since的用法：译作“自从…以来”
(1)接时间点：如I have stayed in that country since 1995. 要求：谓v.用现在完成时，而且须是延续性动词。
接一段时间+ ago：如They have lived in that house since two years ago. 要求：谓v.用现在完成时，而且须是延续性动词。
接时间状语从句：如I have loved her since I met her last time. / Lily has stayed at home since she left school. 要求：主句的谓v.用现在完成时，而且须是延续性动词；从句的谓v.用一般过去时，而且须是终止性动词。
(4)用于句型“It’s / It has been + 一段时间+ since + 时间状语从句”中，译作“自从…以来, 已经…(时间)了”。如It’s / has been three months since he moved to this city. 要求：主句的谓v.用一般现在时或现在完成时；从句的谓v.用一般过去时，而且须是终止性动词。(5)用于句型“一段时间+ has passed since + 时间状语从句”中，译作“自从…以来, …(时间)已经过去了”。如上个例句还可写成：Three months has passed since he moved to this city. 要求：主句的谓v.用现在完成时，而且动词必须是has passed；从句的谓v.用一般过去时，而且须是终止性动词。
(6)注：当since用于否定句时，主句的谓v.可以是终止性动词。如He hasn’t seen the film since last month.
(7)相关词组：“从那时起”：ever since、since then、from then on. 注：ever since作为一个词组，放句尾可单独使用。如I have given up smoking ever since. 另外，还可在since后接句子。since前加ever，只是加重语气而已。如I have given up smoking ever since I caught a bad cough.
(8) since还可引导原因状语从句，译作“由于；因为”，相当于because。如Since he was lazy, he didn’t finish his homework.
therefore adv.因此, 所以=for that reason=consequently常用于连接两个并列分句，其前加“and”或分号“;”。
He was ill, and therefore could not come. 他病了, 所以未能来。
He has broken his leg and therefore he can't walk.他摔坏了腿，因此不能走路了。
We do not have enough money. Therefore we cannot afford to buy the new car.我们的钱不够,因此买不成这辆新车。
so conj. adv因而, 所以, 结果是
It was late, so we went home. 天晚了, 所以我们就回家去了。
He was sick, so they were quiet.他病了，所以他们很安静。
hence adv.因此, 从此
The town was built among the hills, hence the name Hilltown. 该城镇修建在群山之中,故取名'山城'。
It is very late; hence you must go to bed.时间已经很晚了，因此你必须睡觉去。(记住前面是分号，而不是逗号)
then adv因此，就Go into the cave, then they won't see you. 躲进洞里去，那他们就看不到你了。
5、accordingly adv.因此, 从而;所以，因此结果;因此(偶作连词使用conj.)
He was asked to leave the city and accordingly he went.有人叫他离开该城市,所以他就走了。You may arrange accordingly.你可以权宜处理。
Mr Foster has never been to China. Consequently / Hence he knows very little about it.福斯特先生从未去过中国,所以对中国了解得很少。
My car was broken down and consequently I was late. = in consequence
Thus adv.如此，像这样;因此;于是
He sold his farm and thus he had enough money for his journey.他卖掉了农场，这样他就有足够的钱旅行了。
There has been no rain - thus, the crops are drying.天没下雨，因此庄稼要枯死了。
already 和yet的区别用法
already 和yet都是表示时间的状语副词。都表示“已经”，也都用于完成时。但already 一般用于肯定句中而yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中。
eg : I have already finished my homework . 我已经完成我的作业了。
Have you finished your homework yet ? 你已经完成作业了吗？
No , I haven’t finished it yet. 不，没完成。
as可用作连词，引导比较、时间、原因及方式等四种状语从句，应注意的是，引导的比较状语从句往往有省略;引导的时间状语从句一般用一般现在时而不用一般将来时;引导原因状语从句时与“Because”和“since”引导的从句比较起起来语气最弱。
as作介词，意思时“作为”，“以……身份”。例如:He came to China as a tourist five years ago. 而表示像…一样时，like通常作介词用，而介词后面通常接名词，代名词和动名词。
as in Australia“和在澳大利亚一样”。
as……as AS +adj(原级)+AS AS +adv(原级)+AS
as soon as 一……就as soon as possible 尽可能快地as early as possible 尽可能早的
as carefully as you can 尽可能认真地
1。as是连词，表示“随着”的意义。lives是life的复数，意义是“生活”。
2。as是连词，表示“因为，由于”的意义。wanting是现在分词，表示主动意义，wanting to buy cars=who want to buy cars。
As的用法小结as可以作连词、介词及关系代词和副词。现将其用法小结如下:
、as作连词的用法: 1.作“在-------期间，当----的时候”引导时间状语从句.注意与when、while 的用法区别。①下列情形时,只用as, 而不用when或while。1)用于表示同一个人的两种动作交替进行,指一边----一边. 如: The girl sings as she goes to school. He looked behind occasionally as he went forward in the forest. 2)表示两个同步发生的动作或行?意思是随着-----的发展.如: As time went on / by, she became more and more beautiful . As children get older, they become more and more interested in everything. 3)表示两个短暂行为或事情几乎同时发生.如:I watched her as she read the book. I thought of it just as you opened your mouth. Just as the flying worm hit her face, she gave a loud cry. 4)接在名词后面表示某一个年龄段时.如: As a young man, he was active in sports. ②when作"当……的时候"解,可以指较短的(一点)时间,也可指一段时间。如:When I was at college, I could speak several foreign languages. When the clock struck twelve, I had slept for 2hours. ③while常表示一段较长的时间或一个过程,强调主句谓语动词与从句谓语动词同时发生。如:Work while you work. Play while you play.
As =Since 作"既然"、"由于"解,引导原因状语从句,常用来表示已为人们所知或显而易见的原因或理由。如: As he’s been ill for ages, I will help him. As / Since you're not feeling well, you may stay at home. As he wasn't ready , we went without him.
As =in the way that作"像"、"按照……的方式"解,引导方式状语从句。如: Do as I told you. Remember, you must do everything as I do.
用于as--- as或not / so/ as ---- as中,前一个as是副词,后一个as是连词,引导比较状语从句。如:They helped the old as much as possible. I don't speak English so/ as well as she does.
表示虽然,尽管等,引导让步状语从句,常用倒装语序,模式为: adj. /adv. / n.+as +主语+谓语+主
句。如: Young as he is, he knows much. Tired as they were, they walked on.
表示也------一样。She is a doctor, as was her husband. (二)、as作关系代词,引导定语从句,表示正如,这一点.如: He is very careful, as we all know. As is well-known, Taiwan belongs to China. 另外,当先行词被the same, such等词修饰时,常用as来引导定语从句。如: Such a clever girl as she can learn anything quickly. I was reading the same book as he bought yesterday.
as作介词的用法. 1.表示好像。如:He dressed as a policeman. 2. 表示作为当作。如:I found a job as a guide. 3. 当某人是某身份时。如:As a child , she was sent to abroad. 4. as引导的介词短语大多用作状语,as译为"作为";少数情况可引起宾语补足语。如: As a Party member, I'll take the lead in everything. (状语) She works as a model. (状语) She has me as one of her best friends.(引起宾语补足语) (
作副词的用法1 表示与------等同。如:This dress is twice as expensive as that one. 2 像，如等。如:As before, he remained unmoved.
although 与though的用法区别
用作连词表示“虽然”，两者大致同义，可换用，只是although 比though 更为正式: Though [Although] it was raining，we went there. 虽然下着雨，但我们还是去了那儿。
Though [Although] it was barely four o’clock, the lights were already on. 尽管才四点钟，灯已经亮了。
Though [Although] we are poor, we are still happy. 我们虽然穷，仍然很快活。
二、用作副词although 一般不用作副词，而though 可用作副词，且一般放在句末(不放在句首)，意为“可是”、“不过”: It’s hard work; I enjoy it though. 工作很辛苦，可是我乐意干。He is looking fit, though. 但他看起来很健康。You can count on him, though. 不过你可以指靠他。三、用于习语在as though(好像，仿佛)，even though(即使，纵然)等固定短语中不能用although: She closed her eyes as though she were tired. 她闭上眼，仿佛很疲劳似的。We felt as though we had witnessed the whole thing. 我们感到仿佛目击了整个这件事似的。He is an honest man, I must say, even though I have opposed him. 尽管我反对过他，我还得说他是一个诚实的人。She was always afraid of men, even though she had lots of boyfriends.尽管她有很多男朋友，她总是害怕男人。
四、用于倒装though 引导的让步状语从句可用部分倒装的形式(注意:倒装后位于句首的名词之前不用冠词)，但although 一般不这样用: Poor though I am, I can afford it. 我虽穷，但这东西还是买得起的。Child though he was, he did quite well. 他虽是孩子，但干得很好。另外注意: 1. although较正式，语气强Although he was tired, he went on working. 2. although引导的从句放在主句前后均可，有时还可放在句中。Although many difficulties are still ahead, we are determined to make greater achievements. 尽管在前面的道路上还有许多困难，但是，我们决心要取得更大的成就。He often helps me with my English although he is quite busy. 尽管他相当忙，但是还常常帮我学英语。3. although引导的从句不能与but, however连用，但可与yet, still连用。不能说:Although he was old, but he worked hard. 应把but去掉。当然，保留but而去Although也可。注意:although 的几不: although不能指假设的情况although 不能作并列连词although不能作副词，放在词尾常用连词介绍
说到since，我们最熟悉的用法或许就是“since前面要用现在完成时态”，其实，since还有其他不同的用法，这些用法容易被大家忽略。本期笔者就来系统梳理since的用法，定会让大家开阔眼界。 since用法的思路体系 下面笔者从两个角度来考察since的用法：一是since后面的结构特点；二是since前面的修饰对象特点（这是本期内容的重点）。笔者先给结论，然后再举例论述。请看下列表格。 从以上表格我们看到，一方面，从since后面所跟的结构特点来看，可以分为三种情况。 a. since后面接一个从句，此时since是连词（conjunction）。 b. since后面接一个名词短语，此时since是介词（preposition）。 c. since后面不接任何东西，而是单独使用，此时since是副词（adverb）。 另一方面，从since前面的修饰对象来看，也可以分为三种情况。 1. 修饰谓语动词：此时作时间状语（本文不讨论since作原因状语的情况），谓语动词的时态多用现在完成时态（have done），但根据语境和时间关系，谓语动词也可能用过去完成时态（had done）。 3. 修饰普通名词：此时作后置定语，普通名词是相对于“最高级名词”而言的。 现在，我们可以把上面两方面因素各三个变量进行排列组合，得出since各种用法的句子。下面一一举例来说明。 since修饰谓语动词 我们首先来看一个例句。 他有生以来遭遇过多次困境。 b. he has faced many difficult situations since last year. 自去年以来，他一直屡遭困境。 c. he began to get into trouble last year and has faced many difficult situations （ever） since. 他去年开始陷入困境，此后一直屡遭窘境。 解析：我们看到，b句中since后面接了名词短语last year，而c句中since后面没有接任何成分，此时也可以说ever since。 另外，值得注意的是，在特定的上下文语境中，since前面可以使用过去完成（进行）时态。请看下面一组例句。 2. a. mr. bin laden has been hiding since 2005. b. mr. bin laden had been hiding since 2005. 解析：a句用现在完成进行时态，这意味着本拉登到现在还没有死亡，仍在潜逃。而实际上，他已经于2011年被击毙，因此为了符合这一实际情形，b句用了过去完成时态来表达。 since修饰“最高级名词” 请比较下面例句。 他有生以来遭遇过多次困境。 他将会遇到有生以来最困难的境况。 他将会遇到从2000年以来最困难的境况。 另外，我们还可以采用“in +时间段”来替换“sin ce +时间点”，用于限定最高级的时间范围。比如，今年是2016年，于是例3的c句中的since 2000就相当于说in 16 years，我们可以把c句改成这样一句话。 他将会遇到16年以来最困难的境况。 英国正遭到60年以来的最严寒的冬天。 在正文中，作者继续详细讲述，又出现了两个“since+时间点”及“in +时间段”与最高级搭配的句子。
一．用作介词，意思是“从……以来，自从”，常与完成时连用。 I haven’t written home since Christmas. 自圣诞节以来，我未曾写信回家。 二．用作副词，意思是“从那时以后(一直到现在)”，“其后(到现在之间)”; ever since从那以后一直(更加强调since的用法)。 Things have not changed very much since. 从那时起，情况并没有太大的改变。 His first book was a great success and he has been famous as a writer ever since. 他的第一本书非常畅销，从那时起他就成了一位名作家。 He got a job with the firm in 1970 and has worked there ever since. 他从1970年开始在那家公司任职，之后就一直在那里工作。 三．用作连词 1. 引导原因状语从句，相当于now that，意思是“因为……，既然……，鉴于……”。 Since the rain has stopped，let’s go for a walk. 既然雨停了，我们出去散散步吧。 Since we are young，we shouldn’t be too afraid of making mistakes. 因为我们还年轻，所以不应该太害怕犯错误。 注意：since表示原因时，语气比because弱，表示的原因是对方已知的，或是句中不很重要的部分，是附带的原因，因此引导的从句不是信息的焦点，不能回答why的提问，也不能用在强调句型中作为被强调的内容。since引导的从句往往放在主句之前。 2. 引导时间状语从句，此用法较复杂。 (1) 若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是终止性动词(如go，come，leave，start，begin等)的过去时，则从句表示的时间是“从该动作开始的那一时刻起”。这是最常见的一种用法。如： He has studied very hard since he came to our school. 自从来到我们学校，他学习就非常努力。 Great changes have taken place in our school since you left. 自从你离开这里，我们学校发生了很大的变化。 (2) 若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或表示状态的静态动词(如live，stay，study，learn，smoke，be等)的过去时，则从句表示的时间是“从该动作或状态的完成或结束时算起”。如： I haven’t heard from him since he lived here. 这句话应译为：从他不住这儿起，我一直没有收到他的信。 I haven’t eaten snakes since I was a student at school. was表示状态，因此该句可理解为：I haven’t eaten snakes since I left school. 自从我毕业后就一直没吃过蛇。
初中英语学习材料 madeofjingetieji since 和for 的用法(用于现在完成时) 表示过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态常用的时间状语有：for, since, how long, so far, these days等。 1. since : a).since +时间点①年代②时刻数③一段时间+ago b).现在完成时：主句(主语+have/has +延续性动词的过去分词)+ since +从句一般过去时 c) It’s +时间段+since +短暂性动词的过去式 d).时间段+has passed +since +短暂性动词的过去式 for +一段时间 练习： 用since和for填空 1) ______ two years 2) _______ two years ago 3) _______ last month 4) ______ 1999 5) _______ yesterday 6) _______ 4 o’clock 7) ______ 4 hours 8) _______ an hour ago 9) _______ we were children 10) _____ lunch time 11) ______ she left here 12). He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last. 13). I’ve known him __________ we were children. 14). Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years. 15). She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years. 16). It’s about ten years __________ she left the city. 2. for: for +一段时间= since +一段时间+ ago 3. 与时间段连用时，短暂性动词应改为相应的延续性动词。 1) come/go to ------ be at /in 2)leave ----be away from 3)buy ----have 4) borrow /lend -----keep 4)open ---be open 5)close---be closed 6) die---be dead 7) start/begin ----be on 8) join—--be in /be a member of /be a soldier 9) become –be 10) fall asleep ---be asleep 11)catch a cold – have a cold 12) have/has gone to → have been in 13) put on → wear14) finish/end → be over 15) marry → be married 练习：.短暂性转换延续性 1) His grandfather died two years ago . His grandfather has ____ ____ for two years. _____two years _____ his grandfather ____. Two years ____ ____ ____ his grandfather _____. 2) I became a teacher in 2000. I ________ __________ a teacher for _________ _________. 3) The shop closed two hours ago. The shop ________ _________ _________ for _________ _________. 4) The door opened at six in the morning. The door ________ ________ ________ for six hours. 5)He left Fuzhou just now. He _______ ________ ________ _________ Fuzhou for five minutes. 6)The film began two minutes ago. The film ____ ____ ____ for ____ ____.How time flies! 7)They borrowed it last week. They _________ _________ it since __________ __________. 8)I bought a pen two hours ago. I _________ _________ a pen for ________ __________. 9)They married in 1990. They ________ _________ __________since _________. 10)The meeting finished at six. The meeting ________ ______ ______ for six hours. 11)My brother joined the army two years ago.
Since 用法小结 一．Since作为介词,后接某一确定的时间点,主句谓语动词是持续性动词,常与现在完成时态、现在完成进行时态或过去完成时态连用.例如： 1、He left the village in 1982 and I haven’t seen him since then.1982年他离开这个村子,从那以后我再没见过他. 2、She’s been working in a bank since leaving school.她中学毕业后就一直在一家银行工作. 3.He had spoken to her only once since the party.自从那次聚会以来,他只跟她说过一次话. 二．Since作为副词,表示从过去以来、以后或到现在的情形或状态,常与现在完成时态连用.例如： 1．He left home two weeks ago and we haven’t heard from him since.他两周前离开了家,到现在我们一直没有他的消息. 2．He came to Zhenjiang 6 years ago and has lived here (ever) since.他6年前来到镇江,从此便住在这里. 三．since引导原因状语从句 作为连词,since可引导原因状语从句,表示因为；既然；鉴于：例如： 1．He didn’t come since he was busy.他因为忙,所以没有来. 2．Since this method doesn’t work,let’s try another.既然这种方法不行,我们就试用另一种吧. 四．Since引导时间状语从句 1．若since引导的状语从句的谓语是终止性动词的过去时,则从句表示的时间是“从动作开始的那一时刻起”.例如：
现在完成时态中的since 与for 1. 实例： We have studied English for more than 2 years. 我们学英语已有两年多时间了。 She has been ill since last Sunday. 她从上周星期天一直病到现在。 2. 用法说明： (1) 介词for 短语表示一个时间段，指某个动作或情况到现在为止已持续了多久，提问时用how long；since 作为介词，接一个时间名词，作为连词，引导一个时间状语从句(从句动词一般是短暂性动词)，since 表示“自…以来”，指某个动作或情况从过去某一点时间一直持续到现在，因此，与for 或since 引出的时间状语连用的句子(或主语)谓语动词必须是持续性的(如上面两句中的动词study 和be) (2) 英语中有些动词的意义不能持续，表示的是一瞬间就结束的动作，这些动词被称为非持续性动词或短暂性动词，常见的如come, leave, go, lose, see, begin, start, arrive, bec ome, die, buy, borrow, close, join, reach, fall, get up 等。这类动词可以用于完成时态，但在肯定句中不能与表示动作延续的时间状语for 或since 短语连用。如：正：He has come back. 他已回来。 误：He has come back for three days. 若要表示“他回来已三天了”这样的意思，可以将动词改为延续性动词，或改变时间状语，或改用别的句型等，如译为： He has been back for three days. (改变谓语动词) He has been back since three days ago. (改变谓语动词) He came back three days ago. (改变时间状语及动词时态) It’s three days since he came back. (改变句型) (3) 非持续性动词用于完成时态，在肯定句中不能与for 或since引出的短语(或句子)连用，但在否定句中是可以的，因为一个非延续性动词一旦被否定即成为状态，而状态总是可以延续的。如：(https://www.doczj.com/doc/de3150762.html,) I haven’t seen him for a long time. 我很久没见到他了。 He hasn’t come here for some time. 他有段时间没来了。 I haven’t heard from her since she left. 自他离开以后，我一直没收到她的来信。
It is +一段时间+since…的句型与It has been +一段时间+since…意思相同，since从句用现在完成时。前者是规范说法，后者是口语说法。 It was+一段时间since从句就用过去完成时。 一、若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是终止性的过去时 He has studied very hard since he came to our school.自从他来到我们学校，他学习就非常努力。 We have been missing them since they left here自从他们离开这里，我们就一直很想念他们。It has rained a great deal since you left.你走之后下了好多雨。 We have resided in Shanghai since we parted.自从分手以后，我们一直住在上海。 这是最常见的一种用法，此处不再多述。 二、若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是延续性动词或表示状态的动词的过去式时 I haven’t heard any noise since I slept.这句应译为“我醒后还未听到任何声音”。 John is now with his parents in New Y ork, it is already three years since he was a teacher约翰现在和父母一起住在纽约，他不当教师已经三年了。 It's two years since I smoked我戒烟已经两年了。 How long is it since you lived in Shanghai?你离开（没住在）上海多久了？ It is half a month since he was a League member.他退团（不当团员）半个月了。 It’s been quite some time since I was last in London我离开伦敦已很长时间了。 It has been so long since we were all together. 好久我们没有在一起团聚了。 It is a week since he was in hospital.他出院已有一星期了。 比较： He has written to me frequently since I was ill.自从我病愈以来，他屡次给我写信。（从句谓语为状态动词） He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.自从我生病以来，他就屡次给我写信。（从句谓语为终止性动词） 三、若since引导的状语从句的谓语为持续性动词的现在完成时 I haven’t heard from him since he has lived there。这里has lived表示动作的持续性，时间的起点应从：“开始居住”时算起。因此此句可理解为“自从他（开始）住在那儿起，我就一直没收到他的来信”。 Since we have owned a car, we have gone camping every year。自从我们自己有了汽车，我们每年都去野营。 试比较： Since I’ve been at this school, we have had three headmasters.自从我到这所学校，我们已换了三个校长了。 Since I was at this school, they have had three headmasters.自从我离开这所学校，他们已换了三个校长了。 He has never been to see me since I have been ill. 自从我生病以来，他从未来看过我。 He has never been to see me since I was ill. 自从我病愈以来，他从未来看过我。 四.since与ever连用时，延续性动词的一般过去时充当从句的谓语
S i n c e-和-f o r-的用 法及区别 -CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN
Since 和 for 的用法及区别： 一，since 的四种用法 1，since + 过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、ago. 1990 , last month , half past six I have been here since 1990. 1990起，我一直在这儿。 2，since+ 一段时间+ago I h a v e b e e n h e r e s i n c e f i v e m o n t h s a g o。自从五个月前，我已经在这儿了。 3，since+从句Great Changes have taken place since you left. 自从你走后，已经发生了很大的变化。 4，It is +一段时间+since从句 I t i s t w o y e a r s s i n c e I b e c a m e a n E n g l i s h t e a c h e r.我成为英语老师有两年了。 二，Since 和for区别 1，Since +时间点，具体时间 “自从、、、、以来，从、、、以后”用来说明动作起始时间 I have been in Beijing since 2010. 2，For + 时间段，用来说明动作延续时间长度，因此句中的谓语动词，也应该是延续性动词。 I have been in Beijing for one year。 We have learnt English for about three years. I have been here for 3 days. (对) I have arrived here for 3 days.（误） 三，延续性动词和终止性动词的概念 英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。 延续性动词 表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：
v1.0可编辑可修改 Since 用法小结 一．Since 作为介词，后接某一确定的时间点，主句谓语动词是持 续性动词，常与现在完成时态、现在完成进行时态或过去完成时态连用。例如： 1 、He left the village in 198 2 and I haven’t seen him since年他离开这个村子，从那以后我再没见过他。 2 、She’s been working in a bank since leaving school. 她中学毕业后就一直在一家银行工作。 had spoken to her only once since the party.自从那次聚会以来，他只跟她说过一次话。 二． Since 作为副词，表示从过去以来、以后或到现在的情 形或状态，常与现在完成时态连用。例如： 1 ．He left hometwo weeks ago and we haven’t heard from him since.他两周前离开了家，到现在我们一直没有他的消息。 2 ．He came to Zhenjiang 6 years ago and has lived here (ever) since.他6年前来到镇江，从此便住在这里。 三． since 引导原因状语从句
作为连词， since 可引导原因状语从句，表示因为；既然； 鉴于：例如： 1 ．He didn ’t come since he was busy.他因为忙，所以没有来。 2 ．Since this method doesn’t work,let ’s try another. 既然这种方法不行，我们就试用另一种吧。 四． Since 引导时间状语从句 1 ．若 since 引导的状语从句的谓语是终止性动词的过去时， 则从句表示的时间是“从动作开始的那一时刻起”。例如： He has studied very hard since he came to our school. 自从他来到我们学校，他学习就非常努力。 We have been missing them since they left here自从他们离开这里，我们就一直很想念他们。 2 ．若 since 引导的状语从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或表示状态动词的过去时时，则从句表示的时间是“从动作或状态结束时算起”。例如：
现在完成时Since和for的用法 Since 和for 的用法 表示过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态常用的时间状语有：for, since, how long, so far, these days等。 Since+过去点的时间，for+一段时间(数词+量词)，此划线部分用how long提问。 一、since短语或从句表示过去的动作延续至今，since之后的时间为一点。如： Mr. Smith has worked here since 1984. 1984年以来，史密斯先生一直在这工作。 He’s learned about 5,000 English words since he went to college. 他上大学以来大约学了五千个英语单词。 二、for短语表示动作延续多长时间，for的宾语为时间段。如： We have known each other for twenty years. 我们认识有二十年了。 I haven’t seen her for a long time. 我好久没有见到她了。 练习：用since和for填空 1) ______ two years 2) _______ two years ago 3) _______ last month 4) ______ 1999 5) _______ yesterday 6) _______ 4 o’clock 7) ______ 4 hours 8) _______ an hour ago 9) _______ we were children 10) _____ lunch time 11) ______ she left here 1. He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last. 2. I’ve known him __________ we were children. 3. Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years. 4. She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years. 5. It’s about ten years __________she left the city. 2.短暂性转换延续性
藤县第三中学微课设计模板（参考使用） 录制时间： 2016年6月15日微课时间：7.54分钟微课名称for 和 since的用法 知识点描述for 和 since 在现在完成时态中的用法 知识点来源学科：英语年级：八年级教材：人教版章节：第十单元页码： 73 □不是教学教材知识，自定义：是 基础知识听本微课之前需了解的知识： 现在完成时态的用法以及for和since定义和用法 教学类型√□讲授型□问答型√□启发型□讨论型√□演示型□联系型□实验型□表演型□自主学习型□合作学习型□探究学习型□其他 适用对象学生：本微课是针对本学科平时成绩多少分的学生？ □40分以下□40-60分□60-80分 √□80-100分□100-120分□120-150分 教师：□班主任□幼儿教师√□普通任课教师□其他其他：√□软件技术□生活经验□家教□其他 设计思路这是语法课，因此我用归纳法讲解，通过例子，然后总结，再比较，最后得出结论。 教学过程 内容画面时间 一、片头（20秒以内）内容：您好，这个 微课重点讲解辨 析for和since的 用法 第 1 至张PPT 2秒 二、正文讲解（4分20秒左 右）第一节内容：辨析 for和since的用 法 第 2 至11 张PPT 315 秒 第二节内容：典型 例子 第 12 至 14张PPT 116 秒
第三节内容：总结内容第 15 至张PPT 40 秒 三、结尾（20秒以内）内容：感谢大家能 认真的听完这个 微课，希望大家回 去后多做练习加 以巩固。 第 16至张PPT 1 秒 教学反思（自我评价）本微课通过用PPT的方式讲解了for和since的用法，因为是辨析两个单词的用法，因此我用了归纳法进行讲解，让学生在例子中发现规律，然后进行总结。但是，在讲解的过程中，我所举的例子可能太少了，给学生思考和练习的时间也很少，中等以下的学生可能对知识点还不是很理解。通过这节微课，我觉得在以后教学中，我要认真分析学生的认知能力，顾及大部分学生，然后寻找更好的教学方法，或者在讲解释可以使用多种方法，归纳法或者演绎法等，让学生理解所教授的内容。另一个不足之处是，我在制作课件的时候并没有很好地运用多媒体技术，因此，在以后的教学中，我还要多学习多媒体在教学中的运用。
一，since 的四种用法 1，since + 过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、ago. 1990 , last month , half past six I have been here since 1990. 1990起，我一直在这儿。 2，since+ 一段时间+ago I h a v e b e e n h e r e s i n c e f i v e m o n t h s a g o。自从五个月前，我已经在这儿了。 3，since+从句Great Changes have taken place since you left. 自从你走后，已经发生了很大的变化。 4，It is +一段时间+since从句 I t i s t w o y e a r s s i n c e I b e c a m e a n E n g l i s h t e a c h e r.我成为英语老师有两年了。 二，Since 和for区别 1，Since +时间点，具体时间 “ 自 I have been in Beijing since 2010. 从 、以来，从、、、以后”用来说明动作起始时间 2，For + 时间段，用来说明动作延续时间长度，因此句中的谓语动词，也应该是延续性动词。 I have been in Beijing for one year。 We have learnt English for about three years. I have been here for 3 days. (对) I have arrived here for 3 days.（误） 三，延续性动词和终止性动词的概念 英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。 延续性动词 表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如： learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep,
since引导的状语从句的用法讲解 一、若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是终止性的过去时，则从句表示的时间是“从动作开始的那一时刻起”。如：He has studied very hard since he came to our school.自从他来到我们学校，他学习就非常努力。We have been missing them since they left here自从他们离开这里，我们就一直很想念他们。这是最常见的一种用法，此处不再多述。二、若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或表示状态的动词的过去时时，则从句表示的时间是“从那持续动作或状态结束时算起”。如：I haven’t heard any noise since I slept. Sleep 为持续性动词，sleep的动作结束时，即“醒来”时，这句应译为“我醒后还未听到任何声音”。三、若since引导的状语从句的谓语为持续性动词的现在完成时，则表示动作和状态延续到现在（说话时刻），其表示的时间的起点应从动作发生之时算起。如：I haven’t heard from him since he has lived there。这里has lived表示动作的持续性，时间的起点应从：“开始居住”时算起。因此此句可理解为“自从他（开始）住在那儿起，我就一直没收到他的来信”。至于It is +一段时间+since…的句型与It has been +一段时间+since…意思相同。前者是规范说法，后者是口语说法。应注意的是，在这种结构中，since 引导的从句绝对不能用否定式的谓语动词来表示否定意义，下面两句都错了：It is a long time since he didn’t study English. It’s two months since you didn’t come to see me. 正确的说法为：It’s a long time since he studied English 他好久没学英语了。You
A for与表示一段时间的短语连用：for six days六天for a long time 很久 for与一般过去时连用，表示一段终结了的时间：We lived there for ten years.我们在那里住过十年。(但我们现在不住那里了) for与现在完成时连用表示延续到现在的一段时间：We have lived in London for ten years.我们在伦敦已经住了十年。(并且还住在那里) for有时可以省略，特别是在be，live和wait之后：We’ve been here an hour/two days.我们在这里已经呆了一小时/两天了。 表示时间的for不能用于以all开头的短语的前面：They’ve worked all night.他们整整干了一晚上。 B since与某一时刻连用，表示从那一时刻到说话时为止。除下文D与第188节所述外，它总是与完成时态连用。She has been here since six o’clock.从6点钟起她一直在这里。(并且现在还在这里) We’ve been friends since our schooldays.从上学的时候起我们就是好朋友了。 C注意：last和the last之间存在着差别。比较：(a)I have been here since last week(month，year etc.). 我从上周(上月、去年等)起一直在这里。(b)I have been here for the last week.过去一周内我一直在这里。 第一句里last week意指大约七天前的某一时刻，而第二句的the last week却意指刚刚结束的七天长的时间。 D since+从句也可表示相同的意思：I’ve worked here since I left school.离开学校后我就一直在这里工作。 ever since作副词用：He had a bad fall last year and has been off work ever since.他去年摔伤了，从那以后就没工作过
一： 1ever since you left me自从你离开了我 i've been try to hide the pain.我一直在掩饰内心的伤痛 用法,一般就是可用在句首,自从的意思. 2主句用现在完成时,从句用一般过去时 eg. Ever since he moved to London, i haven`t seen him. ever since用在句尾时,所表达的时间应在上文中交待出来或是听话者知道的那个时间:"就从那时起,一直到现在" 二： since的用法主要有两点：一是表示“自从……以来”，二是表示“既然”之意。但如果只了解词的含义，而不了解其用法，在使用时就会造成错误。例如：I have not heard from him since I lived in Shanghai. 不少人会望文生义，将该句译为：“自从我住在上海以来，就再也没有收到他的信了。”而实际上这个句子的译文并非如此，那么正确的含义是什么呢？ 下面谈谈since作连词引导时间状语从句的用法。 一、若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是终止性的过去时，则从句表示的时间是“从动作开始的那一时刻起”。如： He has studied very hard since he came to our school.自从他来到我们学校，他学习就非常努力。 We have been missing them since they left here自从他们离开这里，我们就一直很想念他们。 这是最常见的一种用法，此处不再多述。 二、若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或表示状态的动词的过去时时，则从句表示的时间是“从那持续动作或状态结束时算起”。如： I haven’t heard any nois e since I slept. Sleep 为持续性动词，sleep的动作结束时，即“醒来”时，这句应译为“我醒后还未听到任何声音”。 John is now with his parents in New York, it is already three years since he was a teacher约翰现在和父母一起住在纽约，他不当教师已经三年了。 本文开始出现的那个句子就可以译为“自从我离开上海，就再也没有收到他的信。”这种译法常被人们误用，我们不妨再多举几个例子看看： How long is it since you lived in Shanghai?你离开（没住在）上海多久了？It is half a month since he was a League member.他退团（不当团员）半个月了。 It’s been quite some time since I was last in London我离开伦敦已很长时间了。 比较：He has written to me frequently since I was ill.自从我病愈以来，他屡次给我写信。（从句谓语为状态动词） He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.自从我生病以来，他就屡次给我写信。（从句谓语为终止性动词） 三、若since引导的状语从句的谓语为持续性动词的现在完成时，则表示动作和状态延续到现在（说话时刻），其表示的时间的起点应从动作发生之时算起。如：
Since 的4种用法 1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last mon th, half past six)。 I have been here since 1989. 2) since +一段时间+ ago I have been here since five months ago. 3) since +从句 Great changes have taken place since you left. Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here. 4) It is +一段时间+ since从句 It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 大学教参中since 与延续动词连用的解释 在全新版《大学英语》(上海外语教育出版社)第一册第三单元Understanding S cience练习中有这么一句: The science people learn in school can provide the basic framework. But the rate of scientific progress is now so rapid that there are always new developments that have occurred since one was at school or university.学生对句中since-从句的用法颇感困惑,如译为"自从我们在学校或大学里"似乎与前句意思上有矛盾。不错,是有矛盾,内容与形式的矛盾。这里涉及到since-从句和持续性动词的用法问题。本文着重分析这个问题。 I haven't seen him since he left Shanghai. I've been waiting since the plane landed. She has worked in that company since she came to this city. He has been studying linguistics since he went to the United States. 这里,在主句是现在完成时,从句是一般过去时的条件下,since-从句连接非持续性动词,其动作的发生或结束于瞬息之间同时完成,动词的语法形式和其词义相一致,具有肯定的意义,可以照字面意思翻译。而同样的条件下,since-从句和持续性动词连用,就会出现动词的语法形式和其词义不一致的情况,也就是说,持续性 动词的一般过去时,表示动作或状态的结束,其含义恰好和动词的词义相反,因而
since 和for 的用法(用于现在完成时) 表示过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态常用的时间状语有：for, since, how long, so far, these days等。 1. since : a).since +时间点①年代②时刻数③一段时间+ago b).现在完成时：主句(主语+have/has +延续性动词的过去分词)+ since +从句一般过去时 c) It’s +时间段+since +短暂性动词的过去式 d).时间段+has passed +since +短暂性动词的过去式 for +一段时间 练习： 用since和for填空 1) ______ two years 2) _______ two years ago 3) _______ last month 4) ______ 1999 5) _______ yesterday 6) _______ 4 o’clock 7) ______ 4 hours 8) _______ an hour ago 9) _______ we were children 10) _____ lunch time 11) ______ she left here 12). He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last. 13). I’ve known him __________ we were children. 14). Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years. 15). She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years. 16). It’s about ten years __________ she left the city. 2. for: for +一段时间= since +一段时间+ ago 3. 与时间段连用时，短暂性动词应改为相应的延续性动词。 1) come/go to ------ be at /in 2)leave ----be away from 3)buy ----have 4) borrow /lend -----keep 4)open ---be open 5)close---be closed 6) die---be dead 7) start/begin ----be on 8) join—--be in /be a member of /be a soldier 9) become –be 10) fall asleep ---be asleep 11)catch a cold – have a cold 12) have/has gone to → have been in 13) put on → wear14) finish/end → be over 15) marry → be married 练习：.短暂性转换延续性 1) His grandfather died two years ago . His grandfather has ____ ____ for two years. _____two years _____ his grandfather ____. Two years ____ ____ ____ his grandfather _____. 2) I became a teacher in 2000. I ________ __________ a teacher for _________ _________. 3) The shop closed two hours ago. The shop ________ _________ _________ for _________ _________. 4) The door opened at six in the morning. The door ________ ________ ________ for six hours. 5)He left Fuzhou just now.