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扩频通信系统的介绍
一、扩频通信的原理
扩频是香农定理的典型：
C=B×log2(1+S/N) 公式（1）
在公式中，C为信道容限，单位是比特/秒(bps),意指单位时间内信道中无差错传输的最大信息量。B为信号频带宽度，单位是Hz，S/N为信噪比。也就是说，C为信道允许通过的信息量，也代表了扩频的性能。带宽(B)是代价，因为频率是一个有限的资源。信噪比体现了环境条件或物理特性（如障碍、干扰器、干扰等）。
上式说明，的情况下，在无差错传输的信息速率C不变时，如果信噪比很低，则可以用足够宽的带宽来传输信号，即使信号功率密度低于噪音水平。（公式可用！）改变公式（1）中对数的底数，2改为e，则为In=loge。
因此，
C/B=(1/ln2)×ln(1+S/N)=1.443×ln(1+S/N)公式（2）
根据MacLaurin扩展公式
ln(1+x)=x-x2/2+x3/3-x4/4+…+(-1)k+1xk/k+…:
C/B=1.443×(S/N-1/2×(S/N)2+1/3×(S/N)3-…) 公式（3）
在扩频应用中，通常S/N很低。（正如刚才提到的，信号功率密度甚至低于噪音水平。）假定噪音水平即S/N<<1，香农公式可简单表示为：
C/B≈1.443×S/N公式（4）
简化为：
C/N≈S/N 公式（5）
或者：
N/S≈B/C 公式（6）
向固定了信噪比的信道发送错误的信息，只要执行基本扩频信号的传播操作：增加传输带宽。尽管这一原则看起来很简单明确，但实现她却很复杂，主要是因为展宽基带的电子设备必须同时存在展宽和解扩的操作过程。
二、定义
不同的扩频技术都有一个共同之处：密钥（也称为代码或序列）依附于传输信道。以插入代码的形式准确地定义扩频技术，术语“频谱扩展”是指扩频信号的几个数量级的带宽在有密钥的传输信道中的扩展。
以传统的方式定义扩频更为精确：在射频通信系统中，将基带信号扩展为比原有信号
的带宽宽得多的高频信号（如图1）。在此过程中，传输宽带信号产生的损耗，表现为噪声。扩频信号带宽与信息带宽之比称为处理增益。扩频过程的处理增益大都在10dB 到60dB 之间。
要应用扩频技术，只需在天线（接收器）之前加入相应的扩频码。相反，你可以删除一个点的扩频码（称为解扩操作）接收发射链路数据恢复。解扩过程是重新恢复原始带宽的过程。很明显，同样的代码必须在事先知道在传输通道两端的信息。（在某些情况下，在调制和解调的过程中代码应该是知道的）。
图1.扩频通信系统
扩频的优点
抗干扰性能和抗干扰的影响
扩频技术有很多优点。.抗干扰性是最重要的一个优点。有意或无意的干扰和干扰信号都是不希望存在的因为它们不包含扩频密钥。只有期望信号才有密钥，在解扩过程中才会被接收器接收，如图5。
图5.扩频通信系统。注意，解扩链路中数据信号被传输的同时干扰能源也被传输。
无论在窄带或宽带中，如果它不涉及解扩过程，你几乎可以忽略干扰。这种抑制反应输电链 扩频代码 接收链
扩频代码
数据输入
射频输出
射频输入 射频连接 数据输出
数据 干扰 数据扩展和
干扰扩展
数据扩展 数据扩展和干扰 输电链 扩频代码
接收链
扩频代码
数据输入
射频输出
射频输入 射频连接 相同的配置序列 数据输出
也适用于其他没有正确密钥的扩频信号。因此不同的扩频通信系统可以工作在同一频段，例如CDMA 。值得注意的是，扩频是宽带技术，但反之则不然：宽带技术不涉及扩频技术。
抗截获
抗截获是扩频通信技术的第二个优势。由于非法的听众没有密钥用于原始信号传播，这些听众无法解码。没有合适的钥匙，扩频信号会出现噪音或干扰。（扫描方法可以打破的这些密钥，但是密钥是短暂的。）甚至更好，信号电平可以低于噪声水平，因为扩频传输降低了频谱密度，如图6。（总能量是相同的，但它是广泛存在于频率的。）因此信息是无形的，这一影响在直接序列扩频（DSSS ）技术上有充分的体现。（在下文的DSSS 作更详细说明。）其他接收机无法“看到”这种传输，它们只能出现在整体噪音水平略有增加的情况下！
图6.在被噪音水平之下的扩频频谱信号。 在没有正确的扩频传输密钥的情况下，接收器不能“看到”传输过程。
抗衰落（多径效应）
无线信道通常具有多径传播，即有一个以上的信号从发射机传到接收器（如图7）。这种多路径可以通过空气的反射或折射以及从地面反射或物体如这些路径建筑物引起。
图7.信号是如何通过多个路径到达接收器的。 这种反射路径（R ）可干扰直接路径（D ）的现象称为解扩过程的同步衰落。因为解扩过程使信号D 与信号R 的同步被拒绝，即使它们包含了相同的密钥。将反射路径的信号应用于解扩是个有用的方法。
扩频技术在CDMA 的应用
请注意，扩展频谱不是一个扩频调制方案，不应与其他调制方式相混淆。例如我们可以使用扩频技术发射一个由PSK 或BPSK 的已调信号。.感谢调制的信号的编码基础，使扩频频谱也可用于其他类型的多址实现（即可以同时进行多个通讯联系和实际或表面上相Rx
R
D
Tx 噪声基准 扩展后的数据
噪声基准
数据传播之前
同的物理介质共存）。到目前为止，有三个主要的方法可用。
FDMA-频分多址
FDMA 分配一个特定的载波频率给通信信道。不同用户使用频谱的切片数是受到限制的（如图8）。在已有的三种多路存取方法中，FDMA 在频带利用方面是效率最低的。FDMA 的方法包括Methods 包括无线电广播，电视，高级移动电话系统AMPS 等。
图8. FDMA 系统中不同的用户的载波频率分配。
TDMA-时分多址
TDMA 的不同用户彼此间发言和听取信息时，是根据定义的时隙分配来处理的（如图
9）。不同的通信信道可以建立一个唯一的载波频率。TDMA 的例子有全球移动通信系统GSM ，DECT ，TETRA 和IS - 136。
图9.在TDMA 系统中不同用户的时隙分配。
CDMA-码分多址
CDMA 的传播是由密钥或代码决定的（如图10）。在这个意义上说，扩频就是一种CDMA 。在发射器和接收器密钥必须提前被定义和确定。它的例子有IS - 95(DS)，IS- 98，蓝牙和无线局域网。
用户1 用户2 用户3 用户N 用户1 用户2 用户3 用户N
时间段 时间段 时间
(ms,us) 用户1 用户2 用户3 用户N
频率
(kHz,MHz,GHz)
Fc1 Fc2 Fc3 FcN
图10.CDMA 系统中相同频带有独特的钥匙或代码。
当然，人们可以结合上述存取方法，例如，全球移动通信系统GSM 结合了TDMA 和FDMA 。GSM 定义了不同的载波频率（细胞）的拓扑领域，并设定时段内每一个细胞。
扩频和（的）编码密钥
在这一点上，值得重申的是扩频的主要特点是一个代码或密钥必须在发射器和接收器之前就是已知的。现代通讯的代码是数字序列必须长期存在和随机出现的，尽可能地显示为“噪音像”。在任何情况下，代码必须确保是可再生的。或者接收器不能提取已发出去的消息。因此，该序列是几乎是随机的 。这样的代码被称为伪随机数（PRN ）或序列。最常用的方法来产生伪随机是基于反馈移位寄存器的。
许多书籍都在介绍伪随机码的发展与特征，但是，实际的发展已超出了这些教材所叙述的。注意的是，建立或选择适当的序列或序列集并不是微不足道的。为了保证有效的扩频通信，伪随机序列必须尊重一定的规律如长度、自相关、互相关、正交。比较受欢迎伪随机序列有Barker 码，M 序列码，Gold 码，Walsh 码等。考虑到存在更复杂的序列集，给它提供了一个更强大的扩展频谱链路。但是这产生了成本问题：扩频和解扩都需要在速度和性能都更复杂的电子产品，数字扩频解扩芯片包含几百万个等效的2输入与非门在几十兆赫间切换。
用户1 用户5
用户4
用户3 用户2
An Introduction to Spread-Spectrum Communications
Abstract:This application note is a tutorial overview of spread-spectrum principles.The discussion covers both direct-sequence and fast-hopping methods.Theoretical equations are given to allow performance estimates.Relation direct-sequence spread-spectrum(DSSS) and frequency-hopping spread-spectrum(FHSS) methods.
Introduction
As spread-spectrum techmiques become increasingly popular,electrical engineers outside the field are eager for understandable explanations of the technology.There are books and websites on the subject,but many are hard to understand or describe some aspects while ignoring others(e.g.,the DSSS technique with extensive focus on PRN-code generation).
The following discussion covers the full spectrum(pun intended).
A Short History
Spread-spectrum communications technology was first described on paper by an actress and a musician!In 1941 Hollywood actress Hedy Lamarr and pianist George Antheil described a secure radio link to control torpedos.They received U.S.Patent #2.292.387.The technology was not taken seriously at that time by the U.S.Army and was forgotten until the 1980s,when it became active.Since then the technology has become increasingly popular for application that involve radio links in hostile environments.
Typical applications for the resulting short-range data transceivers include satellite-positioning systemsGPS，3G mobile telecommunications,W-LAN(IEEE?802.11a,IEEE 802.11b,IEEE 802.11g),and Bluetooth?.Spread-spectrum techniques also aid in the endless race between communication needs and radio-frequency availability-situations where the radio spectrum is limited and is,therefore,an expensive resource.
Theoretical Justification for Spread Spectrum
Spread-spectrum is apparent in the Shannon and Hartley channel-capacity theorem: C=B×log2(1+S/N) (Eq.1)
I n this equation,C is the channel capacity in bits per second(bps),which is the maximum data rate for a theoretical bit-error rate(BER).B is the required channel bandwidth in Hz,and S/N is the signal-to-nosie power ratio.To be more explicit,one assumes that C,which represents the amount of information allowed by the communication channel,also represents the desired
performance.Bandwidth (B) is the price to be paid,bacause frequency is a limited resource.The S/N ratio expresses the environmental conditions or the physical characteristics (i.e., obstacles ,presence of jammers ,interferences,etc.).
There is an elegant interpretation of this equation,applicable for difficult environments,for example,when a low S/N ratio is caused by noise and interference.This approach says that one can maintain or even increase communication performance (high C) by allowing or injecting more bandwidth (high B),even when signal power is below the noise floor. (The equation does not forbid that condition!)
Modify Equation 1 by changing the log base from 2 to e (the Napierian number) and by noting that In=loge.
Therefore:
C/B=(1/ln2)×ln(1+S/N)=1.443×ln(1+S/N) (Eq.2)
Applying the MacLaurin series development for
ln(1+x)=x-x2/2+x3/3-x4/4+…+(-1)k+1xk/k+…:
C/B=1.443×(S/N-1/2×(S/N)2+1/3×(S/N)3-…) (Eq.3)
S/N is usually low for spread-spectrum applications. (As just mentioned, the signal power density can even be below the noise level.) Assuming a noise level such that S/N <<1,Shannon's expression becomes simply:
C/B≈1.443×S/N (Eq.4)
Very roughly:
C/N≈S/N (Eq.5)
Or:
N/S≈B/C (Eq.6)
To send error-free information for a given noise-to-signal ratio in the channel,therefore,one need only perform the fundamental spread-spectrum signal-spreading operation:increase the transmitted bandwidth.That principle seems simple and evident.Nonetheless,implementation is complex,mainly because spreading the baseband (by a factor that can be several orders of magnitude) forces the electronics to act and react accordingly,which,in turn,makes the spreading and despreading operations necessary.
Definitions
Different spread-spectrum techniques are available,but all have one idea in common:the key (also called the code or sequence) attached to the communication channel.The manner of inserting this code defines precisely the spread-spectrum technique.The term "spread spectrum" refers to the expansion of signal bandwidth,by several orders of magnitude in some cases,which
occurs when a key is attached to the communication channel.
The formal definition of spread spectrum is more precise:an RF communications system in which the baseband signal bandwidth is intentionally spread over a larger bandwidth by injecting a higher frequency signal (Figure 1).As a direct consequence,energy used in transmitting the signal is spread over a wider bandwidth,and appears as noise.The ratio (in dB) between the spread baseband and the original signal is called processing gain.Typical spread-spectrum processing gains run from 10dB to 60dB.
To apply a spread-spectrum technique,simply inject the corresponding spread-spectrum code somewhere in the transmitting chain before the antenna (receiver).Conversely,you can remove the spread-spectrum code (called a despreading operation) at a point in the receive chain before data retrieval.A despreading operation reconstitutes the information into its original bandwidth.Obviously,the same code must be known in advance at both ends of the transmission channel. (In some circumstances,the code should be known only by those two parties.)
Figure 1.Spread-spectrum communication system
Bandwidth Effects of the Spreading Operation
Figure 2 illustrates the evaluation of signal bandwidths in a communication link.
Figure 2.Spreading operation spreads the signal energy over a wider frequency bandwidth.
Spread-spectrum modulation is applies on top of a conventional modulation such as BPSK or direct conversion.One can demonstrate that all other signals not receiving the spread-spectrum code will remain ad they are,that is,unspread.
Bandwidth Effects of the Despreading Operation
Similarly,despreading can be seen in Figure 3.
Figure 3. The despreading operation recovers the original signal.
Here a spread-spectrum demodulation has been made on top of the normal demodulation operations.One can also demonstrate that signals such as an interferer or jammer added during the transmission will be spread during the despreading operation!
Waste of Bandwidth Due to Spreading Is Offset by Multiple Users
Spreading results directly in the use of a wider frequency band by a factor that corresponds exactly to the "processing gain" mentioned earlier.Therefore spreading does not spare the limited frequency resource.That overuse is well compensated,however,by the possibility that many users will share the enlarged frequency band (Figure 4).
Figure 4. The same frequency band can be shared by multiple
users with spread-spectrum techniques.
Spread Spectrum Is a Wideband Technology
In contrast to regular narrowband technology,the spread-spectrum process is a wideband technology.W-CDMA and UMTS, for example,are wideband technologies that require a relatively large frequency bandwidth, compared to narrowband radio.
Benefits of Spread Spectrum
Resistance to Interference and Antijamming Effects
There are many benefits to spread-spectrum technology.Resistance to interference is the most important advantage.Intentional or unintentional interference and jamming signals are
rejected because they do not contain the spread-spectrum key.Only the desired signal,which has the key, will be seen at the receiver when the despreading operation is exercised.See Figure 5.
Figure 5. A spread-spectrum communication system.Note that the interferer’s energy is spread while the data signal is despread in the receive chain.
You can practically ignore the interference,narrowband or wideband,if it does not include the key used in the dispreading operation.That rejection also applies to other spread-spectrum signals that do not have the right key.Thus different spread-spectrum communications can be active simultaneously in the same band,such as CDMA.Note that spread-spectrum is a wideband technology,but the reverse is not true:wideband techniques need not involve spread-spectrum technology.
Resistance to Interception
Resistance to interception is the second advantage provided by spread-spectrum techniques.Because nonauthorized listeners do not have the key used to spread the original signal,those listeners cannot decode it.Without the right key,the spread-spectrum signal appears as noise or as an interferer.(Scanning methods can break the code,however,if the key is short.) Even better,signal levels can be below the noise floor,because the spreading operation reduces the spectral density.See Figure 6.(Total energy is the same,but it is widely spread in frequency.) The message is thus made invisible,an effect that is particularly strong with the direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) technique.(DSSS is discussed in greater detail below.) Other receivers cannot “see” the transmission;they only register a slight increase in the overall noise level!
Figure 6.Spread-spectrum signal is buried under noise level.The receiver cannot “see”
the transmission without the right spread-spectrum keys.
Resistance to Fading (Multipath Effects)
Wireless channels often include multiple-path propagation in which the signal has more that one path from the transmitter to the receiver (Figure 7).Such multipaths can be caused by atmospheric reflection or refraction, and by reflection from the ground or from objects such as buildings.
Figure 7.Illustration of how the signal can reach the receiver over multiple paths.
The reflected path (R) can interfere with the direct path (D) in a phenomenon called fading.Because the dispreading process synchronizes to signal D,signal R is rejected even though it contains the same key. Methods are available to use the reflected-path signals by dispreading them and adding the extracted results to the main one.
Spread Spectrum Allows CDMA
Note that spread spectrum is not a modulation scheme,and should not be confused with other types of modulation.One can,for example,use spread-spectrum techniques to transmit a signal modulated by PSK or BPSK.Thanks to the coding basis,spread spectrum can also be used as another method for implementing multiple access (i.e.,the real or apparent coexistence of multiple and simultaneous communication links on the same physical media).So far,three main methods are available.
FDMA-Frequency Division Multiple Access
FDMA allocates a specific carrier frequency to a communication channel.The number of different users is limited to the number of “slices” in the frequency spectrum (Figure 8).Of the three methods for enabling multiple access,FDMA is the least efficient in term of frequency-band usage.Methods of FDMA access include radio broadcasting,TV,AMPS,and TETRAPOLE.
Figure 8.Carrier-frequency allocations among different users in a FDMA system.
TDMA-Time Division Multiple Access
With TDMA the different users speak and listen to each other according to a defined allocation of time slots (Figure 9).Different communication channels can then be established for a unique carrier frequency.Examples of TDMA are GSM,DECT,TETRA,and IS-136.
Figure 9. Time-slot allocations among different users in a TDMA system.
CDMA-Code Division Multiple Access
CDMA access to the air is determined by a key or code (Figure 10).In that sence,spread spectrum is a CDMA access.The key must be defined and known in advance at the transmitter and receiver ends.Growing examples are IS-95 (DS),IS-98,Bluetooth,and WLAN.
Figure 10.CDMA systems access the same frequency band with unique keys or codes.
One can,of course,combine the above access methods.GSM,for instance,combines TDMA and FDMA.GSM defines the topological areas (cells) with different carrier frequencies,and sets time slots within each cell.
Spread Spectrum and (De) coding “Keys”
At this point,it is worth restating that the main characteristic of spread spectrum is the presence of a code or key,which must be known in advance by the transmitter and receiver (s).In modern communications the codes are digital sequences that must be as long and as random as
possible to appear as “noise-like”as possible.But in any case,the codes must remain reproducible.or the receiver cannot extract the message that has been sent.Thus,the sequence is “nearly random”.Such a code is called a pseudo-random number (PRN) or sequence.The method most frequently used to generate pseudo-random codes is based on a feedback shift register.
Many books are available on the generation of PRNs and their characteristics,but that development is outside the scope of this basic tutorial.Simply note that the construction or selection of proper sequences,or sets of sequences,is not trivial.To guarantee efficient spread-spectrum communications,the PRN sequences must respect certain rules,such as length, autocorrelation,cross-correlation,orthogonality,and bits balancing.The more popular PRN sequences have names:Barker,M-Sequence,Gold,Hadamard-Walsh,etc.Keep in mind that a more complex sequence set provides a more robust spread-spectrum link.But there is a cost to this: more complex electronics both in speed and behavior,mainly for the spread-spectrum despreading operations.Purely digital spread-spectrum despreading chips can contain more than several million equivalent 2-input NAND gates,switching at several tens of megahertz.
红外数据通信技术外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique, drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos
etc. characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage. Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit customer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish customer’s operation demand. Keywords: Infrared dray；Code；Decoding；LM386；Red outside transceiver 1 Introduction 1.1 research the background and significance Infrared Data Communication Technology is the world wide use of a wireless connection technology, by the many hardware and software platforms supported. Is a data through electrical pulses and infrared optical pulse switch between the wireless data transceiver technology.
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
The smart grid Smart grid is the grid intelligent (electric power), also known as the "grid" 2.0, it is based on the integration, high-speed bidirectional communication network, on the basis of through the use of advanced sensor and measuring technology, advanced equipme nt technology, the advanced control method, and the application of advanced technology of decision support system, realize the power grid reliability, security, economic, efficient, environmental friendly and use the security target, its main features include self-healing, incentives and include user, against attacks, provide meet user requirements of power quality in the 21st century, allow all sorts of different power generation in the form of access, start the electric power market and asset optimizatio n run efficiently. The U.S. department of energy (doe) "the Grid of 2030" : a fully automated power transmission network, able to monitor and control each user and power Grid nodes, guarantee from power plants to end users among all the nodes in the whole process of transmission and distribution of information and energy bi-directional flow. China iot alliance between colleges: smart grid is made up of many parts, can be divided into:intelligent substation, intelligent power distribution network, intelli gent watt-hourmeter,intelligent interactive terminals, intelligent scheduling, smart appliances, intelligent building electricity, smart city power grid, smart power generation system, the new type of energy storage system.Now a part of it to do a simple i ntroduction. European technology BBS: an integration of all users connected to the power grid all the behavior of the power transmission network, to provide sustained and effective economic and security of power. Chinese academy of sciences, institute of electrical: smart grid is including all kinds of power generation equipment, power transmission and distribution network, power equipment and storage equipment, on the basis of the physical power grid will be modern advanced sensor measurement technology, network technology, communication
ZigBee：无线技术，低功耗传感器网络 加里莱格 美国东部时间2004年5月6日上午12:00 技师（工程师）们在发掘无线传感器的潜在应用方面从未感到任何困难。例如，在家庭安全系统方面，无线传感器相对于有线传感器更易安装。而在有线传感器的装置通常占无线传感器安装的费用80%的工业环境方面同样正确（适用）。而且相比于有线传感器的不切实际甚至是不肯能而言，无线传感器更具应用性。虽然，无线传感器需要消耗更多能量，也就是说所需电池的数量会随之增加或改变过于频繁。再加上对无线传感器由空气传送的数据可靠性的怀疑论，所以无线传感器看起来并不是那么吸引人。 一个低功率无线技术被称为ZigBee，它是无线传感器方程重写，但是。一个安全的网络技术，对最近通过的IEEE 802.15.4无线标准（图1）的顶部游戏机，ZigBee的承诺，把无线传感器的一切从工厂自动化系统到家庭安全系统，消费电子产品。与802.15.4的合作下，ZigBee提供具有电池寿命可比普通小型电池的长几年。ZigBee设备预计也便宜，有人估计销售价格最终不到3美元每节点，。由于价格低，他们应该是一个自然适应于在光线如无线交换机，无线自动调温器，烟雾探测器和家用产品。 （图1）
虽然还没有正式的规范的ZigBee存在（由ZigBee联盟是一个贸易集团，批准应该在今年年底），但ZigBee的前景似乎一片光明。技术研究公司 In-Stat/MDR在它所谓的“谨慎进取”的预测中预测，802.15.4节点和芯片销售将从今天基本上为零，增加到2010年的165万台。不是所有这些单位都将与ZigBee结合，但大多数可能会。世界研究公司预测的到2010年射频模块无线传感器出货量4.65亿美量，其中77％是ZigBee的相关。 从某种意义上说，ZigBee的光明前途在很大程度上是由于其较低的数据速率20 kbps到250 kbps的，用于取决于频段频率（图2），比标称1 Mbps的蓝牙和54的802.11g Mbps的Wi - Fi的技术。但ZigBee的不能发送电子邮件和大型文件，如Wi - Fi功能，或文件和音频，蓝牙一样。对于发送传感器的读数，这是典型的数万字节数，高带宽是没有必要，ZigBee的低带宽有助于它实现其目标和鲁棒性的低功耗，低成本。 由于ZigBee应用的是低带宽要求，ZigBee节点大部分时间可以睡眠模式，从而节省电池电源，然后醒来，快速发送数据，回去睡眠模式。而且，由于ZigBee 可以从睡眠模式过渡到15毫秒或更少主动模式下，即使是睡眠节点也可以达到适当的低延迟。有人扳动支持ZigBee的无线光开关，例如，将不会是一个唤醒延迟知道前灯亮起。与此相反，支持蓝牙唤醒延迟通常大约三秒钟。 一个ZigBee的功耗节省很大一部分来自802.15.4无线电技术，它本身是为低功耗设计的。 802.15.4采用DSSS（直接序列扩频）技术，例如，因为（跳频扩频）另类医疗及社会科学院将在保持一样使用它的频率过大的权力同步。 ZigBee节点，使用802.15.4，是几个不同的沟通方式之一，然而，某些方面比别人拥有更多的使用权力。因此，ZigBee的用户不一定能够实现传感器网络上的任何方式选择和他们仍然期望多年的电池寿命是ZigBee的标志。事实
频谱感知技术外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 译文： 一种新的协作频谱感知算法 摘要 该文提出了一种在认知无线网络控制信道带宽受限条件下基于信任度的双门限协同频谱感知算法。首先每个认知用户基于双检测门限独立进行频谱感知，但只有部分可靠的认知用户通过控制信道向认知无线网络基站发送本地感知结果。当所有的用户都不可靠时，选取信任度最高的认知用户发送本地感知结果进行判决。理论分析和仿真表明，同常规能量检测算法相比较，该算法能够在控制信道带宽受限条件下，以较少的网络开销获得更好的频谱感知性能。 关键词：认知无线电；频谱感知；信任度；双门限 1引言 随着无线通信技术的飞速发展，有限的频谱资源与不断增长的无线通信需求的矛盾越来越突出。然而根据现有的固定分配频谱资源策略，绝大多数频谱资源得不到有效利用。据FCC 的调查统计，70%的已分配频谱资源没有得到有效利用]1[。为了提高频谱资源的利用率，认知无线电技术由Joseph Mitola Ⅲ提出并得到了广泛的关注]5[]2[ 。频谱感知技术是认知无线电网络的支撑技术之一。通常它又可以分为
能量检测法、匹配滤波器法和循环平稳特征法[4]。能量检测算法因为应用简单且无需知道任何授权用户信号的先验知识成为研究热点。认知用户在接入授权频带之前，必须首先感知该频带空闲即授权用户没有工作，否则会对授权用户造成干扰。一旦授权用户重新工作，认知用户必须退避，实现在不对授权用户产生干扰的情况下对频谱资源的共享。由于实际信道中的多径和阴影效应，单个认知用户频谱感知的性能并不乐观，针对这个问题D. Cabric 等人提出了协同频谱感知算法[5]-[6]。协同频谱感知算法性能较好，但是当认知用户数量很大的时候，控制信道的带宽将不够用。文献[7]中提出了一种在控制信道带宽受限条件下的基于双检测门限的频谱感知算法，该算法能够以较小的网络开销，获得接近普通单门限频谱检测算法的性能。针对认知无线电频谱感知的需要，本文提出了认知无线电环境下一种基于信任度的双门限协同频谱感知算法。该算法中每个认知用户基于双检测门限独立进行频谱感知，但只有部分可靠的认知用户通过控制信道向认知无线网络基站发射感知报告。当所有的用户都不可靠时，选取信任度最高的认知用户发射感知报告进行判决。本文对该算法进行了性能分析并通过仿真表明，本文方法比较常规能量检测算法，在减小网络开销的同时提高了检测性能。 2系统模型 假设一个认知无线电网络有N 个认知用户和一个认知无线网络基站，如图1 所示。认知无线网络基站负责管理和联系N 个认知用户，在收到认知用户的检测报告后做出最终判决。 图1. 认知无线电网络示意图 频谱感知的实质是一个二元假设问题，即 01 (),,()()()(),n t H x t h t s t n t H ?=??+? （1）
用于多跳认知无线电网络的分布式网络编码控制信道 Alfred Asterjadhi等著 1 前言 大多数电磁频谱由政府机构长期指定给公司或机构专门用于区域或国家地区。由于这种资源的静态分配，许可频谱的许多部分在许多时间和/或位置未使用或未被充分利用。另一方面，几种最近的无线技术在诸如IEEE802.11，蓝牙，Zigbee之类的非许可频段中运行，并且在一定程度上对WiMAX进行操作;这些技术已经看到这样的成功和扩散，他们正在访问的频谱- 主要是2.4 GHz ISM频段- 已经过度拥挤。为了为这些现有技术提供更多的频谱资源，并且允许替代和创新技术的潜在开发，最近已经提出允许被许可的设备（称为次要用户）访问那些许可的频谱资源，主要用户未被使用或零星地使用。这种方法通常被称为动态频谱接入（DSA），无线电设备发现和机会性利用未使用或未充分利用的频谱带的能力通常称为认知无线电（CR）技术。 DSA和CR最近都引起了无线通信和网络界的极大关注。通常设想两种主要应用。第一个是认知无线接入（CW A），根据该认知接入点，认知接入点负责识别未使用的许可频谱，并使用它来提供对次用户的接入。第二个应用是我们在这个技术中研究的应用，它是认知自组织网络（CAN），也就是使用 用于二级用户本身之间通信的无许可频谱，用于诸如点对点内容分发，环境监控，安全性等目的，灾难恢复情景通信，军事通信等等。 设计CAN系统比CW A有更多困难，主要有两个原因。第一是识别未使用的频谱。在CW A中，接入点的作用是连接到互联网，因此可以使用简单的策略来推断频谱可用性，例如查询频谱调节器在其地理位置的频谱可用性或直接与主用户协商频谱可用性或一些中间频谱经纪人另一方面，在CAN中，与频谱调节器或主要用户的缺乏直接通信需要二级用户能够使用检测技术自己识别未使用的频谱。第二个困难是辅助用户协调媒体访问目的。在CW A中存在接入点和通常所有二级用户直接与之通信（即，网络是单跳）的事实使得直接使用集中式媒体接入控制（MAC）解决方案，如时分多址（TDMA）或正交频分多址（OFDMA）。相反，预计CAN将跨越多跳，缺少集中控制器;而对于传统的单通道多跳自组织网络而言，这个问题的几个解决方案是已知的，因为假设我们处理允许设备访问的具有成
New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.
Computer Program 1 Introduction Computer Program, set of instructions that directs a computer to perform someprocessing function or combination of functions. For the instructions to be carried out, a computer must execute a program, that is, the computer reads the program, and then follow the steps encoded in the program in a precise order until completion. A program can be executed many different times, with each execution yielding a potentially different result depending upon the options and data that the user gives the computer. Programs fall into two major classes: application programs and operating systems. An application program is one that carries out somefunction directly for a user, such as word processing or game-playing. An operating system is a program that manages the computer and the various resources and devices connected to it, such as RAM,hard drives, monitors, keyboards, printers, and modems,so that they maybe used by other programs. Examples of operating systems are DOS, Windows 95, OS\2, and UNIX. 2 Program Development Software designers create new programs by using special applications programs, often called utility programs or development programs. A programmer uses another type of program called a text editor to write the new program in a special notation called a programming language. With the text editor, the programmer creates a text file, which is an ordered list of instructions, also called the program source file. The individual instructions that make up the program source file are called source code. At this point, a special applications program translates the source code into machine language, or object code— a format that the operating system
AVI 影音文件Audio Video Interleaved 声音图象交叉存取。AVI是一种微软媒体文件格式，类似于MPEG和QuickTime。在AVI中，声音和图象是交叉的存取在一个文件中的每个段的。 ADSL 非对称数字用户线路 非对称数字用户线路。这种DSL叫做非对称DSL，将成为广大家庭和小型商业客户最熟悉的一种DSL。ADSL之所以叫做非对称是因为它的两个双工通道都用来向用户传输数据。仅有很小一部分带宽用来回送用户的信息。然而，大部Internet 特别是富于图形和多媒体Web 数据需要很大的下传带宽，同时用户信息相对比较少，上传的带宽也不要很大。使用ADSL时，下传的速率可以达到6.1 Mbps，而上传速率也可以达到640 Kbps。高的下传速率意味着您的电话可以传输动画，声音和立体图形。另外，一小部分的带宽可以用来传输语音信号，您可以同时打电话而不用再使用第二条电话线。不象电视线路提供的相同的服务，使用ADSL，您不需要和您的邻居争用带宽。有时候，现有的电话线可以使用ADSL，而有时候却要升级，除非电话公司提供了无分离器的ADSL，您就必须安装一个DSL调制解调器。 ASP (Application Services Provider) 应用服务提供商 是指配置、租赁、管理应用解决方案，它是随着外包趋势、软件应用服务和相关业务的发展而逐渐形成的。ASP具有三大特点：首先，ASP向用户提供的服务应用系统本身的所有权属ASP，用户租用服务之后对应用系统拥有使用权；并且，应用系统被集中放置在ASP的IDC（Internet数据服务中心）中，具有充足的带宽、电力和空间保证以及具有专业质量的系统维护服务；ASP定期向用户收取服务费。应用服务提供商将以全新的方式推动应用服务产业的巨大发展。ATM (Asynchronous Transmission Mode) 异步传输模式 这是为满足宽带综合业务数据通信，在分组交换技术的基础上迅速发展起来的通信新技术。可以实现语音、数据、图像、视频等信号的高速传输。 AI (Artificial Intelligent) 人工智能 是计算机科学的一门研究领域。它试图赋予计算机以人类智慧的某些特点，用计算机来模拟人的推理、记忆、学习、创造等智能特征，主要方法是依靠有关知识进行逻辑推理，特别是利用经验性知识对不完全确定的事实进行的精确性推理。 AD 网上广告 指一则按规定象素尺寸或字节数设定的标语或图像，通常是以动画表现的。 Baseband 基带 在该方式中，电压脉冲直接加到电缆，并且使用电缆的整个信号频率范围。基带与宽带传输相比较，宽带传输中，来自多条信道的无线信号调制到不同的“载波”频率上，带宽被划分为不同信道，每信道上的频率范围一定。LocalTalk及以太网都是基带网络，一次仅传输一个信号，电缆上信号电平的改变表示数字值0或者1。使用电缆的整个带宽建立起两个系统间的通信对话，然后两个系统轮流传送。在此期间，共享电缆的其它系统不能传送。基带传输系统中的直流信号往往由于电阻、电容等因素而衰减。另外马达、荧光灯等电子设备产生的外部电磁干扰也会加快信号的衰减。传输率越高，信号就越容易被衰减。为此，以太网等建网标准规定了网络电缆类型、电缆屏蔽、电缆距离、传输率以及在大部分环境中提供相对无差错服务的有关细节。 BBS (Bulletin Board System) 电子公告板 这是因特网提供的一种信息服务，为用户提供一个公用环境，以使寄存函件，读取通告，参与讨论和交流信息。Bluetooth 蓝牙(一种无线通信的标准) 蓝牙技术涉及一系列软硬件技术、方法和理论，包括：无线通信与网络技术，软件工程、软件可靠性理论，协议的正确性验证、形式化描述和一致性与互联测试技术，嵌入式实时操作系统（Embedded RTOS），跨平台开发和用户界面图形化技术，软/硬件接口技术（如RS232，UART，USB等)，高集成、低功耗芯片技术等。蓝牙的目标是要提供一种通用的无线接口标准，用微波取代传统网络中错综复杂的电缆，在蓝牙设备间实现方便快捷、灵活安全、低成本低功耗的数据和话音通信。因此，其载频选用在全球都可用的2.45GHz ISM（工业、科学、医学）频带。 CA (Certificate Authority）认证中心 是在线交易的监督者和担保人，主要进行电子证书管理、电子贸易伙伴关系建立和确认、密钥管理、为支付系统中的各参与方提供身份认证等。CA类似于现实生活中公证人的角色，具有权威性，是一个普遍可信的第三方。
无线射频识别技术外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 翻译： 当前无线射频识别技术应用略述 摘要 无线射频识别技术可以自动识别多目标并以非接触式方式移动目标。越来越多的零售商、银行、交通管理系统、展览及物流供应商将这项新技术应
用于他们的产品和服务。因此，这给RFID技术的研究带来了机遇和挑战。本文简单介绍了RFID系统的组成、原理及RFID技术的特点。本文比较了RFID 与传统条码，然后提供了一个简短的关于目前RFID应用情况的调查报告。 关键词：无线射频识别技术应用物流
一、简 介 无线射频识别（RFID ）是一种识别技术。与RFID 技术的前身——条码技术相比，RFID 技术具有很多的优点。但由于其成本高，RFID 技术至今未能广泛应用到各行各业。RFID 技术因其无需视线扫描而具有无可比拟的先进性，它能够降低劳动力水平，提高知名度并改善库存管理。 RFID 技术的普及提供了一项人或物体定位及追踪的解决方案。RFID 定位与跟踪系统根据独特的识别标签、阅读器与物体标签间射频通信的信号强度确定物体的空间位置，主要适用于室内，而GPS 系统是不适合应用于室内的。 RFID 技术是一项基于“无线电频率”的非接触式的自动识别技术，自动识别静态或动态的人和对象。 RFID 标签是一个特殊的微芯片，植入商品中，可以跟踪和管理物理对象，是物流管理信息化和跟踪信息化的重要手段。 RFID 的系统组成部分包括： (1）标签（应答器）：对象植入待确定。 (2）阅读器：可以读或读/写，按结构和技术。正如图1-1，RFID 的工作原理 图1-1 RFID 的工作原理 与计算机通讯 阅读器 电磁波（操作指 令和新的数据） 标签 发出的ID 代码和数据
5G无线通信网络中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
翻译： 5G无线通信网络的蜂窝结构和关键技术 摘要 第四代无线通信系统已经或者即将在许多国家部署。然而，随着无线移动设备和服务的激增，仍然有一些挑战尤其是4G所不能容纳的，例如像频谱危机和高能量消耗。无线系统设计师们面临着满足新型无线应用对高数据速率和机动性要求的持续性增长的需求，因此他们已经开始研究被期望于2020年后就能部署的第五代无线系统。在这篇文章里面，我们提出一个有内门和外门情景之分的潜在的蜂窝结构，并且讨论了多种可行性关于5G无线通信系统的技术，比如大量的MIMO技术，节能通信，认知的广播网络和可见光通信。面临潜在技术的未知挑战也被讨论了。 介绍 信息通信技术（ICT）创新合理的使用对世界经济的提高变得越来越重要。无线通信网络在全球ICT战略中也许是最挑剔的元素，并且支撑着很多其他的行业，它是世界上成长最快最有活力的行业之一。欧洲移动天文台（EMO）报道2010年移动通信业总计税收1740亿欧元,从而超过了航空航天业和制药业。无线技术的发展大大提高了人们在商业运作和社交功能方面通信和生活的能力无线移动通信的显著成就表现在技术创新的快速步伐。从1991年二代移动通信系统(2G)的初次登场到2001年三代系统（3G）的首次起飞，无线移动网络已经实现了从一个纯粹的技术系统到一个能承载大量多媒体内容网络的转变。4G无线系统被设计出来用来满足IMT-A技术使用IP面向所有服务的需求。在4G系统中，先进的无线接口被用于正交频分复用技术（OFDM），多输入多输出系统（MIMO）和链路自适应技术。4G无线网络可支持数据速率可达1Gb/s的低流度，比如流动局域无线访问，还有速率高达100M/s的高流速，例如像移动访问。LTE系统和它的延伸系统LTE-A，作为实用的4G系统已经在全球于最近期或不久的将来部署。 然而，每年仍然有戏剧性增长数量的用户支持移动宽频带系统。越来越多的
英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,
【附录】 英文文献 The Application of one point Multiple Access Spread Spectrum Communication System Liu Jiangang, Nanyang City, HenanProvince Electric Power Industry Bureau 【ABSTRACT】Spread Spectrum Digital Microwave communication as a communication, because their excellent performance have been widely used. The article in Nanyang City Power Industry Bureau one point Multiple Access Spread Spectrum Communication System as an example.briefed the spread spectrum communications, the basic concept and characteristics of the power system communication applications .KEYWORDS：one point multiple access; Spread-spectrum communication; Attenuation Nanyang City in the outskirts of Central cloth 35 to 11 kv substation farm terminals, their operation management rights belong to the Council East, Rural Power Company west (the eastern suburb of agricultural management companies -- four, the western suburbs of Rural Power Company Management 7), Scheduling of the various stations of the means of communication to the original M-150 radio and telephone posts. 2002 With the transformation of rural network, the remote station equipment into operation and communication channels to put a higher demand .As PUC Dispatch Communication Building to the east and west of farmers -- the difference between a company linked to fiber, Therefore, if 11 substations and the establishment of a transfer Link Building links Point may be the data and voice were sent to two rural power companies dispatch room, Rural Network scheduling for the implementation of automation to create the necessary conditions. Given the status and power grid substation level, nature, taking into account the carrier and optical-fiber communications to conduct multiple forwarding, increasing the instability factor, considering the cost and conditions of the urban construction, Finally decided to adopt wireless spread-spectrum technology to establish that 11