-minded, solitary stoic, or that of the astronaut who blasts into new worlds. Facebook’s isolation is a grind. What’s truly staggering about Facebook usage is not its volume—750 million photographs uploaded over a single weekend—but the constancy of the performance it demands. More than half its users—and one of every 13 people on Earth is a Facebook user—log on every day. Among 18-to-34-year-olds, nearly half check Facebook minutes after waking up, and 28 percent do so before getting out of bed. The relentlessness is what is so new, so potentially transformative. Facebook never takes a break. We never take a break. Human beings have always created elaborate acts of self-presentation. But not all the time, not every morning, before we even pour a cup of coffee.Nostalgia for the good old days of disconnection would not just be pointless, it would be hypocritical and ungrateful. But the very magic of the new machines, the efficiency and elegance with which they serve us, obscures what isn’t being served: everything that matters. What Facebook has revealed about human nature—and this is not a minor revelation—is that a connection is not the same thing as a bond, and that instant and total connection is no salvation, no ticket to a happier, better world or a more liberated version of humanity. Solitude used to be good for self-reflection and self-reinvention. But now we are left thinking about who we are all the time,without ever really thinking about who we are. Facebook denies us a pleasure whose profundity we had underestimated: the chance to forget about ourselves for a while, the chance to disconnect.41. Which of the following statements regarding the power of Facebook can be inferred from the passage?A. It creates the isolation people want.B. It delivers a more friendly world.C. It produces intimacy people lack in the real world.D. It enables us to be social while avoiding the mess of human interaction.42. Which of the following statements about the underside of Facebook is supported by theinformation contained in this passage?A. It imprisons people in the business of self-presentation.B. It causes social disintegration.C. It makes people vainer.D. It makes people lonelier.43. Which of the following best states “the new isolation” mentioned by the author?A. It is full of the spirit of adventure.B. It is the extension of individualismC. It has a touch of narcissism.D. It evolves from the appetite for independence.44. Which of the following belongs to the category of “something that matters” according to thepassage?A. Constant connectionB. Instant communicationC. Smooth sociabilityD. A human bond45. Which of the following conclusions about Facebook does the author want us to draw?A. It creates friendship.B. It denies us the pleasure of socializing.C. It opens a new world for us.D. It draws us into a paradox.Passage TwoMost scholars agree that Isaac Newton, while formulating the laws of force and gravity and inventing the calculus in the late 1600s, probably knew all the science there was to know at the time. In the ensuing 350 years an estimated 50 million research papers and innumerable books have been published in the natural sciences and mathematics. The modern high school student probably now possesses more scientific knowledge than Newton did, yet science to many people seems to be an impenetrable mountain of facts.One way scientists have tried to cope with this mountain is by becoming more and more specialized. Another strategy for coping with the mountain of information is to largely ignore it. That shouldn’t come as a surprise. Sure, you have to know a lot to be a scientist, but knowing a lot is not what makes a scientist. What makes a scientist is ignorance. This may sound ridiculous, but for scientists the facts are just a starting place. In science, every new discovery raises 10 new questions.By this calculus, ignorance will always grow faster than knowledge. Scientists and laypeoplealike would agree that for all we have come to know, there is far more we don’t know. More important, everyday there is far more we know we don’t know. One crucial outcome of scientific knowledge is to generate new and better ways of being ignorant: not the kind of ignorance that is associated with a lack of curiosity or education but rather a cultivated, high-quality ignorance. This gets to the essence of what scientists do: they make distinctions between qualities of ignorance. They do it in grant proposals and over beers at meetings. As James Clerk Maxwell, probably the greatest physicist between Newton and Einstein, said, “Thoroughly conscious ignorance ... is a prelude to every real advance in knowledge.”This perspective on science—that it is about the questions more than the answers—should come as something of a relief. It makes science less threatening and far more friendly and, in fact, fun. Science becomes a series of elegant puzzles and puzzles within puzzles—and who doesn’t like puzzles? Questions are also more accessible and often more interesting than answers; answers tend to be the end of the process, whereas questions have you in the thick of things.Lately this side of science has taken a backseat in the public mind to what I call the accumulation view of science—that it is a pile of facts way too big for us to ever hope to conquer. But if scientists would talk about the questions, and if the media reported not only on new discoveries but the questions they answered and the new puzzles they created, and if educators stopped trafficking in facts that are already available on Wikipedia—then we might find a public once again engaged in this great adventure that has been going on for the past 15 generations.46. Which of the following would most scholars agree to about Newton and science?A. Newton was the only person who knew all the science in the 1660s.B. Newton’s laws of force and gravity dominated science for 350 years.C. Since Newton’s time, science has developed into a mountain of facts.D. A high school student probably knows more science than Newton did.47. Which of the following is best supported in this passage?A. A scientist is a master of knowledge.B. Knowledge generates better ignorance.C. Ignorance is a sigh of lack of education.D. Good scientists are thoroughly ignorant.48. Why is it a relief that science is about the questions more than the answers?A. Because people like solving puzzles.B. Because questions make science accessible.C. Because there are more questions than answers.D. Because questions point the way to deep answers.49. The expression “take a backseat” (line 1, paragraph 5) probably means .A. take a back placeB. have a different roleC. be of greater priorityD. become less important50. What is the author’s greatest concern in the passage?A. The involvement of the public in scienceB. Scientists’ enjoyment of ignoranceC. The accumulation of scientific knowledgeD. Newton’s standing in the history of sciencePassage ThreeInformation technology that helps doctors and patients make decisions has been around for a long time. Crude online tools like WebMD get millions of visitors a day. But Watson is a different beast. According to IBM, it can digest information and make recommendations much more quickly, and more intelligently, than perhaps any machine before it—processing up to 60 million pages of text per second, even when that text is in the form of plain old prose, or what scientists call “natural language.”That’s no small thing, because something like 80 percent of all information is “unstructured.” In medicine, it consists of physician notes dictated into medical records, long-winded sentences published in academic journals, and raw numbers stored online by public-health departments. At least in theory, Watson can make sense of it all. It can sit in on patient examinations, silently listening. And over time, it can learn and get better at figuring out medical problems and ways of treating them the more it interacts with real cases. Watson even has the ability to convey doubt. When it makes diagnoses and recommends treatments, it usually issues a series of possibilities, each with its own level of confidence attached.Medicine has never before had a tool quite like this. And at an unofficial coming-out party in Las Vegas last year, during the annual meeting of the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society, more than 1,000 professionals packed a large hotel conference hall, and an overflow room nearby, to hear a presentation by Marty Kohn, an emergency-room physician and a clinical leader of the IBM team training Watson for health care. Standing before a video screen that dwarfed his large frame, Kohn described in his husky voice how Watson could be a game changer—not just in highly specialized fields like oncology but also in primary care, given that all doctors can make mistakes that lead to costly, sometimes dangerous, treatment errors.Drawing on his own clinical experience and on academic studies, Kohn explained that about one-third of these errors appear to be products of misdiagnosis, one cause of which is “anchoring bias”: human beings’ tendency to rely too heavily on a single piece of information. This happens all the time in doctors’ offices, clinics, and emergency rooms. A physician hears about two or three symptoms, seizes on a diagnosis consistent with those, and subconsciously discounts evidence that points to something else. Or a physician hits upon the right diagnosis, but fails to realize that it’s incomplete, and ends up treating just one condition when the patient is, in fact, suffering from several. Tools like Watson are less prone to those failings. As such, Kohn believes, they may eventually become as ubiquitous in doctors’ offices as the stethoscope.“Watson fills in for some human limitations,” Kohn told me in an interview. “Studies show that humans are good at taking a relatively limited list of possibilities and using that list, but are far less adept at using huge volumes of information. That’s where Watson shines: taking a huge list of information and winnowing it down.”51. What is Watson?A. It is a person who aids doctors in processing medical record.B. It is an online tool that connects doctors over different places.C. It is an intelligent computer that helps doctors make decisions.D. It is beast that greets millions of visitors to a medical institution.52. Which of the following is beyond Watson’s ability?A. Talk with the patient.probability.B.CalculateC. Recommend treatment.D. Process sophisticated data.53. Marty Kohn .A. gave a presentation at an academic conferenceB. works for the IBM Training DivisionC. is a short person with a husky voiceD. expressed optimism for Watson54. “Anchoring bias” .A. is a device ubiquitous in doctor’s officesB. is less likely to be committed by WatsonC. happens in one third of medical treatmentsD. is a wrong diagnosis with incomplete information55. Which of the following may be the best title of the passage?A. Watson as a shining starB. The risks of misdiagnosisC. The Robot Will See You NowD. IBM’s IT solution to medicinePassage FourThe contribution genes make intelligence increases as children grow older. This goes against the notion most people hold that as we age, environmental influences gradually overpower the genetic legacy we are born with and may have implications for education. “People assume the genetic influence goes down with age because the environmental differences between people pile up in life” says Robert Plomin. “What we found was quite amazing, and goes in the other direction.”Previous studies have shown variations in intelligence are at least partly due to genetic. To find out whether this genetic contribution varies with age, Plomin’s team pooled date from six separate studies carried out in the US, the UK, Australia and the Netherlands, involving a total of 11,000 pairs of twins. In these studies, the researchers tested twins on reasoning, logic and arithmetic to measure a quantity called genetic cognitive ability, or “G”. Each study also included both identical twins, with same genes, and fraternal twins, sharing about half their genes, making it possible to distinguish the contributions of genes and environment to their G scores.Plomin’s team calculated that in childhood, genes account for about 41 percent of the variation in intelligence. In adolescence, this rose to 55 percent; by young adulthood, it was 66 percent. No one knows why the influence from genes should increase with age, but Plomin suggests that as children get older, they become better at exploiting and manipulating their environment to suit their genetic needs, and says “Kids with high G will use their environment to foster their cognitive ability and choose friends who are like-minded.” Children with medium to low G may choose less challenging pastimes and activities, further emphasizing their genetic legacy.Is there any way to interfere with the pattern? Perhaps. “The evidence of strong heritability doesn’t mean at all that there’s nothing you can do about it,” says Susanne Jaeggi, “Form our own work, the ones that started off with lower IQ scores had higher gains after training.”Plomin suggests that genetic differences may be more emphasized if all children share an identical curriculum instead of it being tailored to children’s natural abilities. “My inclinationwould be to give everyone a good education, but put more effort into the lower end,” he says. Intelligence researcher Paul Thompson agrees: “It shows that education needs to steer kids towards things drawing out their natural talents.”56. What is the common notion that people hold about genes?A. Humans can do little to change the genetic differences between people.B. Genetic influence becomes stronger when people receive education.C. Genes contribute more to one’s intelligence than environmental factors.D. Environmental factors lesson the influence of genes on one’s intelligence.57. The study by Plomin’s team aims to find out .A. whether variations in intelligence are caused by genetic differencesB. how to overpower genetic factors with new educational approachesC. whether genetic contribution to one’s intelligence varies with ageD. the relationship between environment and genes58. From the experiment with twins, Plomin’s team draws a conclusion that .A. genetic contribution increases when one grows olderB. genetic influence decreases when age increasesC. environment has more impact on fraternal twins than identical twinsD. it remains a mystery how genes and environment co-influence people59. The word “patter” in paragraph four is closest in meaning to .cognitiveabilityA.B. strong heritabilityC. genetic legacyD. challenging pastimes60. Which of the following might Plomin’s team least agree to?A. An identical curriculum to school childrenB. A differentiated course design to children with varied IQC. More effort directed at children with medium or low GD. Education tailored to children’s natural abilitiesPart Five: Proofreading (15%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 15 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, just cross it out. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).Examples:eg. (61) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (61) begun beganeg. (62) Scarcely the settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when curtain went up. Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (62) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. (63) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (63) not(61)The economic growth that many nations in Asia and increasingly Africa have experienced over the past couple of decades has transformed hundreds of millions of lives — almost entire for。
四川大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语试题I.Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each):Direction: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D, Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneOver the past several decades, the U.S., Canada, and Europe have received a great deal of media and even research attention over unusual phenomena and unsolved mysteries. These include UFOs as well as sightings and encounters with "nonhuman creatures" such as Bigfoot and the Loch Ness monster. Only recently has Latin America begun to receive some attention as well. Although the mysteries of the Aztec, Mayan, and Inca civilizations have been known for centuries, now the public is also becoming aware of unusual, paranormal phenomena in countries such as Peru.The Nazca "lines" of Peru Were discovered in the 1930s. These lines are deeply carved into a flat, stony plain, and form about 300 intricate pictures of animals such as birds, a monkey, and a lizard. Seen at ground level, the designs area jumbled senseless mess. The images are so large that they can only be viewed at a height of 1,000 feet- meaning from an aircraft Yet there were no aircraft in 300 B.C., when it is judged the designs were made. Nor were there then, or are there now, any nearby mountain ranges from which to view them. So how and why did the native people of Nazca create these marvelous designs? One answer appeared in 1969, when the German researcher, and writer Erich yon Daniken proposed that the lines were drawn by extraterrestrials as runways for their aircraft. The scientific community did not take long to scoffat and abandon yon Daniken's theory. Over the years several other theories have been put forth, but none has been accepted by the scientific community.Today there is a new and heightened interest in the Nazca lines. It is a direct result of the creation of the Internet. Currently there are over 60 sites dedicated to this mystery from Latin America's past, and even respected scientists have joined the discussion through e-mail and chat rooms.Will the Internet help explain these: unsolved mysteries? Perhaps it is a step in the right direction.1.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?[A]Latin America has long received attention for unusual phenomena.[B]Public attention is now directed towards countries like Peru.[C]Public interest usually focuses on North America and Europe[D]Some ancient civilizations have unsolved mysteries.2.According to the passage, the Nasa lines were found[A]in mountains[B] in stones[C] on animals[D] on a plain3.We can infer from the passage that the higher the lines are seen, the the images they present.[A]smaller [B]larger [C] clearer[D]brighter4.There has been increasing interest in the Nazca lines mainly because of .[A]the participation of scientists[B]the emergence of the Internet[C]the birth of new theories[D]the interest in the Internet5.The author is about the role of the Internet in solving mysteries.[A]cautious[B]pessimistic[C] uncertain[D]optimisticPassage TwoSocial circumstances in Early Modem England mostly served to repress women's voices. Patriarchal culture and institutions constructed them as chaste, silent, obedient, and subordinate. At the beginning of17th century, the ideology of patriarchy, political absolutism, and gender hierarchy were reaffirmed powerfully by King James in The. Trew Law of Free Monarchic and the Basilikon Doron; by that ideology the absolute power of God the supreme patriarch was seen to be imaged in the absolute monarch of the state and in the husband and father of a family. Accordingly, a woman's subjection, first to her father and then to her husband, imaged the subjection of English people to their monarch, and of all Christians to God. Also, the period saw an outpouring of repressive or overtly misogynist sermons, tracts, and plays, detailing women's physical and mental defects, spiritual evils, rebelliousness, shrewishness, and natural inferiority to men.Yet some social and cultural conditions served to empower women. During the Elizabethan era (1558-1603) the culture was dominated by a powerful Queen, who provided an impressive female example though she left scant cultural space for other women Elizabethan women writers began to produce original texts but were occupied chiefly with translation. In the 17th century, however, various circumstances enabled women to write original texts in some numbers. For one thing, some counterweight to patriarchy was provided by female communities -- mothers and daughters, extended kinship networks, close female friends, the separate court of Queen Anne (King James's Consort) and her often oppositional masques and political activities. For another, most of these women had a reasonably good education (modem, languages, history, literature, religion, music, occasionally Latin) and some apparently found in romances and histories more expansive terms for imagining women's lives. Also, representation of vigorous and rebellious female characters in literature and especially on the stage no doubt helped to undermine any monolithic social construct of women's nature and role.Most important, perhaps, was the radical potential inherent in the Protestant insistence on every Christian's immediate relationship with God and primary responsibility to follow his or her individual conscience. There is plenty of support in St Paul's epistles and elsewhere in the Bible for patriarchy and a wife’s subjection to her husband, but some texts (notably Galatians 3:28) inscribe a very different politics, promoting women's spiritual equality: "There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Jesus Christ." Such texts encouraged some women to claim the support of God the supreme patriarch against the various earthly patriarchs who claimed to stand toward them in his Stead.There is also the gap or slippage between ideology and common experience. English women throughout the 17th century exercised a good deal of actual power: as managers of estates in their husbands' absences at court or on military and diplomatic missions; as members of guilds; as wives and mothers who sometimes dominated their men by sheer force of personality or outright defiance. Their power reached its apex during the English Civil War and Interregnum (1640-60) as the execution of the King and the attendant disruption of social hierarchies led many women-to seize new roles —as preachers, as prophetesses, as deputies for exiled royalist husbands, as writers of religious and political tracts.6.What is the best title for this passage?[A]Women's Position in the 17th Century.[B]Women's Subjection to Patriarchy.[C]Social Circumstances in the 17th Century.[D]Women's Objection in the 17th Century.7.What did the Queen Elizabeth do-for the women in culture?[A]She set an impressive female example to follow.[B]She dominated the culture.[C]She did little.[D]She allowed Women to translate something.8.Which of the following is Not mentioned as a reason to enable women to original texts?[A]Female communities provided some counterweight to patriarchy.[B]Queen Anne's political activities.[C]Most women had a good education.[D]Queen Elizabeth's political activities.9.What did the religion do for the women?[A]It did nothing.[B]It too asked women to be obedient except some texts.[C]It supported women.[D]It appealed to the God.10.What does the word "apex" mean in the last paragraph?[A]the lowest point[B] the end [C] ultimate[D] summitPassage ThreeI am afraid to sleep. I have been afraid to sleep for the last few weeks. I am so tired that, finally, I do sleep, but only for a few minutes. It is not a bad dream that wakes me; it is the reality I took with me into sleep. I try to think of something else.Immediately the woman in the marketplace comes into my mind.I was on my way to dinner last night when I saw her. She was selling skirts. She moved with the same ease and loveliness I often saw in the women of Laos. Her long black hair was as shiny as the black silk of the skirts she was selling. In her hair, she wore three silk ribbons, blue, green, and white. They reminded me of my childhood and how my girlfriends and I used to spend hours braiding ribbons into our hair.I don't know the word for "ribbons", so I put my hand to my own hair and, with three fingers against my head; I looked at her ribbons and said "Beautiful." She lowered her eyes and said nothing. I wasn't sure if she understood me (I don't speak Laotian very well).I looked back down at the skirts. They had designs in them: squares and triangles and circles of pink and green silk. They were very pretty. I decided to buy one of those skirts, and I began to bargain with her over the price. It is the custom to bargain in Asia. In Laos bargaining is done in soft voices and easy moves with the sort of quiet peacefulness.She smiled, more with her eyes than with her lips. She was pleased by the few words I was able to say in her language, although they were mostly numbers, and she saw that I understood something about the soft playfulness of bargaining. We shook our heads in disagreement over the price; then, immediately, we made another offer and then another shake of the head. She was so pleased that unexpectedly, she accepted the last offer I made. But it was too soon. The price was too low. She was being too generous and wouldn't make enough money. I moved quickly and picked up two more skirts and paid for all three at the price set; that way I was able to pay her three times as much before she had a chance to lower the price for the larger purchase. She smiled openly then, and, for the first time in months, my spirit lire& I almost felt happy.The feeling stayed with me while she wrapped the skirts in a newspaper and handed them to me. When I left though, the feeling left, too. It was as though it stayed behind in marketplace. I left tears in my throat. I wanted to cry. I didn't, of course.I have learned to defend myself against what is hard; without knowing it, I have also learned to defend myself against what is soft and what should be easy.I get up, light a candle and want to look at the skirts. They are still in the newspaper that the woman Wrapped them in. I remove the paper, and raise the skirts up to look at them again before I pack them. Something falls to floor. I reach down and feel something cool in my hand. I move close to the candlelight to see what I have. There are five long silk ribbons in my hand, all different colors. The woman in the marketplace! She has given these ribbons to me!There is no defense against a generous spirit, and this time I cry, and very hard, as if I could make up for all the months that I didn't cry.11.Which of the following in NOT correct?[A]The writer was not used to bargaining.[B]People in Asia always bargain when buying things.[C]Bargaining in Laos was quiet and peaceful.[D]The writer was ready to bargain with the woman.12. The writer assumed that the woman accepted the last offer mainly because woman .[A]thought that the last offer was reasonable[B]thought she could still make much money[C]was glad that the writer knew their way of bargaining[D]was fired of bargaining with the writer any more13.Why did the writer finally decide to buy three skirts?[A]The skirts were cheap and pretty.[B]She liked the patterns on the skirts.[C]She wanted to do Something as compensation.[D]She was fed up with further bargaining with the woman.14.When did the writer left the marketplace, she wanted to cry, but did not because .[A]she had learned to stay cool and unfeeling[B]she was afraid of crying in public[C]she had learned to face difficulties bravely[D]she had to show in public that she was strong15.Why did the writer cry eventually when she looked at the skirts again?[A]she suddenly felt very sad.[B]she liked the ribbons so much.[C]she was overcome by emotion.[D]She felt sorry for the woman.Passage FourWhen one looks back upon the fifteen hundred years that are the life span of the English language, he should be able to notice a number of significant truths. The history of our language has always been a history of constant change ---at times a slow, almost imperceptible change, at other times a violent collision between two languages. Our language has always been a living growing organism, it has never been static. Another significant truth that emerges from such a study is that language at all times has been the possession not of one class or group but of many. At one extreme it has been the property of the common, ignorant folk, who have used it in the daily business of their living, much as they have used their animals or the kitchen pots and pans. At the other extreme it has been the treasure of those who have respected it as an instrument and a sign of civilization, and who have struggled by writing it down to give it some permanence, order, dignity, and if possible，a little beauty.As we consider our changing language, we should note here two developments that are of special and immediate importance to us. One is that since the time of the Anglo-Saxons there has been an almost complete reversal of the different devices for showing the relationship of words in a sentence. Anglo-Saxon (old English) was a language of many inflections. Modem English has few .inflections. We must now depend largely on word order and function words to convey the meanings that the older language did by means of changes in the forms of words. Function words, you should understand, are words such as prepositions, conjunctions, and a few others that are used primarily to show relationships among other words. A few inflections, however, have survived. And when some word inflections come into conflict with word order, there may be trouble for the users of the language, as we shall see later when we turn our attention to such maters as WHO or WHOM and ME or I. The second fact we must consider is that as language itself changes, our attitudes toward language forms change also. The eighteenth century, for example, produced from various sources a tendency to fix the language into patterns not always set in and grew, until at the present time there is a strong tendency to restudy and re-evaluate language practices in terms of the ways in which people speak and write.16.In contrast to the earlier linguists, modern linguists tend to .[A]attempt to continue the standardization of the language[B]evaluate language practices in terms of current speech rather than standards or proper patterns[C]be more concerned about the improvement of the language than its analysis or history[D]be more aware of the roles of the language usage17.Choose the appropriate meaning for the word "inflection" used in paragraph 2:[A]changes in the forms of words.[B]changes in sentence structures.[C]changes in spelling roles.[D]words that have similar meanings.18.Which of the following statements is Not mentioned in the passage?[A]It is generally believed that the year 1500 can be set as the beginning of the modem English language.[B]Some other languages had great influence on the English language at some stages of its development.[C]The English language has been and still in a state of relatively constant change.[D]Many classes or groups have contributed to the development of the English language.19.The author of these paragraphs is probably a (an) .[A]historian[B] philosopher[C] anthropologist[D] linguist20.Which of the following can be best used as the title of the passage?[A]The history of the English language.[B]Our changing attitude towards the English language.[C]Our changing language.[D]Some characteristics of modem English.Passage FiveWe know very little about pain and what we don't know makes it hut all the more. Indeed, no form of illiteracy in the United States is so widespread or costly as ignorance about pain what it is, what causes it, how to deal with it without panic. Almost everyone can rattle off tile names of at least a dozen drugs that can deaden pain from every conceivable cause all the way from headaches to hemorrhoids.There is far less knowledge about the fact that about 90 percent of pain is self limiting, that it is not always an indication of poor health, and that, most frequently, it is the result of tension, stress, worry, idleness, boredom, frustration, suppressed rage, insufficient sleep, overeating, poorly balanced diet, smoking, excessive drinking, inadequate exercise, stale air, or any of the other abuses encountered by the human body in modem society.The most ignored fact of all about pain is that the best way to eliminate it is to eliminate the abuse. Instead, many people reach almost instinctively for the painkillers ---aspirins, barbiturates, codeines, tranquilizers, sleeping pills, and dozens of other analgesics or desensitizing drugs.Most doctors are profoundly troubled over the extent to which the medical profession today is taking on the trappings of a pain-killing industry. Their offices are overloaded with people who are morbidly but mistakenly convinced that something dreadful is about to happen to them. It is all too evident that the campaign to get people to run for a doctor at the first sign of pain has boomeranged. Physicians find it difficult to give adequate attention to patients genuinely in need of expert diagnosis and treatment because their time is soaked up by people who have nothing wrong with them except a temporary indisposition or a psychogenic ache.Patients tend to feel indignant, and insulted if the physician tells them he can find no organic cause for the pain. They tend to interpret the term "psychogenic" to mean that they are complaining of nonexistent symptoms. They need to be educated about the fact that many cases of pain have no underlying physical cause but are the result, as mentioned earlier, of tension, stress, or hostile factors in the general environment. Sometimes a pain may be a manifestation of "conversion hysteria", the name given by Jean Charcot to physical symptoms that have their origins in emotional disturbances.Obviously, it is folly for an individual to ignore symptoms that could be a warning of a potentiallyserious illness. Some people are so terrified of getting bad news from a doctor that they allow their malaise to worsen, sometimes past the point of no return. Total neglect is not the answer to hypochondria. They only answer has to be increased education about the way the human body works, so that more people will be able to steer an intelligent course between promiscuous pill popping and irresponsible disregard of genuine symptoms.Of all forms of pain, none is more important for the individual to understand than the "threshold" variety. Almost everyone has a telltale, ache that is triggered whenever tension or fatigue reaches a certain point, it can take the form of a migraine type headache or a squeezing pain deep in the abdomen or cramps or even pain in the joints. The individual who has learned how to make the correlation between such threshold pains. And their cause doesn't panic when they occur; he or she does something about relieving the stress and tension.If the pain persists despite the absence of apparent cause, the individual will telephone the doctor.21.What does the sentence "It is all too evident..." (Paragraph 4) mean?[A]It is obviously true that people should consult a doctor as soon as they feel pain.[B]It is useless to ask people to seek advice from doctors the minute they feel painful.[C]The suggestion that people go to see a doctor immediately if they feel pain has some bad effect.[D]The campaign against pain will be lost if people don't go to see a doctor when they feel pain.22.A hypochondria is someone who[A]ignores doctor's advice and warnings[B]is afraid of going to see doctors[C]always complain about having symptoms that don't actually exist[D]always telltales pain-killers23.It can be concluded from the passage that .[A]most cares of pain are caused by hysteria[B]if a pain isn't organic, it's very likely to be psychogenic[C]pain-killing industry won't be encouraged in the future[D]doctors seldom prescribe pain-killers to patients24.They author wrote this article to .[A]explain how pain-killers work[B]call for understanding between doctors and patients[C]illustrate the harm of taking too much pain-killers[D]teach the right attitude to pain25.What does the word "telltale" (Paragraph 7) mean?[A]not obvious[B]scary[C] not precise[D]gorgeousPassage SixAldous Huxley was a most unfortunate man. When he died in 1963 he must have expired in the confident belief that the event would be given wide coverage in the press the next day. After all, his career had not been without distinction. Where he made his big mistake was in dying on the same day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated. As a result Huxley got about three column inches at the bottom of page 27.In the same way the death of Victor Farris has gone widely unnoticed because he foolishly shuffled off this mortal coil at the same time as Mr. Konstantin Cherenkov. Now, as you all know, Victor Farris was the chap who invented the paper clip. The paper milk carton too. And paper clips and milk cartons will be in use long, after everyone has forgotten the name of the comrade who came between Andropov and whatever this new bloke is called.The same goes for the inventor of the supermarket trolley who died in Switzerland a few months ago. Fell off his trolley, so to speak. For all I know, he may be a household name in his own canton and they are putting up a statue of home wheeling his trolley, and are going to commemorate him on one of those ever-so-tasteful Swiss postage stamps we used to collect when we were younger and wiser, but I doubt ifhis name will be remembered outside the borders of his small country. Personally I forgot it within minutes of reading of his decease.Not that it matters. Somehow it is hard to imagine things like paper clips and supermarket trolleys having had a named inventor. It's like discovering that at a particular moment of history a particular person invented the spoon, or the chair, or socks. One assumes that these everyday objects just happened, or evolved through natural selection.It isn't necessarily so. I read only the other day that Richard II invented the handkerchief. Almost everything else was invented either by Leonardo da Vinci (scissors, bicycles, helicopters, and probably spoons, socks and the Rubik cube as well) or by Benjamin Franklin (lightning-conductor, rocking-chair, bifocals) or else by Joseph Stalin (television).It's quite possible that Leonardo or Benjamin Franklin or Stalin also invented the supermarket trolley. Certainly it has been invented more than once. Hardly was Herr Edelweiss (or whatever the Swiss chap was called) in his grave, than news came of the death of Sylvan N. Goodman at the age of 86. Sylvan also invented the supermarket trolley or, as the Los Angeles Times report calls it, the shopping cart.Be that as it may, Herr Edelweiss or Sylvan Goodman, or both, did a grand job and made supermarket shopping far less hellish than it would otherwise be. The next step will be to get the trolleys out of the shops and into the streets. You could put an engine in the front and call it a car. Or give it big wheels and a canopy and call it a pram. The possibilities are endless.26.It can be inferred from the passage that Herr Edelweiss[A]was remembered by the people all over world[B]made a lot of money from his invention[C]was not very famous[D]was a business partner of Sylvan Goodman27.The author writes this article in order to illustrate that .[A]the names of the people who invented the most useful things are usually forgotten[B]everyday objects are invented and evolve through natural selection[C]many everyday objects are invented more than once[D]many famous people have passed away without being noticed28.Who probably invented spoons?[A]Leonardo da Vinci.[B]Benjamin Franklin.[C]Victor Farris.[D]A person unknown.29.By stating that Leonardo da Vinci invented helicopters, the author means[A]he really did it[B]he is a military scientist[C]he painted in one of his masterpieces a helicopters[D]people turn to ascribe inventions to him but they are wrong.30.What can be inferred about Aldous Huxley?[A]His death Was not reported by the press.[B]He was a famous inventor.[C]He made a very, big mistake in his late years.[D]He died on the same day as John F. Kennedy.II.Vocabulary ( 10%: 0.5 mark each)31.the sight of the police officers, the men ran off.[A] In[B] At [C] on[D] With32.the wall, we decided that we should need three tins of paint.[A1 Making up[B] Doing up [C] Putting up[D] Sizing up33.the whole, early American city planning was excellent.[A] In[B] From [C] On[D]Above34.we are having these days![A] What a lovely weather[B] What lovely weathers[C] What lovely weather[D] What lovely a weather35. , a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.[A]Other things being equal [B]Were other things equal[C]To be equal to other things [D] Other things to be equal36. , he does not love her.[A] As he likes her very much[B] Though much he likes her[C] Much although he likes her[D] Much though he likes her37. A drunk man walked in, in appearance.[A] repulsive[B] reluctant[C] reproachful [D] reputed38. A good many houses knocked down by earthquake.[A] was [B] were [C] is [D] are39.A good teacher must know how to his ideas.[A] convey[B]display [C]c onsult[D]confront40.A large part of human activity, particularly in relation to the environment,is conditions or events.[A] in response to[B] in favor of [C]in contrast to[D] in excess of41.Due to personality , the two colleagues never got on well in work.[A] contradiction[B]conflict[C]confrontation[D]competition42. During the summer vacation, kids are often seen hanging in the streets.[A] about[B] on [C] over [D] out43.There were 150 at the international conference this summer.[A] spectators[B] viewers[C] participants [D]onlookers44.School started on a cold day in February.[A] severe[B] bitter [C] such[D] frozen45.In the face of unexpected difficulties, he demonstrated a talent for quick, action.[A] determining[B]defensive[C] demanding[D] decisive46.The team has been working overtime on the research project .[A] lately[B] just now-[C] late[D] long ago47.Because of the economic crisis, industrial output in the region remained .[A] motionless[B] inactive[C] stagnant[D]immobile48.The police had difficulty in the fans from rushing on to the stage to take photos with the singer.[A] limiting[B]restraining[C] confining[D]restricting49.Joan is in the dorm, putting the final to her speech.[A] details[B] remarks [C] comments[D] touches。
北京中科院2013年考博英语真题Part I Vocabulary (10%)1.Between 1981 and 1987, the number of permanent jobs had increased by only 1,000, although training has been substantiallyby the corporation.A.boostedB. curtailedC. plungedD. expended2.It is a touching scene that every parent can immediatelybecause they have gone through the same ritual with their own children.e throughB. identify withC. take upD. refer to3.In ancient mythology there was no impassableseparating the divine from the human beings.A.polarityB. splitC. gulfD. void4.Guarantees and warranties tell buyers the repairs for which a mamifacturer isA. qualifiedB. agreeableC. compatibleD.liable5. The oil spill had aeffect on seabirds and other wildlife.A. reluctantB. mischievousC. devastatingD.malignant6. A friend is a second self.A. as it isB. as it wereC. as well asD.as though7. He leaned out of anupstairs window and felt a current of warm airfrom the street.A. exaltingB. ascendingC. swayingD. fluctuating8. In a market economy, it is impractical tobig banks to reduce the qualification to provide financial support for small and medium-sized enterprises.A. take onB. bear onC. hold onD.count on9. The authorus as consistently fair and accurate about the issues.A. dismissedB. agitatedC. struckD.seized10. The new system is similar to the old onethere is stilla strong central government.A. now thatB. so thatC. in case thatD.in that11. In the final analysis,it is ourof death which decidesour answers to ; all the questions that life puts to us.A. conceptionB. deceptionC. receptionD.presentation12. The great tragedy of life is not that men, but that they cease to love.A.terminateB. expireC. perishD. wither13.His doctor has told him he mustn’t drink, but he still has the occasional brandy.A.on the spotB. on the slyC. in natureD. in short14.In some African countries, the cost of treating an AIDS patient mayhis or her entire annual income.A.exploitB.expelC.expireD.exceed15.The currentwith exam results is actually harming children’s education.A.interventionB.manipulationC.obsessionD.domination16.Sometimes certain families adheredthe same religious beliefs for several generations.A.toB.forC.afterD.with17.He knew that the area’s rich plant life had been severelyby the huge herds of cows grazing the land.A. depletedB. decomposedC. corruptedD. corroded18.The long wait for news of my exam results has already set my nerves.A. on fireB. on edgeC. on earthD. on impulse19.A solution must be found that doesn’ttoo many people in this group, otherwise it cannot work.A. arouseB. offendC. spurD. violate20.The Federal Governmentfarmers by buying their surplus crops at prices above the market value.A.piratesB. mediatesC. supplementsD. SubsidizesPart n Cloze (15%)Parents who believe that playing video games is less harmful to their kids’ attention spans than watching TV may want to reconsider. Some researchers 21 more than 1,300 children in different grades for a year. They asked both the kids and their parents to estimate how many hours per week the kids spent watching TV and playing video games, and they 22 the children’s attention spans by 23 their schoolteachers. 24 studies have examined the effect of TV or video games on attention problems, but not both. By looking at video-game use 25 TV watching, these scientists were able to show for the first time that the two activities have a similar relationship 26 attention problems. Shawn Green, a psychologist at the University of Minnesota, points out that the study doesn’t distinguish between the type of 27 required to excel at a video game and that required to excel in school.“A child who is capable of playing a video game for hours 28 obviously does not have a 29 problem with paying attention,” says Green. “30 are they able to pay attention to a game but not in school? What expectancies have the games set up that aren’t being delivered in a school 31?” Modem TV shows are so exciting and fast paced that they make reading and schoolwork seem 32 by comparison, and the same may be true 33 video games, the study notes.“We weren’t able to break the games down by educational versus non-educational 34 nonvio-lent versus violent，” says Swing，35 that the impact that different types of games may have on at-tention is a ripe area for future research.21. A. followedB. trainedC.questionedD.challenged22. A. provokedB. speculatedC.formulatedD.assessed23. A. surveyingB. consideringC.persuadingD.guiding24. A. ContinuedB. terD.Ongoing25. A. far fromB. except forC.as well asD.instead of26. A. forB. toC.onD.of27. A. competitionB. techniqueC.attentionD.strategy28. A. on endB. at lengthC.now and thenD.in and out29. A. similarB. relevantG.seriousD.tricky30. A. WhatB. WhyC.WhenD.Where31. A. settingB. sceneC.frameD.platform32. A. industriousB. limitedC.dullD.funny33. A. onB. atC.inD.for34. A. orB. againstC.whileD.with35.A. addingB. addsC.addedD.having addedPart III Reading Comprehension (40% )Section A (30%)Passage 1Ever since the early days of modem computing in the 1940s, the biological metaphor has been irresistible. The first computers — room-size behemoths — were referred to as “giant brains” or uelectronic brains，" in headlines and everyday speech. As computers improved and became capable of some tasks familiar to humans, like playing chess, the term used was “artificial intelligence”. DNA,it is said, is the original software.For the most part, the biological metaphor has long been just that — a simplifying analogy rather than a blueprint for how to do computing. Engineering, not biology, guided the pursuit of artificial intelligence. As Frederick Jelinek, a pioneer in speech recognition, put it, “airplanes don’t flap theirwings. “Yet the principles of biology are gaining ground as a tool in computing. The shift in thinking results from advances in neuroscience and computer science, and from the push of necessity.The physical limits of conventional computer designs are within sight —not today or tomorrow,but soon enough. Nanoscale circuits cannot shrink much further. Today’s chips are power hogs, running hot, which curbs how much of a chip’s circuitry can be used. These limits loom as demand is accelerating for computing capacity to make sense of a surge of new digital data from sensors, online commerce, social networks, video streams and corporate and government databases.To meet the challenge, without gobbling the world’s energy supply, a differentapproach will be needed. And biology, scientists say, promises to contribute more than metaphors. “Every time we look at this, biology provides a clue as to how we should pursue the frontiers of computing,” said John E. Kelly, the director of research at I. B. M.Dr. Kelly points to Watson, the question — answering computer that can play “Jeopardy!” and beat two human champions earlier this year. The I. B. M. ’s clever machine consumes 85，000 watts of electricity, while the human brain runs on just 20 watts. “Evolution figured this out, ” Dr. Kelly said.Several biologically inspired paths are being explored by computer scientists in universities and corporate laboratories worldwide. One project, a collaboration of computer scientists and neuroscientists begun three years ago, has been encouraging enough that in August it won a $21 million round of government financing. In recent months, the team has developed prototype “neurosynaptic” microprocessors ,or chips that operate more like neurons and synapses than like conventional semiconductors.36.Paragraph 1 mainly tells.A.what the biological metaphor isB. how computers have improvedC . when modem computing beganD. why DNA is the original software37.Frederick Jelinek’s quotation implies that.A.technology is created by humans rather than by GodB.airplanes differ from birds when using their wingsputers can hardly match human brainsD.biology can barely serve to explain computing38.To meet growing demands computers need to be.A.more complex in circuitryB.smaller in chip sizeC.more energy efficientD.more heat-sensitive39.The boldfaced word “frontiers”(in Para. 5) refers to.puting problemsworking regulationsC.streaming restrictionsD.online shopping benefits40.The human brain is superior to Watson in.A.question generationB.power consumptionC.event organizationD.speech recognition41.In pushing the boundaries of computing, biology serves as a ( n) .A.initiatorB. directorC. acceleratorD. contributorPart III Reading Comprehension (40% )Section A (30%)Passage 2South Korea’s hagwon ( private tutoring academies) crackdown is one part of a larger quest to tame the country’s culture of educational masochism. At the national and local levels, politicians are changing school testing and university admissions policies to reduce student stress and reward softer qualities like creativity. One-size-fits-all，government-led uniform curriculums and an education system that is locked only onto the college-entrance examination are not acceptable，” President Lee Myung-bak vowed at his inauguration in 2008. But cramming is deeply embedded in Asia, where top grades — and often nothing else — have long been prized as essential for professional success. Modem-day South Korea has taken this competition to new extremes. In 2010, 74% of all students engaged in some kind of private after- school instruction ,sometimes called shadow education, at an average cost of $2, 600 per student for the year. There are more private instructors in South Korea than there are schoolteachers, and the most popular of them make millions of dollars a year from online and in-person classes. When Singapore’Education Minister was asked last year about his nation’s reliance on private tutoring, he found one reason for hope: “ We’re not as bad as the Koreans."In Seoul, large numbers of students who fail to get into top universities spend the entire year after high school attending hagwons to improve their scores on university admissions exams. And they must compete even to do this. At the prestigious Daesung Institute, admission is based on students’ test scores. Only 14% of applicants are accepted. After a year of 14-hour days, about 70% gain entry to one of the nation’s top three universities.From a distance, South Korea’s results look enviable. Its students consistently outperform their counterparts in almost every country in reading and math. In the U. S. , Barack Obama and his Education Secretary speak glowingly of the enthusiasmSouth Korean parents have for educating their children ,and they lament how far the U. S. students are falling behind. Without its education obsession, South Korea could not have been transformed into the economic powerhouse that it is today. But the country’s leaders worry that unless its rigid, hierarchical system starts to nurture more innovation, economic growth will stall — and fertility rates will continue to decline as families feel the pressure of paying for all that tutoring. “You Americans see a bright side of the Korean system. ” Education Minister Lee Ju-ho tells me, but Koreans are not happy with it. ”42.South Korea’s educational system.A.gives much weight to examsB.stresses students’ creativityC.shames the country’s cultureD.offers easy admissions43.Shadow education .A.casts a shadow in students’ mindsB.makes the students’ scores levelC.stimulates competition among teachersD.takes the form of private tutoring44.In Seoul, students who fail to get into top universities.A.can only go to private universitiesB.must spend one more year in high schoolsC.may choose any hagwon they likeD.need to fight for good private tutoring45.Parents in South Korea.ually supervise their children from a distanceB.only focus on their kids’ reading and mathC.devote much of their energy to their kids’ educationment the way the US parents educate their children46.South Korea’s education obsession.A.has failed to nurture any creative studentsB.has contributed to the country’s economic growthC.has led to an increase in the nation’s fertility ratesD.has won world notoriety for South Korean parents47.With respect to the future of the educational system, South Korean politicians.A.are concerned about its rigidityB.see it as a model for other culturesG. wish to encourage the birth of more childrenD.hope to expand the scope of private tutoringPart III Reading Comprehension (40% )Section A (30%)Passage 3A dispute that, according to Members of Parliament (MPs) , threatens the very survival of London Metropolitan University (London Met) , the capital’s biggest higher education institution, is spilling over onto London’s streets. Last week lorry drivers on Holloway Road in Islington watched as a group of students and staff marched in protest against a meeting of London Met’s governors.“ Save our Staff”and London Met on the Roper”，a reference to the university’s vicechancellor, Professor Brian Roper, screamed the banners.The university, which has 34,000 students, has long attracted controversy for the militancy of its staff and students, but the latest row is a more serious matter. This crisis is over an attempt by the Higher Education Funding Council ( Hefc) to claw back more than ￡ 50m that London Met should not have received. It is believed that as many as 500 jobs could go as a result of the university having been overpaidfor student dropouts since 2005, and the unions are furious, claiming at the same time that the university is being unfairly treated by Hefc but that neither the managers nor the governors have explored the alternatives to job cuts.“The University and College Union ( UCU) is very concerned that the Hefc regulations appear to discriminate against widening participation,” said a UCU spokesperson. “But we also feel very strongly about the fact that the management are not consulting the unions as they are required to do in law and that they have not considered alternatives like a freeze on new appointments. ”One of the issues in dispute is whether students who did not take their assessments at the end of the year but were intending to take them the following year should be classified as drop-outs. Hefcconsiders them to have dropped out and says that its funding definitions apply to all universities regardless ；UCU believes they should not be classified in this way on the grounds that they need all the help they can get to complete the course.The dispute has also hit the House of Commons. An early day motion signed by MPs says that the scale of the cuts —- an 18m reduction in teaching budgets and 38m in claw-backs for previous years—“ throws the future operability of the university into doubt at a time when education and training are vital to the capital’s economic health. ”48.The dispute mentioned is partly between.A.MPs and UCUB.MPs and the HefcC.London Mefs staff and its governorsD.London Met’s students and lorry drivers49.“London Met on the Roper” implies that.A.Brian Roper is in powerB.London Met is at riskC.London Met is facing a brain drainD.Brian Roper is losing credibility50.Hefc is to take back over ￡ 50m from London Met, believing that, for years, thelatter.A.has practiced low standards of teachingB.has overpaid its governors and staffC.has been unfair to some instructorsD.has had lots of students quitting school51.The unions are angry with the school management because the latter.A.has been indifferent to the possible job cutsB.has been negligent in approving appointmentsC.has unwisely widened the student enrollmentD.has unreasonably forced its 500 staff to leave52.According to UCU, Hefc should include in its funding system the students who choose to take their assessments.A. several timesB. outside schoolC.in later yearsD. at a lower cost53.It is likely that the House of Commons will.A.urge Hefc to be reconciled to London MetB.intervene concerning Hefc’s decisionsC.back up the governors of London MetD.question London Met’s qualificationsPart III Reading Comprehension (40% )Section A (30%)Passage 4After years of defensiveness, a siege mentality and the stonewalling of any criticism,a quiet revolution is under way in animal research.What has triggered this change of heart? It’s partly down to the economic climate plus fewer new medicines and the removal of much of the threat from animal rights extremism, in the UK at least.Until recently the only criticism of animal research came from anti vivisection groups who persistently complained about a lack of transparency. Now criticism is coming from researchers too, with the recognition that not all aspects of animal experimentation are as robust as they should be and that something needs to change.That is why we have published new guidelines aimed at improving the quality of reporting on animal experiments in research papers. These have been met with support, notably from the major funding bodies and many international journals. This is indicative of the new climate in which we operate.Five years ago the guidelines would have been met with scepticism and accusations of increased bureaucracy from some within the scientific community.The difference is that these guidelines come in the wake of recent studies, which reveal serious shortcomings in animal research. One by my own organization, the UK’S NC3Rs, found that key information was missing from many of the 300 or so publications we analysed that described publicly funded experiments on rodents and monkeys in the UK and the US.The new guidelines should ensure the science emerging from animal research is maximised and that every animal used counts. Better reporting will allow greater opportunity to evaluate which animal models are useful and which are not. One way of doing this is through the systematic reviews that are the gold standard in clinical studies but rarely undertaken for animal studies due to the lack of information published.Animal research has been a thorn in the side of researchers for many years. We can’t afford to get this wrong, scientifically, ethically or financially. Failings in reporting animal data properly can be perceived as an attempt to hide something, either about the quality or value of what is being done.When animal research is funded from the public purse a public mandate is essential. There is muchscope for improvement. It is time for scientists ——funders，researchers and editors ― to use the new guidelines to put our house in order.54.According to the passage, those who had long blamed animal research are.A.those ignorant of scienceB. government officialsC. some of their colleaguesD. antivivisection groups55.The passage suggests that the change of heart among animal researchers refersto _.A.their reconsideration of their researchB.their resistance to their greater enemiesC.their giving in to animal right groupsD.their confession to their Work failures56.The new guidelines mostly stress that the report on animal research needs to be.A. directiveB. comprehensiveC. affirmativeD. authoritative57.The UK’s NC3Rs research is mentioned to illustrate that animal research.A. needs government fundingB. needs publishing guidelinesC. involves some serious problemsD. involves analyses and variations58.For animal researchers, to put their work under systematic review would be Something.A. newB. hardG. pleasantD. unthinkable59.The best title for this passage is.A.Make the Most of Animal ExperimentsB.Improve the Quality of Animal ResearchC.Make Every Animal Experiment CountD.Give Public Support to Animal ResearchPart III Reading Comprehension (40% )Section A (30%)Passage 5Likenesses of Buddha are these days SO commonplace — the casual adornment of fashionable spas, fusion restaurants and Parisian nightclubs — that it is strange to think that artists once hesitated, out of reverence, to portray the Buddha incorporeal form. In 2nd century India, judging by a 2nd century sandstone carving excavated from Mathura, it was sufficient to simply depict an empty throne — the implication that the Buddha was a spiritual king being very clearly understood by anyone who saw it. But as the stunning new gallery of Buddhist sculpture at London’s Victoria and Albert Museum makes Plain, somewhere along the line the reticence （沉默）about rendering the Buddha’s likeness gave way, and the world embarked on two millenniums of rich iconography and statuary. The gallery’s 47 masterworks, chosen from the museum’s renowned Asian collections, trace the Buddha’s portrayal from the 2nd to the 19th centuries, in places as diverse as India, Java and Japan.Inspiration came from unexpected sources. Some sculptors in Sri Lanka and China simply shaped the Buddha in their own likenesses. A 4th century stucco bust unearthed in Afghanistan features the full lips associated with Indian Gupta art, but also fulsome curls that reflect the Greco-Roman artists brought to the region by Alexander the Great.Other enlightened souls are shown beside the Buddha. Among the gallery’s most glorious artifacts are depictions of bodhisattvas —those who deliberately postpone their passage to nirvana （涅槃），Buddhists believe, in order to help others along the eightfold path. In the 14th century, metalworkers from Nepal’s Kathmandu Valley crafted the Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara, manifestation of the Buddhist lord of compassion, in gilded copper and precious-stone inlay. An androg Y nous -looking deity with wide hips and sensuous form （in Chinese tradition, Avalokiteshvara or Guan Yin is female, in others male） , Avalokiteshvara serene face projects the harmony to which all Buddhists aspire. John Clarke, the gallery’s principal curator, says that Avalokiteshvara is sometimes depicted holding a blooming lotus — a symbol of spiritual purity. “It comes up from the mud, flowers, and remains untouched by the dirt that surrounded it，” he says. You could say the same thing for the wonderful richness of Buddhist art.60.Spas, restaurants and nightclubs are stated to show that.A.images of Buddha are often seen in those placesB.those places are frequented by many Buddhist artistsC.those places are filled with flavor of Buddhist cultureD.Buddhist worshippers regularly go to those places61.The 2nd century Indian case mentioned denotes that artists at that time considered it disrespectful to.A. depict the figure of BuddhaB. reflect things about BuddhismC. paint Buddha in a vague formD. distort Buddhist spirituality62.The new gallery at London’s Victoria & Albert Museum indicates that.A.Buddha’s portrayal came to a surge in the year of 2000B.some Buddha sculptures have a history of about 2,000 yearsC.the image of the Buddha has been distorted for 2,000 yearsD.the silence on portraying Buddha was broken in 200063.The gallery’s sculptures of Buddha reflect.A.the sculptors’ secular views about BuddhismB.the sculptors’ imitation of an alien cultureC.something about the sculptors, own culturesD.something associated with modem art64.To Buddhists, Avalokiteshvara is a deity that can help one.A. against arroganceB. control his temperC. out of greedinessD. out of sufferings65.The last sentence of the passage implies that Buddhist art.A.emerges from other art forms but retains its own featuresB.needs to be further explored in its complex structuresC.keeps its dominant position over any other form of artD.remains a symbol of spiritual purity in the world of artistsPart III Reading Comprehension (40% )Section B (10%)Passage 1In August 1969 an unmarried pregnant woman living in Texas wanted to terminate her pregnancy by having an abortion. Her doctor refused this request because Texas law made it a crime to have an abortion unless the operation was necessary to save the mother’s life. 66 Throughout the legal proceedings, the woman was identified as Jane Roe to protect her anonymity. Roe’s lawyers claimed that the Texas abortion laws violated her rights under the due process clause of the 14 th Amendment, which prohibited states from depriving their citizens of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.67 Justice Harry Blackmun recognized that a woman’s right to an abortion could be limited by “ a compelling state interest” to protect her health and life. Based on medical evidence, Justice Black-mun concluded that during the second trimester”of a woman’s pregnancy (months 4 to 6) ,the stat might intervene to regulate abortion to protect the mother’s well-being. And the state could regulate or prohibit abortion during the third trimester (months 7 to 9) .68The Roe decision has generated continuing controversy. 69 Its critics can be roughly divided into two groups: those who oppose the decision because they believe abortion is murder and those who believe that the Court improperly substituted its policy preference for the will of the people as expressed through their elected representatives in state governments. 70 And so it has been since 1973，when the Hoe case was decided. Efforts to modify or overturn the Roe decision have continued.In Webster v. Reproductive Health Services ( 1989)，for example, the Court upheld provisions of a Missouri law that restricted the right to an abortion, a retreat from the Roe decision that stopped short of overturning it.A.However, during the first trimester ( months 1 to 3) of a pregnancy, it seemed unlikely that there would be “a compelling state interest” to restrict abortion rights to protect the health and life of the mother.B.Abortions performed in the first trimester (months 1 to 3)pose virtually no long-term risk of such problems as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, spontaneous abortion ( miscarriage) or birth defect,and little or no risk of preterm or low-birth-weight deliveries.C.So the woman sought legal help and filed suit against Henry Wade, district attorney for Dallas County, Texas.D.The Supreme Court ruled that the Texas statutes on abortion were unconstitutional and that a woman did have the right to terminate her pregnancy.E.Justice Byron White accurately remarked in his dissent that the right to an abortion is an issue about which “reasonable men may easily and heatedly differ. ”F.Women’s rights advocates have hailed Roe as a landmark victory.Part III Reading Comprehension (40% )Section B (10%)Passage 2In 1998, a Belgian student named Sacha Klein left Brussels and enrolled as a four-year student at a U. S. university, graduating with a computer-science degree, and landing a summer internship at Virginia-based consulting firm Booz Allen Hamilton, where management liked him enough to offer him a full-time position. Today, he designs information systems for Booz Allen, and studies toward a master’s degree in business.He is deaf. 71 In 1990，the Americans with Disabilities Act ( ADA) opened the door for people like klein to contribute to the U. S. economy in ways no one imagined before. The ADA requires businesses to make accommodations to allow a person with a disability to do a job for which he or she is qualified.In addition, the ADA requires public facilities to remove architectural barriers that hinder people with disabilities from shopping, going to the theater, or using public toilets. 72 Katherine McCary，president of a business group that promotes hiring people with disabilities, said European managers tell her they want to hire people with disabilities, but that they can’t get to work.73Had he stayed in Europe, he said, he would not have been able to become a white-collar professional, but would have been put on track for factory work. 74A federal hotline offering advice on workplace accommodations went from handling 3,000 calls per year before the law to 40,000 calls per year in the mid-1990s.The cost of accommodations turned out to be zero in half the cases and averaged about $500 in the other half, according to the Labor Department 75 Compliance with the law is good for business :87 percent of consumers prefer to patronize companies that hire people with disabilities, according to a January 2006 survey by the University of Massachusetts. In addition, workers with disabilities could help relieve a labor shortage.A.Klein thinks attitudes matter, too.B.Employers report that workers with disabilities are loyal and productive.C.Klein said he has learned a lot at Booz Allen about teamwork and communication.D.While one can paint a rosy picture of the U. S. companies embracing people with disabilities, in the early 1990s, the ADA was greeted with panic by the business。
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编23(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Colour-blind people often find it difficult to ______ between blue and green.A．separateB．contrastC．compareD．distinguish正确答案：D解析：distinguish v.区别，辨别，区分(句型：distinguish between A and B：distinguish A from B：distinguish two things apart．)。
separate v.(使)分开，(使)分离(句型：separate two things：separate one from the other)。
contrast vt．对比，对照；vi.与……形成对比，对比之下显出区别(句型：contrast A and B；A contrasts with B)。
compare vt．比较．对照：比拟为(句型：compare A and B：compare A with B 将A与B作比较：compare A to B把A比作B)。
2．Colour-blind people often find it difficult to ______ between blue and green. (2003年西南财经大学考博试题)A．separateB．compareC．distinguishD．contrast正确答案：C解析：本题是说色盲的人常常发现很难辨别蓝色和绿色。
distinguish的意思是“区别，辨”;separate的意思是“分开，隔离”；compare的意思是“比较”；contrast的意思是“对比”。
四个选项中只有C项符合题意。
2013年北京大学考博英语真题试题及答案PartOne:ListeningcomprehensionThereare3sectionsinthispart.InsectionAandByouwillheareverythingONCEONLY.Liste ncarefullyandthenchoosethecorrectanswerforeachquestion.MarkyourchoicesonyourA NSWERSHEET.SectionA:Conversations5Questions1to3arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,youwil lbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.1.WhichisNOTthepurposeofMr.Lewis’visit?A.Toseefriends.B.Togiveconcerts.C.Tovacation.D.Togiveprivatelessons.2.WhatkindofcellodidMr.Lewisusewhenhewaseight?A.Afull-sizedcello.B.Ahalf-sizedcello.C.Atwo-thirds-sizedcello.D.Itisnotmentioned.3.WhatistrueaboutMr.Lewis’cello?A.Healwaystakesitwithhim.B.Itwasmadebyhisuncle.C.Heborroweditfromhisuncle.D.Hegotaseatfreeforhiscello.Questions4to7arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,youwil lbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.4.Whatisthemainpurposeoftheresearch?A.Tomakepreparationsforanewpublication.B.Tolearnhowcouplesspendtheirweekends.C.Toknowhowhouseworkisshared.D.Toinvestigatewhatpeopledoattheweekend.5.WhatdoesthemandoonFridays?A.Hegoestoexerciseclasses.B.Hegoessailing.C.Hegoestothecinema.D.Hestaysathome.6.Onwhichdaydoesthecouplealwaysgoout?A.Friday.B.Saturday.C.Sunday.D.Anyweekday.7.Whichpersonaldetaildoesthemangive?A.Surname.B.Firstname.C.Address.D.Age.Questions8to10arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,youw illbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.8.WhatconclusioncanwedrawaboutMikebeforehewenttothecampingschool?A.Hewaseagertodothecourse.B.Hehaddoneoutdooractivities.C.Heenjoyedlifeintheopen.D.Hewasreluctantandtimid.9.MikeparticipatedinallthefollowingactivitiesEXCEPT______________.A.hikingB.canoeingC.swimmingD.camping10.WhichofthefollowingwordsismostappropriatetodescribeMikeafterthecampingschoo l?A.Independent.B.Strong.C.Determined.D.Persistent.SectionB:Talks5Questions11to13arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,you willbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.11.WhathappenedtoJanuary27th,1967?A.Threemenwereinjuredduringafire.B.Onemandiedduringthefireaccident.C.Afirestartedinsideaspaceship.D.Aspaceshipwaslaunched.12.Whathappenedin1981?A.Thespaceprogramwassuspended.B.Fivemenwereinjuredduringanaccident.C.Theaccidentoccurredbeforetherehearsal.D.Noaccidenthappenedthatyear.13.Whatdoesthetalksayaboutaccidents?D?BPiCs?XSA.Accidentsareunavoidable.B.Accidentscanbeavoided.C.Humanbeingsarealwayscareless.D.Thereshouldbemoreprecautions.Questions14to17arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,you willbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.14.BBC’sweatherforecastisa________program.A.seldomwatchedB.littleknownC.newD.popular15.WeatherobservationscomefromallthefollowingsourcesEXCEPT________.putersB.satellitesC.thegroundD.radar16.WhatdoesthetalksayaboutBBC’sforecasters?A.Theyreadfromscript.B.Theyareprofessional.C.Theyuseamapforpresentation.D.Theycareabouttheirclothes.17.WhatdoesthetalksayaboutBritishtelevisionviewers?A.Theyrememberwhattheysawonweatherforecasts.B.Theyliketalkingaboutweatherinsteadofwatching.C.Theypaymoreattentiontothestyleofthepresenters.D.Theywatchandrememberwhatisnecessary.Questions18to20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,you willbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.18.WhichisNOTshowinganincreasethisyear?A.Numberoftourists.B.Holidaytravelers.C.Shopping.D.Diningandentertaining.19.Whatdoesthetalksayaboutthisyear’sbusinesstravelers?A.Therearefewerbusinesstravelers.B.Therearemorebusinesstravelers.C.Thenumberremainsthesameaslastyear’s.D.Itisnotmentionedinthetalk.20.Whichisthelargestsinglevisitorexpenditure?A.Hotelaccommodation.B.Meals.C.Shopping.D.Entertainment.SectionC:SpotDictation10Directions:Inthissectionyouaregoingtohearareportonthestronglinkbetweensleepandfata laccident.Somewordsaretakenoutandyouareexpectedtofillinthemissingwordsasyouliste n.ThereportwillbereadTWICEandyouwillhaveoneminutetocheckyourwork.Thenputyour answersonANSWERSHEET(2).Inadequaterestmeansaweaker(C1)___________system,layingthebodyopentoawhole(C 2)__________ofillnesses.Ontheaverageamanneedssevenhoursofsleepadayandawoman sevenanda(C3)____________hours.Sixhoursof(C4)_________sleepisbetterthantenho ursof(C5)__________andturning,however.Peoplewhosleeplessthansixhoursanightare( C6)________foranearlydeath.Somepeople(C7)___________thattheycangetbywithlittlesleepwhennecessary.Butexpe rtsthinkthesepeopleare(C8)________themselves.Betweensleep(C9)________andfatalaccidentsthereisanobvious(C10)_________.Peopl ewhoget(C11)________sleeporpoorqualitysleephaveahigherriskof(C12)________onth eroad.Theyaremorelikelytofallasleepatthe(C13)_________andkillpeopleorgetkilled.Pr ofessionaldriversand(C14)___________workersaremostlikelytotakethe(C15)_______ _.Theperformanceatworkalso(C16)__________becauseofsleepdeprivation.Thepressuresofworkdeprivepeopleofsleep.Tomakeitup,theytryto(C17)________catnap s.Butexpertsarealittle(C18)____________aboutthebenefitsofcatnapping.Theytellusthat thecatnapcanneverbea(C19)_________forpropersleep.Forvictimsof(C20)_________,c atnappinginthedayistheworstthingtheycanpossiblydo.PartTwo:StructureandWrittenExpression20Directions:Ineachquestiondecidewhichoffourchoicesgivenwillmostsuitablycompleteth esentenceifinsertedattheplacemarked.MarkyourchoicesontheANSWERSHEET.21.Thenuclearfamily__________aself-contained,self-satisfyingunitcomposedoffather, motherandchildren.A.referstoB.definesC.describesD.devotesto22.Somepollsshowthatroughlytwo-thirdsofthegeneralpublicbelievethatelderlyAmerica nsare________bysocialisolationandloneliness.A.reproachedB.favoredC.plaguedD.reprehended23.Inadditiontobetteringgroupandindividualperformance,cooperation________thequal ityofinterpersonalrelationship.A.ascendspelsC.enhancesD.prefers24.Inthepast50years,there________agreatincreaseintheamountofresearch_____ontheh umanbrain.A.was…didB.hasbeen…tobedoneC.was…doingD.hasbeen…done25.“Im usthaveeatensomethingwrong.Ifeellike_____.”“Wetoldyounottoeatatarestaurant.You’dbetter_______athomewheny ouarenotintheshape.”A.tothrowup…toeatB.throwingup…eatingC.tothrowup…eatD.throwingup…eat26.Parentshavetoshowdueconcernstotheirchildren’screat ivityandemotionaloutput;othe rwisewhattheythinkbeneficialtothekidsmightprobably_______theirenthusiasmandaspir ations.A.holdbackB.holdtoC.holddownD.holdover27.Accordingtopsychoanalysis,aperson’sattentionisattracted________bytheintensityof differentsignals________bytheircontext,significance,andinformationcontent.A.notlessthan…asB.as…justasC.somuch…asD.notsomuch…as28.TheymovedtoPortlandin1998andlivedinabighouse,_______tothesouth.A.thewindowsofwhichopenedB.thewindowsofitopenedC7U O:`naC.itswindowsopenedD.thewindowsofwhichopening29.Theladywhohas_______foranightinthedeadofthewinterlaterturnedouttobeadistantre lationofhis.A.puthimupB.puthimoutC.puthimonD.puthimincd30.Bystanders,_______,_________astheywalkedpastlinesofambulances.A.bloodyandcoveredwithdust,lookingdazedB.bloodiedandcoveredwithdust,lookeddazedC.bloodyandcoveredwithdust,lookeddazedD.bloodiedandcoveredwithdust,lookingdazed31.HongKongwasnotatargetforterrorattacks,theGovernmentinsistedyesterday,astheUS ________closedforanapparentsecurityreview.A.ConsulationB.ConstitutionC.ConsulateD.Consular32.AmericanfanshaveselectedYaoinavotefortheAll-Stargame______thelegendaryO’N eal,who______the“GreatWall”attheweekendastheRocketsbeattheLosAngelesLakers.-A.inheadof,ranonB.inheadof,ranintoC.aheadof,ranontoD.aheadof,raninto33.Professionalarchivistsandlibrarianshavetheresourcestoduplicatematerialsinotherfor matsandtheexpertisetoretrievematerialstrappedin_________computers.A.abstractB.obsoleteC.obstinateD.obese34.Shealwaysprintsimportantdocumentsandst oresabackupsetatherhouse.“Iactuallythin kthere’ssomethingaboutthe______ofpaperthatfeelsmorecomforting.”Shesaid.A.tangibilityB.tanglednessC.tangentD.tantalization35.“Theysaidwhatwealwaysknew,”saidanadministrationsource,___________.A.heaskednottobenamedB.whoaskednottobenamedC.whoaskednotbenamedD.whoaskednotnamed36.InGermany,theindustrialgiantsDaimlerChryslerandSiemensrecently_______theirun ionsintosigningcontractsthatlengthenworkhourswithoutincreasingpay.A.muscledB.movedC.mushedD.muted37.Hearguesthatthepolicyhasdonelittletoeasejoblessness,andhasleftthecountry_______ .A.energizedB.EnervatedC.NervedD.enacted38.Themorepeoplehearhisdementedrants,themoretheyseethatheisaterrorist_______.A.whoispureandsimpleB.beingpureandsimpleC.pureandsimpleD.aspureandsimple39.Thisexpansionofrightshasledtobothaparalysisofthepublicserviceandtoarapidandterri ble________inthecharacterofthepopulation.A.determinationB.deteriorationC.desolationD.desperationU [~~CVV40._______adecliningbirthrate,therewillbeanover-supplyof27,000primaryschoolplace sby2010,_______leaving35schoolsidle.sto B.Couplingwith,equivalenttoC.Coupledwith,equivalenttoD.Couplingwith,equalstoPartThree:ReadingComprehension10PassageOne TheHeroMymother’sparentscamefromHun gary,butmygrandfathercouldtracehisorigintoGerman yandalsohewaseducatedinGermany.Althoughhewasabletoholdaconversationinninelan guages,hewasmostcomfortableinGerman.Everymorning,beforegoingtohisoffice,heread theGermanlanguagenewspaper,whichwasAmericanownedandpublishedinNewYork.MygrandfatherwastheonlyoneinhisfamilytocometotheUnitedStateswithhiswifeandchil dren.HestillhadrelativeslivinginEurope.Whenthefirstworldwarbrokeout,helamentedthe factthatifmyuncle,hisonlysonhadtogo,itwouldbecousinfightingagainstcousin.Intheearl ydaysofthewar,mygrandmotherbeggedhimtostoptakingtheGermannewspaperandtotake anEnglishlanguagenewspaper,instead.Hescoffedattheidea,explainingthatthefactitwasin GermandidnotmakeitaGermannewspaper,butonlyanAmericannewspaper,printedinGer man.Butmygrandmotherinsisted,forfearthattheneighborsmayseehimreaditandthinkhew asGerman.So,hefinallygaveuptheGermannewspaper.Oneday,theinevitablehappenedandmyuncleMiltonreceivednoticetojointhearmy.Mygra ndparentswereveryupset,butmymother,hislittlesister,wasexcited.Nowshecouldboastab outhersoldierbrothergoingofftowar.Shewastenyearsoldatthetime,andmyuncle,realizing howhewasregardedbyhislittlesisterandherfriends,wentoutandboughtthemallservicepins ,whichmeantthattheyhadalovedoneintheservice.Allthelittlegirlsweredelighted.Whenth edaycameforhimtoleave,hiswholeregiment,intheiruniforms,lefttogetherfromthesametr ainstation.Therewasabandplayingandmymotherandherfriendscametoseehimoff.Eachon eworeherservicepinandwavedasmallAmericanflag,cheeringtheboys,astheyleft.Themomentcameandthesoldiers,allveryyoung,noneofwhomhadhadanytraining,butwho hadneverthelessallbeenissueduniforms,boardedthetrain.Thebandplayedandthecrowdch eered.Thetraingroanedasifitknewthedestinytowhichitwastakingitspassengers,butitsoon begantomove.Stillcheeringandwavingtheirflags,thebandstillplaying,thetrainslowlydep artedthestation.Ithadgoneaboutathousandyardswhenitsuddenlygroundtoahalt.Thebandstoppedplaying, thecrowdstoppedcheering.Everyonegazedinwonderasthetrainslowlybackedupandretur nedtothestation.Itseemedaneternityuntilthedoorsopenedandthemenstartedtofileout.So meoneshouted,“It’sthearmistice.Thewarisover.”Foramoment,nobodymoved,butthenth epeopleheardsomeonebarkordersatthesoldiers.Themenlinedupandformedintotwolines. Theywalkeddownthestepsand,withthebandplayingbehind,paradeddownthestreet,asretu rningheroes,tobewelcomedhomebytheassembledcrowd.Thenextdaymyunclereturnedtohisjob,andmygrandfatherresumedreadingtheGermannewspaper,whichhereaduntiltheda yhedied.41.Wherewasthenarrator’sfamilywhenthisstorytookplace?A.InGermany.B.InHungary.C.IntheUnitedStatesD.InNewYork.42.Hisgrandfather____________.A.couldnotspeakandreadEnglishwellenoughB.knewninelanguagesequallywellC.knewanumberoflanguages,butfeltmorekintoGermanD.lovedGermanbestbecauseitmadehimthinkofhome43.HisgrandmotherdidnotwantherhusbandtobuyandreadnewspapersA.Coupledwith,equalinGerman,because________.A.itwaswartimeandGermansweretheirenemyB.theneighborswouldmistakethemaspro-GermanC.itwaseasiertogetnewspapersinEnglishinAmericaD.nobodyelsereadnewspapersinGermanduringthewartime44.Thenarrator’smotherwantedherbrothertogotofightinthewar,because________.A.likeeverybodyelseatthewartime,shewasverypatrioticB.shehatedthewarandtheGermansverymuchC.allherfriendshadrelativesinwarandshewantedtobelikethemD.shelikedtohaveabrothershecouldthinkofasaheroPassageTwo WakingUpfromtheAmericanDreamssds Therehasbeenmuchtalkrecentlyaboutthephenomenonof“Wal-Martization”ofAmerica, whichreferstotheattemptofAmerica’sgiantWal-Martchainstorecompanytokeepitscostatrock-bottomlevels.Foryears,manyAmericancompanieshaveembracedWal-Mart-likestr atagemstocontrollaborcosts,suchashiringtemps(temporaryworkers)andpart-timers,fight ingunions,dismantlinginternalcareerladdersandoutsourcingtolowerpayingcontractorsat homeandabroad.Whilethesetactics havetheadmirableoutcomeofholdingdownconsumerprices,they’recos tlyinotherways.Morethanaquarterofthelaborforce,about34millionworkers,istrappedinlo w-wage,oftendead-endjobs.Manymiddle-incomeandhigh-skilledemployeesfacefewero pportunities,too,ascompaniesshiftworktosubcontractorsandtempsagenciesandmovewhi te-collarjobstoChinaandIndia.TheresulthasbeenanerosionofoneofAmerica’smostcherishedvalue:givingitspeoplethea bilitytomoveuptheeconomicladderovertheirlifetimes.Historically,mostAmericans,even low-skilledones,wereabletofindpoorlypaidjanitorialorfactoryjobs,thengraduallyclimbe dintothemiddleclassastheygainedexperienceandmovedupthewagecurve.Butthenumber ofworkersprogressingupwardbegantoslipin1970s.Upwardmobilitydiminishedevenmor einthe1980sasglobalizationandtechnologyslammedblue-collarwages.RestoringAmericanmobilityislessaquestionofknowingwhattodothanofmakingithappen. Expertshavedecriedschools’inadequacyforyears,butfixingthemisalong,arduousstruggle .Similarly,therehavebeenplentyofwarningsaboutdecliningcollegeaccess,butfindingfun dswasdifficulteveninerasoflargesurpluses.45.TheAmericandreaminthispassagemainlyrefersto____________.A.therearealwayspossibilitiesofferedtopeopletodevelopthemselvesinthesocietyB.AmericanscanalwaysmoveupthepayladderC.Americanyoungpeoplecanhaveaccesstocollege,eventheyarepoorD.thelaborforceisnottrappedinlow-wageanddead-endjobs46.Wal-Martstrategy,accordingtothispassage,is to___________.A.hiretempsandpart-timerstoreduceitscostB.outsourceitscontractstolowerpriceagenciesathomeandabroadC.holddownitsconsumerpricebycontrollingitslaborcostsD.dismantlethecareerladderandstoppeople’smobilityupward47.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUE?A.Wal-Martizationhasbeensuccessfulinkeepingcostsatrock-bottomlevels.B.Upwardmobilityforlow-skilledworkershasbecomeimpossibleintheU.S.C.Morebusinessopportunitiesaregiventolow-costagenciesinChinaandIndia.D.AlthoughpeopleknowhowtorestoreAmericanmobility,it’sdifficulttochangethepresen tsituation.PassageThree SeniorsandtheCityTensofthousandsofretireesarepullingupstakesinsuburbanareasandfashioningtheirownretirementcommunitiesintheheartofthebustlingcity.Theyarelookingforwhatmo stolderpeoplewant:ahomewithnostairsandlowcrimerates.Andtheyarewillingtoexchange regularweeklygolftimeforrichculturalofferings,youngneighborsandplentyofgoodrestau rants.Spyinganopportunity,majorreal-estatedevelopershavebrokengroundonurbansitest heyintendedtomarkettosuburbanretirees.Theseseniorsarealreadychangingthefaceofbigc ities.Onedeveloper,FranMcCarthyasks:“Whoeverthoughtthatsuburbanflightwouldbero undtrip?”Thetrickleofolderfolksreturningtothecityhasgrownintoasteadystream.Whilesomecities, especiallythosewithfewculturalofferings,haveseenanexodusofseniors,urbanplannerssa yothershavebecomeretireesmagnets.Between1999and2000,thepopulationof64-to-75-year-oldsindowntownChicagorose17percent.Austin,NewOrleans,andLosAngeleshavese endouble-digitincreasesaswell.Theremaybehiddenhealthbenefitstocityliving.Astudyre vealsthatmovingfromsuburbstothecitycanwardoffthebyproductofaging---socialisolatio n.Inthenextsixyears,downtownsareexpectedtogrowevengrayer.Foraffluentretirees,cityl ifeisanincreasinglypopularoption.48.Retiredseniorsaremovingbackintothecitybecause____________.A.theyfindtherearetoomanycrimesinthesuburbsB.unliketheflatsinthecity,theircountryhousehavestairstoclimbC.theyarenolongerinterestedinplayinggolfD.inthecity,theyhavemoresocialandculturallifeagainstloneliness49.Fromthepassagewecaninferthat_________.A.thereal-estatedevelopershavebrokentheiroriginalcontractsofconstructionwithseniorr etireesB.alifeinthedowntowncityisexpensive,andmostofthoseretireeswhomovedbackintotheci tyareverywell-offC.withmoreolderpeoplelivinginthecity,thecitywillbecomegrayandlessbeautifulD.verysoontheAmericansuburbanareaswillfacetheirlowpopulationcrisis50.FranMcCarthy’squestionmeans:nobodyeverthoughtthat__________.A.peoplewhomovedoutofthecitydecadesagonowwouldmovebackB.suburbandwellerswhenmovingbackintothecitymusttakeroundtripC.suburbanflightyearsagowouldgoincirclesD.seniorpeople’smovingbackintothecitywouldtakeplaceallovertheUnitedStatesDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthenexplaininyourownEnglishtheexa ctmeaningofthenumberedandunderlinedparts.PutyouranswersonANSWERSHEET(2)1 5(51)Beingangryincreasestheriskofinjury,especiallyamongmen,newresearchsays.Theresearchersgathereddataonmorethan2,400accidentvictimsatthreeMissourihospitals. Theyinterviewedeachsubjecttodeterminethepatient’semotionalstatejustbeforetheinjury and24hoursearlier,gatheringdataonwhetherthepatientsfeltirritable,angryorhostile,andto whatdegree.Thentheycomparedtheresultswithacontrolgroupofuninjuredpeople.(52)Despitewidespreadbeliefin“roadrage,”angerdidnotcorrelatewithinjuriesfromtraffic accidents.(53)Notsurprisingly,angerwasstronglyassociatedwithinjuriesinflicteddeliberately.Buto therinjuries–thoseneitherintentionallyinflictednorfromfallsortrafficaccidents–alsoshow edstrongassociationswithanger.(54)Thecorrelationsweresignificantlyweakerforwomenthanformen,buttherewerenodiff erencesbyrace.Theauthorsacknowledgethattheirdatadependonself-reports,whicharenotalwaysreliable.(55)Whyangercorrelateswithinjuryisnotknown.“Icanspeculatethattheangermayhavepro mptedsomebehaviorthatledtotheinjury,ormayhavesimplydistractedtheperson,leadingin directlyt otheinjury,”saidthestudy’sleadauthor.PartFour:ClozeTest10Directions:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthenfillineachnumberedblankwithO NEsuitablewordtocompletethepassage.PutyouranswersonANSWERSHEET(2).LastyearFrenchdriverskilled(56)_______than5,000peopleontheroadsforthefirsttimeind ecades.Creditgoeslargely(57)________the1,000automatedradarcamerasplantedonthen ation’shighwayssince2003,whichexpertsreckon(58)_______3,000liveslastyear.Succes s,ofcoursebreedssuccess:thegovernmentplanstoinstall500(59)______radardevicesthisy ear.Soitgoeswithsurveillancethesedays.Europeansusedtolookatthesecuritycameraspostedin Britishcities,subwaysandbuses(60)_______theseedsofanOrwellianworldthatwaslargel yunacceptableinContinentalEurope.Butlastyear’sLondonbombing,inwhichvideocamer as(61)________akeyroleinidentifyingtheperpetrators,havehelpedspuraseachange.Amo nth(62)_______theLondonattacks,halfofGermanssupportedEU-wideplanstorequireInt ernetprovidersandtelecomstostorealle-mail,Internetandphonedatafor“anti-terror”(63)_ _____.InaBritishpoll,73percentofrespondentssaidtheywere(64)_______togiveupsomec ivillibertytoimprove(65)________.PartFive:Proofreading10Directions:Inthefollowingpassage,therearealtogether10mistakes,ONEineachnumbered andunderlinedpart.Youmayhavetochangeaword,addaword,orjustdeleteaword.Ifyoucha ngeaword,crossitwithaslash(/)andwritethecorrectwordbesideit.Ifyouaddaword,writethe missingwordbetweenthewords(inbrackets)immediatelybeforeandafterit.Ifyoudeleteaw ord,crossitoutwithaslash(/).PutyouransweronANSWERSHEET(2).Examples:eg.1(66)Themeetingbegun2hoursago.CorrectionputontheANSWERSHEET(2):(66)begunbeganeg.2(67)Scarcelytheysettledthemselvesintheirseatsinthetheatrewhenthecurtainwentup.CorrectionputontheANSWERSHEET(2):(67)(Scarcely)had(they)eg.3(68)NeverwillInotdoitagain.CorrectionputontheANSWERSHEET(2):(68)not(66)Applicationfilesarepiledhighlythismonthincollegesacrossthecountry.(67)Admissio nsofficersareporingessaysandrecommendationletters,scouringtranscriptsandstandardiz edtestscores.(68)Butanythingismissingfrommanyapplications:aclassranking,onceamajorcomponent inadmissionsdecisions.Inthecat-and-mousemaneuveringoveradmissiontoprestigiouscollegesanduniversities,(6 9)thousandsofhighschoolshavesimplystoppedprovidingthatinformation,concludingitco uldharmthechancesoftheirverybetter,butnotbest,students.(70)Cannycollegeofficials,inturn,havefoundatacticalwaytoresponse.(71)Usingbroadda tathathighschoolsoftenprovide,likeadistributionofgradeaveragesforentireseniorclass,th eyessentiallyrecreateanapplicant’sclassrank.(72)Theprocesshasleftthemexasperating.(73)“Ifwe’relookingatyoursonordaughterandyouwantustoknowthattheyareamongthebe stintheirschool,witharankwedon’tnecessarilyknowthat,”saidJimBock,deanofadmission sandfinancialaidatSwarthmoreCollege.(74)Admissionsdirectorssaystrategycanbackfire.Whenhighschoolsdonotprovideenoughgeneralinformationtorecreatetheclassrankcalcul ation,(75)manyadmissionsdirectorssaytheyhavelittlechoiceandtodosomethingvirtually noonewantsthemtodo:givemoreweighttoscoresontheSATandotherstandardizedexams.PartSix:Writing15Directions:Writeashortcompositionofabout250to300wordsonthetopicgivenbelow.Writ eitneatlyonANSWERSHEET(2).Recently,anewspapercarriedanarticleentitled:“WeShouldNoLongerForceGongLiandZ hangYimoutoTakePartinNationalPolitics”.Thearticlearguedthatsomeartistsandfilmstar sareunwillingorunqualifiedtorepresentthepeopleinthePeople’sCongressorthePeople’sP oliticalConsultativeConference,andtheyshouldnotbeforcedtodoso.Whatdoyouthink?56.fewer57.to58.saved59.more60.as61.played62.after63.purposes64.ready/willing65.s ecurity北京大学2006年博士入学考试试题答案Listening0.5each)1-5BCAAD6-10BADCA11-15CBADA16-20BDCBＣC1:immune C11:insufficientC2:range C12:accidentsC3:quarter C13:wheelC4:uninterrupted C14:shiftC5:tossing C15:riskC6:destined C16:deterioratesC7:claim C17:snatchC8:fooling C18:skepticalC9:deprivation C19:substituteC10:correlation C20:insomniaStructureandwrittenexpression1pointeach)21-25accdd26-30adaab31-35cdbab36-40abcbcReading1pointeach)41-45ccbda46-50cbdbaParaphrasing:(3pointseach)51.Accordingtonewresearch,gettingangryaddstothechancesofgettingphysicallyhurt,par ticularlyformale.52.evenpeoplegen[size=5][/size]erallybelievehatpeopleeasilygetangrywhendrivingont heroad,butangerdidn’thavemuch/anythingto dowithinjuriesfromtrafficaccidents,/butnot manyinjuriesfromtrafficaccidentsaretheresultsofangerontheroad.53.Itisnotatallsurprisingthatangerisaveryimportantreasonforpeoplewhointentionallyhur tthemselves.54.Weseethisstronglinkbetweenangerandinjurymoreinmenthaninwomen,butdifferentra cesofpeopledidnotshowmuchvariation.55.Peopledonotknowyetwhyangerisassociatedwithinjury.Cloze:(1pointeach)56.Fewer57.To58.Saved59.More60.As61.Played62.After63.Purposes64.Ready65.SecurityProofreading:(1pointeach)66.Highly-high67.Pore-poreover68.Anything-something69.Better-good70.Response-respond71.Forentire-foranentire72.Exasperating-exasperatedbS 73.With-without74.Strategy-thestrategy75.And-butWriting:(15points)。
1 2013——2014年华科考博英语真题及答案 2013完型 BARACK OBAMA, in his state-of-the-union speech on February 12th, called for a new era of scientific discovery. “Now is the time to reach a level of research and development not seen since the height of the space race,” he declared. He praised projects to map the human brain and accelerate regenerative medicine. This would mean spending more on research. As The Economist went to press, America’s government was about to do the opposite.
2月12日，贝拉克?奥巴马在国情咨文演讲中号召人民开启科研成果新纪元。他宣布：“自太空竞赛取胜以来，我们始终未能将科技研发推向一个新高度，现在是时候了。”他还表扬了大脑活动图谱绘制工程和再生医学提速项目。这意味着他打算在科研上投入更多的经费。本期《经济学人》付印时，美国政府正欲背道而驰。
Federal spending is due to be cut on March 1st, the result of a long brawl over the deficit. Complex politics triggered this “sequester” (Congress excels at nothing if not elaborate dysfunction) but the sequester itself is brutally simple. America will cut $85 billion from this year’s budget (about 2.5% of spending),split between military and non-military programmes. Among the areas to be squeezed is R&D, and medical research in particular.
赤字当前，各政客长期意见不合，导致联邦自动减支于3月1日强制启动。政局复杂导致了“财政封存”（国会只擅长把紊乱的政局变得更糟），但是“财政封存”却简单得要命。美国将在本年度预算中削减850亿美元（约为总开支的2.5%），由军事开支和非军事开支共同分担。研发项目开支也将被削减，而医学研究首当其冲。
For years America has enjoyed pre-eminence in research, but this is fading. Chinese investment (including both public and private money) more than quintupled from 2000 to 2010, to $160 billion, in 2005 prices. America’s R&D spending rose by just 22% over that period, according to the OECD. Research also makes up a smaller portion of America’s economy than some other countries’. In a ranking of R&D spending as a share of GDP, America came tenth in 2011. A decade earlier it was sixth.
美国历年都在科研方面独占鳌头，但现在她龙头的光环越来越小。以2005年价格核算，2010年中国的研发投资是2000年的5倍多，达1600亿美元；而据经济合作与发展组织称，同期美国只增加了22%。同时，研究经费在美国经济中所占的比例比其他一些国家都要小。在2011年研发开支占GDP比例上，美国排名第十，而十年前，美国位居第六。
Nevertheless, America remains the world’s biggest engine for innovation. It spent $366 billion on research in 2011, compared with $275 billion by all 27 countries of the European Union. Despite China’s rapid ascent, America still spends more than twice as much on R&D. Subsidies help. America’s government pays for about one-third of all domestic research and for most basic science.
然而，美国仍然是全球最大的创新引擎。2011年，美国在科研上投入了3660亿美元，而27个欧盟国家 2
的总投入仅有2750亿美元。虽然中国涨势迅猛，美国在研发上的开支仍比中国高出1倍以上。这少不了补贴的功劳。美国政府承担国内三分之一左右的研究经费及多数基础科学费用。
Medicine is one of the main beneficiaries. America’s National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the world’s biggest funder of biomedical research. It pays for risky basic science; companies pay for later stages of development. For example, the NIH supported early research into monoclonal antibodies. By 2010 such research underpinned five of America’s 20 bestselling drugs. As drug firms trim their budgets, the NIH’s work is becoming even more vital. But since 2003, inflation-adjusted spending on medical research has declined.
医学研究成了补贴的主要受益对象。美国国家卫生研究所（NIH）是世界最大的生物医学研究投资方。对于成功率较低的基础科学，开始阶段的研究由研究会买单，而后阶段的开发则由各大公司支付。比如，NIH支付了单克隆抗体早期的研发费用。截至2010年，美国最畅销的20种药物中，有5种来自于这种方式。药物公司的预算减少，NIH的作用就更加重要了。然而，由于通胀所迫，医学研究经费自2003年起也有所下降。
With the sequester public investment will shrink further. America’s total outlay on R&D will drop by $8.7 billion this year, according to the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Francis Collins, the NIH’s director, says that his organisation will spend $1.6 billion less in 2013—a cut of 5.1%—and $16 billion less over the next decade. Hundreds of grants will not be awarded. Existing grantees will receive only 90% of the cash promised to them.
由于财政封存，国家投资将进一步减少。据美国科学发展协会称，今年美国在研发上的总支出会减少87亿美元。NIH所长弗朗西斯?柯林斯（Francis Collins）说，今年，NIH的开支也会缩减16亿美元，减少约5.1%。在未来十年内，将减少160亿美元；数百项项目经费也将取消。已申请成功的人士也只能拿到约定经费总额的九成。
These cuts will speed the erosion of American supremacy in research. In December Battelle, a research group, predicted that China would surpass America’s spending by 2023. Thanks to the sequester, that date may come earlier.
美国在研究领域的龙头地位已经不保，以上各项开支削减进一步加快了其下滑速度。去年12月，巴特尔研究中心预测，中国的科研经费将在2023年赶超美国。拜财政封存所赐，这天将来得更早了。
But the real problem is absolute, not relative, and affects the whole world, not just America. R&D is a rare type of public spending that stimulates growth. Knowledge is cumulative, easy to share and generates benefits that spill rapidly across borders. Dr Collins says that cuts to the NIH will slow work on Alzheimer’s disease, a universal flu vaccine and cancer therapies, to name just a few.
