Unit 2 Language
it的用法
概念引入
小词it是我们学英语之初就学会的，是不是感觉它似乎有点无所不能，经常出现呀？
那么我们是不是已经了解了it的用法了呢？本单元和下单元我们就把it的用法做一小结。
先看这些句子，想想it的用法是什么？
1. It is a beautiful day here and I am sitting under the big tree at the end of the garden.
(表天气)
2. It seems amazing that at my age I am still fit enough to cycle 20 kilometres in an
afternoon.
(代替that从句作主语)
3. It’s my birthday in two weeks’ time and I’ll be 82 years old!
(表时间)
4. Your mother tells me that you started smoking some time ago and now you are finding it
difficult to give it up.
(第一个it代替to give it up作宾语；第二个it代替上文中“吸烟”的事) 下面我们就先学习it作为代词和形式主语、形式宾语的用法。
用法讲解
代词it
1. 作人称代词
人称代词it是有实义的，是单数第三人称代词。主格与宾格相同。
1）指代人以外的一切生物或事物，如前文提到的事物或未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事；
宁波是座美丽的城市，是不是？
Ningbo is a beautiful city, isn’t it?
It doesn’t matter. 没关系。
2）替代前文中的this, that；
This is your plan? Will you hand it in? 这是你的计划？你要交上去吗？
3）指代婴儿、小孩或性别不明的人。
The baby is crying. It might be hungry. 婴儿在哭，或许饿了。
—Someone is ringing. Who might it be? 有人按门铃，可能是谁呢？
—It must be my friend Tom．He (不可用It) wants to see you．
一定是我的朋友汤姆，他想要见你。
2. 作非人称代词
it用作无人称的主语，不指物，而表示时间、天气、气候、季节、距离等自然现象，或
指事物的状态。
What a long way it is from Beijing to London! （it 指距离）
从北京到伦敦是多么长的一段距离啊！
It was nearly midnight when she came back. （it指时间）
她回来时快半夜了。
. （it指环境）
It was very quiet in the café
咖啡馆里静悄悄的。
（前面的it指季节，后面的it指气温）It’s early spring, but it’s already very hot.
刚是初春，但是已经很热了。
（it指情况）If it hadn’t been for the snow, we could have climbed over the mountain.
要不是因为下雪，我们可能已经翻越了那座山。
易误辨析
区别it，one，it，that和which
1. it指上文出现过的同一事物，而one则泛指与前面事物同属一类中的一个。
This was the last dictionary in that bookstore. So I took it.（it特指前面提到的那本词典）
这是那家书店最后一本词典，所以我买下了它。
There are many dictionaries in that bookstore. So I bought one. （one泛指其中之一）
那家书店有许多词典，所以我买了一本。
2. that做代词替代前面提到的事物, 可数名词、不可数名词皆可。代替可数名词可以用
the one替换。that的复数形式为those,只可替代可数名词复数,在句中相当于the ones。
The head teacher in your class is younger and more active than that in theirs.
你们班的班主任比他们班的班主任年轻而且更活跃。
The students who do best in the exam are not always those with the best brains.
考试考得最好的学生并不总是那些最聪明的学生。
3. that在并列分句中,可以替代前面某一个名词或整个句子内容,可用it替换.
She heard a terrible noise, and that brought her heart into her mouth.
她听见一个可怕的声音，让她的心跳到了嗓子眼。
4. it和which都可以用来指某一件事，关键要看中间是否有并列连词，如果有就用it，
反之用which。
The Smiths bought a new house, but it will need a lot of work before they can move in.
史密斯家买了一座新房子，但是搬进去之前还需要大量的工作。
（it 指代前面提到的那所房子，此句的关键词是but，连接两个分句，it是分句的主语）
The Smiths bought a new house, which will need a lot of work before they can move in.
（因为没有连词，不能用it；which代表先行词house在定语从句中作主语。）
He was badly ill, and it made his mother worried. 他病了，那使他母亲很担心。
（it指代“他病了”这件事，注意and。）
He was badly ill, which made his mother worried.
（which代表前面整个主句，在定语从句中作主语）
it作形式主语
it作形式主语和形式宾语时，一般称为引导词，引出特定的句型。it作形式主语,代替由
不定式,动名词或从句表示的真正主语。
不定式、动名词或从句都可以作主语，如：
To say is one thing, and to do is another. （不定式作主语）
说是一回事，做是另一回事。
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。（动名词作主语）
That he is a hero is true. (从句作主语)
当主语过长时，就会有不平衡感，为了句子的平衡、美观，我们引入了引导词的概念。
1) 代替由不定式表示的真正主语
句型：It is + adj. / n. +for/of sb. to do sth.
It is impolite to talk loudly in public places. 在公共场合大声说话是不礼貌的。
）
（it代替不定式“to talk loudly in public places”
为什么形容词后有时用for，有时用of呢？仔细观察这两个句型：
It is important (necessary, possible, impossible, easy, hard, difficult…) for sb. to do sth.
It is nice (cruel, kind, rude, wise, stupid, c lever, foolish, polite…) of sb. to do sth.
我们可以得出这样的结论：当形容词只是修饰这件事时，用for sb.，我们可以称为“单层修饰”；如果形容词看上去是修饰人的，而且事情做出来也肯定是这样的，即形容词既修饰
人，也修饰物时，用of。例如：
我们学英语很重要。
It’s important for us to learn English.
important是修饰“我们”，还是修饰“学英语”这件事呢？修饰“学英语”这件事，所以用for。
再如：
你帮助我真好。
It’s very kind of you to help me.
第一，“你”是好的；第二“帮助我”这件事也是好的，所以双重修饰就用of。
2）可代替动名词表示的真正主语。
It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。
It’s no good taking in much fat and sugar. 吸收过多的脂肪和糖没有好处。
It’s no fun watching the same movie for a second time. 同一部电影再看一遍没有意思。
这里crying...等动名词短语是真正的主语，it代替它们作形式主语。
这些句型与前面的句型类似，那么什么时候要加-ing形式呢？我们只需记住，动名词的这种句型是比较少的，记住一些固定用法即可，如在高考中经常出现的
It’s no use/ no good/ no fun doing sth. 做某事没有用/没有好处/没有意思。
3）代替主语从句
我没有早一点这么想真是遗憾。
It’s a pity that I didn’t think of it earlier.
It is a well-known fact that smoking can cause cancer.
吸烟会引起癌症是尽人皆知的事实。
it代替that引导的主语从句作形式主语。
注意：选it还是as：
It is well known to all that the earth is round. 众所周知，地球是圆的。
这个句子中it代替that引导的从句作形式主语，经常会与下面这个定语从句的句型混
淆：
_______ is well known to all, the earth is round.
这个句子中，第一个典型特征是逗号，第二是逗号后没有that，也就没有形式主语了。
，在定语从句中作主语。
空白处应该填As。As代替后面的句子“the earth is round”
这两种形式要清晰地记住。
4）注意以下固定句型：
It seems (ed) / appears (ed) that ... 似乎......
It (so) happened that ... 碰巧.....
It turns (ed) out that... 结果是
It occurred to sb. that ... 某人突然想起......
It is said / reported / believed / hoped / well known / suggested ... that...
据说/据报道/大家都相信/人人都希望/大家都知道/有人建议......
例如：
It so happened that the tickets were sold out. 碰巧票都卖光了。
It occurred to her that she might adopt a homeless child.
她想到她可以收养一个无家可归的孩子。
It turns out that the situation is quite serious. 结果表明情况很严峻。
it 用作形式宾语
it作形式宾语，通常有这些特点：
1. it代替真正的宾语：不定式短语，动名词短语或that引导的宾语从句作形式宾语；
2. 宾语后常带有形容词或名词作宾语补足语；
3. 常用于此句型动词：make, think, consider, count (认为), believe, guess, suppose, declare
(宣布), imagine, feel, find, discover, notice，regard（看作）等。例如：
我们认为每天打扫教室是我们的职责。
We think it our duty to clean our classroom every day.
主语动词形宾宾语补足语真正宾语
常见句型：
1. 动词+ it+ 形容词/名词+ (for/of) +to do/从句
I find it hard for you to do the task on your own. 我发现靠你自己做这个工作很难。
They found it difficult that they would finish their work in two days.
他们发现他们很难在两天内完成工作。
I made it a rule to keep diaries. 写日记成了我的习惯。
等+doing...
2. 动词+it+ no good/ no use / a waste of time /worth one’s while
I’ll make it worth yo u r while telling me about his secret. 告诉我他的秘密，我会酬谢你的。
I believe it no use reading without understanding. 我认为读书不理解没用。
3. 动词+it + 介词短语+ that…
把……归功于……
owe it to sb. that…
想当然/认为......是当然的
take it for granted that…
记住......
keep it in mind that…
We all take it for granted that Mile can succeed. 我们都认为米尔能成功。
We should always keep it in mind that no knowledge gained is ever wasted.
我们要记住，没有知识是白学的。
4. it用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面，尤其是表示好恶的动词后，如：enjoy, like,
，宾语从句紧跟it之后。
love, dislike, hate, don’t mind, be fond of, feel like, see to
我嫉妒你游得这么好，而我不行。
I hate it you can swim so well and I can’t.
I hate it when people talk with their mouths full of food.
我厌恶人们嘴里满是食物时谈话。
I would appreciate it if you call back this afternoon for the doctor’s appointment.
如果你下午打电话预约医生，我会很感激的。
5. 介词后一般不能直接跟宾语从句，常用it，宾语从句跟it后（except that例外）。
I’m for it that you will follow their advice. 我赞成你听从他们的建议。
it常用的固定搭配
1. make it
在口语当中相当于succeed，表示“成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达”等，或用于约
定时间。
He never really made it as an actor. 作为演员，他从没成功过。
—Shall we meet next week？我们下周见好吗？
—OK. We just make it next Saturday. 好。我们就定在下周六吧。
2. as it is 事实上，实际情况是……；照原样
We had planned to finish the task today，but as it is we probably won’t finish it until next
week. 我们原计划今天完成这项工作，但实际上我们也许到下周才能完成。
Leave the table as it is. 桌子按原样放着吧。
如果不是……，要不是……
3. if it weren’t for…/if it hadn’t been for…
如果不是汤姆，我不会活到今天的。
，I wouldn’t be alive today.
If it weren’t for Tom
搞定、结束、到此为止、仅此而已；就是这样，完全正确
4. that’s it
你可以再吃一块糖，不能再多了。
You can have one more sweet，and that’s it.
我想这道题的答案是A。
— I guess the key to the problem is the choice “A”.
—That’s it. 完全正确。
5. Take it/things easy. 不要慌，别担心
Take it easy！He will do it well. 别紧张，他会做好的。
6. worth it 好处，值得做
Don’t hesitate about it！It’s worth it. 别犹豫了，值得一做。
7. Believe it or not. 信不信由你
Believe it or not，Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday.
信不信由你，汤姆和玛丽下周结婚。
8. take it or leave it 要么接受要么放弃
That is my last offer. You can take it or leave it. 那是我最后的出价，你要么接受要么放弃。
9. It all depends. / That all depends. 那得看情况，还没有定下来
—Are you going to the countryside for holiday？你要去乡下度假吗？
—It/That all depends. 看情况吧。
由……决定，由……负责，取决于……
10. It’s up to sb.
—Shall we go out for dinner？我们出去吃饭吧？
—It’s up to you. 由你决定。
11. Forget it. 别提了，忘了它吧，算了，休想!
—I still owe you for lunch yesterday. 我还欠你的中午饭钱呢。
—Forget it. 算了吧，别客气。
it. 别提了，不用谢。
12. Don’t mention
—Thanks for all your help. 谢谢你帮忙。
—Don’t mention it. 不客气。
没关系。
13. It doesn’t matter.
—Now, what were you saying about John?那么，你刚才说约翰怎么了？
没什么，没什么要紧的。
—Forget it. It doesn’t matter.
14. You guessed it. 你猜着了。
He is now working for —you guessed it — a big restaurant.
你猜到了，那个男孩正为一家大饭店工作。
很难说。
15. It’s hard to say.
—Will we have a rest this weekend？这个周末我们休息吗？
—It’s hard to say. It all depends on when they will finish the task.
很难说。那要看他们什么时候完成这项工作了。