英语论文 中美政体比较

U.S.
• Each level has a stable set of responsibilities: cities (public safety, public utilities, transportation, waste disposal, community development, culture and leisure);counties (public assistance, public protection, health and sanitation, transportation); state (health and human services, K-2 education funding, transportation, higher education, corrections, business regulations). Financial sources: cities (service charges, sales taxes, property taxes, state transfers, federal transfers); counties (state transfers, federal transfers, service charges, property taxes); state (personal income tax, sales and use tax, corporation tax, insurance tax). There are sometimes funded and unfunded mandates from higher to lower levels of government.
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英美宪法对比英文作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。

文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!The Constitution of the United States is a very important document. It sets out the basic principles and structure of the government. It gives people certain rights and freedoms.In the UK, the constitution is not written in onesingle document. It is made up of many different laws and traditions. It also has its own unique features.The US Constitution emphasizes separation of powers. It divides the government into different branches to ensure checks and balances.In the UK, the parliamentary system plays a crucial role. The power of the government is centered around Parliament.The rights and freedoms protected by the USConstitution are widely known. They are an important partof American society.In the UK, the rights and freedoms are also respected, but they may be expressed and protected in different ways.。

Presi单den击t 此US 处添加(tiān jiā)标国题会 Congress share powers United States (federal constitutional republic) judiciary 司法
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the federal government
state governments
House of Commons
Cabinet
Leader of the Majority Party
British law
Civil and Criminal
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contrast between the American and british political system
• A、The same:
the Senate House of Representat ives众议院
senate参议院
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judiciary
[dʒuˈdɪʃiˌɛri, -ˈdɪʃəri]
Supreme Court
lower federal
courts
The two parties in America
• Two parties, the Democratic Democratic Party and the Republican Party, have dominated American politics since the American Civil War, although other parties have also existed.
sovereignty
[ˈsɑvərɪnti, ˈsɑvrɪn-]n.国家的主权(zhǔquán)； 君权，最高统治权； 独立自主； 主权(zhǔquán)国家

英国美国政治制度英语作文English: The political systems of the United Kingdom and the United States have key differences that stem from their historical development and principles. The UK operates under a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system, where the monarch is the head of state but the Prime Minister is the head of government. The US, on the other hand, is a federal republic with a presidential system, where the President is both the head of state and government. In the UK, Parliament consists of two houses - the House of Commons and the House of Lords - with the Prime Minister being the leader of the majority party in the Commons. In the US, Congress is divided into the House of Representatives and the Senate, with the President being elected independently from Congress. Additionally, the UK has a unitary system where power is centralized in Westminster, while the US has a federal system with power divided between the federal government and state governments. These differences in political systems lead to varying approaches to governance, decision-making, and checks and balances between branches of government.中文翻译: 英国和美国的政治制度有着根源于历史发展和原则的重要差异。

英国与美国的对比英文作文Title: A Comparative Analysis of the United Kingdom and the United States。

Introduction:The United Kingdom and the United States are two influential countries with rich histories, diverse cultures, and significant global impacts. While they share some similarities due to historical ties, they also exhibit distinct differences in various aspects such as politics, economy, society, and culture. In this essay, we will explore and compare these two nations, highlighting their unique characteristics and examining how they shape their respective identities on the global stage.Political Systems:The political systems of the United Kingdom and the United States differ significantly. The United Kingdomoperates under a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy, where the monarch serves as the head of state, and the Prime Minister is the head of government. In contrast, the United States is a federal republic with a presidential system, where the President serves as both the head of state and government, elected through a separate process from the legislative branch.Economy:Both the United Kingdom and the United States boast robust and diversified economies, but they follow different models. The UK has a mixed-market economy with a strong emphasis on services, particularly finance, insurance, and professional services. On the other hand, the US has a capitalist market economy characterized by entrepreneurship, innovation, and a large industrial base, including technology, healthcare, and manufacturing sectors.Society and Culture:The societal and cultural landscapes of the UK and theUS reflect their historical backgrounds and geographical influences. The UK, comprising England, Scotland, Wales,and Northern Ireland, has a rich heritage marked by traditions, such as the monarchy, parliamentary system, and cultural exports like literature, music, and theater. Meanwhile, the US, known as the melting pot of cultures, prides itself on its diversity, individualism, and the American Dream, symbolizing opportunity and upward mobility.Education and Healthcare:Education and healthcare systems in the UK and the US illustrate contrasting approaches to social welfare. In the UK, education and healthcare are primarily provided by the government through public institutions, such as theNational Health Service (NHS) and state-funded schools. In contrast, the US relies heavily on private sector involvement in both education and healthcare, leading to variations in quality, accessibility, and affordability based on socio-economic factors.Foreign Policy:The foreign policies of the UK and the US reflect their global roles as influential actors in international affairs. Historically, the UK has pursued a policy of global engagement, maintaining close ties with its former colonies and playing a significant role in multinational organizations like the United Nations and NATO. Conversely, the US has adopted a more assertive approach, often characterized by interventionism, alliances, and the promotion of democratic values worldwide.Conclusion:In conclusion, while the United Kingdom and the United States share historical ties and common values such as democracy and rule of law, they exhibit distinctdifferences in their political systems, economies, societies, cultures, and foreign policies. Understanding these variations is essential for appreciating the complexities of international relations and the diverse tapestry of human civilization. As these two nations continue to navigate the challenges of the 21st century,their unique identities and contributions to the global community remain significant factors shaping the world order.。

中美差距英文作文英文：The gap between China and the United States is a complex issue that cannot be easily explained with a single factor. There are many factors that contribute to this gap, including economic, social, cultural, and political factors.One of the main reasons for the gap between China andthe United States is their different economic systems. The United States has a capitalist economy, which emphasizes individualism and competition, while China has a socialist market economy, which emphasizes cooperation and government intervention. This difference in economic systems has ledto different levels of economic development and wealth distribution in the two countries.Another factor that contributes to the gap is the difference in education systems. The United States has a more developed education system, which emphasizes criticalthinking, creativity, and innovation. In contrast, China's education system focuses more on rote memorization and standardized testing. This difference in education systems has led to a gap in the skills and knowledge of the two countries' workforces.Social and cultural factors also play a role in the gap between China and the United States. For example, the United States has a more diverse and multicultural society, which fosters creativity and innovation. In contrast, China has a more homogeneous society, which may limit creativity and innovation. Additionally, the two countries have different values and beliefs, which can affect their approach to issues such as human rights, democracy, and environmental protection.In terms of politics, the gap between China and the United States is also significant. China is a one-party state with a centralized government, while the United States is a democratic republic with a decentralized government. This difference in political systems has led to different levels of political stability and accountabilityin the two countries.Overall, the gap between China and the United States is a complex issue that cannot be easily explained. It is the result of many factors, including economic, social, cultural, and political factors.中文：中美差距是一个复杂的问题，不能用一个单一因素来解释。

中美英三国政体比较
中国国家机构构成
State Organs of China
• • • • • • • 中共中央 CPC 全国人大 NPC 全国政协 CPPCC 国家主席 Presidency of the PRC 国务院 State Council 中央军委 CMC 最高人民法院 Supreme People’s Court
美国国家机构构成
• • • • • • • • • • 总统 副总统 国会 议员 众议院 参议院 内阁 国务院 国防部 财政部 President Vice President Congress Members of Congress House of Representatives Senate Cabinet Depart of State Depart of Defense Depart of Treasury
•省
Province
省长
Governor
省委书记 Provincial Party Secretary • 自治区 Autonomous Region • 直辖市 Municipality directly under the CG •市 •县 •区 •乡 City 市长 Mayor County 县长 Head of County District 区长 Director Town 乡长 Head of the Town
Assistant Secretary for East Asian and Pacific Affairs
英国政府机构
• 国家元首 Head of State 女王伊丽莎白二世 Queen Elizabeth II 全称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国与其他 国土和领土之女王，联邦的元首 By the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her Other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.

相同点：These two capitalist countries were both regarded as the western democracy, whose powers were controlled by the bourgeoisies. They were two-party system and both have the cabinet. Both of them have the Parliament (Congress), which is the legislative organ of the country. They were both the three-tier countries.相同点：这两个资本主义国家都视为西方的民主，它的权力是由资产阶级控制。

他们是两个政党制度都有内阁。

它们都有议会（国会），这是国家的立法机关。

他们都是三级国家。

不同点：英国：British system of government is known as constitutional monarchy. The central government includes the Monarch, parliament, and the cabinet. The monarch who is the nation’s symbol reigns but not rules. He/She only does what parliament and cabinet want him/her to do. He/She whose appointment is hereditary reigns until he/she die. The prime minister who is the leader of the party in power is appointed by the monarch. He presides over the cabinet. Cabinet is the nation’s supreme executive organ and comes from the parliament. It is responsible to the parliament. Parliament is the nation’s supreme legislative organ. T he government is responsible to parliament and is checked by the parliament.英国：英国政府体系被称为君主立宪制。

英美政治体系比较（附有英文版）美国政治体系的利益：三权分立互相制衡。

美国政治体系弊端：权利和权力来自军工石油复合体简单就是钱驱动政治平衡英国政治体系利益：君主立宪司法独立英国政治体系弊端：效率和虚伪的等级封建残余（比如王室的象征性授予爵位人为驱动社会分级）并维护保守力量美国是典型的资本主义民主制国家，民主的价值观和原则在美国的政治制度和政治实践中主要体现为三权分立、代议制、政党政治、利益集团政治、新闻自由和公民权利等。

美国政府机构包括立法、行政、司法三个系统，每个系统起着各自的作用，同时又相互制约，它们是直接的政策制定者。

另外美国又是一个权力多元化的社会，各种社会力量如政党、利益集团、媒体同样参与政策制定。

表面上看来决策的效率不可能很高，但进一步分析和研究后发现，问题并不这么简单，（一）民主政治是政府合法性的基础“西方政治思想史描绘的是一套价值——正义、自由、平等和私有权神圣不可侵犯——的发展和阐发。

因此，人们一直关心在多大程度上制度促进这些被认为是政体之核心的价值。

”自由主义的基础是个人主义，个人主义强调个人的自由、个人的参与或个人的经济活动，认为个体的性质决定集体的性质，这种秩序规定了个人与国家、自由与强制的关系，规定了公共权威强制力的适用范围，也包含了规范个人与权威关系必不可少的法律结构。

（二）公共利益的界定批评美国民主政治决策效率低下的一个重要理由是它损害了公共利益。

在一些事关国家利益或全民族整体利益的重大问题上，需要政府及时而果断地作出决定时，决策效率低下的弊端显而易见。

然而，对决策效率的肯定有一个不可缺少的前提条件，即高效率作出的决策是正确的，是符合公共利益的。

（三）改革的渐进性效率主要针对的是某种政治制度满足政府基本功能的程度，一种社会制度的生存能力不仅取决于“民主”这样的价值判断因素，而且也取决于效率，价值判断与取向解决的是某种政治统治是否具有合法性的问题。

通过以上分析可以看出，在美国政治中民主和效率在有些时候和一定程度上是一对矛盾，但解决这一矛盾的方法不能靠取消民主制度来实现的，“消除民主弊端的办法是更多的民主。

中美大学生英语议论文语体正式程度对比分析的开题报告介绍：英语写作一直是大学生学习的重要课程，而不同语体下的英语写作对于大学生的学术能力和素质都有着重要的影响。

本文将从正式与非正式两个方面，对比分析中美大学生英语议论文语体的差异，以期深入研究语体的应用及对于大学生英语写作能力的影响。

一、正式语体对比1.1 英式正式语体英式正式语体强调准确、严谨，用词要求精确，语气冷静，使用形式复杂的句式和术语。

在示范性英语策略教学中，英式正式语体也会被认为是一种重要的写作风格。

在研究生的学术论文中，英式正式语体被普遍使用。

1.2 美式正式语体美式正式语体更注重文字简练，语言风格平易近人，句式相对简单，使用常用的术语，注重短语的运用而不是单词的堆砌。

二、非正式语体对比2.1 英式非正式语体英式非正式语体主张意境和情感表达，注重语言的生动形象，讲究幽默和夸张，语气温暖亲切，而有时又带有自嘲、讽刺和反讽等的口吻。

2.2 美式非正式语体美式非正式语体侧重于点明重点，表达直接明了，语言幽默而风趣，使用单纯的简单言语，呈现出大胆、自信、幽默的特点。

三、中美大学生英语议论文语体对比3.1 内容表现中美两国大学生在英语议论文中，主要在内容的选择、表现形式等方面存在较大的区别。

美国大学生在写作时，往往注重个性化和自我表达，因此多会对自己认为正确的论述进行反复强调，突出自己的观点，使文章更富有争议性和话题爆发力。

而中式写作更注重平衡与中庸，避免冲突和极端的看法，力求概括全面，让思想更严密和权威。

3.2 语言表现中美两国大学生在英语议论文的语言表现上也存在较大差异。

一方面，在非正式语体方面，美国大学生表达自由、灵活，语言多采用非正式的语汇和俚语，显得幽默而富有生活气息。

而中式写作注重准确、严谨，讲究格言式语言的运用，以平面化、平实化、平庸化的说法展现自身既明确又深刻的思想。

另一方面，在正式语体方面，中国大学生更加繁琐，注重词的精准，较少糅合口语化的表达方式。

从最高首领的选举制度看中美两国的政治制度的差异The political system differences between China and America in the view of their presidential election system2008年，非洲裔的美国参议员——奥巴马最终当选新一届美国总统，实现了历史的突破。

在一个非洲裔总统的统治下，美国将以何种姿态登上历史舞台，将为世人所关注。

此外，世人也对一直高喊民主与自由的国度里的选举制度进行重新审视，当奥巴马当选美国总统的那一刻，美利坚合众国一直引以为荣的“民主”似乎真实了许多。

再回头看我们国家的主席的选举制度，似乎离我们很遥远。

我们国家的选举制度是实行间接选举的，都是人大代表们的事情，跟我们的关系很少，群众的参与度很小。

中美两国的政治制度可谓区别很大，但是什么原因使得两个大国选择了不同的政治道路呢？一个民主，一个民主集中，一个多党政治，一个一党专政，多党合作等等，这许多的区别要从这两个国家的国情不同以及两种制度的区别看起。

1，民族中国虽然有56个民族，但归根结底还是属于统一文明、血缘体。

而美国是移民国家，各个不同的民族，文化，语言，习惯混杂在一起。

这样一来，中国人拥有近乎同样的文化和习惯以及民族认同感，但会由于政治意见的不统一，造成情感，乃至政治上的分裂，中国需要的是统一文明体内部的统一与和谐，否则会产生混乱，甚至战争。

而美国的人民，根本就没有统一与和谐的基础，所以他们需要的是一种规则，各种不同习惯和文化的人们能普遍接受的新的秩序规则。

这样才会正常的生活下去。

这就是为什么中国需要民主集中，而美国只是单纯的民主而已的原因。

2，历史及意识形态中国自古以来，政治一直是人们思想意识中的最最重要的事。

对方失败了，甚至是可以杀掉对方的。

千百年来，中国的政治以史书的方式记录下来，以民间评书等方式得以在大众心中传播。

于是政治作为一个很特殊的东西，萦回在中国人的脑海中。

中美两个国家比较英语作文1China and the United States are two great nations with distinct and captivating cultures. Let's take a closer look at some of the differences, particularly in the realm of celebrations and the arts.The Spring Festival in China is a time of reunion and joy. Families come together, sharing sumptuous feasts and giving red envelopes as gifts to convey blessings. Fireworks light up the night sky, symbolizing the expulsion of evil and the welcoming of good fortune. The emphasis is on family bonds and the passing down of traditions from generation to generation.In contrast, Christmas in the United States is marked by the exchange of presents under the decorated Christmas tree. Families attend church services, singing carols and sharing the spirit of giving. Santa Claus brings gifts to children, filling their hearts with wonder and anticipation.When it comes to traditional music, Chinese music often features the use of traditional instruments like the guzheng and erhu, creating a melodious and soul-stirring sound that tells stories of history and emotions. On the other hand, American traditional music, such as country and blues, emphasizes rhythm and individuality, expressing the spirit of freedom and adventure.In the field of dance, Chinese traditional dances like the lion dance are filled with vitality and symbolize auspiciousness. Meanwhile, American dances like tap dance showcase the dancers' agility and creativity.In the world of painting, Chinese traditional paintings focus on expressing the essence and spirit of the subject with delicate brushstrokes and ink. American paintings, however, may lean towards a more realistic and diverse style, reflecting the complexity of modern life.In conclusion, both Chinese and American cultures have their unique charm and value, contributing to the rich tapestry of global culture.2China and the United States are two major countries with distinct educational systems. In China, the emphasis is often placed on imparting fundamental knowledge and achieving high exam scores. Students are drilled in subjects like mathematics and science from an early age, building a solid foundation. For instance, they spend considerable time memorizing formulas and theories to perform well in tests. This approach ensures a comprehensive understanding of the basics but may sometimes limit creative thinking.In contrast, the American educational system places greater emphasis on nurturing students' creativity and practical abilities. They are encouraged to think independently and explore various solutions to problems. Classrooms are more interactive, and projects and experimentsplay a significant role. For example, in science classes, students might conduct their own research rather than simply relying on textbooks.When it comes to the admission mechanism for higher education, in China, the National College Entrance Examination holds significant weight. Students' performance in this one-time exam largely determines their access to universities. In the United States, however, a combination of factors such as grades, standardized test scores, extracurricular activities, and recommendation letters is considered. This provides a more holistic assessment of a student's capabilities.In terms of curriculum settings in higher education, Chinese universities often have a structured curriculum with specific required courses. In the United States, students have more flexibility to choose courses based on their interests and career goals.Both systems have their strengths and weaknesses. China's focus on fundamentals helps students build a solid knowledge base, while the American approach promotes innovation and individual development. A balanced blend of these aspects could potentially lead to a more ideal educational model.3China and the United States are two countries with distinct cultures, especially when it comes to food. In China, there is an astonishing variety of cuisines. Each region boasts its own unique flavors and cooking methods.For instance, Sichuan cuisine is known for its spicy and numbing taste, while Cantonese cuisine emphasizes freshness and delicacy. Chinese cooking often involves complex techniques such as stir-frying, steaming, and braising. Ingredients like various vegetables, meats, and grains are used skillfully.On the contrary, the United States is famous for its fast food culture and high-calorie foods. Hamburgers, fries, and pizza are commonly consumed. The emphasis is often on convenience and speed.When it comes to table manners, there are also significant differences. In China, it is considered polite to share dishes and show respect to elders by letting them start eating first. In contrast, in the United States, individual plates are more common, and there are specific rules about using utensils.The differences in diet between China and the United States reflect the diverse living habits and values of their people. The Chinese attach great importance to the quality and variety of food, which shows their pursuit of a rich and harmonious life. While Americans' preference for fast and convenient food may indicate their fast-paced and efficiency-oriented lifestyle.In conclusion, the comparison of food cultures between China and the United States provides us with valuable insights into the uniqueness of these two great nations.4China and the United States are two major powers in the world, each with remarkable achievements in the field of technological development. China has shown outstanding leadership in areas such as 5G technology and e-commerce. For instance, its rapid deployment of 5G networks has revolutionized communication and connectivity, enabling various industries to thrive. The booming e-commerce sector in China has transformed the way people shop and do business, providing convenient and efficient services.On the other hand, the United States holds significant advantages in chip research and development and software innovation. The cutting-edge chips produced in the US power countless electronic devices worldwide, and its software innovations have shaped the digital landscape we know today.In the realm of artificial intelligence, both countries are fiercely competitive yet also collaborate at times. They are constantly striving to make breakthroughs and gain an edge in this crucial field. Similarly, in aerospace technology, both nations have made significant contributions and are exploring new frontiers.Looking to the future, it is clear that both China and the United States will continue to drive technological progress. The key lies in how they can leverage their strengths, collaborate more effectively, and address commonchallenges. This will not only benefit their own development but also contribute to the advancement of humanity as a whole.5China and the United States, two major powers in the world, have significant differences in their social welfare systems. In China, the endowment insurance and medical insurance systems have been continuously improved and developed. The government has made great efforts to ensure that the elderly can live a stable life after retirement and that people can receive timely and effective medical treatment when they are ill. For example, the popularization of basic medical insurance has greatly reduced the burden of medical expenses for the masses.In contrast, the United States has a relatively mature unemployment relief and social security system. When people lose their jobs, they can receive certain financial assistance to help them get through difficult times. However, both countries face challenges in achieving social fairness and sustainable development.In terms of poverty alleviation policies, China has implemented a series of targeted measures, such as providing education and vocational training opportunities for the poor, and developing industries in poverty-stricken areas. This has achieved remarkable results and lifted a large number of people out of poverty. In the United States, charity plays an important role. Many non-profit organizations and individuals activelyparticipate in helping the poor and vulnerable groups.To achieve social fairness and sustainable development, both countries need to constantly adjust and improve their welfare systems. They should pay attention to the balance between efficiency and fairness, and ensure that resources are allocated reasonably. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen education and training to improve people's employability and self-development ability, so as to promote social progress and development in a more sustainable way.。

Contrasts between the American and British Political Systems SimilaritiesThe first western capitalist political systems created by British are praised as the source and model of the western political system. On the basis of absorbing and drawing lessons from Britain ,U.S.A. has formed the most perfect political system in the contemporary capitalist countries. So there are many similarities between the American and British political systems.1.Head of StateBoth the U.S. and British political systems have a head of state .The president is the official head of state in the US. The president is indirectly elected by the people through the Electoral College to a four-year term.In the U.K., the queen or king is the official head of state. But the queen or king is only a figure head without real authority.However, the prime minister usually has the spotlight on political matters and is the official head of government2.The Upper HouseBoth the U.S. and British political systems have an upper house. The United States has a Senate as the upper house of the legislative branch and the U.K. has the House of Lords.The United States Senate is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of the United States, and together with the United States House of Representatives comprises the United States Congress. Each U.S. state is represented by two senators, regardless of population. Senators serve staggered six-year terms.The House of Lords is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster.The House of Lords is the second chamber of Parliament. It is independent from, and complements the work of, the House of Commons – they share responsibility for making laws and checking government action.3.The Lower HouseBoth the U.S. and British political systems have a lower house. The U.S. House of Representatives and the British House of Commons have a great deal in common. Each house is made up of representatives elected by the people. In both systems control of the lower house goes to the party that has the most seats.The United States House of Representatives is one of the two Houses of the United States Congress, the bicameral legislature which also includes the Senate.The number of districts in a state is determined by a count of the population taken every 10 years.The House of Commons comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords (the upper house). The Commons is a democratically elected body, consisting of 650 members (since 2010 General Election), who are known as Members of Parliament (MPs). Members are elected through the first-past-the-post system by electoral districts known as constituencies. They hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved (a maximum of five years after the preceding election).Differences1.Form of governmentThe USA is a republic, while the UK is a constitutional monarchy.Constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a constitution, whether it be a written, uncodified or blended constitution.A republic is a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people. In modern times, a common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of state is not a monarch.ernmentThe government consisting of three parts，or branches，the executive，the legislative and the judicial in USA. Each branch has powers that the others do not have and each branch has a way of counteracting and limiting any wrongful action by another branch.The president has the power to make treaties with other nations and to make all appointments to federal positions，including the position of Supreme Count justice.The Senate ，however must approve all treaties and confirm all appointments before they become official. In this way the Congress can prevent the president from making unwise appointments.However，the UK government is not split into branches. The House of Commons reigns supreme, and the party with the greatest number of members of the Commons is the governing party. The leader of the governing party becomes Prime Minister, who almost has the power of a king. He or she alone has the power to declare war, to make alliances, to use nuclear weapons, and to appoint the people of his choice to the Cabinet, the various government ministries and offices of state. These appointments are entirely his choice and are not subject to scrutiny or confirmation by any other person of body. The Prime Minister also has the power to dismiss (“demand the resignation of”) any serving minister or secretary of state.3.The constitutionThe United States has a written constitution which is very difficult to change. The UK does not have a single document called the constitution but instead its constitutional provisions are scattered over various Acts of Parliament, any of which can be changed by a simple majority in the Parliament such as statute law, the common laws and conventions.4.The political partiesThe United States has two major political parties.One is the Democratic Party.The symbol of the party is the donkey. The other is the Republican Party. The symbol of the party is the elephant.There are three major national parties in UK—The Conservative party ，the Labour party and the Liberal Democrats.In the United States, the Democratic and Republican Parties absolutely dominate federal and state elections with independents securing only small proportions of the vote. In the United Kingdom, the two main political parties - Conservative and Labour - win a smaller and declining share of the total vote, with a growing share being taken by the likes of the Liberal Democrat Party and the UK Independence Party at national level and by the likes of the Scottish and Welsh Nationalist Parties at the devolved level.In conclusion, a political system is an important integration of a country’s politics and different countries have their distinctive features.。

第1篇IntroductionLaw is an essential element of any society, as it ensures order, justice, and protection of individual rights. Both China and the United States have their own legal systems, which are distinct in their origins, principles, and practices. This article aims to provide a comprehensive comparison of the legal systems of China and the United States, covering various aspects such as the legal philosophy, sources of law, judicial system, and major laws.I. Legal Philosophy1. ChinaThe legal philosophy of China is deeply rooted in Confucianism, which emphasizes harmony, respect for authority, and the importance of social order. The concept of "rule by law" (法治) is derived from the idea that law should be the primary means of governance. However, the legal system in China also reflects the influence of Marxism-Leninism, which emphasizes the protection of the rights of the working class and the promotion of social equality.2. United StatesThe legal philosophy of the United States is primarily based on the principles of natural law and the rule of law. Natural law holds that certain rights and duties are inherent in human nature and are recognized by all rational beings. The rule of law emphasizes the idea that all individuals, including government officials, are subject to the law. The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the land and serves as the foundation for the country's legal system.II. Sources of Law1. ChinaThe sources of law in China include the Constitution, laws,administrative regulations, local regulations, and judicialinterpretations. The Constitution is the highest law of the land and guarantees the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens. Laws are enacted by the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee, while administrative regulations are issued by the State Council and its ministries. Local regulations are enacted by local people's congresses and their standing committees.2. United StatesThe sources of law in the United States include the Constitution,federal statutes, state statutes, and court decisions. The Constitution is the supreme law of the land and establishes the structure of the federal government and the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens. Federal statutes are enacted by Congress, while state statutes are enacted by state legislatures. Court decisions, particularly those ofthe Supreme Court, serve as precedents for lower courts.III. Judicial System1. ChinaThe judicial system in China is characterized by a unified court system, which includes the Supreme People's Court, high people's courts, intermediate people's courts, and basic people's courts. The Supreme People's Court is the highest court in the country and is responsiblefor interpreting the law and ensuring uniformity in its application. The judicial system in China is also influenced by the administrative system, as judges are appointed by the Communist Party of China.2. United StatesThe judicial system in the United States is a tripartite system, consisting of the Supreme Court, federal courts, and state courts. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the country and is responsible for interpreting the Constitution and federal laws. Federal courts are established by Congress and handle cases involving federal law, while state courts handle cases involving state law.IV. Major Laws1. ChinaSome major laws in China include the Constitution, Civil Code, Criminal Law, Administrative Law, and the Anti-Corruption Law. The Constitution guarantees the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens, while the Civil Code governs private law relations. The Criminal Law definescrimes and their penalties, and the Administrative Law regulates administrative activities. The Anti-Corruption Law aims to combat corruption and promote integrity in government.2. United StatesSome major laws in the United States include the United States Constitution, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Equal Protection Clause, and the Environmental Protection Act. The Constitution is the supremelaw of the land and guarantees the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The Equal Protection Clause requires states to provide equal protection under the law to all individuals. The Environmental Protection Act aims to protect the environment and regulate pollution.ConclusionThe legal systems of China and the United States have distinct origins, principles, and practices. While both systems aim to ensure order, justice, and protection of individual rights, they differ in their legal philosophy, sources of law, judicial system, and major laws. Understanding these differences is crucial for promoting international cooperation and resolving legal disputes between the two countries.第2篇Introduction:Laws and regulations are the cornerstone of a stable and orderly society. They provide guidelines for individuals and organizations to conducttheir activities and ensure justice and fairness. China and the United States, as two of the world's major countries, have their own uniquelegal systems and regulations. This essay aims to compare the laws and regulations of China and the United States in various aspects, including the legal system, judicial process, criminal law, civil law, and administrative law.I. Legal System1. ChinaChina has a socialist legal system with a civil law tradition. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China is the fundamental law of the country, and the laws are enacted by the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee. The legal system is divided into civil law, criminal law, administrative law, and procedural law.2. United StatesThe United States has a common law system with a federal structure. The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the land, and the laws are enacted by the Congress. The legal system is divided into federal law and state law, with the federal law taking precedence over state law.II. Judicial Process1. ChinaThe judicial process in China is based on the People's Courts system. Criminal cases are tried by the People's Courts, and civil and administrative cases are also handled by the People's Courts. The Supreme People's Court is the highest court in the country, and the judgments of the lower courts can be appealed to the higher courts.2. United StatesThe judicial process in the United States is based on the federal court system and the state court system. Federal courts handle cases involving federal law, and state courts handle cases involving state law. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the country, and the judgments of the lower courts can be appealed to the higher courts.III. Criminal Law1. ChinaChinese criminal law is outlined in the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China. It defines crimes and penalties, including imprisonment, fines, and death penalties. The principle of punishment is to prevent crimes and protect the legitimate rights and interests of individuals and organizations.2. United StatesAmerican criminal law varies by state and federal law. The U.S. Constitution and federal statutes define crimes and penalties, including imprisonment, fines, and the death penalty. The principle of punishment is to deter individuals from committing crimes and to protect society.IV. Civil Law1. ChinaChinese civil law is outlined in the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China. It regulates the rights and obligations of individuals and organizations in civil relationships, including contracts, property, and family law. The principle of civil law is to protect the legitimate rights and interests of individuals and organizations.2. United StatesAmerican civil law is regulated by various state and federal statutes. The principle of civil law is to resolve disputes between individuals and organizations, protect the legitimate rights and interests of parties, and maintain social order.V. Administrative Law1. ChinaChinese administrative law is outlined in the Administrative Law of the People's Republic of China. It regulates the relationship between the government and individuals and organizations, including public services,administrative supervision, and administrative penalties. The principle of administrative law is to ensure the lawful exercise of government power and protect the legitimate rights and interests of individuals and organizations.2. United StatesAmerican administrative law is regulated by various federal and state statutes. The principle of administrative law is to ensure the lawful exercise of government power, regulate public services, and protect the legitimate rights and interests of individuals and organizations.Conclusion:The laws and regulations of China and the United States have their own unique characteristics and advantages. While both countries aim to protect the legitimate rights and interests of individuals and organizations, their legal systems, judicial processes, and specific laws and regulations differ significantly. This comparison can provide insights into the legal systems of both countries and help individuals and organizations better understand and comply with the laws and regulations in their respective countries.第3篇Introduction:Laws and regulations play a crucial role in maintaining order,protecting rights, and regulating social behaviors in any country. The United States and China, as two of the world's most powerful nations, have their unique legal systems and regulations. This essay aims to provide a comprehensive comparison of the legal systems and regulations in China and the United States, covering various aspects such as sources of law, judicial systems, criminal law, civil law, and administrative law.I. Sources of Law1. ChinaChina's legal system is primarily based on legislation. The sources of Chinese law include:a. The Constitution: As the fundamental law of the country, the Constitution serves as the supreme law and outlines the basic principles and system of the state.b. Laws: Laws are enacted by the National People's Congress (NPC) andits Standing Committee. They are general regulations that governspecific areas of society.c. Regulations: Regulations are issued by the State Council, ministries, and local people's governments. They are more specific than laws and are designed to implement laws.d. Local regulations: Local regulations are enacted by local people's governments at or above the county level. They are specific to certain regions and issues.e. Orders: Orders are issued by the State Council and local people's governments. They are administrative regulations with immediate effect.2. United StatesThe United States legal system is based on both legislation and case law. The sources of American law include:a. The Constitution: Similar to China, the U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the land and outlines the basic principles and structure of the federal government.b. Federal laws: Federal laws are enacted by Congress and are applicable throughout the country. They cover various issues such as commerce, taxation, and federal agencies.c. State laws: State laws are enacted by state legislatures and are applicable within the state. They cover issues such as marriage, education, and local governance.d. Local ordinances: Local ordinances are enacted by local governments and are applicable within a specific locality. They cover issues such as zoning, land use, and public safety.e. Case law: Case law refers to judicial decisions made by courts in previous cases. These decisions serve as precedents for future cases and are binding on lower courts.II. Judicial Systems1. ChinaChina's judicial system is characterized by a centralized and unified structure. The main levels of the judicial system include:a. People's Courts: The People's Courts are the basic trial courts in China. They handle both civil and criminal cases.b. Intermediate People's Courts: Intermediate People's Courts are responsible for hearing appeals from People's Courts at the county level.c. Higher People's Courts: Higher People's Courts handle appeals from intermediate People's Courts and certain major cases.d. Supreme People's Court: The Supreme People's Court is the highest court in China and serves as the final arbiter in legal disputes.2. United StatesThe United States judicial system is a combination of federal and state courts. The main levels of the judicial system include:a. Trial Courts: Trial courts are the lowest level of courts in the U.S. They handle both civil and criminal cases and include federal district courts and state trial courts.b. Appellate Courts: Appellate courts review decisions made by trial courts. In the federal system, there are 13 circuit courts of appeals, while in the state system, there are various levels of appellate courts.c. Supreme Court: The Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States and has the final say on legal disputes. It consists of nine justices appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.III. Criminal Law1. ChinaChina's criminal law is outlined in the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China. The key principles include:a. Crime and punishment: The law defines crimes and specifies penalties for each offense, ranging from fines to imprisonment and the death penalty.b. Liability: The law determines the age of criminal responsibility and the principle of joint liability for crimes committed by groups.c. Defenses: The law recognizes certain defenses, such as self-defense and necessity, which may reduce or exempt punishment.2. United StatesAmerican criminal law varies by state and federal jurisdictions. The key principles include:a. Crime and punishment: Similar to China, the U.S. defines crimes and specifies penalties, including fines, imprisonment, and the death penalty.b. Liability: The U.S. criminal law also determines the age of criminal responsibility and joint liability.c. Defenses: The U.S. recognizes various defenses, such as self-defense, necessity, and entrapment.IV. Civil Law1. ChinaChina's civil law is governed by the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China. The key principles include:a. Rights and obligations: The code defines the rights and obligationsof individuals and legal entities in various civil relationships.b. Property rights: The code regulates property ownership, transfer, and protection.c. Contracts: The code governs the formation, performance, and termination of contracts.2. United StatesAmerican civil law is also based on the Civil Code. The key principles include:a. Rights and obligations: Similar to China, the U.S. defines the rights and obligations of individuals and entities in civil relationships.b. Property rights: The U.S. also regulates property ownership, transfer, and protection.c. Contracts: The U.S. governs contracts through various laws and regulations, such as the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC).V. Administrative Law1. ChinaChina's administrative law is governed by the Administrative Law of the People's Republic of China. The key principles include:a. Government organization: The law regulates the structure andfunctions of government agencies at all levels.b. Administrative procedures: The law outlines the procedures for administrative decision-making and enforcement.c. Administrative supervision: The law establishes mechanisms for monitoring and correcting administrative actions.2. United StatesAmerican administrative law is governed by various federal and state statutes. The key principles include:a. Government organization: The law regulates the structure and functions of government agencies at all levels.b. Administrative procedures: The law outlines the procedures for administrative decision-making and enforcement, including public participation and appeals.c. Administrative supervision: The law establishes mechanisms for monitoring and correcting administrative actions, such as administrative tribunals and courts.Conclusion:The legal systems and regulations in China and the United States differ in several aspects. While both countries have their unique sources of law, judicial systems, and principles of criminal and civil law, they share common goals of maintaining order, protecting rights, and regulating social behaviors. Understanding these differences and similarities can help individuals and organizations navigate the legal landscapes of both countries and ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations.。

美国政治制度用英语简洁介绍篇一：美国政治制度的英语作文The United State political systemAs far as I am concerned, I believe that the Constitutional federal republish of The United State is democratic. The United State federal system pursues the principe of “Checks and Balan ces”. The American constitution required that the state authority consisted of legislative branch, executive branch, judicial branch , which was parallel to others and restricted others. The Congress consists of the House and the Senate. Each state has two senators despite the population, which ensures that the small states have an equal power in one of the houses of Congress. The House of Representatives are elected according to the proportion of the population states. The main duty of the Congress is to make laws. Only when the House and the Senate vote and pass the bill and then send it to the president for his signature, can it become a law. The chief executive of the United State is the president.He is head of government, commander–in–chief of the armed forces and chief of state. The president is elected by the citizens and he has to be responsible for them. The president can veto the law that the Congressproposes. However,Congress can enact the law despite the president’s views only if two thirds of the members of both houses vote in favour of it. The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court. The judges are appointed by the president. The judges can have lifelong tenure if they do not commit a crime.In my opinion, I think that both the presidential election and the enactment of law in the United State are democratic. Thomas Jefferson ever said“As far as I understand it, the supreme power of the most reliable person in charge can only be the people themselves” in 1820. The American system of government represents the citizens benefit and promotes the economic development rapidly.However, the American system has also existed disadvantages. I think the racial prejudice is a serious problem in American society. A 18‐year‐old black youth named Michael Brown was shot by a white policeman and finally died in Missouri, America on August 9th 2014. whichcaused large‐scale demonstrations and developed the violent incident such as beating,smashing and looting in many places. When the grand jury judgedthat the white policeman can not be accused on November 24th , the protests spread quickly more than 170 cities in America. This issue caused wild public concern not only at home but also all over the world. Unfortunately, the racial problem has not been solved yet.Different from the America, China carried out the system of people’s congress, which fits our country’s situation. In political parties, America has two‐party system but China insists an single‐party system. I think that Chinese system has high efficiency in a short time but has poor long‐term stability, because of lacking power supervision. Instead, American system has low efficiency in short‐term but has high efficiency for a long time. Therefore, we can not say the Chinese system is superior to American system, because they both fit their own country’s situation and have positive impact on the economical development. However,the officials looting has become a more and more serious problem in our country. The officials’duties are serving to the people and doing something beneficial to the public. Butthey failed in their responsibility and looted,which may cause the public feel disappointed to the government. Although the government has taken effective measures to suppress the corruption,officials looting remains a serious problem in our country. So,I think that our government should perfect the power supervision system constantly and prevent the officials from looting. Only by doing this, our country may become better and better.篇二：美国政治制度英文the united state political systemin my opinion, i think that both the presidential election and the enactment of law in the united state are democratic. thomas jefferson ever said“as far as i understand it, the supreme power of the most reliable person in charge can only be the people themselves” in 1820. the american system of government represents the citizens benefit and promotes the economic development rapidly.however, the american system has also existed disadvantages. i think the racial prejudice is a serious problem in american society. a 18‐year‐old black youth named michael brown was shot by a white policeman and finally died in missouri, america on august 9th 2014. whichcaused large‐scale demonstrations and developed the violent incident such as beating,smashing and looting in many places. when the grand jury judgedthat the white policeman can not be accused on november 24th , the protests spread quickly more than 170 cities in america. this issue caused wild public concern not only at home but also all over the world. unfortunately, the racial problem has not been solved yet.the united state political systemin my opinion, i think that both the presidential election and the enactment of law in the united state are democratic. thomas jefferson ever said“as far as i understand it, th e supreme power of the most reliable person in charge can only be the people themselves” in 1820. the american system of government represents the citizens benefit and promotes the economic development rapidly.however, the american system has also existed disadvantages. i think the racial prejudice is a serious problem in american society. a 18‐year‐old black youth named michael brown was shot by a white policeman and finally died in missouri, america on august 9th 2014. which caused large‐scale demonstrations and developed theviolent incident such as beating,smashing and looting in many places. when the grand jury judgedthat the white policeman can not be accused on november 24th , the protests spread quickly more than 170 cities in america. this issue caused wild public concern not only at home but also all over the world. unfortunately, the racial problem has not been solved yet.一、英国政治体制的模式及特点英国的政治制度是典型的君主立宪制，其主要特点是“议会至上”、以内阁为权力核心、君主虚位、政党组织严密。

英国美国政治制度英语作文The political systems of the United Kingdom and the United States,though both democratic in nature, differ significantly in their structures and functions. Below is a comparative analysis of these two systems.United Kingdom Political SystemThe United Kingdom operates under a parliamentary system ofdemocracy, often referred to as the Westminster system. Key featuresinclude:1.Monarchy and the Head of State:1.The head of state is the monarch (currently King Charles III),who holds a largely ceremonial role. The monarch serves as a symbol of national unity and continuity, but holds no actual political power.2.The monarch appoints the Prime Minister, who is the headof government and leads the cabinet.2.Parliament:1.The legislative power rests with the Parliament, which isbicameral, consisting of the House of Commons and the House of Lords.1.House of Commons: The lower house, wheremembers are elected directly by the people. The government is formed by the political party or coalition that has the majority of seats.2.House of Lords: The upper house, which includeshereditary peers, life peers, and appointed members. Its powers are limited and cannot block legislation passed by the House of Commons.2.The government is accountable to Parliament and can beremoved through a vote of no confidence.3.Executive:1.The Prime Minister, appointed by the monarch, leads thecabinet, which comprises the most senior ministers in charge of various government departments.2.The cabinet is collectively responsible to Parliament for thegovernment's policies and actions.4.Judiciary:1.The judiciary is independent of the government and ensuresthe rule of law. Judges are appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister.United States Political SystemThe United States operates under a presidential system of democracy,with the Constitution as its fundamental law. Key features include:1.President as Head of State and Head of Government:1.The President is both the head of state and the head ofgovernment, elected by the people for a four-year term.2.The President is responsible for executing the laws,commanding the military, and appointing officials, including judges.2.Congress:1.The legislative power rests with the Congress, which isbicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate.1.House of Representatives: Members are electedbased on population, with each state having a number of representatives proportional to its population.2.Senate: Each state has two senators, regardless ofpopulation, ensuring equal representation among states.2.Both chambers have equal powers, and legislation must bepassed by both to become law.3.Judiciary:1.The judiciary is headed by the Supreme Court, which has thefinal say on the constitutionality of laws. Judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.4.Checks and Balances:1.The system incorporates checks and balances to prevent theconcentration of power in any one branch of government. For example, the President can veto legislation, but Congress can override the veto witha two-thirds majority in both chambers.Comparison•Head of State and Government: In the UK, the monarch is the head of state, while the Prime Minister is the head of government. In the US, the President serves as both.•Legislative Process: The UK has a unicameral system (de facto, as the House of Lords' powers are limited) for legislation, while the US has a bicameral system.•Judicial Independence: Both systems have independent judiciaries, but the appointment process differs.•Checks and Balances: The US system incorporates explicit checks and balances, while the UK's system relies more on conventions and parliamentary procedures.In summary, while both the UK and the US have democratic politicalsystems, they differ significantly in their structures, functions, and the roles of their respective leaders and institutions.。

Outlinecomparison on the following aspects:1.Parliament2.Political parties3.Judicial SystemTHE DIFFERENCE OF THE GOVERNMENT BETWEEN CHINA AND THEUSAThere are lots of English speaking countries in the world and there also many differences between China and them on many aspects. For example, comparing the government with the USA, I’d like to talk something about the differences through Parliament, Political parties, Judicial System and so on.PARLIAMENTAmerica's highest legislative body (legislative branch ), implement the legislative provisions of the Fed eral Constitution, the actual location of the Capito l in Washington, DC, by the Senate and the Houseof Representatives; the Chamber of Deputies; the Low er House, number of members to 535. Senator is dir ectly elected by the states, each state has 2. implement of the principle of equal representation of the states. Existing Members 100. Elected senator mu st be at least 30 years old, full nine years as a U.S. citizen, was elected the state's residents w hen elected. Six-year term, reelection every two yea rs 1/3, re-elected. Rep. (congressman) number assigne d by the proportion of the population states, elect ed by direct election, at least one in each state, the number is fixed at 435, must be at least 25 years of age, as a U.S. citizen full seven years , when elected to the state's elected residents. 2-year term, be re-elected. Members of both houses of long-term election is a common phenomenon. Members shall serve other government duties, Members of Pa rliament represent their constituency voters, but is representative of the country as a whole, the vot ers, to regulate the behavior of the government and the people through legislation.National People's Congress exercises the following po wers:(1) amend the Constitution;(2) to oversee the implementation of the Constitution;(3) the formulation and revision of criminal, civil, national institutions and other basic laws;(4) Elect the chairman of the People's Republic of China, and Vice Chairman;(5) According to nominate the Chairman of People's Republic of China, decided to Premier candidates; up on nomination by the Premier's decision, Ministers, Deputy Premier, State Councilor, commissions, the Aud itor General, the Secretary-General of the candidates ;Chairman(6) to elect the Central Military Commission; upon nomination by the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, the choice of other members of the Cent ral Military Commission;(7) to elect Supreme People's Court;(8) the election of the Supreme People's Procuratora te;(9) review and approve the national economic and so cial development plans and reports;(10) to examine and approve the budget and the rep ort on the implementation of the country;(11) to alter or annul the Standing Committee of N ational People's Congress inappropriate decisions; (12) to approve provinces, autonomous regions and mu nicipalities to build;(13) to decide the establishment of the Special Adm inistrative Region and its institutions;(14) to decide questions of war and peace;(15) other functions and powers shall be exercised by the supreme organ of state power.POLITICAL PARTIESThe United States has multiple parties, but only republicans and Democrats play a significant role in the domestic politic and social life.<1> Republican PartyRepublican Party was founded in 1854. Republican Party held power for the first time when Abraham Lincoln became President in 1861. During the later 70 years (except 1916), Republican party had presided over the White House. Generally, in the presidential election, voters who vote for the party’s candidate were party members of Republican Party. Republicans generally conservative on social issues and was the classicalliberalism on economic issues. They pursetough defense and foreign policy ，belong to interventionism route.<2> Democratic PartyDemocratic Party’s predecessor--Democratic republican was founded in 1792 by ThomasJefferson. In the party-building initial period, it mainly represented the interests of southern slave owners, western agriculture entrepreneurs and north middle bourgeoisie. In the early 19th century, Democratic Republican split, one part who claimed to be the National Republican, later renamed the Whig party. The other part represented by Andrew Jackson was established as Democrats in 1828, and formally named for Democrats in 1840. Generally, in the presidential election, voters who vote for the party’s candidate were party members of Democratic Party. Democratic were liberal on social issues, progressive and liberal on economic issues.<3>Other partiesUnited States Green Party、Reform Party of the United States of America、Communist Party of United States of America. Americans generally tend to support one of the two parties, but some people would support independent candidate of smallparties, including the liberal party, the greens, constitution, etc.On November 4, 2008, the democratic candidate Barack Obama was elected as the 44th President of the United States, took office on January 20th, 2009, became the first African-American President in American history.Modern China's political party is produced in the late 19th century. From 1920s to 1940s, the Chinese Kuomintang and the Communist Party formed the two major political parties. There is a long time struggle between the CPC and the KMT, but during the first Sino-Japanese War and the Revolutionary War, the two parties had twice cooperation against the common enemy. In 1949, the Communist Party led the people to overthrow the KMT's authoritarian rule and established the People's Republic of China. CPC and eight democratic parties established long-term cooperation with the Chinese system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the communist party. Eight democratic parties worked together and became the participating parties.JUDICIARYThe basic framework of the agency court divided into federal court and state district court, two completely independent systems. Federal court was consisted by the federal Supreme Court and federal court of appeals, the federal district court and the special court (i.e. the bankruptcy court, court of international trade and the compensation court, etc.).The Supreme Court was established by the constitution of the United States. The judges carry Unchangeable system, Professional system, High salary system, Retirement system. There is no unified administrative court in the United States. Besides the ordinary court, independent institutions also have the right to accept and ruling Administrative disputes. Standard mode of organization and management systems of the U.S. courts have diversity. Court has unified model is the objects of traditional court organization and management system, but there are also many problems. There are disputes about U.S. court organization and management unified model, then appeared a new ideal target modes: decentralization, consultation and emergency type.Under the PRC Constitution and the Law of Organization of the People's Courts, the judicial system is made up of the SupremePeople's Court， the local people's courts， military courts and other special people's courts. The local people's courts are comprised of the basic people's courts, the intermediate people's courts and the higher people's courts. The basic people's courts are organized into civil，criminal，economic and administrative divisions. The intermediate people's courts are organized into divisions similar to those of the basic people's courts, and are further organized into other special divisions，such as the intellectual property division. The higher level people's courts supervise the basic and intermediate people's courts. The people's procuratorates also have the right to exercise legal supervision over the civil proceedings of people's courts of the same level and lower levels. The Supreme People's Court is the highest judicial body in the PRC. It supervises the administration of justice by all of the people's courts.Uh! Finally I finished this task. now, put all above away, I real words want to say is China is a forbidden country, and he fucked all so called LAW. Only power and money speaks. While USA is not that far beyond PRC. USA’s tomorrow is all depend on what those ten big consortium.But America people seems still have more freedom than Chinese people do, since The holocaust happened 25 years ago. And personally ,I’ve just finished my ten days home arrest by Chinese FBI. I can not see in such environment, how on erath can we help change our country, our life.Thank you for your teaching, and I’ll always remember the days we spend together in this small campus and the sentence “Are you hungry now?”Bye bye.。