Lesson 7 Journey Up
the Nile(Excerpt 1)沿尼罗河而上（节选1）1. Egypt, wrote the
Greek historian Hecataeus,
is the gift of the Nile.No
other country is so dependent on a single lifeline. Egypt’s very soil was born in the Nile’s annual flood; with the flood came the life-giving mud that made Egypt the granary of the ancient world.And as rain fell in the Ethiopian highlands and the snows melted in the Mountains of the Moon, the river was everlastingly renewed.希腊历史学家赫卡泰奥斯写道：埃及是尼罗河赠送的礼物。再没有什么国家对单一生命线如此依靠。埃及的土壤都是由尼罗河每年的洪水冲上来的。洪水带来了泥土，万物得以生长，使埃及成了古代世界的粮仓。埃塞俄比亚高原上的的雨水和月亮山上融化的积雪，为尼罗河提供了无穷无尽的水源。
2. ―This is the best place on earth,‖ said Ahmed, an
Egyptian fellah, or farmer, I encountered in the Nile Delta, that incredibly fertile 8,500-square-mile triangle between Cairo and the Mediterranean coast. The delta and the narrow Nile Valley to the south make up only 3 percent of Egypt’s land but are home to 96 percent of her population. Here nearly 48 million people live in an area only slightly larger than Maryland. The rest of Egypt “这是世界上最好的地方，”阿赫迈德对我说。他是我在尼罗河三角洲遇见的一位农民（当地人管农民叫“夫埃拉”）。从开罗到地中海之间的这块八千五百平方公里的三角地带，土壤异常肥沃。三角洲到南边狭窄的尼罗河谷只占埃及领土的百分之三，却有百分之九十六的人口住在那里。这块土地比美国马里兰州略大一点儿，住着大约四千八百万人口。剩下的地方都是沙漠。
is desert.
3. ―Truly Allah has blessed us,‖ Ahmed exclaimed piously. ―Soil, water, sun –we can grow anything!‖“真主可真的是保佑我们啊！”阿赫迈德虔诚的说道。“只要有土，水，和阳光——我们种什么都行！”
4. In the gathering dusk Ahmed and his five companions had invited me to join them.Their galabias and turbans stained by the sweat and dirt of a long day’s work, they sat in front of a wayside shop, enjoying three of the best things in life along the Nile –tea, conversation, and the water 在傍晚的聚会上，阿赫迈德和五个同伴早就约我一起玩儿。经过一天的劳作，他们的袍子和头巾沾满了汗水和泥土。这时他们坐在路边一家商店的门口，享受着尼罗河沿岸人们生活中最大的三件乐事——喝茶、聊天、抽水烟。在附近一条水渠旁，驴子背上驮着刚割的苜蓿，等着主人牵它们回家，时而发出急促的嘶叫声，和浇地用的水泵不断发出的突突
pipe.At the edge of a
nearby canal, donkeys laden
with freshly harvested
alfalfa, waited for their
masters to lead them home,
braying a fretful
counterpoint to the steady
thud of an irrigation pump.
声交织在一起。
5. All this suggested ancient harmonies.Yet the Nile has been changed by modern man in ways not yet fully understood.In 1971 engineers and workers completed the Aswan High Dam, nearly 600 miles upriver from Cairo toward 所有的一切使人感到古代的和谐。而现代的人们，以自己并不完全理解的方式改变着尼罗河。1971年，工程师和工人们建成了阿斯旺高坝。这座高坝在从开罗沿尼罗河向苏丹边境走去，大约六百英里的地方。这是自修建金字塔以来最大的公共工程了。过去给农民带来灾难的水旱灾害，现在不再发生了。
the Sudanese frontier. It is the greatest public work to be undertaken in Egypt since the Pyramids. The devastating floods and droughts that imposed a recurrent tax of suffering on the fellahip no longer occur. Egyptian agriculture has been transformed, and industry is benefiting from power generated by the dam.埃及的农业也发生了变化，工业也用上了水坝发出的电力。
6. But there have been negative effects also. Standing on a sandy beach at the mouth of the Rosetta 但这也带来了负面影响。洛塞河是尼罗河入海处的一个支流，我站在河口的沙滩上看到一个小镇，感到迷惑不解。这仿佛是一个被人遗弃的小镇，一片
branch of the Nile, I was puzzled by what seemed a ghost town –a sad vista of crumbling buildings, smashed windows, and broken wires dangling from utility poles.One house teetered drunkenly, half in, half out of the sea.萧条的景象，房子濒于倒塌，窗户破碎，断了的电线挂在电线杆上。有一所房子好像喝醉了的人一样摇摇晃晃，一半泡在海里，一半在陆上。
7. ―Last summer, people stayed in those rooms – this wa s a summer resort,‖ said a voice behind me. The speaker was a young Egyptian named Muhammad, member of a team from Alexandria that “去年夏天，那所房子还有人住，这是一个避暑胜地，”在我身后有人这样说道。说话的是一位埃及青年，名叫穆罕默德，他是一个考察队的队员，是专门从亚历山大港到这个荒芜的村庄来考察沿海地区水土流失情况的。“海水越来越往里边来，”穆罕默德说。他指着坐落在
had come to this abandoned village to study coastal erosion.―Now the sea is moving in,‖ Muhammad said. He pointed to a lighthouse perched on a tiny island a couple of miles offshore: ―That lighthouse used to be on land. About six years ago it became an island. Day by day the sea is eating the land – the dam has stopped the sediment of the Nile from replenishing the shoreline.‖离海岸几英里的小岛上的一座灯塔说：“那灯塔本来是在陆地上的。大约在六年前它成为了一个小岛。海水一天天的冲刷着陆地——大坝已经使尼罗河的沉积物不能沉积下来加固海岸线。”
8. As we chatted, a brightly painted sardine 我们正在聊着，只见一条颜色鲜艳的画着沙丁鱼船抛锚了。船长上了岸和我
boat dropped anchor.The captain came ashore and joined our conversation. ―Before they started the High Dam 25 years ago,‖ he said, ―the Nile mud had a lot of food in it, and so the sardines gathered near the mouth of the river to feed. Now there is no mud, and no food for the fish –they’ve left us.‖们聊天。他说“25年前，在他们修建大坝之前，尼罗河的泥沙里面有很多可吃的东西，所以沙丁鱼就聚集在河口找食吃。现在泥沙没有了，鱼没有吃的了，也就不来了。”
9. ―If all this can happen
in 25 years, what will happen after 50 years, or 100 or 200?‖ asked Muhammad.“如果说25年就发生这么多的变化，50年、100年、200年之后又会怎样呢？”穆罕默德问道。
Tombs and temples of ancient Egypt follow the
Nile well into Sudan. Driving southward from Cairo into the valley, I entered a landscape that owed little to the present era. For the next 1,800 miles the thin blue ribbon of the Nile, flowing slowly north, unwound over brown soil and green fields, some only a few yards wide, others as broad as an Iowa cornfield.At the edge of the fields rising in dramatic hills or stretching flat to the 尼罗河沿岸直到苏丹镜内很远的在方，到处可见古埃及的坟墓和寺庙。我从开罗驱车南行，进入尼罗河谷，这里的景色还没有受到多少现代的影响。从这里再往前800英里，尼罗河像一条细细的蓝色丝带缓缓的流向北方，沿途穿过棕色的土地和绿色的田野。这里的田地窄的不过几码，宽的则赶得上美国爱荷华州的玉米田。田地外边是寸草不生的棕色沙漠，有的地方突然隆起像是小山，有的地方则平平地伸向地平线。
horizon, lay the brown barren deserts.
I had the illusion that I was driving through one immensely long, narrow
farm. The villages and towns were usually perched on the edge, so as not to waste arable soil and because there was a need, before the High Dam tamed the Nile, to live beyond the reach of the annual floods. The road followed the course of the Nile, now passing through the fields, now drawing a black line 我感到仿佛是开车穿过一个狭窄而极长的农场。大小村镇一般都处在田地边上，这是为了不浪费耕地，同时也是因为用高坝控制尼罗河水之前，有必要住得远一点，以躲避每年发生的洪水。公路是顺着尼罗河修筑的，有的过庄稼地，有时像是划的一条黑线，将庄稼与沙漠截然分离。
separating them from the desert.
At El Awamia, just south of Luxor, I watched farmers harvest sugarcane. A village elder, Amin Ibrahim, invited me into his house and gave me a cheerier view of the effects of the Aswan High Dam than I had heard before.―Before the dam we were obsessed with the flood – would it be too high or too low?‖ s aid Amin. ―Like all the generations of my family back to the pharaohs, I used to plant my 就在勒克索南面的爱·阿瓦米亚，我看到农民们在收获甘蔗。阿明·伊布哈依姆邀请我到他家并讲述了阿斯旺高坝的景况——比我以前听到的更令人激动的场面。阿明说：―还没有修坝的时候，我们老是惦记着洪水——今年的洪水会太大呢？还是比较小呢？从法老之辈开始，我们祖祖辈辈种庄稼，但从来不知道是否能有收成。现在我们再不用担心了，因为我们知道利用水，并知道水量的多少，我们第年可收三季庄稼。家家户户都有电。在浇灌田地方面，消耗已经代替桔槔。过去
crops and never know if I would harvest. Now there is no fear; we know there will be water, and how much there will be. And we can get three crops a year instead of one. There is electricity in our houses and to run pumps, so we do not have to work the shaduf. We used to go to the house of a rich man to hear the radio. Now, since we grow crops all year, we buy our own radios and even televisions.‖我们常到富有人家听收音机，现在自从我们一年到头都能种植庄稼，我们买了自己的收音机，甚至电视机。‖
Judiciously, Amin 坦白地说，阿明承认修坝也有不好的一面，―土地比
conceded that there was another, less happy, side to the story: ―The land is poorer, because the mud that used to come with the Nile flood has stopped. We must use fertilizers that cost a lot of money. Even so, the crops are less.‖过去更贫瘠，因为过去有尼罗河带来的泥沙使土地肥沃，现在却没有了那种泥沙。我们不得不花费很多钱来买化肥。即使这样，庄稼还是减产。‖
He led me through fields near his house. The ground was encrusted with salt. ―The flood does not carry away the salt as before,‖ Amin explained. The annual flood of the Nile used to deposit as much as 20 他领我穿过他家附近的田地，地面上覆盖着盐碱，―现在不像以前了，河水不泛滥，盐分就冲不走了。‖阿明解释道。过去，尼罗河的洪水每年为沿岸的田地带来二千吨的淤泥。当洪水即时，浸入土壤的水排出内部盐分，并把盐分带到地中海。这也是一种大自然循环和净化系统。
million tons of silt on the fields along the river. As the flood receded, the water draining through the soil leached out the salts and carried them off the Mediterranean. It was a natural system of replenishment and cleansing.Today this treasury of silt is trapped behind the dam, and there is no effective drainage system.现在宝贵的泥沙被水坝挡住了，却没有除盐的有效办法。
(from National Geographic Magazine)
Notes: 1. A. the gift of the Nile译作“尼罗河送来的礼物”
富有历史沧桑感，语言生动形象。
B.为使译文通顺易懂，把插入语处理成主句形
式，其余部分作其宾语从句。
2.was born是一个形象性的说法，如译作“出生”
则行文不通。为保存原文语言的生动形象，译作
“带来”。
3. A.本句为倒装句；
B. the life-giving mud译作“万物得以生长的泥土”。
4.①原文中as引导一个状语从句，主句是被动语
态形式。翻译时，用从句中的主语“雨水”和
“积雪”作整个句子的主语，并且整个句子译
作主动语态形式，这样较符合汉语表达习惯。
②everlastingly renewed的字面意思为“不断得到
更新”，不过根据上下文，还是译作―(为尼罗河)
提供了无穷无尽的水源”较顺当。
5.―but are home to 96% of her population‖按字面为
“却是96%的人口的家”。译作“却有96%的人
口住在这里”，更符合汉语表达习惯。
make up组成，在此处可译为“占……”。
6. A. Allah指真主“安拉”。
B.soil, water, sun为了强调这三者对作物生长的
重要性，采用名词并列形式，翻译时可把主语
和谓语补上“我们拥有土地、水和阳光”。
7.in the gathering dusk这是一个形象性的说法，汉
语译不出来，译作“天色渐渐暗了下来”。
8. A. galabia袍子；turban头巾，此二者都为穆斯
林教徒用物；
B. 注意句中独立结构、伴随状语；
C. 译文的第二句句首加上―这时候‖，使前后联
系更紧密；
D. 原文用三个名词tea, conversation and the
water pipe 代指三件事情，翻译时采用增译法增
加动词―喝茶、聊天、抽水烟‖。
9.canal引申为“水渠”；fretful烦燥的；a
counterpoint to something在这里是比喻用法，意
为“和……形成对比”、“和……交织在一
起”。
10.ancientharmonies字面意思是“古代的和谐”，通
过上文可以看出此处描写的是一种生活气氛，
因此可以增译为“古代的和谐气氛”。
11.为免行文艰涩，语意模糊，把原文中状语in ways
not yet fully understood用增译法处理成一个分
句，放在后面。
12. A. fellahin是fellah的复数形式；tax在此意为“负
担”、“重负”、“影响”，不能译作“税”。
B.根据原文时态的应用，译文中恰当地添加了“过
去”和“现在”两词。
13.①standing后面是一个很长的状语，译文将其拆成
分句处理，句子比较好安排。
②ghost town意为“废弃的城镇”，a sad vista of ...
是ghost town的同位语，a sad vista of后跟的名
词都被译作一个一个分句，这样更符合汉语表
达习惯。vista意为“深景”、“远景”。14.teetereddrunkenly是一种拟人的说法，描述房屋
像人喝醉一样摇摇晃晃，一半在海里面，一半
在岸上。
15. a team根据上下文意为―考察队‖；同位语及that-
定语从句皆拆译为汉语分句。
16.(the sea is) eating the land须对动词eat引申翻译为―冲刷‖
17.一般过去时的时间状语从句转译成进行中的并行动作。
1.Tombs and temples of ancient Egypt follow the Nile well into Sudan.
本句若按字面译作―古埃及的坟墓和庙宇沿尼罗河伸入苏丹境内很远‖则行文不通，也令人费解。把原句主语转换成宾语翻译更好：
尼罗河沿岸直到苏丹境内很远的地方，到处可见古
埃及的坟墓和庙宇。
2.Driving southward from Cairo into the valley, I entered a landscape that owed little to the present era.
译A：注意主干句的翻译句式。定语从句部分可译为：几乎没有受到现代社会的影响。
译B：驾车从开罗往南行至尼罗河谷，映人眼帘的是一番与现代截然不同的景色。
3. Forthe next 1,800 miles the thin blue ribbon of the Nile, flowing slowly north, unwound over brown soil and green fields, some only a few yards wide, others as broad as an Iowa cornfield.
A. the thin blue ribbon是一种比喻的说法，描述尼罗河像一条细细的蓝丝带。
B. flowing slowly south现在健忘短语作状语，处理成并列动词。
译A：从这里再往前一千八百英里，尼罗河像一条细细的蓝色丝带，缓缓流向北方，沿途穿过棕色的
土地和绿色的田野，这田地窄的不过几码，宽的则赶上美国依阿华州的玉米地。
译B：蓝色土带般的尼罗河绵延1800英里，在棕色的土地和绿色的田野间缓缓向北流去。田地有的仅几码宽，有的则如依阿华州的玉米地那么宽。
4.At the edge of the fields, rising in dramatic hills or stretching flat to the horizon, lay the brown barren deserts.
A.倒装句
B. dramatic: striking
C. rising ..., or stretching ...表状态的现在分词短语处理成并列动词形式。
译A：田地外边是寸草不生的棕色沙漠，有的地方突然隆起像是小山，有的地方则平平地伸向地平线。
译B：田野的外边缘处是寸草不生的棕色沙漠，有的地方如小山般高高耸起，有的则平平的，一直延展至大际。
有关英汉翻译论文 范文一：生态学视域下的英汉翻译 一、引言:英汉翻译研究生态学视域的成立 生态学是研究物质与周围环境关系的一门科学，其发轫之初很长时间里被用于自然科 学研究。而随着生态学的发展和交叉、跨学科研究日趋成熟，社会科学的研究者们发现了 生态学与人文社会科学的相容性，认为人文社会领域和自然一样，事物与事物、事物与环 境间都发生着联系，没有独立于环境之外的事物和现象，故而认为生态学研究的理论、方 法同样适用于社会科学研究。生态学研究与社会科学研究遂真正结合起来。20世纪50年 代以来，人们对文本的认识由仅仅关注认识文本内部自足性问题发展到研究文本内外部关 联问题，研究的视野也随之由微观文字向宏观文化转向，人们对文本的认识，已无法将文 本语言与该语言所蕴含或显现的某国或某民族的文化相割断。对于成功的翻译者来说，他 不仅要作为两种语言的专家，还要是两种语言各自代表的文化的熟知者。对于英汉翻译的 研究者来说，他们需要不断探寻着解释原文本与译文本之间形成文化差异的依据———这 些依据就是社会各层面因素影响文本文字的关系。生态学强调事物与其环境协调、互动、 互相促进。在英汉翻译领域，一个成功或优秀的译作应当是不仅内部自足和谐发展，而且 内部与外部互惠互利、共生共栖的文本。其动态性体现在这种交互作用是永无止息、不断 旋螺式发展的，而非一成不变或者无意义的重复。用生态学视角看待英汉翻译，为的是建 立一种整体性思维。有学者为“整体性”的意义进行了阐释:“整体性是生命的基本属性，整体性不是部分的简单累加，也不是由外力推动而形成的原子集合体，它有着超越部分之 和的更为丰富的内涵和属性。”对翻译及其研究工作来说，把握“整体性”是关键。翻译 活动涵盖原文本和译文本，涉及原文作者、译者、译文读者3方，包括语言和文化2个层面，同时受到政治环境、经济环境、主流意识形态等的影响。梳理和廓清这些形成翻译活 动的要素的动态平衡发展，有助于建构英汉翻译研究的生态学视域。 二、原文本与译文本的交互解读 原文本一经生成，不是一成不变，而是在各种读者解读下成为“一百个读者有一百个 哈姆雷特”的消费品。如果没有读者的阅读，则文本只是完成了生产过程，惟有读者的阅 读才能使文本的意义得以生成，使文本价值得以实现。译文本的产生就是原文本蕴涵得到 复活的一个过程，译文本的产生同时是对原文本的“消费”，促成原文本价值的重新生成 和意义再现。译文本对原文本的意义即在于此:扩大或者新生成原文本意义。译者与原文 作者的生活背景、个人知识、经验、思维方式等都有很大差异，译者对原文本的意义进行 解读的过程中有译者的前结构参与，这种前结构大大影响了原文本意义的重现:原文作者 将生活的客观信息内化于文本，译者在翻译之前先作为原文本的读者，在阅读过程中以自 己的前结构对原文本进行内化，但这次内化的主体是译者而非原文作者，由此不同主体所 作的“内化”经由不同文本载体产生出不同的文本接受。原文本意义和译者根据前结构而 解读出来的意义不同，所以可以说，译者通过内化能扩大原文本的意义，使原文本意义更 加多样。接受美学和读者反应批评两种理论都强调读者阅读对文本的意义，认为读者也是
1.Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that. 健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样给人以幸福。 2.Here great disturbances at the heart of the earth caused mountains and volcanoes to rise above the water. For hundreds of years tiny coral creatures have worked and died to make thousands of ring-shaped islands called atolls （环礁）. 在那里，由于地心引力的剧烈干扰，一道道山脉，一座座火山升出水面。千百年来，微小的珊瑚虫在这里繁衍、死亡，形成了数不胜数的被称为环礁的环状岛屿。 3.Old lines and methods of communication do not work easily or efficiently with as much information as we now have. 由于我们今天的信息太多，那些旧的通讯线路和方法已不能灵便有效地处理他们了。 4. Scarcely can any law be made which is beneficial to all; but if it benefits the majority, it is useful. 法律难顾及所有人，于大多数人有利足矣。 5.The water spread out for miles in places in Kenya and Somalia, cutting off villages and forcing herders to crowd with their livestock onto a few patches of dry land. 在肯尼亚和索马里的某些地方，河水漫出河床，宽达数英里。洪水切断了村与村之间的联系，迫使牧民们和家畜挤在一起，困缩在一块块狭小的陆地上动弹不得。 6. The snow falls on every wood and field, and no crevice is forgotten; by the river and pond, on the hill and in the valley. 雪，在四处飘落着。雪花撒在树上，撒在田野里，撒在河边、湖畔、山上、谷底——没有一条岩缝墙隙里不飘满雪花。 7. When his door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful.
经典英语格言带翻译 Time flies. 光阴似箭. Time is life. 时间就是生命. Times change. 时代在改变. Time is money. 时间就是金钱. Life is sweet. 人生是美好的. Love is blind. 爱情是盲目的. Extremes meet. 两极相通，有无相生。 Like knows like 人识其类。 Let well alone. 不要画蛇添足. /事已成功,不必多弄. Marry thy like. 结婚须找同类人. One man,no man. 个人是渺小的. Hsitory is bunk. 历史是一堆废话。 Time marches on. 岁月如流 Murder will out. 恶行终会败露。 Never say "die'. 永远不要说" 完了". Care is no cure. 忧虑治不了病。 Beware beginning. 慎始为上。 Deeds, not words. 行动胜于空谈. No mill, no meal. 不磨面,没饭吃.
Like begets like. 龙生龙，凤生凤。 Love begets love. 爱爱相生. In doing we learn. 我们在干中学习. No cross,no crown. 未经苦难,得不到荣冠. Care killed a cat. 忧虑能杀人。 Boys will be boys. 男孩子总是男孩子. No song, no supper. 不出力,不得食. The truth will out. 真相总会大白. Time works wonders. 时间能创造奇迹. To think is to see. 思考就是明白. Truth will prevail. 真理必胜 A lie begets a lie. 谎言生谎言。 Years bring wisdom. 年岁带来智慧. In love is no lack. 爱情不会感到缺乏. Easy come, easy go. 来得容易去得 . /悖入悖出. Every little helps. 点滴都有用. Forgive and forget. 恢弘大度，勿念旧恶。Manners maketh man. 举止造人品. Laugh and grow fat. 心宽体胖。 Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量. Let the world slide. 人世沧桑,听其自然.
最新英语翻译练习题20篇 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。(accustomed) 2．将来过怎样的生活取决于你自己。(be up to) 3．没有什么比获准参加太空旅行项目更令人兴奋的了。(than) 4．家长嘱咐孩子别在河边嬉戏，以免遭遇不测。(for fear) 5．虽然现代社会物资丰富，给予消费者更多的选择，但也使不少人变成购物狂。(turn) 【答案】 1．I’m accustomed to listening to some light music before sleep. 2．It’s up to you what kind of life will lead in the future. 3．There is nothing more exciting than being allowed to take part in the space travel programme. 4．Parents ask their kids not to play by the river for fear that something terrible might happen. 5．While modern society, rich in material resources,has given consumers more choice, it turns many of them into crazy shoppers. 【解析】试题分析： 1．翻译这句话的时候，注意词组：be accusto med to doing“习惯于做……”。 2．这句话使用了句型：It’s up to you +从句，“做….由某人决定”。这里what kind of life will lead in the future.是主语从句，it是形式主语。 3．这句话使用了There be句型， nothing 后面是形容词做定语，因为是比较的含义用形容词的比较级more exciting，还有词组“被允许做”be allowed to ，以及词组“参加”：take part in 。 4．这句话使用了for fear that 引导目的状语从句，和词组“让某人不要做……”ask sb. not to do. 5．这句话使用了连词While 表示“尽管，虽然”。词组“富含”be rich in ，主句中使用了词组turn…. into …..“将…变成…”。 考点：考查翻译句子 2．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．今年元旦我们玩得很开心。(enjoy) 2．舅舅昨天寄给我一张卡片，祝贺我18岁生日。(congratulate) 3．经过多年的建设，这个小镇现在和地震前一样充满了活力。(as...as) 4．演出以一段五十多岁的人耳熟能详的经典音乐开始。(familiar) 5．她一看完那个关于已灭绝物种的电视节目，就立志加入野生动物保护组织。(No sooner)【答案】
英汉翻译学期论文 国际商务中信用证翻译特点及策略学期论文题目: __ 指导教师： 学号： 姓名： 外国语学院（部）英语专业2012 届 2012年4月16日
Translation Characteristics and Strategies of Letters of Credit in international Business By Submitted to School of Foreign Languages in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Term Paper For English-Chinese Translation at Under the Supervision of
Translation Characteristics and Strategies of Letters of Credit in international Business ABSTRACT Payment in international trade is crucial for both the seller and the buyer. With the development of international trade, Letters of Credit payment gradually came into being as banks and financial institutions were involved in international trade settlement. With the help of this method of payment, the payment responsibility of the importer is transferred to bank to ensure the safety, as a result, the rapid payment is received by the seller, and meanwhile, the regular shipping documents are given to the buyer conveniently. Therefore, with the benefit of Letters of Credit, the distrust contradiction between the seller and the buyer is solved to a certain extent. Nowadays, payment by Letters of Credit has become the widely adopted method. Letters of Credit English for specific purposes has its own unique vocabulary features. This paper summarizes characteristics of its translation from the credit classification, use of the process, and starting letter words in English, and explores the English translation strategy. It is divided into three chapters: The first chapter probes into the definition of the Letter of Credit, its classification and its use process in international trade; the second describes the characteristics and common errors of the credit translation; The last one is the focus of this article, discussing Letters of Credit translation strategy based on these two chapters, from the perspective of the translation Communicative Theory, Skopos Theory, Functional Equivalence etc. Keywords: Letters of Credit Translation; characteristics; strategies; Functional Theory
1.意大利著名旅行家马可。波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州：“这是世界上最美妙迷人的城市，它使人觉得自己社在天堂。”在中国，也流传着这样的话：“上有天堂，下有苏杭。”杭州的名气主要在于风景如画的西湖。西湖一年四季都美不胜收，宋代著名诗人苏东坡用“淡妆浓抹总相宜”的诗句来赞誉西湖。在杭州，您可以饱览西湖的秀色，也不妨漫步街头闹市，品尝一下杭州的名菜名点，还可购上几样名特土产。 The famous Italian traveler Marco Pole was so impressed by the beauty of Hangzhou that he described it as “the mist fascinating city in the world where one feels that one is in paradise.” In China, there has been a century-old popular saying praising the city: In Heaven there is Paradise; on Earth there are Suzhou and Hangz hou.” Hangzhou’s fame lies mainly in its picturesque West Lake. As it is beautiful all the year round, the West Lake was compared by Su Dongpo, a celebrated poet of the Song Dynasty, to a beauty “who is always charming in either light or heavy makeup.” In Hangzhou, you will not only find the lake a perfect delight to the eye but also find it a joy to stroll along the busy streets, taste famous Hangzhou dishes and buy some special local products. 2.在设备制造期间，雇主的代表有权对根据合同提供的全部工程设备的材料和工艺进行检查、研究和检验，同时检查其制造进度。这一切应在工作时间内于承包商的工厂里进行。如果工程设备正在其它第三方工厂制造，承包商应为卖方代表获得他能在该工厂进行此类检查、研究和检验的许可。此类检查、研究或检验不应解除承包商在合同中的任何义务。 The Employer’s representative shall be entitled during manufacture to inspect, examine and test the materials and workmanship and check the progress of manufacture of all Plants to be supplied under the Contract. This shall take place on the Contractor’s promises during working hours. If the plant is being manufactured on other premises, the Contractor shall obtain permission for the Employer’s representative to carry out such inspection, examination and testing on those premises. 3. 雇主或项目经理提交给承包商的雇主的图纸，技术规格以及其它资料仍应为雇主的财产。除非是为了合同的需要，未经雇主同意，承包商不得使用、复制这些材料或将之传递给第三方。 承包商应对承包商的图纸中的任何错误或遗漏负责，除非他们可归因与雇主或项目经理提供的不正确的雇主图纸或其它书面资料。项目经理对承包商的图纸的批准不应解除本款规定的承包商的任何责任。 The Employe r’s drawings, specification and other information submitted by the Employer or the Project Manager to the Contractor shall remain the property of the Employer. They shall not, without the consent of the Employer, be used, copied or communicated to a third party by the Contractor unless necessary for the purposes of the Contract. The Contractor shall be responsible for any errors or omissions in the Contractor’s Drawings unless they are due to incorrect Employer’s Drawings or other written information supplied by the Employer or the Project Manager. Approval by the Project Manager of the Contractor’s
经典中文的英译 但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。 We wish each other a long life so as to share the beauty of this graceful moonlight, even though miles apart. 独在异乡为异客，每逢佳节倍思亲。 A lonely stranger in a strange land I am cast, I miss my family all the more on every festive day. 大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。 The endless river eastward flows; with its huge waves are gone all those gallant heroes of bygone years. 二人同心，其利断金。 If two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal. 富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能曲，此之谓大丈夫。 It is a true great man whom no money and rank can confuse, no poverty and hardship can shake, and no power and force can suffocate. 海内存知己，天涯若比邻。 A bosom friend afar brings distance near.
合抱之木，生于毫末，九层之台，起于累土；千里之行始于足下。 A huge tree that fills one’s arms grows f rom a tiny seedling; a nine-storied tower rises from a heap of earth; a thousand li journey starts with the first step. 祸兮，福之所依；福兮，祸之所伏。 Misfortune, that is where happiness depends; happiness, that is where misfortune underlies. 见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。 On seeing a man of virtue, try to become his equal; on seeing a man without virtue, examine yourself not to have the same defects. 江山如此多娇，引无数英雄尽折腰。 This land so rich in beauty has made countless heroes bow in homage. 举头望明月，低头思故乡。 Raising my head, I see the moon so bright; withdrawing my eyes, my nostalgia comes around. 俱往矣，数风流人物，还看今朝。 All are past and gone; we look to this age for truly great men.
26.我们产品质量的提高在很大程度上是由于设备有所改进。(owe…to) The rise in the quality of our products owes much to the improvement of the equipment. 考点一：将某事物归因、归原或归功于某人（某事物）（owe sth. to sb./sth.）e.g. He owes his success more to luck than to ability. 他认为他的成功是靠运气而不是因为自己有能力。 考点二：我们产品质量的提高（the rise in the quality of our products） e.g.The rise in the quality of our products owes much to the improvement of the equipment. 27. 尽管他是个残疾人，他把全部精力投入到全心全意为人民服务之中。(in spite of) In spite of the fact that he was disabled, he devoted all his energy to serving the people heart and soul. 考点一：in spite of sth. 不可以直接跟从句 考点二：devote oneself/sth. to sb./sth.【为某人/某事物付出（时间、精力等）；向某人/某事物奉献（时间、精力等）】 e.g. devote all one’s efforts to one’s task（全力以赴地工作） 28. 和你一起工作的这位教授非常固执，与他争论没有意思。（point） The professor who is working with you is very stubborn. There is no point in arguing with him. 考点一：做…没有意思（there is no point in doing sth.) 考点二：stubborn的拼写 29. 在过去的20年里，中国发生了巨大的变化，但在教育领域还有许多地方有待改进。(remain) In the past 20 years, great changes have taken place in China, but much remains to be improved in education. 考点一：在过去的20年里（in the past 20 years）,须搭配现在完成时 考点二：take place只有主动语态 考点三：remain的意思是“留待以后去看、去做、去说等”。 e.g. Much remains to be done.要做的事情还很多。 30. 直到去年12月底，校长才宣布已有80名学生被北京大学录取。（It） It was not until the end of last December that the headmaster announced 80 students had been admitted to Beijing University. 考点一：not until的强调句，可用It was not until…that sb. did sth.。 考点二：被大学录取（be admitted to…）。 31. 外面噪音太大，委员会成员不能专注于发生在太空旅行期间的那个具有历史意义的事件。(with) With so much noise outside, the members of the committee couldn’t concentrate on the historic event which happened during the space travel. 考点一：with的用法。外面噪音太大（with so much noise outside） 考点二：专注于（concentrate on/focus one’s attention on） 考点三：具有历史意义的事件（the historic event）.
英汉对比与翻译——词汇三境 [摘要]：本文将英汉语言中词语分布做了对比，并就词汇翻译提出了“意译”、“义译”、“化境”三个要求，从而得知，词汇翻译的地道性很大程度上取决于语境的还原程度。 关键词: 译意、译义、臻化、词汇、语境 正文：英国语言学家George W.W ilk ins在《语言教学中的语言学》一书中指出:“没有语法,表达甚微;没有词汇,表达为零。”由此可见词汇在英语中所居的重要地位。在翻译时，即使一个译者已经掌握了大量的词汇与句法，还是会遇到总不能够突破的瓶颈，这个障碍往往是由词汇，甚至是简单词汇所引起的。例如：“He is a perfect stranger in the city.”这里对于什么是一个“perfect stranger”的理解与处理会造成译文层次的不同，同时也是考量一个译者的水平。如果仅翻译字面意思,翻译成“完美的陌生人”，译文显得晦涩难懂；当我们进一步理解“perfect”这个词的含义，并进入意义层面, “perfect”就是“完完全全”的意思，那么“perfect stranger”该译为“完完全全的陌生人”，“他是这城市中完完全全的陌生人”意思准确但是和全句契合不够完美，同“in the city”在搭配上略有滞涩；所以，我们将其转化，将“完完全全的陌生人”这一名词词组转化为动词词组，意为“对……完全陌生”，这句话就可译为“他对这城市完全陌生”，这样的搭配显得协调，不但译出了源语言想表达的意思，“疏离”这一
语境也得以完整地保留了。 以上例子就体现了英汉互译中一个很重要的规律，即词性转换。世界上的语言，不管其各有多少词类，名词和动词都占最大的比例；不管有多少句型，都能归纳为静态与动态两类。总的来说，汉语呈动态特征，英文呈静态特征。在词汇的使用上，汉语的动态表现为：汉语的动词丰富，使用频率高；而英语中，名词、介词等非动词性此类的使用频率很高。据周志培（2003:390）统计显示截选如下：（1）“邓小平在武昌、深圳、珠海、上海等地的谈话要点”及英译 语言总 数名 词 介 词 动 词 助 动 非限 定动 词 代 词 形容 词 副 词 数 词 连 词 量 词 冠 词 汉语词数636 167 11 186 27 41 70 70 39 17 8 % 26% 2% 29% 4% 7% 11% 11% 6% 3% 1% 英语词数907 238 99 105 19 30 98 104 43 28 5 84 % 26% 11% 12% 2% 3% 11% 11% 5% 3% 7% 9% （2）“英国首相撒切尔夫人在中国欢迎宴会上的讲话”及汉译文 语言总 数名词介词动词助动非限定 动词 代词形容 词 副词数 词 连词量词冠 词 汉语词数324 99 9 72 5 36 22 42 15 13 2 % 31% 3% 22% 2% 11% 7% 13% 4% 4% 0.6% 英语词数366 91 49 41 1 9 39 50 22 13 23 28 % 25% 14% 11% 0.2% 2% 10% 14% 6% 4% 6% 8% 上述结果表明，若要在英汉互译中，若要翻译出地道的T arget Text，就应当尽量符合Target Language的表达习惯。这必然包含必 要的词性转换。在进行英译汉时，根据需要将英文中的名词，介词等
经典广告词中英文翻译2．Obey your thirst．服从你的渴望。（雪碧） 3．The new digital era．数码新时代。（索尼影碟机） 4．We lead．Others copy．我们领先，他人仿效。（理光复印机）5．Impossible made possible．使不可能变为可能。（佳能打印机） 6．Take time to indulge．尽情享受吧！（雀巢冰激凌） 7．The relentless pursuit of perfection．不懈追求完美。（凌志轿车）8．Poetry in motion，dancing close to me．动态的诗，向我舞近。（丰田汽车）9．Come to where the flavor is．Marlboro Country． 光临风韵之境——万宝路世界。（万宝路香烟） 10．To me，the past is black and white，but the future is always color．对我而言，过去平淡无奇；而未来，却是绚烂缤纷。（轩尼诗酒） 11. Just do it.只管去做。（耐克运动鞋） 12. Ask for more.渴望无限。（百事流行鞋） 13. The taste is great.味道好极了。（雀巢咖啡） 14. Feel the new space.感受新境界。（三星电子） 15. Intelligence everywhere.智慧演绎，无处不在。（摩托罗拉手机） 16. The choice of a new generation. 新一代的选择。（百事可乐） 17. We integrate, you communicate. 我们集大成，您超越自我。（三菱电工） 18. Take TOSHIBA, take the world. 拥有东芝，拥有世界。（东芝电子） 19. Let’s make things better.让我们做得更好。（飞利浦电子） 20. No business too small, no problem too big. 没有不做的小生意，没有解决不了的大问题。（IBM公司） 1 Good to the last drop 滴滴香浓，意犹未尽麦式咖啡Maxwell 2 Time is what you make of it 天长地久斯沃奇手表Swatch 3Make yourself heard 理解就是沟通爱立信Ericsson 4Start ahead 成功之路从头开始飘柔rejoice 5Diamond lasts forever 钻石恒久远，一颗永流传第比尔斯De Bieeres 6Things go better with Coca-cola 饮可口可乐万事如意 7Connecting people Nokia 科技以人为本诺基亚Nokia 9A Kodak moment 就在柯达一刻柯达Kodak 10Mosquito Bye Bye Bye，蚊子杀杀杀雷达牌驱蚊虫剂RADAR
英语翻译练习题20篇及解析 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brakes. 1．网球运动在上海越来越流行了。（popular） 2．我认为你们的建议和他们的一样有价值。（as…as） 3．只喝一杯咖啡就会使我整晚睡不着。（keep） 4．为了纪念那些勇敢的消防战士，一部电影即将开拍。（memory） 5．过了三天她才想起把雨衣忘在语言实验室了。（remember） 6．尽管山高林密，医护人员还是迅速地赶到出事地点，试试救援。（despite） 【答案】 1．Tennis is getting more and more popular in Shanghai. 2．I think your suggestion is as valuable as theirs. 3．Drinking only a cup of coffee will keep me awake all night. 4．A film will be made/ shot in memory of those brave fire fighters. 5．It was three days later that she remembered leaving/having left her raincoat in the language lab. 6．Despite the high mountains and thick forests, the doctors and nurses rushed to the scene of the accident for the rescue/to carry out the rescue. 【解析】 【分析】 翻译题要力争做到译文的正确、准确、地道三个要求。正确就是译文没有明显的语言错误，准确是指考生能运用合适的词汇和句式完整的表述原意，地道是指译文不但无语言错误，而且用此选句符合英语习惯，意义表达生动灵活。所以，做翻译题时要综合运用词句知识，注意词汇的习惯搭配和句子时态、语态、人称和句式的选择。 1．表示“越来越……”，英语的表达方式为“比较级+and+比较级用于进行时里中。 2．表示“与……一样……”应该用“as+ adj./adv原级+as…”结构。 3．本句要注意两点：1. 动名词用作主语的用法；2. keep + sb./sth. + adj (做宾补)使……保持某种状态。 4．“为了纪念……”应选用“in the memory of”固定短语来表达。 5．解答本题要注意两点：1. 强调句型的运用；2. remember doing sth.记住做过某事。6．本句较为复杂，除了掌握despite作为介词可以接名词构成介词短语作状语外，还要注意句中谓语动词的准确选择和时态的确定，最后还要注意“实施援救”这一目的状语的表达。 2．高中英语翻译题：翻译句子 1．只有当我们了解了不同的肢体语言我们才可以很好地跟人们交流。(only＋状语从句) ________________________________________________________________________
英语2班方佩112214101232 公示语汉英翻译中的Chinglish现象及对策 [摘要]中西方语言差异和习俗文化、思维方式差异造成了公示语言翻译中Chinglish的现象, 克服或减少这种现象, 必须提高译者的综合素质,尤其是语言素质, 了解西方的文化背景、思维方式和语言习惯, 使译文更准确、更地道。 [关键词]公示语;翻译;Chinglish;对策 公示语指的是街头路牌、商店招牌、宣传语、警示语、旅游简介等,广泛应用于我们生活的方方面面。随着中国经济的高速发展,中国与世界各国的交流不断增多,全国各地公共场所的汉英双语标识及提示语也越来越多,但Chinglish现象也层出不穷,比比皆是。不规范、不正确的翻译不但影响到国外友人在中国的吃、穿、住、用、行等,甚至还关系到城市的精神面貌和整体形象,进而影响到我国的国际形象。近年来在众多语言学、翻译学专家的呼吁声中,公示语翻译研究逐渐成为翻译界关注的热点。 一、公示语翻译中Chinglish产生的原因及表现 1.重复和累赘 汉语和英语对名词、动词、形容词和副词的用法不同, 所以, 对重复强调的用法也不一样。汉语中经常出现重复使用名词的现象,而英语则较多地用代词、短语或省略来表达。 2.片面强调忠实 现行的翻译标准包括忠实与通顺,有些译者片面理解忠实的含义, 以为忠实就是形式上的相似, 因此,在词语与句法结构的选择上没有摆脱中国味。例如:在我们的周围, 随处可以看到小心碰头、小心地滑等公示语, 有人按照字面意思翻译为Take care of your head, Take care of your foot。这种翻译必然会使外国人来中国有一些紧张感。其实, 此公示语可以翻译为Be careful,则更符合译语读者的表达习惯。 3.语言习惯的差异 在汉译英过程中,译者往往忽略汉英两种语言中词语的固定搭配和习惯表述,从而导致中式英语的产生。例如:小心地滑,翻译成Don’t Fall Down。本来想体现人际间的关心,但翻译后却带有命令的语气, 没有达到交际目的。正确的用法是Watch Your Step或Slippery!。 4.没有吃透原文 经验不够丰富的译者比较容易犯的一个毛病就是在没有透彻理解原文的情况下过于机械地、字对字地翻译, 这样死译的后果只会是误译。试看以下5个误译的例子:1.小心碰
课本翻译的答案（整理）： Unit1 英译汉A 1.The college schedule is very different than the traditional high school schedule. Generally, there is a lot more flexibility with your college classes. 大学的日程安排跟传统高中差别很大，通常大学课程有更多的灵活性。 2.The other cool thing about the college schedule is that you usually have more opportunities to explore your interests and passions. 大学日程安排还有一件事很酷，你通常有更多的机会发展自己的兴趣爱好。 3.There will always be some courses that are only offered on certain days at certain times, but for the most part, there are a lot of options to think about! 总有些课程是只在固定日子的固定时段开的，但是对于大多数课程，你有很多选择！ 4.However, college is like high school in that you will have the opportunity to get involved by joining different clubs, organizations, and maybe even by getting a part-time job. 然而，在大学像在高中一样你有机会参加各种活动，加入不同的俱乐部和组织，甚至可能找到一份兼职。 5.Of course, the best way to see what a true day in the life of a college student is like is to actually get the schedules of some college students! 当然，要看一个大学生一天的真实生活是什么样的，最好的方式其实是拿到一些大学生的日程表。 B 1.caught a glimpse of him sitting in the car 2.in search of new opportunities 3.without my being aware of it 4.are involved in different extracurricular activities 5.but ignore others' feeling 汉译英 如今，中国共有大约2500万名大学生，是十年前的五倍，并且这个数字有望持续增长。中国设立的学位制度包括学士、硕士和博士三个学位等级(Bachelors, Masters and Doctoral degrees)。中国的大学通常依据学生的高考(the National Higher Education Entrance Examination)成绩招生。公立大学对学生择优录取，被看做国家经济的主力。踌躇满志的学子们急切地等待考试结果，因为成绩能决定他们是否能进入著名的公立大学。 Today, there are about 25 million university students in China—five times the number a decade ago—and that number is expected to keep growing. China has set up a degree system, including Bachelors, Masters and Doctoral degrees. Universities in China generally select their students based on students’performances in the National Higher Education Entrance Examination. Publicly run schools get their pick of the best students and are viewed as engines of the economy. Ambitious students eagerly await their exam results, which determine whether they can get into a prestigious public school.