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翻译题型概述
段落汉译英。翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。四级长度为140－160个汉字；六级长度为180－200个汉字。
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翻译的标准
译文应该完整地再现原文内容
译文应像原文一样流畅自然。
译文的风格、笔调应与原文性质相同。
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翻译三部曲
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1. 通读并透彻理解原文汉语句子，确定语法成分和句型。
中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期特别流行。
译文：Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
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汉语段落可以包含一个或一个以上的主题；而英语段落一般只有一个主题，如往往有一个明显的主题句（主题句多置于句首），其他句子则层层展开，以支持主题句．
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2. 付诸笔墨，保证拼写无误。
人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。
译文1：People often make their home beautifl with paper cuttings.
译文2：People often beautify their home with paper cuttings.
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3. 重新审视，确认句法合理。
重点检查时态、语态、单复数、拼写、大小写、标点符号、冠词和代词的使用以及主谓一致等问题。
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翻译技巧
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恰当选词（避免过于笼统，选表达更确切的词）
中英文句式之间的对应和转换。
语态之间的转换
e.g. 通常中文中的主语过于宽泛的时候，如“人们”、“别人”、“这”等，可以转化成英文的被动语态，省略原来的主语
原文：现在人们必须采取措施来保护环境。
译文：Measures should be adopted/taken to protect the environment.
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词性的转换
1）名词转换成动词
例如：改革开放政策受到了全国人名的拥护。
译文：The reform and opening-up policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.
2) 动词转化成名词
例如：他善于观察
译文： He is a good observer.
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3) 名词转换成形容词
例如：在这紧张的时刻，他感到非常害怕。
译文：The intensity of the moment filled his mind with fear.
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练习1
农历五月五日的端午节是为了纪念被昏庸君主贬官放逐而投江自尽的古代诗人和忠臣屈原。最初人们将竹叶包扎好的糯米棕子投入屈原自尽的那条江，以祭祀亡灵。今天，人们在端午节举行龙舟赛，而粽子则由活生生的人来享用。
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译文
The Dragon Boat Festival on the 5th day of the 5th lunar month is celebrated in memory of Qu Yuan, an ancient poet and loyal monister who drowned himself while in exile from a corrupt court. Zongzi, a kind of glutinous rice dumpling wrapped in bamboo leaves, was originally prepared as sacrificial offerings for Qu Y uan’s departed soul and dropped into the river where he drowned himself. Today, however, dragon boat races are held during the festival and the zongzi is consumed by the living.
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练习2
筷子是中餐桌上最具特色的用餐工具。我们中国人使用筷子的方法很有艺术性，各人有各人的方法，就好像签名一样，不尽一致。中国人一般都能随心所欲地使用筷子夹起米饭，一粒豌豆，一只滑溜溜的蘑菇或海参。有人些人还能夹起一整块易碎的豆腐。
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Chopsticks are the most distinvtive eating tool on the Chinese dinng table. The way we Chinese
use our chopsticks is quite artistic and varies from persson to person like one’s signature. An average Chinese person can very easily pick up pea, or a slippery button mushroom or sea cucumber with a pair of chopstics. Some are even able to pick up a piece of bean curd that crumbles easily.
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核心语法考点
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一、虚拟语气
虚拟语气的考点可以归纳如下：
1. (should)+动词原形的情形
2. if或but for等引导的条件句
3. wish, if only, it is time…的用法
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(should)+动词原形的情形
1.1．在动词suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist, require, decide, promise, resolve, argue, maintain, determine, recommend, advise, advocate, persuade等表示“命令”、“建议”、“要求”动词后的宾语从句中。
She insisted that the seats (should) be booked in advance. 她坚持要预定座位。
He advised that the doctor (should) be sent for. 他劝我们派人请医生。
注：如果上述动词作其他意思解释，或者说话者认为所讲的事是事实，要用陈述语气。
When asked why he declined our invitation, he suggested that he was not on good terms with the director.
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真题重现
【CET-4:2006.6】The professor required that __________________(我们交研究报告)。参考答案：we hand in our research report(s)
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1.2．
在advice, demand, order, necessity, resolution, decision, proposal, requirement, suggestion, idea, recommendation, request, plan,等名词后的主语从句或表语从句中------上面动词对应的名词
He issued the order that the troops (should) withdraw at once.
他命令部队马上撤退。
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1.3．
在形容词important, necessary, imperative, natural, urgent, essential, appropriate, desirable, vital, advisable, preferable, incredible以及短语no wonder, a pity等可以构成“It is +形容词（名词）+that”句型中。
It is necessary that some immediate effort (should) be made.
必须立即采取行动。
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真题重现
【CET-6:2007.6】It is absolutely unfair that these children ______(被剥夺了受教育的权利).
参考答案：These children (should) be deprived of the right to receive education. 幻灯片23
if或but for等引导的条件句
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if引导虚拟条件句的用法
条件从句结果主句
与现在事实相反动词过去式(be动词用were) would+动词原形
与过去事实相反had+过去分词(had done) would have done
would(should)+动词原形
与将来事实相反一般过去时/were+不定式
/should+动词原形
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He wouldn’t feel so cold if he were indoors.
他要是在室内就不会觉得冷了（与现在事实相反）
I am sorry I am very busy just now. If I had time, I would certainly go to the movies with you.
我很抱歉，现在很忙。如果有时间，我肯定陪你去看电影了。（与现在事实相反）
The conference wouldn’t have been so successful if we hadn’t made adequate preparations.
如果我们不做充分的准备，会议是不会开得这么成功的。（与过去事实相反）
If it snowed/were to snow/should snow tomorrow, I should (would) stay at home. 如果明天下雪，我就呆在家里。
but for=if it were not for…/if it had not been for…l
But for your help they would not have fulfilled the task in time.
如果没有你的帮助，他们不可能按时完成任务。
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真题重现
【CET-4:2006.12】The victim --------------------(本来会有机会活下来)if he had been taken to hospital in time.
参考答案：would have a chance to survive
【CET-6:2007.12】But for mobile phone, ＿＿＿ ____________（我们的通讯就不可能如此迅速和方便)
参考答案：our communication would not be so efficient and convenient.
【CET-6:2007.1】If you had ___________________(听从了我的忠告，你就不会陷入麻烦). 参考答案：followed my advice/suggestion, you would not have been/be in trouble. 幻灯片27
It is (high, about) time …
此句型要求用虚拟语气
谓语动词用过去式，指现在或将来的情况，表示“早该干某事而已经有些晚了”
It’s time_____________________(采取措施) about the traffic problem downtown. something was done/some measures were taken
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动词wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气
与现在事实相反 were或动词的一般过去
与过去事实相反 had done或would/could have done
将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望
would/should(could, might)+动词原形
I wish she were here.
她在这里就好了。
I wish you would go with us tomorrow.
但愿你明天跟我们一块去。
I wish she had taken my advice.
那时她要是听我的话就好了。
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if only后用虚拟语气（要是…就太好了）
现在没有实现的愿望一般过去式
过去没有实现的愿望过去完成式
If only she had known where to find you.
他要是知道到哪里去找你就好了。
If only I could speak several foreign languages!
我要是能讲几种外语就好了！
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从句
从句的内容非常庞杂，该专题主要讲解在翻译题可能考察的名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句等。
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一．名词性从句
名词从句是指行使名词功能的从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句以及补语从句。
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1.主语从句---从句作主语
主语从句主要由that, what, whether, how以及其它词引导，还有就是由代词it作形式主语。
That he survived the accident is a miracle.
他在这场事故中幸免于难，真是奇迹。
特别提示：尽管that并没有实际含义，但是他起到引导主语从句的功能，在这里不可或缺。
What he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance.
他喜欢做的事情被社会所忽视认为毫无价值，无足轻重。
How he managed to finish the job is of interest to us all.
他是如何设法完成这项工作的，我们对此都很感兴趣
Whether the results will be valuable depends partly on our attitudes towards it. 结果是否有价值在部分程度上取决于我们对此的态度
特别提示：whether引导的主语从句位于句首时，whether不能由if代替。
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2.宾语从句---从句作宾语。
The court decisions have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education.
法院裁决责令公立学校必须采取必要步骤提供这种教育。
I can’t understand why he avoided speaking to me.
我不理解他为什么不跟我说话。
真题重现
【CET-4：2007.12】Many Americans live on credit, and their quality of life
____________(是用他们能够借到多少来衡量的), not how much they can earn.
参考答案：is measured by how much they can loan
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3.表语从句---从句作表语
The next question we have to decide is when we have to submit the annual report. 我们必须决定的下一个问题是，什么时候我们必须呈交年度报告。
【CET-4：2007.12】In my sixties, one change I notice is that _____(我比以前更容易累了)。
参考答案：I am more likely to get tired than before
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二．定语从句
定语从句是修饰限定名词或代词的从句。掌握定语从句的关键在于把握引导词，既用来引导定语从句的词。定语从句的内容比较庞杂，希望同学们在复习时多总结和归纳。
真题重现
【CET-4：2007.6】The prevent and treatment of AIDS is ________________________ (我们可以合作的领域).
参考答案：a field where(in which) we can cooperate.
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三．状语从句
状语从句分为：时间状语从句、条件状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句和比较状语从句
真题重现
【CET-4：2007.12】 I am going to pursue this course, __＿＿＿__(无论我要作出什么样的牺牲)。
参考答案：no matter what kind of sacrifice I have to make
【CET-4：2006.12】Some psychologists claim that people_＿＿＿_(出门在外时可能会
感到孤独)
参考答案：may feel lonely when they are away from home
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四、倒装
1．当“only+状语”位于句首表示强调时用倒装，如不在句首或虽在句首但不修辞状语时用正常语序。
Only when you have obtained sufficient data can you come to a sound conclusion. 只有当你获得足够的数据时，你才能得出正确的结论
Only in this way can we catch up with the world’s advanced levels in science and technology.
只有这样我们才能赶上世界的先进科学技术水平。
其他如：only then, only once, only in America\China, only after the accident等。
真题重现
【CET-6：2007.6】Only in the small town_________.
(他才感到安全和放松)
参考答案：does she feel secure and relaxed
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2. never等具有否定意义的词或词组居于句首时用倒装。
这类词或词组常用的有：never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, not until, by no means, under no circumstances, under no condition, in no way(决不), in no case(决不), neither …(nor), no sooner…(than), hardly…(when), barely(仅仅，几乎不), on no account, in no circumstances(决不), not a bit, nowhere, not only…but also等。
Not only was Churchill a statesman, but also a poet. 丘吉尔不仅是一位政治家，还是一位诗人。
Never in all my life have I heard such nonsense. 我从未听到过这种胡说！
真题重现
【CET-6：2007.12】 The witness was told that under no circumstances_＿＿＿.(他都不应该对法庭说谎)
参考答案：should he lie to the court.
【CET-6：2007.1】＿＿_(直到截止日他才寄出) his application form.
参考答案Not until the deadline did he send (out)
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3．the more…, the more结构中的倒装。
【CET-4：2006.6】90. The more you explain, _________________(我愈糊涂).
参考答案：the more confused I am
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四、强调句
It is/was +被强调部分+that/who…
对于这个结构，需要注意以下几点：
①强调句型中的系动词除is和was之外，没有其他形式的变化;
②被强调部分如果是人，可以用who, 也可以用that,其他情况用that（常识性知识，一般
不能作为考点）。
③在not…until句型里，如果强调由until所引导的时间状语时，not须跟在until之前，即构成It is not until…that结构。
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It is because she is too inexperienced that she does not know how to deal with the serious situation.
她不知道如何应对这种严重情况是因为她太缺乏经验了。
It is because the water had risen that they could not cross the river.
正是因为水涨了，他们没有渡过河去。
注：强调的如果是原因状语从句，只能由because引导，不能由since, as或why引导。
It was not until the second year that he has adapted himself to the college life. 直到第二年他才适应了大学生活。
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真题重现
【CET-6：2007.1】______________(直到截止日他才寄出) his application form.
参考答案：It was not until the deadline that he sent (out)
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五、非谓语动词
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。非谓语动词的考点主要有：
1．英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：
1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语
attempt企图mean意欲，打算determine决定pretend假装 decide决定hesitate犹豫 hope 希望 intend想要 refuse拒绝decide决定等
真题重现
【CET-4：2007.6】Because of the leg injury, the athlete ＿＿ (决定退出比赛).
参考答案：decided to quit the match.
【CET-6：2007.12】The Foreign Minister said he was resigning, ___＿＿＿_.(但他拒绝进一步解释这样做的原因)
参考答案：while he refused to further explain why./while he refused to make further explanation for doing so.
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2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式
enable使能够 ask要求，allow允许 force强迫 press迫使 inspire鼓舞 request请求help帮助 invite吸引，邀请encourage鼓励等
真题重现
【CET-4：2006.12】Specialists in intercultural studies says that it is not easy to ＿＿＿ (适应不同文化中的生活)
参考答案：adapt oneself to life in different cultures.
【CET-6：2007.1】After the terrorist attack, tourists （被劝告暂时不要去该国旅游）.
参考答案：were advised/suggested not to go to that country as their tourism destination for the present.
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3)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语
dislike不喜欢，讨厌appreciate 感激，欣赏avoid避免 enjoy享有，喜爱can’t help
不禁 escape逃跑，逃避can’t stand受不了 deny否认 mind 介意 finish完成，结
束不得 postpone延迟，延期hate讨厌等
I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。
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2．非谓语动词中的有关句型
（1）动名词作主语的句型
1) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)
等名词+doing sth.
It is no good objecting. 反对也没有用。
It is a great fun playing football．打篮球很有趣
2)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth．
It is good Playing chess after supper．晚饭后弈棋挺好。
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六、形容词的比较级和最高级
真题重现
【CET-4：2007.12】In my sixties, one change I notice is that (我比以前
更容易累了)
参考答案：I am more likely to get tired than before
【CET-4：2006.12】Since my childhood I have fond that _(没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力)
参考答案：nothing is more attractive to me than reading
【CET-6：2007.12】 In handling an embarrassing
situation, .(没有什么比幽默感更有帮助的了)
参考答案：nothing is more helpful than a sense of humor
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七、动词的时态与语态
【CET-4：2006.6】Though a skilled worker, ________________________（他被公司解雇
了）last week because of the economic crisis.
参考答案：he was fired by the company
主要考察基本语法知识点即被动语态的用法
【CET-6：2007.6】The problem of blacks and women _ ＿＿ (最近几十年受到公众相当大的关注).
参考答案：have gained/caused considerable public concern in recent decades.