英美文学史复习资料-全
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本文部分内容来自网络整理,本司不为其真实性负责,如有异议或侵权请及时联系,本司将立即删除!== 本文为word格式,下载后可方便编辑和修改! ==英国文学史复习资料篇一:英国文学史复习资料英国文学史资料British Writers and WorksI. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted invast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.e.g. Homer‘s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:1. Using alliterationDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some wordsin a sentencebegin with the same consonant sound(头韵)Some examples on P52. Using metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled wayUnderstatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里?乔叟1340(?)~1400(首创―双韵体‖,英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
《英美文学史》练习题I.Multiple Choices: Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the brackets. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.1.The white whale, Moby Dick, symbolizes _______ for Melville, for it is complex, unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well.A.SocietyB. natureC. ocean animalsD. human being2.After the American Civil War, the literary interest in the so-called "reality" of life started a new period in the American literary writings know an the Age of ________ .A. Realism B . Reason and Revolution C . RomanticismD. Enlightenment3.The ______ A ge of the 1920s characterized by frivolity and carelessness is brought vividly to life in The Great Gatsby.A. Lost B . Jazz C . ReasonD . Gilded4.Eugene O'Neill is regarded as the founder of American _______ .A. poetryB. dramaC. fictionD. literature5.As a literary figure, Shylock appears in _______ .A. Jane EyreB. The Merchant of VeniceC. Withering HeightD. Middlemarch6.The ______ A ge of the 1920s characterized by frivolity and carelessness is brought vividly to life in The Great Gatsby.A. LostB. JazzC. Reason D . Gilded7.Contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, the modern English novel gives a realistic presentation of life of _______ .A. the common English peopleB. the upper classC. nobility and the landed gentryD.the enterprising landlords8.In William Faulkner's writings, the modem _____ technique was frequently and skillfully used to emphasize the reactions and inner musings of the narrator.A. archetypalB. deconstructionistC. stream-of-consciousnessD. structuralist9.Edgar Allan Poe put forward the following literary ideas EXCEPT _______ .A.Poems should be as long as Homer's epics.B.Melancholy is thus the most legitimate of all the poetic tones.C.He stressed the principle of concenlration and thematic totality.D.Poems should be short enough so that it can be read at one sitting.10.Mark Twain wrote the following novels EXCEPT ______ .A. Jumping FrogB. Life on the MississippiC. The Wings of DoveD. The Adventures of Tom SawyerII. Match the writers and works under the two columns, and put the letter of the work in the bracket before the author's name. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the III. Explain the following terms. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.1. Alliteration2. Hemingway Code Hero3. American Drcam4. Black HumorIV. Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.1.ANSWER SHEET.( )1. James Joyce()2. Harriet Bccchcr Stowe( )3. Emily Dickinson()4. William FaulknerFoundling()5. Charles DickensHuckleberry Finn()6. Henry Fielding( )7. Ernest Hemingway()8. John Keats()9. Alfred, Lord Tennyson ()10. Mark Twaina. The Sound and the Furyb. The Old Mem and the Seac. Ode to a Nightingaled. The History of Tome Jones, ae. The Adventures off. Break, Break, Breakg. Uncle Tom 's Cabinh. Dublinersi. A Tale of Two Citiesj. Because I could not stop for Death()11. Percy Bysshe Shelley ()12.T. S. Eliot ()13. O. Henry ()14. Kale Chopin ()15. Robert Frost ()16. Jonathan Swift ()17. Virginia Woolf ()18. John Milton ()19. Charlotte Bronte ()20. D. H. Lawrencea. The Road Not Takenb. Gulliver s Travelsc. Paradise Lostd. Jane Eyree. Sons and Loversf Mrs Dallowayg. The Waste Landh. The Cop and the Anthemi. The A wakeningj. Ode to the West WindQuotation: "'My boy!' said the old gentleman, leaning over the desk. Oliver startled at the sound. He might be excused for doing so, for the words were kindly said, and strange sounds frighten one. He trembled violently and burst into tears.” (Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist) Questions: Explain why the boy (Oliver Twist) started first, then trembled violently and burst into tears when th e words were “kindly" said.2.T shall be telling this with a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence:Two roads diverged in a wood, and I —I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference."Questions:(1)Identify the poem and the poet.(2)What does the phrase "ages and ages hence,, mean?(3)What idea does the quoted passage express?V.Answer the following question: How should we learn literature, Or what shall we do whenwe learn? Write your answers in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.《英美文学史》练习题答题纸I.Multiple Choices: Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the brackets.Write your answers in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.1 -5: _________________ 6-10: __________________________II.Match the writers and works under the two columns, and put the letter of the work in the bracket before the author's name. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET. (2* x 10= 20')I.( ) 2, ( ) 3.( )4.( ) 5.( ) 6.( ) 7,( ) 8. ( ) 9. ( ) 10.()II.( ) 12.( ) 13,( ) 14,( ) 15.( ) 16.( ) 17.( ) 18.( ) 19.( ) 20.()III.Define the literary terms listed below. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.1. Alliteration2.Hemingway Code Hero3.American Dream4.Black HumorIV.Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.V.Answer the following question: How should we learn literature, Or what shall we do when we learn? Write your answers in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.《英美文学史》练习题答案I.Multiple Choices: Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the brackets.参考答案:1-5 : BABB B 6-10: B AC ACII.Match the writers and works under the two columns, and put the letter of the work in the bracket before the author's name.参考答案:L(h) 2.(g)3.(j) 4.(a) 5・(i) 6.(d) 7.(b) 8.(c) 9.(f) 10.(e)11.(j) 12. (g) 13. (h) 14. (i) 15.(a) 16. (b) 17.(f) 18.(c) 19. (d) 20. ( e )III.Define the literary terms listed below.参考答案Alliteration: alliteration means a repetition of the initial sounds of several words in a line or group. Alliteration is a traditional poetic device in English literature. Robert Frost's "'Acquainted with the Night,, is a case in point: T have stood still and stopped the sound of feet".1.Hemingway Code Hero: Hemingway Code Hero, also called code hero, is one who, wounded but strong more sensitive, enjoys the pleasures of life (sex, alcohol, sport) in face of ruin and death, and maintains, through some notion of a code, an ideal of himself. Barnes in the Sun also Rises, Henry in a Farewell to Arms and Santiago in the Old Man and the Sea are typical of Hemingway Code Hero.2.American Dream: American dream means the belief that everyone can succeed as long ashe/she works hard enough. It usually implies a successful and satisfying life. It usually framed in.............................密...............封......................................... 线terms of American capitalism, its associated purported meritocracy, and the freedoms guaranteed bythe U.S. Bill of Rights.3.Black Humor: the use of morbid and the absurd for darkly comic purposes in modem fiction and drama. The term refers as much to the tone of anger and bitterness as it does to the grotesque andmorbid situations, which often deal with suffering, anxiety, and death. Black humor is a substantial element in the Anti-novel and the Theatre of Absurd. Joseph Heller's Catch-22 is an almostarchetypal example.IV.Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English. Write your answersin the corresponding space on the answer sheet.参考答案:1. The boy startled at the words because kind words were not expected; it is (was, must be) thefirst time in all his life that the boy (Oliver Twist) had ever been "kindly" greeted; strange soundsmay predict another suffering/ misfortune/ torture/...) (At least one example from the text isexpected to back up the above statement)2.(1)Robert Frost: "The Road Not Taken”.(2)Many many years later.(3)The speaker is telling his experience of making the choice of the roads. But he is conscious ofthe fact that his choice will have made all the difference in his life. He seems to be giving asuggestion to the reader. u make good choice of your life."V.Answer the following question: How should we learn literature, Or what aspects shall we learn about literature? Write your answers in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.参考答案Learn about the the social and political context for each period;(1)Learn about the major literary schools and their distinguishing characteristics;(2)Representative authors of each period and their major works;(3)When wc study a specific literary text, pay attention to: Contcnt-thc idea the writer wants to express through the work; meaning; fonn-diction, figures of speech, as well as larger elements, such as plot, theme, lone, characterization, narrative technique etc;(4)Be an active reader; read , think and write sth. on an author or work you are interested in..............................密...............封 ......................................... 线(5)Some knowledge of history, philosophy, psychology, aesthetics and other disciplines can help learn literature better.。
选择10X2分填空10X3分名词解释5X4分简答5X4分论述1X10分选择&填空各章重要知识点:包扌臣各历史时期的文学流派特点标志,重要的代表作家及主要作品,作品的主要情节和主要人物。
名词解释&简答BeowulfepicalliterationballadRomanceHeroic CoupletsBlank VerseChaucer and The Canterbuiy Tales WilliamShakespeare&his great works SonnetMetaphysical PoetsThe RenaissanceEnlightenment RomanticismCritical RealismImagismModernismThe Stream of Consciousness 诗歌格律韵式辨析John Milton and Paradise LostJohn Bunyan and The Pilgrim? sProgress HumanismEnlightenmentNeoclassicismSentimantalism浪漫主义的重要诗人和代表作Byronic HeroesDramatic MonologueCritical RealismOedipus Complex 论述ChaucerShakespeareJohn MiltonHenry FieldingCharles DickensJane AustenThomas HardyRenaissance特点:1. There was a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and an expression of the general dissatisfaction at the Catholic and feudal ideas.2eHumanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.Representative Figures1) Thomas More Utopia2) Thomas Wyatt He was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.3) John Lyly the novel Eupheus gave rise to the term "euphuisrrT(绮丽体)euphuism refers to an affectedly elegant literary style of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, characterized by elaborate alliteration, antitheses(对照),and similes(明喻)•4) Christopher Marlowe Timur (《巾占木丿L》)he is known for his magnificent blank verse,《帖木儿》是一部英雄剧,塑造了一个叱咤风云却又野心勃勃的征服者形象,充分体现了文艺复兴时期的巨人精神。
英国文学简史复习资料(整理版)第一篇:英国文学简史复习资料(整理版)I.Old English Literature & the Late Medieval Ages 贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsGeoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1340(?)~1400 The father of English poetry.① 坎特伯雷故事集:first time to use …heroic couplet‟(双韵体)by middle English ②特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德③ 声誉之宫II The Renaissance Period A period of drama and poetry.The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival: 1.new discoveries in geography and astrology 2.the religious reformation and economic expansion 3.rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture The most famous dramatists:Christopher Marlowe William Shakespeare Ben Johnson.William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616① Historical plays: Henry VI 亨利六世;Henry IV : Richard III 查理三世;Henry V ;Richard II;Henry VIII ②Four Comedies: 皆大欢喜;第十二夜;< A Midsummer Night‟S Dream>仲夏夜之梦;威尼斯商人③Four Tragedies: 哈姆莱特;奥赛罗;李尔王;麦克白④Shakespeare Sonnet :154Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggA sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually iniambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.⑤the comedy of errors 错中错,Titus Andronicus泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯,The Taming of the shrew 驯悍记Love's labour's lost(爱的徒劳)Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶Much ado about nothing(无事生非)The merry wives of Windsor.温莎的风流娘们King John 约翰王All's well that ends well 终成眷属Measure for measure(一报还一报)Bacon: Of Studies;Of Beauty;Of Marriage and Single Life English Bourgeois Revolution,学术的推进 III:the period of the English bourgeois ton:1608~1674Paradise Lost;Samson Agonistes(力士参孙);On the morning of Christ’s Nativity,复乐园我的失明论出版自由为英国人民声辩Bunyan: 1628~1688 ①Religionary Allegory:天路历程Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinner;the Holy War John Don: the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗):(用语)the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual,(形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.(主题:love, religious, thought)The Flea;跳蚤Forbbiding Mourning,Songs And Sonnets歌与十四行诗,emergent occasions 突变引起的诚念Hely sonnets IV The 18th Century:EnlightenmentA revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感)and accuracy The Age ofEnlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)小说崛起:In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说)Gothic novel(哥特式小说):mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745(十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家 a master satirist。
英美文学期末复习资料1 (20%)题型为选择题。
参考邮箱课件后选择题。
英美文学选读期末复习资料2 (30%)题型为填空和名词解释Literature refers to writings that are valued as works of art, esp. fiction, drama and poetry.Beowulf, a typical example of Old English poetry with over 3,000 lines, is regarded today as the national epic of the english people.Romance which uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period. Popular subjects for romances: King Arthur of Britain and the knights of the Round Table.A sonnet is a lyric invariably of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameter , restricted to a definite rhyme scheme .The 14th century is called “Age of Chaucer”. His masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales.An extended metaphor is often called a conceit.Soliloquy is a speech in a play which the character speaks to himself or herself or to the people watching rather than to the other characters.Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy about two young “star-cross‘d lovers”whose deaths ultimately unite their feuding families.Francis Bacon introduced the essay as a literary form into the English language.John Donne is the leading figure of the“metaphysical school.”All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.In 1797 Wordsworth met Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and the two poets became very good friends. They collaborated on a book of poems entitled Lyrical Ballads, first published in 1798The poet Robert Southey as well as Coleridge lived nearby, and the three men became known as the “Lake Poets.”Jane Austen is the only important female author in the 18-19th century英美文学选读期末复习资料3 (30%)指出作者,作品名及选文大意To be,or not to be:that is the question:“To be” is to continue to live, or to take action. “not to be” is to die, or to do nothing but suffering, to end one’s life by self- destruction. It is a dilemma of trying to determine the meaning of life and deathIt is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.it briskly introduces the arrival of Mr. Bingley at Netherfield—the event that sets the novel in motion—this sentence also offers a miniature sketch of the entire plot, which concerns itself with the pursuit of “single men in possession of a good fortune”by various female characters. The preoccupation with socially advantageous marriage in nineteenth-century English society manifests itself here, for in claiming that a single man “must be in want of a wife,”the narrator reveals that the reverse is also true: a single woman, whose socially prescribed options are quite limited, is in (perhaps desperate) want of a husband.Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring ; for ornament , is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.英美文学选读期末复习资料4 (10%)分析以下诗歌,见邮箱!Sonnet18Death Be Not PrideThe Sick RoseI Wandered Lonely as a Cloud英美文学选读期末复习资料5 (10%)分析以下小说Jane EyreAnalysis of the workThe work is one of the most popular and important novels of the Victorian age. It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e. g. the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions such as Lowood School where poor girls are trained, through constant starvation and humiliation, to be humble slaves, the social discrimination Jane experiences first as a dependent at her aunt's house and later as a governess at Thornfield, and the false social convention as concerning love and marriageAt the same time, it is an intense moral fable. Jane, like Mr. Rochester, has to undergo aseries of physical and moral tests to grow up and achieve her final happiness.The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine.Analysis of the HeroineJane Eyre, an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved, a poor, plain, little governess who dares to love her master, a man superior to her in many ways, and even is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him, cuts a completely new woman image. She represents those middle-class working women who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. The vivid description of her intense feelings and her thought and inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.Robinson CrusoeCharacterizationRobinson is a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist .Artistic FeaturesDefoe was a very good story-teller. Defoe had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible,and fascinating. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular. There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its best.注:以上只是仅供参考的复习资料,更全面的资料请自行下载本学期课件,邮箱ygwxxd@密码12345。
《英美文学选读》复习指导资料《英美文学选读》复习指导资料一.课程介绍:本课程由英国文学和美国文学两个部分组成。
主要内容包括英美文学发展史及代表作家的简要介绍和作品选读。
文学史部分从英美两国历史、语言、文化发展的角度,简要介绍英美两国文学各个历史时代的主要历史背景、文学文化思潮、文学流派、社会政治、经济、文化等对文学发展的影响,主要作家的文学生涯,创作思想,艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义等。
选读部分主要接选了英美文学史上各个时期重要作家的代表作品,包括诗歌、戏剧、小说、散文等。
二.《英美文学选读》的考核目标,按照识记,领会,应用规定应当达到的能力层次要求。
三个层次呈递进关系,其含义是:识记:有关的概念、定义、知识点等能够记住领会:在识记的基础上,能够把握基本概念、基本方法和彼此之间的关系和区别应用了在领会的基础上,能运用本课程的基本理论,基本知识和方法来分析英美文学作品,并能用英语正确表达。
Part 1 English LiteratureAn Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature一.重点:有关这部分的文学史内容1.古代英国文学和中世纪英国文学的起始阶段2.英国文学史上的第一部民族史诗----Beowulf3.中世纪文学的主要文学形式-----Romance4.Geoffrey Chaucer 的文学贡献二.练习:1. Choose the best answer for each blank.1). The period of ______ English literature begins from about 450 to 1066, the year of ______.A. Old----RenaissanceB. Middle---- the Norman Conquest of EnglandC. Middle ---- RenaissanceD. Old---- the Norman Conquest of England2).. The Medieval period in English literature extends from 1066 up to the ______ century.A. mid-13thB. mid-14thC. mid-15thD. mid-16th3). Beowulf, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded today as the national ______ of the Anglo-Saxons.A. sonnetB. essayC. epicD. novel4). In The Canterbury Tales, ______ presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. William ShakespeareC. Francis BaconD. William Langland5). For the Renaissance, ______ was regarded as the English Homer. His reputation has been securely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and ______.A. Geoffrey Chaucer----witsB. William Shakespeare----witsC. Geoffrey Chaucer----humanityD. William Shakespeare----humanity6). After the conquest of 1066, three languages co-existed in England. They are ______, ______ and ______.A. Old English, Greek, LatinB. Old English, French, LatinC. Old English, Greek, FrenchD. English, Greek, French7). Geoffrey Chaucer is the greatest writer of the Medieval period in English literature. In “The Legend of Good Women”, he used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter which is to be called later the ______.A. coupletB. blank verseC. heroic coupletD. epic8). Thematically the poem “Beowulf” presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggle against the hostile forces of the ______ world under a wise and mighty ______.A. spiritual----heroB. natural----leaderC. spiritual----godD. natural----monster9). It can be said that though essentially still a medieval writer, Geoffrey Chaucer bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new ______ to come.A. manB. theoryC. doctrineD. era10). Geoffrey Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English ______ verse.A. rhymedB. alliterativeC. socialD. visionary2. Explain the following literal terms.1). Romance2). Heroic Couplet3). Epic3. Answer the following questions.1). How many groups do the Old English poetry divided into? What are they? Which group does Beowulf belong to? Why?2). What is the contribution of Geoffrey Chaucer to English literature?Chapter1. The Renaissance Period一.重点前言部分1.文艺复兴的起源,起始时间,内容及特征2.人文主义的有关主张及对文学的影响3.文艺复兴时期的主要文学形式及其特征练习:Renaissance Period1. Choose the best answer for each blank.1). The Renaissance, in essence, is a historical period in which the European ______ thinkers andscholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.A. Greek and RomanB. humanistC. religiousD. loyal2). Generally, the ______ refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe.A. Medieval PeriodB. RenaissanceC. Old English PeriodD. Romantic Period3). ______ is the essence of the Renaissance. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and _______ are the best representatives of the English humanists.A. Humanity---- William ShakespeareB. Humanism-----Francis BaconC. Humanity---- Geoffrey ChaucerD. Humanism----William Shakespeare4). The Elizabethan ______ is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and______.A. novel--- Geoffrey ChaucerB. poetry----Francis BaconC. drama----Ben JonsonD. drama----Geoffrey Chaucer5). Humanism sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and ______ civilization was based on such a conception that ______ is the measure of all things.A. Roman ---- moralB. French---- reasonC. Roman---- manD. French---- God6).One of the major result of the Reformation in England was the fact that the Bible in English was placed in every church and services were held in English instead of ______ so that peoplecould understand.A. LatinB. FrenchC. GreekD. Anglo-Saxon7). Wyatt, in the Renaissance period, introduced the Petrarchan ______ into England, while Surrey brought in ______ verse.A. drama----freeB. sonnet----blankC. terzarima----blankD. couplet----free8). In the early stage of the English Renaissance, poetry and ______ were the most outstandingforms and they were carried on especially by William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson.A. fictionB. dramatic fictionC. poetic dramaD. novel9). By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, ______ voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.A. humanistsB. ProtestantsC. CatholicsD. playwrights10). ______ was the first important English essayist. He was also the founder of modern science inEngland.A. Edmund SpenserB. Christopher MarloweC. Francis BaconD. Ben Jonson2. Explain the following literal terms.1). the Renaissance Period2). blank verse3). Humanism3. Answer the following questions.1). Make a comment on the influence of Italian literary works upon the literature in the Renaissance England.2). Make a comment on humanism3). What are the typical characteristics of literary works produced in Renaissance England?文艺复兴时期的主要作家。
英美文学复习资料,欢迎转载和补充,没有版权。
Term definition1.A ballad(歌谣) is a story told in song, usually in 4-linestanzas(诗的一节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed.When it was chanted(吟唱) by ballad-singers, the audience joined a refrain(重复) which usually followed each stanza.2.Pentameter(五步格诗)isa common pattern of beats in Englishpoetry in which each line consists of 5feet.3.Epic(史诗) is a longand exalted(高尚的)narrativepoem,usually on a serious subject centered on a heroic figure.4.Romance is aliterary genre(流派)in verse or in prose popular inthemiddle ages. It deals with legendary , supernatural oranonymous(无个性特征的)subjects and characters. Theromance of the middle ages was a form of chivalric(骑士的)and romantic literature.5.Chivalry(骑士精神)is the code of manners and moralsof aknight.6.Blank verse is a succession of unrhymed iambic(短长格的)pentameters primarily an English form and has been used in the loftiest(崇高的) epic and dramatic versefromShakespeare and Milton to the present.7.Sonnet is a poem of 14 lines,usually in iambic pentameter,restricted to a definite rhyme scheme. There aretwoprominent types: the Elizabethan, or Shakespearean sonnet.8.Stanza is a groupof lines whose pattern is repeated throughoutthe poem.9.Meter isthe result of stresses recurring(循环的)at fixed intends.10.Alliteration(押头韵)is a poetical form, in which certainaccented(带口音的) words in a line begin with the same consonant(和谐的) sounds.11.Heroic couplets are two rhyme iambic pentameter lines whichwas made popular by pop in the18c. This form is oftenused in epics and heroic dramas. Alexander emptied these heroic dramas withgreat effort.12.Spenserian Stanza is a special verse form that consists of eightiambic pentameter linesfollowed by a ninth line of six iambic feet, with the rhyme scheme ababbcbcc.13.Renaissance(文艺复兴)refers to the period between the14th and mid-17th centuries. It, in essence, is a historical period inwhich the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid ofthose feudalist ideas in medieval (中世纪的)Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressedtheinterests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the earlychurch from the corruption of the Roman Catholicchurch.14.The metaphysical(玄学派诗歌的) poetry is a school of poetrythatappeared at about the beginning of 17th century, represented by JohnDonne. The works of the metaphysical poetry arecharacterized, generallyspeaking, by mysticism(神秘主义)in content and fantasticality in form.15.EnlightenmentMovement isa progressive intellectualmovement, a furtherance(促进) of theRenaissance, with its purpose to enlighten the whole world with the light ofmodern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlightenerscelebrated reason,equality, and science, with AlexanderPope, Joseph Addison, Jonathan Swift,Daniel Defoe, and Henry Fielding as the famous representatives.16.Classicism isa literary tendency of a revival of interestin the old classical works.According to the classicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled afterthe classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers (Homer,Virgil,Horace, Ovid, etc.). They believed that the artistic ideas should be order,logic, restrained emotion, andaccuracy, and that literature should be judgedin terms of its service to humanity.17.Sentimentalism is one of the important trends in Englishliterature of themiddle and later decades of the 18th century, represented by Thomas Gray. Itjustly criticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the gross(恶劣的)social injustices brought about by the bourgeois revolutions. Itembracesa pessimistic(悲观主义的)outlook and blames reason and the Industrial Revolution, marked by asincere sympathy forthe poverty-stricken, expropriated(被征地的)peasants.Short Answer Questions1.features of Beowulf: The most striking feature in itspoeticalform is the use of alliteration. Other feature of Beowulf are the use ofmetaphors(隐喻) and of understatements (保守的陈述).P52.artisticfeatures of Piers the Plowman:Itis written in theform of a dream vision, and the author tells his story underthe guise of having dreamed. The poem is also anallegory(预言)which uses symbolism to relate truth but isa realistic picture of medieval(中世纪的)England. P153.Christopher Marlowe’sliterary achievement s: He reformedthe English drama and perfected the verse ofdramatic works.Marlowe’s dramatic achievements lies chiefly in hisepical(叙述诗), and attimes lyrical(抒情诗),verse. His work paved the way for the play of the greatestEnglish dramatist—Shakespeare. P554.the popularforms of drama before the reign ofElizabeth :Miracle plays, morality plays,interludes(幕间节目)andclassical plays—such were forms of dramaprevailing until the reign ofElizabeth. P475.the fourperiods of Shakespeare’s dramatic career : Thefirst period is the period ofhis apprenticeship(学徒)in play-writing, as a newcomer to London, madeexperiments ina number of dramatic forms. The second period is hismatureperiod, mainly a period of “great comedies” and mature historical plays. Thethird period is mainly the period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”. P60-66 6.the a greatcomedies and 4 great tragedies of Shakespeare :AMidsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It andTwelfth Night have been called Shakespeare’s “great co medies”. Four greattragedies of Shakespeare areOthello,King Lear, Macbeth, and Hamlet. P67 P807.features of Shakespeare’sdrama : Shakespeare’s dramas arereflect the realistic world. Shakespeare’s dramaticcreation often used themethod adaptation. Shake speare’s long experience with the stage and hisintimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master handforplaywriting. P91-938.the image ofSatan: Satan is a real hero in ParadiseLost whowas obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hell, he isthe spirit questioning the authority of God. P1089.a summery ofJohn Milton: Milton was political in both hislife and his art, he wrote thegreatest epic in English literature. Milton is a master of the blank verse(无韵诗),he is agreat stylist(文体学家)and has always been admired for his sublimity(崇高) of thought andmajesty(威严)ofexpression. P11110.Henry Fielding’s views on realistic novel: Theexactobservation and study of real life was the basis of Fielding’s work, the centreof Fielding’s workingphilosophy was Man, the profound knowledge of humannature displayed in his novels. P16911.the character of Robinson Crusoe : Robinson Crusoe, a dogand two cats, somecannibals(食人族), a young Negro Friday, the captain of anEnglish ship. 151-15212.rules of classical creation : Rimed couplet(对句) insteadof blank verse, the three unities oftime, palce, and action, regularity in construction, and the presentation oftypes rather than individuals—these weresome of standards the classicists required of drama. Poetry, following theancient divisions, should be lyric, epic, didactic, satiric, ordramatic, andeach class should be guided by some peculiar principles. Prose should beprecise, direct and flexible.P47 Work Analysis1.Please mak e an analysis of “Hamlet” andthe character ofHamlet: Hamlet is considered the summit of Shakespeare’sart.The story comes from an old Danish legend. Before Shakespeare, Thomas Kydhad written a play on the same subject. It was a tragedy of “blood andthunder.” But under Shakespeare’s pen, the medieval story assumed a newmeaning. Hamlet is neither a frail and weak-minded youth nor athought-sickbook-worm. In the play nobody thinks of him that way. Though he is deprived ofhis right to the throne, he is still loved and respected by everyone. Hamlet isa humanist,a man who is free from medieval prejudices andsuperstitions.Starting from his humanist love of man, he turns to those around him with thesame eagerness. Hisintellectual genius is outstanding. P84-872.the theme and characters of Shakespeare’s A Merchant of Venice : This is a great irony and comedy. The script is the subject of praise love, friendship and love, at the same time also reflects the business of early capitalism and thebourgeoisie sharks conflict between the performance of the authors of bourgeois society, money. Legal and religious issues such as the humanistic ideas. It plays an important literary achievement, this Shylock is the shape of the mercenary, ruthless typical image of sharks. Bassanio is a man loved Portia deeply, he could do anything for her. Portia is beautiful, cultured, courteous and capable of rising to an emergency. Antonio cherished his friendship and bear death for Bassanio , take everything from shylock without a single complain. Shylock is an avaricious money-lender, he is a Jew of pride and deep religious instincts.P683.the story,theme, and characters of John Milton’s ParadiseLost: Story The fallen angels led by freedom-loving Satanwho rose against God himself were finally defeated, Satan goes to Eden to persuade Eve to breakGod’s command, and Eve and Adam were both deprived of immortality and exiledformParadise and doomed to anearthly life full of hardship and sufferings. The main idea of the poem is arevolt against God’s authority. In Paradise lost God is no better than a selfish despot, his long speeches arenever pleasing, his Archangel is a bore,his angels are silly. Satan is by far the most striking character in the poem, Satanis a real heroin Paradise Lost whowas obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hell, he is the spiritquestioning the authority of God. Adam and Eve craving for knowledge, adds aparticular significant characters. This longing forknowledge opens beforemankind a wide road to an intelligent and active life.P107-1084.structure andan analysis of Gulliver’s Travels: Inthe firstpart Gulliver describes hisshipwreck in Lilliput where the tallest people were six inches high, the secondpart is the voyage to Brobdingnag is described, the third part is a satire onphilosophers and projectors, the last partGulliver’s satire is of thebitterest. Swift hated all kinds of oppression—political, economical and religious,hecherished a great love for the peoplethat he wrote in the second part of Gulliv er’stravels.Swift’s Gulliver’s travels gives an unparalleled(前所未有的)satiricaldepiction(描写) of the vices of hisage. In many of his other famous works he addresses himself to thecommonpeople. And this is strikingly shown in hispamphlets(小册子) on Ireland.P141-1425.thecharacterization of Tom Jones : TomJones, the foundling , is a handsome young man. He is frank and open, kind,disinterested,and ,tough quick-tempered, devoid of malice. Blifil issober,discreet(谨慎的) and pious(虔诚的)beyond his age, extremely “careful ofhis money”, and skilled in bringing himself into favor with his patron by arespectful appearance and ready flattery. Sophia Western, the heroine of the book,is the “Somersetshire(索美塞夏特)angel.” Sheis her father’s “little darling,” and she returns al l his affection withangelic tenderness. Squire Western, Sophia’s father, is a boorish old huntingsquire. All his thoughts and interests are concentrated “ether in the field,the stable, or the dog-kennel. ” Partridge is Tom’s companion in his adventureson t he road, and an English Sancho Panza. He is a Jack-of-all-trades—schoolmaster, clerk, barber, surgeon and tailor.P165-168。
英美文学鉴赏复习资料英美文学复习材料Jeffery ChaucerFather/founder of English PoetryMajor works:The Romaunt of the Rose 《玫瑰传奇》The Parliament of Fowls《百鸟议会》Troilus and Criseyde 《特鲁伊罗斯和克里塞德》The Legend of Good Women《好女人传》The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》The Canterbury TalesThe story of a group of thirty people who travel as pilgrims to Canterbury.A rich, tapestry (织锦)of medieval social life combining elements of all classes, from nobles to workers, from priests and nuns to drunkards and thieves.London dialectThe General Prologue consists of character sketches of each member of the group that is going to Canterbury.The Canterbury TalesSome of the charactersThe Knight :the first story tellerThe Prioress 女修道院副院长The MerchantThe Wife of Bath 巴斯妇: the first female figure in British literaturePoor PriestWilliam Shakespeare (1564-1616)RenaissanceMeaning: rebirth or revivalTime: began in the 14th century, end in the 17th century.Place: began in Italy, later spread to France, Spain and England.A keen interest in the Greek and Latin culture; the art and science of ancient Greece and Rome were being born again after long years of neglect.Essence: humanismWilliam ShakespeareWorks37 plays2 long narrative poems154 sonnetsWilliam ShakespeareDrama:Tragedies- Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, Othello, Romeo and JulietComedies-As You Like It, The Merchants of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, A Midsummer Night’s Dream,The Taming of the Shrew,Twelfth NightHistories-Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VI, Henry VIII, Richard III, Romances/tragicomedie s: Cymbeline, The TempestRomeo and JulietCharacters: The Montagues / The CapuletsPlotThemeAct II, Scene IIThe balcony sceneOne of the romantic peaks of the play.In this scene, Romeo has employed three comparisons toexpress his admiration for Juliet: the sun, twinkling stars, a bright angel.William Shakespeare :SonnetA sonnet is a lyric invariably of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameter五音步抑扬格, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme韵律.Three types of sonnet1) Petrarchan sonnet (彼特拉克体/意大利十四行诗)2) Spenserian Sonnet(斯宾塞体十四行诗)3) Shakespearian Sonnet(莎士比亚/英国体十四行诗Shakespearian Sonnet3 quatrains + a coupletabab cdcd efef ggSonnet 18―Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?‖Theme: A nice summer day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last forever. Thus Shakespeare expresses his faith in the permanence of poetry, of art and love. ?Sonnet 29 Theme: The power of love can overcome all the difficulties and obstacles in one’s lifetime.RomanticismBegins with the publication of Lyrical Ballads (1798) and ends with the death of Sir Walter Scott(1832).Pre-romantic poets: William Blake, Robert BurnsActive romantic poets: George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats ?Passive romantic poets / Lake Poets: William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey.Robert BurnsFarmer poet/national poet of ScotlandWrite in Scottish dialectThemes of poetry are life of the common Scotch, love, friendship, ect.―A Red, Red Rose": four stanzas; a ballad form; love; figures of speech―Auld Lang Syne‖: friendship, parting-songWilliam WordsworthPoet Laureate 桂冠诗人Collaborate with Coleridge on Lyrical Ballads: a declaration of romanticism ?Define Poetry as ―the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility‖.A worshipper of nature― I Wandered Lonely as Cloud‖: four six-line stanzas; iambic tetrameter; rhyme scheme: ababcc; theme: the harmony between things in nature and the harmony between nature and the poet himself/ Nature' s beauty uplifts the human spirit.―Composed Upon Westminster Bridge‖: a Petrarchan sonnet; abbaabba cdcdcd ;describing London in an early morning; figures of speech: simile, metaphor, personificationPercy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)one of the leading romantic poetsloved people and hated the oppressors and exploitersHis wife: Mary Shelley Frankenstein 《弗兰肯斯坦》Major works:The Necessity of Atheism 《无神论的必要性》Queen Mab 《仙后麦布》Prometheus Unbound 《解放了的普罗米修斯》Ode to the West Wind 《西风颂》Ode to a Skylark 《云雀颂》A Defence of Poetry 《诗辩》The Masque of Anarchy 《暴政的行列》Ode to the West WindOde: a long lyric poem that is serious in subject, elevated in style, and elaborate in its structure. It is written to praise and glorify somebody or to eulogize something. ?Form: 1. Every stanza is a sonnet; five stanzas of iambic pentameter.2. Every stanza consists of 4 terza rima(三行诗隔句押韵法)+ couplet. ?Structure: stanza 1-3: activities of the west wind on the earth, in the sky and on the sea. Stanza 4-5: the poet’s wish to be free like the wind.Ode to the West WindTheme: 1. Revolutionary spirit; 2. Wish to destroy the old and build up a new world. ?The art of language:1. The use of alliteration, capitalization, end rhyme, ect.2. many figures of speech: simile /metaphor / personificiton / allusion / symbolJane Austen (1775-1817)The first important English woman novelistWriting style:Theme: mostly about love and marriageLanguage: simple, humorous, witty, ironicPlot: straightforward, little actionCharacters: like real living personsDialogues: true to lifeShe called her work ―a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square‖ (―两寸牙雕‖)A very narrow literary fieldBut within her own field, she is unrivaled: vivid portrait of her major characters and realistic and colorful pictures of the life and manners of the upper middle class in rural England of her timeJane AustenMajor works:Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》(1818)Sense and Sensibility 《理智与情感》(1811)Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》(1813)Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔德庄园》(1814)Emma 《艾玛》(1816)Persuasion 《劝导》(1818)Pride and Prejudice―It is a truth universally ack nowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.‖Main characters/plot/themeDialoguesCharacter analysis: Mr. and Mrs. Bennet; Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy; Jane and Mr. BingleyPride/prejudiceCharles Dickens (1812 –1870)Victorian novelistRepresentative writer of critical realismcritical realism:1. Objectivity :truly reflected the life of the Capitalist Society2. Criticalness: deeply exposed and criticized Feudal aristocracy and the capitalists; advocated humanism & pursue the truth3. Typicality :Use typical characters in a certain environment.Charles DickensMajor works:《匹克威克外传》(The Pickwick Papers)《雾都孤儿》(Oliver Twist)《老古玩店》(The Old Curiosity Shop)《美国纪行》(American Notes)《圣诞颂歌》(A Christmas Carol)《董贝父子》(Dombey and Son)《大卫·科波菲尔》(David Copperfield)《荒凉山庄》(Bleak House)《艰难时世》(Hard Times)《双城记》(A Tale of Two Cities)《我们共同的朋友》(Our Mutual Friend)A Tale of Two CitiesTwo cities: Paris and LondonSet in London and Paris before and during the French RevolutionThree groups of people:The feudal aristocrat:Marquis(侯爵)Evremond 封建贵族The revolutionary masses:Ms Defarge 革命群众Ideal persons: Doctor Manette; Lucy Manette; Charles Darney; Sydney Carton 理想化人物A Tale of Two CitiesIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times,it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness,it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, i it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness,it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair,we had everything before us, we had nothing before us,we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way。
英美文学史复习标准版1(盎格鲁萨克逊时期到盎格鲁罗曼)时期划分c---century---Early&Medieval literature: The Anglo-Saxon period(5c-11c)和The Anglo-Norman period(11c-15c)---Renaissance(16c) 文艺复兴---Revolution&Restoration (17c)资产阶级革命与王权复辟---Enlightenment (18c)启蒙运动---Romantic Period(1798-1832 19c) 浪漫主义时期一.The Anglo-Saxon period(496-1066)1.pagan异教徒Christian基督徒2.代表作:The song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》异教徒诗歌(national epic 民族史诗,英国史上第一部史诗)采用了暗喻(metaphor)和押头韵(alliterate)的手法。
内容:讲述了挪威一个勇士贝奥武甫与怪物格伦德尔搏斗,使其断臂而死。
怪物之母为子复仇,又被他追踪杀死。
后来他做了国王。
一次火龙来犯,他挺身斩龙,伤中而死。
人民为他举行了隆重的丧礼。
三次战斗 a.与格伦德尔Grendelb.与格伦德尔的母亲Grendel’s motherc.与火龙firedrake二.The Anglo-Norman period(1066-1350)1.Romance传奇描写的是骑士的冒险精神和典雅爱情,表现骑士为获得荣誉、保护宗教或赢得贵妇人的爱情而到处冒险的骑士精神的文学。
2.代表作:Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》押头韵(alliterate)描写的是古代亚瑟王属下一个“圆桌骑士”Knights of the Round 的奇遇。
基本情节是:某年圣诞节,亚瑟王在自己的宫廷里举行宴会。
Chapter 1 Old and Medieval EnglishLiterature(450—1066-1340)1.Beowulf: a typical example of Old English poetry is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. It is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.2.Romance:①It uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period.②It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved.③The hero is usually the knight, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some missions. There are often mysteries and fantasies in romance.④Romantic love is an important part of the plot in romance.Characterization is standardized, While the structure is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward.⑤The importance of the romance itself can be seen as a means of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world.2. Heroic couplet:Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.3. The theme of Beowulf:The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. The poem is an example of the mingling of the nature myths and heroic legends.5. Chaucer’s achievement:①He presented a comprehensive realistic picture of his age and created a whole gallery of vivid characters in his works, especially in The Canterbury Tales.②He anticipated a new ear, the Renaissance, to come under the influence of the Italian writers.③He developed his characterization to a higher level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.④He greatly contributed to the maturing of English poetry. Today, Chaucer’s reputation has been securely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and humanity.6. “The F ather of English poetry”:Originally, Old English poems are mainly alliterative verses with few variations.①Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace it.②In The Romaunt of the Rose (玫瑰传奇), he first introduced to the English the octosyllabic couplet (八音节对偶句).③In The Legend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet.④And in his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, he employed heroic couplet with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature.⑤His art made him one of the greatest poets in English; John Dryden called him “the father of English poetry”.【例题】The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely ______________. (0704)A. William Langland’s Piers PlowmanB. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury TalesC. John Gower’s Confession AmantisD. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight【答案】BChapter 2: The Renaissance Period(14th—mid-17th Century)1.The Renaissance:The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th & 17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. 2. Humanism:Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side. Through the new learning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, but the human values represented in the works. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.Ⅰ. William Shakespeare1. The bibliographyWilliam Shakespeare is one of the most remarkable playwrights and poets the world has ever known.3. The major contributions38 plays (historical plays, tragedies and comedies)2 narrative poems: Venus, The Rape of Lucrece154 sonnets4. His play-creationfive historical plays: Henry IV, part I, II, and III; Richard III; and Titus Andronicus(泰特斯, 提图斯).four Comedies, including: The Comedy of Errors; The Two Gentlemen of Verona(维罗纳); The Taming of the Shrew(泼妇的驯服), and Love’s Labor’s LostFive historical: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, part I, II, Henry V Six comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You like(皆大欢喜), Twelfth Night, and the Merry Wives of Windsor(温莎公爵的快乐情妇)Two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, Julius CaesarSeven tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra(克利奥帕特拉), Troilus and Cressida(特洛伊罗斯和克雷西达), Coriolanus(科里奥兰纳斯)Two comedies: All’s Well That Ends Well, Measure for Measureromantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale, and The TempestTwo final plays: Henry III, and The Two Noble Kinsmen7. Shakespeare’s writing characteristicsThe progressive significance of the theme--humanismThe successful character portrayal—women’s charactersThe masterhand in constructing the plotThe ingenuity of his poetryThe mastery of his languageⅡ. John MiltonLycidashis 3 major poetical works:Paradise Lost (1667), Paradise Regained (1671), & Samson Agonistes (1671).①Epics: Paradise Lost失乐园Paradisen Regained复乐园②Dramatic poem: <Samson Agonistes力士参孙③The Defence of the English People为英国人民声辩④On His Blindness我的失明Chapter 3: The Neoclassical Period(17th—18th Century, 1660~1798) 1. Duration:Neoclassical period is the one in English literature between the return of Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1978.It’s in fact a turbulent period.8. Gothic novels:Gothic novels are mostly stories of mystery and horror which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Class castles. They appeared from the middle part of the 18th century. Richard Brinsley Sheridan was the leading figure among a host of playwrights. And of the witty and satiric prose, those written by Jonathan Swift are worth studying.【例题】The British bourgeois or middle class believed in the following notions EXCEPT ______. (0904)A. self - esteemB. self - relianceC. self - restraintD. hard work【答案】AⅠ. Daniel Defoe1. Daniel Defoe’s major works:The Shortest Way with the Dissenters.The True-born EnglishmanThe ReviewRobinson Crusoe (most famous of his work, his masterpiece)Captain Singleton《辛格尔顿船长》Moll Flanders《摩根.佛兰德斯》Colonel Jack《杰克上校》Roxana《罗克珊娜》A Journal of the Plague Year. 《大疫年日记》Ⅱ. Jonathan Swift2. MasterpiecesA Tale of a Tub (satirist) 《木桶的故事》The Battle of the Books 《书籍之战》The Examiner 《主考》Gulliver’s Travels (his greatest satiric work) 《格列佛游记》A Modest Proposal (more powerful) 《一个温和的建议》The Drapier’s Letters《专培儿之信》Ⅲ. Henry Fielding2. Contributions:①Father of the English Novel—because of his contribution and establishment of the form of the modern novel②Of all the eighteenth-century novelists he was the first to set out, both in theory and practice:First: give the modern novel both its structure and its styleSecond: adopted the “third-person narration” in which the author became the all-knowing God3. Main works:The earlier essays:The True Patriot and the Liberty of Our Own TimesThe Jacobite’s JournalThe Convent-garden JournalPlays:The Coffee-House PoliticianThe Tragedy of TragediesPasquinThe Historical Register for the YearNovels:The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his friend Mr. Abraham AdamsThe History of Jonathan Wild the GreatThe History of Tom Jones, a Foundling –masterpiece on subject of human natureThe history of Amelia- a story of the unfortunate life of an idealized woman, a maudlin picture of the social lifeChapter 4: The Romantic Period1798—1832, the early 30 years in19th Century )1. Historical background:Internationally,①The French Revolutions:②RousseauThese paved the way for the development of Romanticism in theliterature internationallyNationally,①Industrial revolution (Industrialization, Further capitalization andUrbanization)②The survival of fittest (the sharper contradiction between capitalistsand the labors)These are the national basis of the production of Romanticism3. The definition, duration and characteristics of the Romanticism:①The definition:The Romantic Movement, which associated with vitality, powerful emotion and dreamlike ideas, is simply the expression of life as seen by the imagination rather than by prosaic common sense.【例题】Which of the following poems is a landmark in English poetry? (0704)A. Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor ColeridgeB. “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”by William WordsworthC. “Remorse”by Samuel Taylor ColeridgeD. Leaves of Grass Walt Whitman【答案】A6. Main representatives:①Main representatives—poets:Pre-Romanticism: (Blake and Burns)The first generation: (Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey)The younger generation: (Byron, Shelley and Keats)②Main representatives—novelistsJane Austen --- love and marriageWalter Scott --- main works (book) human nature③Gothic novelistsAnn Radcliffe and Mary ShelleyGothic novel:It is a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century & was one phase of the Romantic MovementWorks like The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) by Ann Radcliffe & Frankenstein (1818) by Mary Shelley are typical Gothic romanceⅠ.William Blake1.Introduction:English poet, artist, & philosopher, made distinguished contributions to both Literature & art. He ranks with great poets in the English language & may be considered the earliest of the major English Romantic poets.4. Main works:Early works: Poetical Sketches《诗学札记》Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》Songs of Experience《经验之歌》The Marriage of Heaven and Hell《天堂与地狱的婚姻》The similarities and differences between two volumes: Generally:Hold the similar subject-matterThe childhood is the central to his concernThe tone, emphasis and conclusion differSpecifically:Infant Joy against Infant SorrowLamb against TygerChimney SweeperⅠagainst Chimney SweeperⅡThe Book of UrizenThe Book of LosThe Four ZoasMilton【例题】William Blake’s central concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experiences_______, which gives the two books a strong social and historical reference. (0804)A. youth hoodB. childhoodC. happinessD. SorrowⅡ. William Wordsworth1. Introduction:William Wordsworth, known as “the Lake Poets” together with Coleridge and Southey,is the leading figure of the English Romantic poetry, the focal poetic voice of the period2. Types of his poem according to his poetic outlook:According to t he subjects, Wordsworth’s short poems can be classified into two groups: poems about nature and poems about human life.①Poems about nature:I Wandered Lonely as a CloudAn Evening WalkMy Heart Leaps upThe Sailor’s MotherThe Affliction of MargaretThe Old Cumberland BeggarThe Idiot BoyThe Solitary ReaperTo a Highland GirlⅢ. Percy Bysshe Shelley1. Introduction:Shelley is one of the leading Romantic poets, an intense & original lyrical poet in the English language.3. His major works:Early works:Queen Mab:Alastor or The Spirit of SolitudeHymn to Intellectual BeautyMont BlancJulian and MaddaloThe Revolt of IslamThe CenciHellasThe CloudTo a Skylark:: AdonaisOde to the west Wind (Best of all the well-known lyric pieces )Ode to LibertyOde to NaplesSonnet: England in 1819Men of EnglandMajor prose essay: Defense of PoetryⅣ.Jane Austen1. Introduction:It was Jane Austen who brought the English novels, as an art of form, to its maturity and she had been regarded as one of the greatest of all novelists.Austen is universally regarded as the founder of the novel which deal with unimportant middle-class people.2.Major works:In her lifelong career, Jane Austen wrote altogether six complete novels, which can be divided into two distinct periods.Sense and Sensibility理智与情感Her first novelPride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见The most popular of her novels dealing with the five Bennet sisters & their search for suitable husbands Northanger Abbey 诺桑觉寺satirizes those popular Gothic romances of the late 18th centuryMansfield Park曼斯菲尔德庄园presents the antithesis of worldliness & unworldlinessEmma 爱玛gives the thought over self-deceptive vanityPersuasion 劝导contrasts the true love with the prudential calculations【例题】“It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.” The quoted part is taken from ______. (0804)A. Jane EyreB. Wuthering HeightsC. Pride and PrejudiceD. Sense and Sensibility【答案】CChapter 5: The Victorian PeriodⅠ. Charles Dickens2. His Major Works:Period of youthful optimistSketches by Boz (1836); The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837); Oliver Twist (1837-1838);Nicholas Nickleby (1838-1839); The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1841); Barnaby Rudge(1841)American Notes (1842); Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-1845); A Christmas Carol (1843); Dombey & Son (1846-1848); David Copperfield (1849-1850)Bleak House (1852-1853); Hard Times (1854); Little Dorrit (1855-1857);A Tale of Two Cities (1859); Great Expectations (1860-1861); Our Mutual Friend (1864-1865); Edwin Drood (unfinished)(1870)【例题】Among the works by Charles Dickens _______ presents his criticism of the Utilitarian principle that rules over the English education system and destroys young hearts and minds. (0804)A. Bleak HouseB. Pickwick PaperC. Great ExpectationsD. Hard Times【答案】DⅡ. Charlotte Bronte1. Charlotte's Literary Creation and her Writing Characteristics:Charlotte Bronte's works are all about the struggle of an individual towards self-realization,about some lonely & neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, & understanding & a full, happy life. Besides, she is a writer of realism combined with romanticism. Her works are famous for the depiction of the life of the middle-class workingwomen, particularly governesses.Jane Eyre:Ⅲ. Thomas Hardy2. His Major Works:Poetry: The DynastsHardy himself divided his novels into three groups:A Pair of Blue Eyes (1873); The Trumpet Major (1880)Desperate Remedies-;The Hand of EthelbertaUnder the Greenwood TreeThe Return of the NativeThe Mayor of CasterbridgeTess of the D'UrbervillesJude the Obscure【例题】Thomas Hardy's pessimistic view of life predominated most of his later works and earns him a reputation as a ______ writer. (0904)A. realisticB. naturalisticC. romanticD. stylistic【答案】BChapter 7: The Modern Period1. Modern period: from the second half of the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th century.6. The development Dramas in the 20th century:①Modernism:Oscar Wilde —the pioneer of modern dramaGeorge Bernard Shaw –best known since ShakespeareW.B. Yeats, Lady Georgory, J.M. Synge and Sean O’CaseyⅠ. George Bernard Shaw3. His major works:Five novels -- best one Cashel Byron's Profession (1886)Criticism -- Our Theaters in the Nineties (1931).Man and Superman (1904) and Back to Methuselah(1921).Caesar and Cleopatra (1898) and St. Joan (1923). Too True to Be Good (1932)Ⅱ. T. S. EliotHe won various awards, including the Nobel Prize and the Order of Merit in 1948.3. T. S. Eliot's major achievement in drama writing:He was one of the important verse dramatists in the first half of the 20th century. Besides some fragmentary pieces, Eliot had written in his lifetime five full-length plays:Murder in the Cathedral (1935)大教堂谋杀案The Family Reunion (1939)团员The Cocktail Party (1950)鸡尾酒会The Confidential Clerk (1954)机要秘书The Elder Statesman (1959) 资深政客Part Two: American LiteratureChapter 1: The Romantic Period。
Unit One The Anglo-Saxon Period⏹I. Historical Background⏹II. Anglo-Saxon Poetry⏹III. Anglo-Saxon ProseI. Historical BackgroundThe English people are a complicated race.The first inhabitants of the island were commonly known as the Celts (or Kelts).⏹55 BC saw the invasion of the island headed by Julius Caesar.During the invasion these aborigines(土著人)Celts withdrew to the Welsh and Scottish mountains and left a great part of England to the Romans.⏹Not until the 5th century did the Romans withdrew. England had been made a Roman Provincesince 80 AD.As the Roman legions withdrew, the Celts came back.⏹Originally the name Anglo-Saxon denotes two of the three Germanic(日尔曼)tribes --- Angles,Saxons and Jutes -- who in the middle of the 5th century left their homes on the shores of the North Sea and the Baltic(波罗的海)to conquer and colonize distant Britain.They lived in the northern top of Germany and the southern part of Denmark at that time.⏹The historical date that is worth memorizing is 449 AD.⏹These three invading tribes came to settle down: Angles in the north of Thames, Jutes mainly in thesouthwest called Kent(英国东南部郡), and Saxons in the other places.English literature originated in the Angles and Saxons who formed a literary tradition of their own.⏹Important historical events:1. Heptarchy(七王国):⏹The informal confederation(联邦)of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms from the fifth to the ninth century,consisting of Kent, Sussex, Wessex, Essex, Northumbria, East Anglia, and Mercia.2. the Vikings invasion:⏹Vikings, collective designation of Nordic(北欧人)people—Danes, Swedes, Norwegians—whoexplored abroad during a period of dynamic Scandinavian expansion from about AD 800 to 1100.⏹Land shortage, improved iron production, and the need for new markets probably all played a partin Viking expansion.3. King Alfred the Great:⏹In 871, Ethelred of Wessex is defeated by Danish forces January 4 at Reading, gains a brilliant victory4 days later at Ashdown, is defeated January 22 at Basing, triumphs again March 2 at Marton inWiltshire, but dies in April.⏹His brother, 22, pays tribute(贡物)to the Danes but will reign until 899 and be called Alfred theGreat.4. Canute (994?-1035):⏹King of England(1016-1035), Denmark (1018-1035), and Norway (1028-1035) whose reign, at firstbrutal, was later marked by wisdom and temperance.⏹He is the subject of many legends.5. The Norman Conquest in 1066⏹The year 1066 was a turning point in English history. William I, the Conqueror, and his sons gaveEngland vigorous new leadership. Norman feudalism (封建制度) became the basis for redistributing the land among the conquerors, giving England a new French aristocracy and a new social and political structure. England turned away from Scandinavia toward France, an orientation (倾向性) that was to last for 400 years.6. St. Augustine:⏹Italian-born missionary and prelate (高级教士) who introduced Christianity to southern Britain 597and was ordained as the first archbishop (大主教) of Canterbury 598. Died c 604.II. Anglo-Saxon Poetry1. Beowulf --- the national epic⏹Beowulf, an Anglo-Saxon epic poem, the most important work of Old English literature.The poem consists of 3183 lines, each line with four accents marked by alliteration and divided into two parts by a caesura (节律的停顿).⏹The structure of the typical Beowulf line comes through in modern translation, for example: Thencame from the moor under misted cliffs Grendel marching God's anger he bore . . .⏹The somber (昏暗的,忧郁的) story is told in vigorous, picturesque (独特的) language, with heavyuse of metaphor; a famous example is the term “whale-road”for sea.⏹The poem tells of a hero, a Scandinavian prince named Beowulf, who rids the Danes of the monsterGrendel, half man and half fiend (魔鬼) and Grendel's mother, who comes that evening to avenge Grendel's death.⏹Fifty years later Beowulf, now king of his native land, fights a dragon who has devastated his people.Both Beowulf and the dragon are mortally wounded in the fight.⏹The poem ends with Beowulf's funeral as his mourners chant his epitaph.⏹Beowulf is a long verse narrative on the theme of “arms and man”and as such belongs to thetradition of a national epic in European literature that can be traced back to Homer’s Iliad (荷马史市诗,描写特洛伊战争)and Virgil’s (古罗马诗人) Aeneid (埃涅伊德叙事诗).⏹The earliest poets, whose names have long since been forgotten performed as storytellers andminstrels before gatherings of listeners.Often a lyre (七弦琴) or some other simple stringed instrument was used to accompany the poet's tale or song.2. Secular (非宗教的) Poems(1) Narrative Poems(2) Lyrical Poems(3) Riddles⏹ 3. Religious poems:⏹(1) Caedmon (7th century): Died c. 680. The earliest English poet.⏹According to Bede, Caedmon was an elderly herdsman who received the power of song in a vision.⏹Caedmon was an illiterate herdsmen who had a vision one night and heard a voice commandinghim to sing of “the beginning of created things.”⏹Later Caedmon supposedly wrote the poem about the creation known as Caedmon's Hymn, whichBede recorded in prose.Cynewulf⏹(2) Cynewulf (8th century)⏹Cynewulf (flourished AD 750), Anglo-Saxon poet, possibly a Northumbrian minstrel.⏹In his poetry, he is revealed as a man of learning familiar with the religious literature of his day.⏹Cynewulf’s (基涅武甫,古诗诗稿公元十世纪被发现) poems are religious works in Old Englishentitled Ascension (耶稣升天), The Fates of the Apostles(使徒的命运), Juliana, and Elene; the latter two are legends about saints.III. Anglo-Saxon Prose⏹ 1. Anglo-Latin Prose⏹The Venerable Bede (673? –735): English Benedictine (天主教本笃会修士或修女) monk andscholar, Father of English history, chiefly known for his Ecclesiastical (教会)History of the English People, a history of England from the Roman occupation to 731, the year it was completed.⏹The Ecclesiastical History of the English People (55 BC -- 731):This work is the only source of information about the most momentous (重大的) period in English history -- the period of change from barbarism to civilization.⏹ 2. Anglo-Saxon Prose (Old English Prose)⏹(1) King Alfred (849 -- 901)a. Numerous translations from Latinb. The development of a natural style in Englishc. The launching of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (1 AD -- 1154 AD)⏹(2) Aelfric (c. 965 -- 1020)Anglo-Saxon abbot (修道士) who is considered the greatest Old English prose writer.His works include Catholic Homilies, Lives of the Saints, and a Latin grammar.Aelfric brought English prose to high cultivation before the Norman Conquest -- a clear, flexible and popular English prose.Unit Two The Late Middle AgesI. The Anglo-Norman PeriodII. The Age of ChaucerIII. Geoffrey ChaucerThe Middle Ages:In European history, the Middle Ages was the period between the end ofthe West Roman Empire in 476 AD and the beginning of Renaissance about 1500 AD, especiallythe later part of this period.I. The Anglo-Norman Period (1066-1350)History:(1) the Norman Conquest of 1066feudalism -- a strong centralized government(2) the Magna Carta (the great charter) of 1215: charter granted by KingJohn of England to the English barons (男爵,英国最低贵族爵位) in 1215, and considered the basis of English constitutional liberties.This is a document of concession made by King John to the feudal lordsThe charter covered a wide field of law and feudal rights, but the two mostimportant matters were :A. no tax should be made without the approval of the council,B. no freeman should be arrested or imprisoned except by the law of theland.(3) the Hundred Years’ WarHundred Years' War, series of armed conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453between England and France.The origin of the dispute lay in the fact that successive kings of Englandcontrolled large areas of France and thus posed a threat to the French monarchy.During the 12th and 13th centuries, the kings of France attempted tore-impose their authority over those territories.(4) the Black Death of 1348 -- 49outbreak of the plague, so called from the symptoms of internalhaemorrhage (内出血)which blackens the skin of the suffererThe Black Death struck England in 1349, reducing the population by asmuch as a third.A labour shortage resulted, and when attempts to freeze wages were made,unrest developed among serfs and workers, leading to the demise (瓦解) of serfdom in the next century.(5) the Statute of Pleading (辩护法令)Passed in 1362, according to which it was required that court proceedingsbe conducted in English2. Literature(1) Anglo-Latin literatureGeoffrey of Monmouth (c. 1100 -- c. 1155): English historian and ecclesiastic(牧师).He was the author of Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain), a work purportingto delineate (描绘) the lives of British kings from Brutus the Trojan, the mythical progenitor(祖先)of the British people, to Caedwalla, king of North Wales (reigned about 625-34).Roger Bacon (1214?-1294), English Scholastic philosopher and scientist, one of the most influentialteachers of the 13th century.In the late 1260s Bacon wrote his Opus Majus, an encyclopedia of all science.He has been called Father of experimental science.(2) Anglo-Norman literatureromance (Chanson de Roland)--- fabliau (讽刺性寓言诗)(3) Folk literature in Middle AgesA few themes:Social satiresThe popular lyric, with nature and love as the theme(4) Religious work:The Pearl : a didactic poemThe Pearl is an allegorical (寓言的) poem of 101 stanzas of 12 lines each, with both alliteration andrhyme, and relates the vision of one who has lost a pearl of a daughter.(5) Romances in Middle EnglishThree themes:the matter of France;the matter of Britain;the matter of Rome.The most outstanding single romance on the Arthurian legend was the anonymous Sir Gawain andthe Green Knight......Two motifs (主题):(the tests of faith, courage and purity; the human weakness of self-preservation自卫本能).King Arthur and the Knights of the Round TableThe semi-legendary King Arthur is probably the most well-known king in all of English literature.Tales of Arthur and his knights span several centuries and many different languages. The so-called Round Table, the meeting place of Arthur and the knights, was round so that no one memberseemed favored over the others.In Arthurian legend, the Round Table at Camelot served as a gathering place for King Arthur’sknights.The table’s shape ensured that all who sat around it were equals.This replica of the Round Table can be seen at Winchester Castle in England.King Arthur’s Round TableArtistic merits:(1) careful interweaving of episodes;(2) the elements of suspense and surprise;(3) psychological analysis;(4) elaborate descriptions;(5) simple, straightforward languageII. The Age of Chaucer (1350 -- 1400)1. History:(1) the Peasants’ Uprising in 1381:led by Wat Tyler, Jack Straw and John Ball“When Adam delve and Eve span,Who was then the gentleman?”Wat Tyler, died in 1381English revolutionary who led the Peasants' Revolt against Richard II's poll tax in June 1381.The uprising ended when he was killed.(2) The Lollards: church reformers, John Wycliff and his followersLollards, members of a religious sect in 14th- and 15th-century England. They were led by theEnglish theologian (神学者) and religious reformer John Wycliffe and followed the doctrines he preached. Lollards held the Bible to be the only authentic rule of faith; exhorted the clergy to return to the simple life of the early church; and opposed war, the doctrine of transubstantiation(圣餐的变体), confession, and the use of images in worship.(3) the decline of feudalism in England2. Three important writers:(1) John Wycliff (1324 -- 84)Church reformer;Father of English Prose: earliest translation of the entire Bible(2) John Gower (1330 -- 1408)three chief works in three different languages(3) William Langland (1332?-1400?), English poet, who was supposedly the author of the religiousallegory The Vision of William Concerning Piers the Plowman (written 1360?-1400?), better known as Piers Plowman.Piers the Plowman holds up a mirror to Langland’s England, showing on the one hand thecorruption prevalent among the ruling classes, both secular and clerical, and on the other hand the uprightness and worthiness of the labouring folk and the miseries of the poor and needy.In the form of allegory and vision, it is a “gospel of the poor”.III. Geoffrey ChaucerFather of English Literature, and Father of English Poetry. A great master of the English language1. Three periods:(1) The first period (1360 -- 1372): French influenceThe Book of Duchess(公爵夫人之书)(2) The second period (1372 -- 1385): Italian influenceThe House of Fame(声誉之堂);Troylus and Criseyde(特罗勒斯与克丽西斯);The Legend of Good Women(善良女子徇情记)(3) The third period (1386 -- 1400): English period or mature periodThe Canterbury Tales(坎特伯雷故事集)The Canterbury Tales, generally considered to be Chaucer’s masterpiece, was written chiefly in theyears 1386-1400.It begins with a general prologue that explains the occasion for the narration of the tales and gives adescription of the pilgrims who narrate the tales. 120 tales are intended, but only 24 are completed.The Canterbury TalesSignificancea comprehensive picture of the social reality of the poet’s daya framed storyanthology of medieval literaturehumour, satire, ironyChaucer, a master of the English languageUnit Three The Transitional Period (The 15th CenturyI. Popular BalladsII. Early English DramaIII. Chaucerian PoetsIV. Le Morte d’ArthurHistorical Background1. The 15th century was a period of transition for Britain from the medieval to the Renaissanceworld.2. The War of the Roses (1455 -- 85): The rival houses of Lancaster and York, which were bothdescended from Edward III, started a fight for power.The flag for Lancaster showed a red rose, and the flag for York showed a white rose, so the struggle between them became known as the War of the Roses.3. Printing press was introduced into England by William Caxton in 1476.William Caxton (1422?-1491), first English printer, born probably in Tenterden, Kent. His translation and print of The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye (1474?) was the first book printed in English.The more notable books from his press include The Canterbury Tales and Troilus and Criseyde byEnglish poet Geoffrey Chaucer and Confessio Amantis by English poet John Gower.Fewer than 40 of Caxton's publications still exist.Caxton printed nearly 100 publications, about 20 of which he also translated from French and Dutch.4. The literature of the 15th century was also in a transitional stage between the Age of Chaucerand the Renaissance.Themes:(1) Border ballads: popular ballads narrating incidents on theEnglish-Scottish border.(2) Robin Hood ballads(3) Arthurian legend and Biblical material(4) Domestic life: e.g. Get Up and Bar the Door(5) Love(6) Political treachery: e.g. Sir Patrick Spens(7) Intelligence of the common labouring peopleBallad Metres are four-line stanzas with the alteration of 4 and 3 feet verse to the odd and evennumbered lines, and rhyming usually on the 2nd and 4th lines.“The king sits in Dumferling touneDrinking the blude-reid wineO whar will I get guid sailor,To sail this schip of mine?”from Sir Patrick SpensRobin Hood balladsRobin Hood ballads are popular ballads dealing with the famous outlaw Robin Hood and his men and their activities.Robin Hood, hero of a group of English ballads of the late 14th or early 15th century.Robin Hood was portrayed as an outlaw who lived and poached in royal forests such as Sherwood Forest, in Nottinghamshire.Robin Hood robbed and killed those who represented government or church power, and he defended the needy and oppressed.His comrades included Little John, Will Scarlet, and Friar Tuck.Get Up and Bar the DoorIt fell about the Martinmas timeAnd a gay time it was then,When our goodwife got puddings to make,And she’s boild them in the pan.The wind sae cauld blew south and north,And blew into the floor;Quoth our goodman to our good wife,‘Gae out and bar te door.’II. Early English Drama1. Folk drama: sword dance, morris dance, murmurs’ plays2. Religious drama:(1) The mystery play: drama based directly on stories from the Bible.The best-known mystery play in England is the so-called Second Shepherds’ Play -- the second of the plays on the shepherds, in the Towneley Cycle. Its theme is to greet the newborn Christ.The Birth of Jesus(2) The miracle play: drama dealing with the legends of the Christian saints.(3) The morality play: drama presenting allegorically some objects, lesson, or warning by means ofabstract characters or generalized types of man’s spiritual good.The best known of the morality play is Everyman, produced in the last quarter of the 15th century,dealing with what is supposed to happen to Everyone at the close of his life.III. Chaucerian Poets1. English Chaucerian:John Lydgate (1370 -- 1450): English poet, born in Suffolk and educated at the monastery (修道院)of Bury Saint Edmunds, where he was ordained a priest in 1397.Lydgate may have been a friend and disciple (信徒,弟子) of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer, and the two were equally popular in their time.Some of Lydgate's work shows Chaucer's influence.Although Lydgate was a prolific and influential poet of his day, much of his work is now considered verbose (冗长的) and overly moralistic.His major poems include Troy Book (1412-1420), The Siege (围攻) of Thebes (1420-1422), and Fall ofPrinces (1430-1438).2. Scottish Chaucerians:(1) James I of Scotland(2) Robert Henryson(3) William Dunbar(4) Gavin DouglassIV. Le Morte d’ArthurIt is a kind of final summing-up of the Arthurian legend built up from the 12th century to the 15thcentury (21 books).The Passing of ArthurAccording to legend, King Arthur was seriously wounded in battle by his illegitimate son, Mordred.Arthur’s half sister Morgan le Fay and a group of women then took him away to the island of Avalon to heal.Le Morte d’Arthur may well be called the swan-song (最后的作品) of feudal knighthood and chivalrywhich were much idealized in the heyday (全盛时期) of feudalism.It is written in a lucid and simple style.Both the Arthurian legendary material and the simple style had their wide and lasting influenceupon the English literature of later centuries.Unit Four The Early Tudor Age and the Elizabethan AgeI. RenaissanceII. The Early Tudor AgeIII. The Elizabethan AgeI. RenaissanceRenaissance is a political and cultural epoch.The word “Renaissance”, meaning “rebirth”, is commonly applied to the movement or period whichmarks the transition from the medieval to the modern world in Western Europe.It is also called the revival of learning.1. Characteristics:(1) centralization of power(2) church reformation(3) geographical discoveries(4) bankruptcy of peasantry(5) emergence of bourgeoisie and proletariat(6) growth of a new cultureThe characteristics of the Renaissance1.Politically the feudal nobility lost their power and with the establishment of the great monarchies therewas the centralization of power necessary for the development of the bourgeoisie.2.The Catholic Church was either substituted by Protestantism(新教)as a result of the so-calledReformation (as in Germany and England) or weakened in its dictatorship(专制)over men’s minds (asin Italy and France and Spain).3.Geographical discoveries opened up colonial expansion and trade routes to distant parts of the worldand brought back gold and silver and other wealth and also broadened men’s mental horizons.4.In the countryside the peasants were terribly exploited and they either rose in uprisings or ran awayand flocked to the cities and added to the proletariat there.5.In the cities the merchants and the master artisans(工匠)grew in wealth and in power and becamethe bourgeoisie while handicraft turned gradually into manufacture and the modern proletariat sprang up among the employed workers in the factories.6.Culturally, as the interest in God and in the life after death was transformed into the exaltation of manand an absorption in earthly life and as materialistic philosophy and scientific thought gradually replaced the church dogmas and religious mysticism of the Middle Ages, a totally new culture rose out of the revival of the old culture of ancient Greece and Rome and out of the emergence of a new philosophy and science and art and literature through the exploration of the infinite capabilities of man.2. Three stages of development:(1) Early Tudor Age (1500 -- 1557)(2) Elizabethan Age (1558 -- 1603)(3) Jacobean Age (1603 -- 1625)3. Two trends:(1) Court literature(2) Bourgeois literatureII. The Early Tudor Age (1500-1557)1. The Oxford Reformers:William Grocyn (1446 -- 1519), Thomas Linacre (1460 -- 1524) and John Colet (1467 -- 1519) ---- allthree of them were students at Oxford University, travelled and studied in Italy and introduced the study of ancient Greek as well as the new science and philosophy of the time in opposition to the rigid church dogmas of medieval scholasticism (经院哲学).The Oxford Reformers helped to lay the foundations of the rise of a new literature in England in the later decades of the century.2. Thomas More (1478 -- 1535)Sir Thomas More was known for his intelligence and devotion to the Catholic church.That devotion put him at odds with his one-time friend, King Henry VIII, who had More beheaded for refusing to sanction (同意), as lord chancellor, Henry’s divorce from Ca therine of Aragu.Thomas More has chiefly been remembered for his Utopia (written in 1515).This book contains (1) a realistic picture of early 16th-century England: social evils are exposed and attacked; (2) the first sketch of the ideal commonwealth by an English writer. It affords (提供) a valuable document of Utopian socialism.UtopiaThomas More’s UtopiaThis woodcut, taken from the first edition of Sir Thomas More’s famous work Utopia, depicts theisland that symbolized More's concept of an ideal community. More, who was a statesman as well as a writer, used the fictional Utopia to satirize conditions in England.Limitations of the book Utopia:(1) His dream world did not have its sound political, economic and social bases;(2) His indifferent attitude toward slavery and his actual contempt for physical labour;(1) John Skelton (1460 -- 1529) (3) Contradictions in his world outlook.Limitations of Utopia1.Writing at the dawn of capitalism, More could not but build his dream of a communist society on thesocial foundations of handicrafts manufacture, and this limitation of his age when there were yet no big industries nor a ripened proletariat, necessarily made his conception of an oppressionless, exploitationless society a rather vague, dreamy world which did not have its sound political, economic and social base.2.More’s limitations as a member of the ruling and exploiting class himself manifest (证明) themselves inhis indifferent attitude toward salves and mercenary soldiers and in his actual contempt for physical labour—in spite of his insistence on the need of most utopians to participate in physical labour.3.When we compare More’s views in Utopia with his life as a courtier (朝臣) and especially as a fervent(狂热的) Catholic who chose rather to die than to give up his belief in the absolute authority of the Pope in Rome, we find curious but unmistakable contradictions in his world outlook.3. Court poets:a great satirist with a most effective verse metre,repeated attacks on the vices of the court and clergy(2) Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503 -- 42)He introduced into English poetry the sonnet form from the Italian. (The sonnet: a lyric poem of 14 lines.)Thomas Wyatt also introduced into English poetry other stanzaic form: terza rima (3-line stanzasrhyming aba bcb cdc ded ee; later employed by Shelley in Ode to the West Wind) and strambotti (also called ottava rima; octaves rhyming abababcc; later employed by Byron in Don Juan).Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (1517 -- 47), English soldier and poet.Although not primarily a man of letters, Howard greatly enriched English literature by his introduction of new verse forms.His love poems, like those of his contemporary Sir Thomas Wyatt, show the influence of Italianmodels.Howard introduced into English poetry the English form of sonnet (abab cdcd efef gg).4. Religious drama:A Pleasant Satire of the Three Estates, a morality by David Lyndsay.An Interlude is a play brief enough to be presented in the interval of a dramatic performance.The chief representative playwright was John Heywood (1497?-1580?), known for his didactic andcomic interludes, such as The Four P's (c. 1520), and numerous epigrams (警句) and proverbs.III. The Elizabethan AgeElizabeth I (1533-1603), queen of England and Ireland (1558-1603), daughter of King Henry VIII andhis second wife, Anne Boleyn.England prospered under her, developing into a great maritime power.Elizabeth was the last of the Tudor rulers of England.The economy was stabilized, and foreign trade was encouraged.Elizabeth never married, but she was besieged (包围) by royal suitors, each of whom she favoredwhen it was in her political interest to do so.1. Court poetry(1) Sir Philip Sydney (1554 -- 1586) :Sydney earned his place of importance in English literature of his time as the earliest writer of a sonnet sequence (Astrophel and Stella), a prose pastoral romance (Arcadia) and a critical essay (The Defence of Poesie).(2) Edmund Spenser (1552 -- 1590), English poet, who is most famous for his long allegoricalromance, The Faerie Queene. Spenser was born in London.In 1579 he met English poet Sir Philip Sidney, to whom he dedicated his first major poem, The Shepheardes Calendar(1579). This work demonstrates the great poetic flexibility of the English language.Spenser’s Works:The Shepherd’s Calendar: a pastoral poem consisting of 12 eclogues(牧歌).Amoretti(爱情小唱) is a sonnet sequence of 88 love poems, written to celebrate his love andmarriage to his wife Elizabeth Boyle.The Faerie QueeneThe Faerie Queene has been regarded as Spenser’s masterpiece.It is one of the great poems in the English language.The poem is a literary epic, and according to the original plan was to consist 12 books but only sixbooks and two cantos of the 7th were completed.The Faerie Queene is written in Spenserian stanza: a 9-line stanzaic form with the rhyme scheme ofabab bcbcc and with the first 8 lines in iambic pentameter and the last or the 9th line an alexandrine(iambic hexameter).(Byron used this form in his Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage; Keats used this form in his Eve of St. Agnes;and Shelley used this form in his Revolt of Islam and Adonais).Spenser's lush and expansive imagination and vigorous approach to structure made him a powerfulinfluence on John Milton and the romantic poets, including John Keats and Percy Bysshe Shelley. 2. Euphuistic style (绮丽体) in prose:The term euphuism takes its name from John Lyly’s two-part work: Euphues, the Anatomy of Wit and Euphues and His England.Eupheues is marked by(1) the use of balanced sentence construction and other artificial elaborations in language, including antithesis (对偶) and alliteration;(2) the employment of images and similes taken from ancient mythology and history, and also the use of quotations from and references to classical authors.绮丽体,也叫尤弗伊斯体euphuism,指一种矫揉造作,过分文雅的文体,由文艺复兴时期,英国大学才子派剧。