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四级翻译考前辅导

四级翻译考前辅导
四级翻译考前辅导

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一、题型介绍与分析

英译汉为四级考试近年来新增设的主观题型,主要考核考生对英语书面材料的正确理解能力。试题分别选自于阅读理解部分的四篇短文,每篇短文中选择一至两个句子组成一题,每题约含20至30个单词。考试时间为15分钟,共10分。考试时,考生可参阅阅读理解部分的短文,以便了解上下文。

二、应试策略与技巧

A.主要运用的技巧:

英译汉部分一般包括:词类转化法、省略法、增词法、反译法、分译法等技巧。

1.词类转化法在英译汉时,将英语中的某种词类在保证原文意义不变的情况下,根据汉语的需要改变成另一类词的方法。

1) 名词转副词

The girl in the seat is studying the old woman with interest .

【译文】座位上的那个女孩正饶有兴趣地打量着那位老妇人。

【分析】interest 在原文中为名词,译成汉语转化为副词。

2)副词转动词

a.The real victory is not over one’s fellow runners but over one’s body.

【译文】真正的胜利不是胜过其他赛手,而是胜过自己的体力。

【分析】over在原文中为副词,译成汉语转化为动词。

b. We are two days ahead of schedule.

【译文】我们比原计划提前了两天。

【分析】其中的副词ahead就被译为汉语的动词提前。

3)动词转名词

a.Their original work impressed every auendant of the conference deeply.

【译文】他们创造性的工作给每个与会者留下了深刻的印象。

【分析】英文动词impressed就被译为汉语名词印象。

b.The ten-year-old girl behaves as an adult.

【译文】这个十岁女孩的举止像个大人。

【分析】动词behaves被译为汉语名词举止。

c.A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an English, got into the train.

【译文】一位穿着考究,外表、谈吐像英国人的人上了火车。

【分析】looked,talked 在原文中为动词,译成汉语转化为名词。

4)名词转形容词

a.Whatever happens, we are deeply convinced of the correctness of this policy.

【译文】无论发生什么,我们都要深信这一政策是正确的。

【分析】correctness在原文中为名词,译成汉语转化为形容词。

b. I am deeply impressed by the beauty of the Summer Palace.

【译文】美丽的颐和园给我留下了深刻的印象。

【分析】名词beauty被译为汉语形容词美丽的。

5) 名词转动词

例如:

a.There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling.(CET-4 91.6)

【译文】家长们普遍认为,学校不再对学生的拼写感兴趣。

【分析】belief在原文为名词,译成汉语转化为动词。

b. In some cases,deserts is the creation of destruction of virgin forest.

【译文】有时,沙漠是人类毁坏原始森林造成的。

【分析】英文中的名词creation和destruction被译成了汉语的动词造成和毁坏。

c. The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Isreali withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement oflsreali’s rightto exist.

【译文】1967年联合国文件呼吁在以色列撤出所占领土、阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权力的基础上解决中东冲突。

【分析】settlement、withdrawal和acknowledgement三个词都是名词,但它们仍然含有动词的意思,所以在汉译时译成动词解决、撤出和承认更符合汉语的习惯6)形容词转动词

a.I am certain that he will succeed.

【译文】我深信他会成功。

【分析】certain在译成汉语时就被译为动词深信。

b.Are you satisfied that he iS telling the truth?

【译文】你确信他在讲真话吗?

【分析】satisfied在译成汉语时就被译为动词确信。

7)介词转动词

a.He can write in English.

【译文】他会用英语写作。

【分析】介词in就应译成动词用。

b.Ihad been at work all day.

【译文】我整天都在工作。

【分析】介词at就应译成动词在工作。

8)形容词转名词

a.The railway ticket is valid for three months.

【译文】这张火车票的有效期为三个月。

【分析】形容词valid被译为汉语名词有效期。

b.The electrical appliances made in China are competitive in the world market.

【译文】中国制造的家用电器在国际市场上很有竞争力。

【分析】形容词competitive被译为汉语名词竞争力。

9)副词转名词

It is officially said that the unemployment rate is very low.

【译文】据官方说失业率很低。

【分析】副词officiaUy被译为汉语名词官方。

10)动词转形容词

Let me see if it fits.

【译文】让我看看它是否合适。

【分析】动词fits被译为汉语形容词合适。

11)副词转形容词

His theory was once severely criticized.

【译文】他的理论曾受到过严厉的批判。

【分析】副词severely被译为汉语形容词严厉的。

12)形容词转副词

Special care should be taken when handling flammable materials.

【译文】使用易燃材料时要格外小心。

【分析】形容词Special被译为汉语形容词格外。

2.省略法

省略法是将原文的某些词省去不译,因为译文虽无其词但已有其意。一般来说,英语中的冠词、连词、代词尤其是人称代词、关系代词、关系副词等译成汉语时常可省略。

例如:They also say that the need for talent, skilled Americans means we have to expand the pool of potential employees.(CET-4 98.6)

【译文】他们说,对有才干、有技术的美国人的需求意味着必须扩大潜在的雇员储备。

【分析】原文的that和we省略不译,意思完整。

They had fitted themselves to the climate here.

【译文】他们已经适应了这里的气候。

【分析】themselves省略不译,意思完整。

We had learned a lot from the workers and technicians.

【译文】我们从工人和技术人员那里学了不少东西。

【分析】名词复数省略不译。

It is desirable that the meeting should be held as soon as possible.

【译文】希望这次会议尽早召开。

【分析】It省略不译。

We have tested 200 types of cloth, none of which is completely waterproof.

【译文】我们已经试验了200种布料,没有一种能完全防水。

【分析】of which省略不译。

3.增词法

为了使译文忠实地表述原文的意思并符合汉语的表达习惯,必须对译文增加一些

词语。

例如:This is usually when we are running into difficulties, when mismatch is occurring between expectations and meaning.(CET-4 94.1)

【译文】这种情况通常发生在我们遇到困难,或期望与目标有出入时。

【分析】根据上下文增加“发生”一词,句意完整清楚。

The students have their class in a bright classroom.

【译文】学生们在一间明亮的教室里上课。

【分析】根据上下文增加量词“一间”,句意完整清楚。

This plan with all its disadvantages is considered to be one of the best.

【译文】尽管有种种不周全之处,这个计划仍被认为是最佳计划之一。

【分析】根据上下文增加解释性文字“尽管”,句意完整清楚。

At last my dream came true.

【译文】我的梦想终于实现了。

【分析】根据上下文增加助词“了”,句意完整清楚。

The problem was both psychological and physiological.

【译文】这个问题涉及心理和生理两个方面。

【分析】根据上下文增加概括词“方面”,句意完整清楚。

It is time to consider the environmental problems on a global scale.

【译文】现在应该从全球范围来考虑环境问题。

【分析】根据上下文增加表示时态的词“现在”,句意完整清楚。

The finished products must be carefully examined before delivery.

【译文】成品在出厂前必须加以仔细地检查。

【分析】根据上下文增加表示语态的词“加以”,句意完整清楚。

4.反译法

由于汉英两种语言的思维逻辑、表达方式不同,英译汉时有时正译译不顺,翻译出的内容又不符合汉语的习惯表达方式,这就要从反面翻译。

例如:

Where many businesses compete for the customers’s dollar, they can’t afford to treat them like inferiors or slavers.(CET-4 99.1)

【译文】一方面,商家为赚取顾客的钱而竞争;另一方面,他们又必须把顾客当上司和主人看待。

【分析】把原文否定的形式can’t afford翻译成肯定的形式,把inferiors or slaves 从反面表达改为“上司和主人”。

When we read we may visit the most beautiful parts of the earth, without fatigue, inconvenience, and expense.

【译文】我们阅读时可遍访地球上最美丽的地方,轻松、便捷、便宜。

【分析】把原文否定的形式fatigue, inconvenience, and expense翻译成肯定的形式. You will lose your chance if you delay your action.

【译文】如果迟迟不采取行动,你就会坐失良机。

【分析】把原文肯定的形式delay翻译成否定的形式迟迟不。

5.分译法

分译法就是在英译汉时把长句拆开来分译为短句,使句子通顺易懂。例如: There is another conversation which from our point of view is equally important, and

that is to do not with what is read but with how it is read.

【译文】我们认为还有另一种对话方式同样重要,那种方式不是解决读什么,而是解决怎样读的问题。

【分析】由于原句比较长,翻译时按意群进行划分,译成三个分句,意思表达非常清楚。

Man are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers.

【译文】男人们不会上时装设计者的当,因为他们很聪明。

【分析】原句为一个整句,翻译时分译为两个分句。

But the significant thing is not the behavior of the players but the attitude of the spectators and,behind the spectators,of the nations who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests,and seriously believe-at any rate for short periods-that running,jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.

【译文】然而使人深思的不是运动员的表现,而是观众的态度,还有那些在观众背后对这些可笑的比赛表现狂怒的国家的态度。他们还真相信一一跑、跳和踢球是对国民道德的检验,无论如何在短时间内他们是这样认为的。

【分析】本句中有两个and将长句分为两部分,使句子十分清楚。所以,应将两个and所连的句子分开翻译。

When all these shaping forces--schools,open attitudes,the premium system,a genius for spatial thinking--interacted with one another on the rich U.S。mainland,they produced that American characteristic,emulation.

【译文】那时,所有这些塑造力--包括学校的教育、开放的态度、奖励的机制、空间思维的能力等同富饶的美国大陆上相互交汇在一起,形成了美国人的个性,即竞争。

【分析】该句的主句是"they produced that American characteristic,emulation."其中,"emulation"指的是"characteristic":"when"引导的从句"when all theses haping forces--schools,open attitudes,the premium system,a genius for spatial thinking--interacted with one another on the rich U.S.mainland’’充当主句的条件状语;破折号之间的部分是插入语,为四个并列成分,主要是解释shaping forces 的内容。

6.合译法

合译法就是在英译汉时根据需要把分句合成一个整句。

We look forward to the day when the scientists can discover more of the universe.. 【译文】我们期待着科学家们能够发现更多宇宙奥秘的那一天。

【分析】原句为一个主句带一个从句,翻译时合成一个整句。

一、题型介绍与分析

英译汉为四级考试近年来新增设的主观题型,主要考核考生对英语书面材料的正确理解能力。试题分别选自于阅读理解部分的四篇短文,每篇短文中选择一至两个句子组成一题,每题约含20至30个单词。考试时间为15分钟,共10分。考试时,考生可参阅阅读理解部分的短文,以便了解上下文。

二、应试策略与技巧

A.主要运用的技巧:

英译汉部分一般包括:词类转化法、省略法、增词法、反译法、分译法等技巧。

1.词类转化法在英译汉时,将英语中的某种词类在保证原文意义不变的情况下,根据汉语的需要改变成另一类词的方法。

1) 名词转副词

The girl in the seat is studying the old woman with interest .

【译文】座位上的那个女孩正饶有兴趣地打量着那位老妇人。

【分析】interest 在原文中为名词,译成汉语转化为副词。

2)副词转动词

a.The real victory is not over one’s fellow runners but over one’s body.

【译文】真正的胜利不是胜过其他赛手,而是胜过自己的体力。

【分析】over在原文中为副词,译成汉语转化为动词。

b. We are two days ahead of schedule.

【译文】我们比原计划提前了两天。

【分析】其中的副词ahead就被译为汉语的动词提前。

3)动词转名词

a.Their original work impressed every auendant of the conference deeply.

【译文】他们创造性的工作给每个与会者留下了深刻的印象。

【分析】英文动词impressed就被译为汉语名词印象。

b.The ten-year-old girl behaves as an adult.

【译文】这个十岁女孩的举止像个大人。

【分析】动词behaves被译为汉语名词举止。

c.A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an English, got into the train.

【译文】一位穿着考究,外表、谈吐像英国人的人上了火车。

【分析】looked,talked 在原文中为动词,译成汉语转化为名词。

4)名词转形容词

a.Whatever happens, we are deeply convinced of the correctness of this policy.

【译文】无论发生什么,我们都要深信这一政策是正确的。

【分析】correctness在原文中为名词,译成汉语转化为形容词。

b. I am deeply impressed by the beauty of the Summer Palace.

【译文】美丽的颐和园给我留下了深刻的印象。

【分析】名词beauty被译为汉语形容词美丽的。

5) 名词转动词

例如:

a.There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling.(CET-4 91.6)

【译文】家长们普遍认为,学校不再对学生的拼写感兴趣。

【分析】belief在原文为名词,译成汉语转化为动词。

b. In some cases,deserts is the creation of destruction of virgin forest.

【译文】有时,沙漠是人类毁坏原始森林造成的。

【分析】英文中的名词creation和destruction被译成了汉语的动词造成和毁坏。

c. The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the

basis of Isreali withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement oflsreali’s rightto exist.

【译文】1967年联合国文件呼吁在以色列撤出所占领土、阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权力的基础上解决中东冲突。

【分析】settlement、withdrawal和acknowledgement三个词都是名词,但它们仍然含有动词的意思,所以在汉译时译成动词解决、撤出和承认更符合汉语的习惯6)形容词转动词

a.I am certain that he will succeed.

【译文】我深信他会成功。

【分析】certain在译成汉语时就被译为动词深信。

b.Are you satisfied that he iS telling the truth?

【译文】你确信他在讲真话吗?

【分析】satisfied在译成汉语时就被译为动词确信。

7)介词转动词

a.He can write in English.

【译文】他会用英语写作。

【分析】介词in就应译成动词用。

b.Ihad been at work all day.

【译文】我整天都在工作。

【分析】介词at就应译成动词在工作。

8)形容词转名词

a.The railway ticket is valid for three months.

【译文】这张火车票的有效期为三个月。

【分析】形容词valid被译为汉语名词有效期。

b.The electrical appliances made in China are competitive in the world market.

【译文】中国制造的家用电器在国际市场上很有竞争力。

【分析】形容词competitive被译为汉语名词竞争力。

9)副词转名词

It is officially said that the unemployment rate is very low.

【译文】据官方说失业率很低。

【分析】副词officiaUy被译为汉语名词官方。

10)动词转形容词

Let me see if it fits.

【译文】让我看看它是否合适。

【分析】动词fits被译为汉语形容词合适。

11)副词转形容词

His theory was once severely criticized.

【译文】他的理论曾受到过严厉的批判。

【分析】副词severely被译为汉语形容词严厉的。

12)形容词转副词

Special care should be taken when handling flammable materials.

【译文】使用易燃材料时要格外小心。

【分析】形容词Special被译为汉语形容词格外。

2.省略法

省略法是将原文的某些词省去不译,因为译文虽无其词但已有其意。一般来说,英语中的冠词、连词、代词尤其是人称代词、关系代词、关系副词等译成汉语时常可省略。

例如:They also say that the need for talent, skilled Americans means we have to expand the pool of potential employees.(CET-4 98.6)

【译文】他们说,对有才干、有技术的美国人的需求意味着必须扩大潜在的雇员储备。

【分析】原文的that和we省略不译,意思完整。

They had fitted themselves to the climate here.

【译文】他们已经适应了这里的气候。

【分析】themselves省略不译,意思完整。

We had learned a lot from the workers and technicians.

【译文】我们从工人和技术人员那里学了不少东西。

【分析】名词复数省略不译。

It is desirable that the meeting should be held as soon as possible.

【译文】希望这次会议尽早召开。

【分析】It省略不译。

We have tested 200 types of cloth, none of which is completely waterproof.

【译文】我们已经试验了200种布料,没有一种能完全防水。

【分析】of which省略不译。

3.增词法

为了使译文忠实地表述原文的意思并符合汉语的表达习惯,必须对译文增加一些词语。

例如:This is usually when we are running into difficulties, when mismatch is occurring between expectations and meaning.(CET-4 94.1)

【译文】这种情况通常发生在我们遇到困难,或期望与目标有出入时。

【分析】根据上下文增加“发生”一词,句意完整清楚。

The students have their class in a bright classroom.

【译文】学生们在一间明亮的教室里上课。

【分析】根据上下文增加量词“一间”,句意完整清楚。

This plan with all its disadvantages is considered to be one of the best.

【译文】尽管有种种不周全之处,这个计划仍被认为是最佳计划之一。

【分析】根据上下文增加解释性文字“尽管”,句意完整清楚。

At last my dream came true.

【译文】我的梦想终于实现了。

【分析】根据上下文增加助词“了”,句意完整清楚。

The problem was both psychological and physiological.

【译文】这个问题涉及心理和生理两个方面。

【分析】根据上下文增加概括词“方面”,句意完整清楚。

It is time to consider the environmental problems on a global scale.

【译文】现在应该从全球范围来考虑环境问题。

【分析】根据上下文增加表示时态的词“现在”,句意完整清楚。

The finished products must be carefully examined before delivery.

【译文】成品在出厂前必须加以仔细地检查。

【分析】根据上下文增加表示语态的词“加以”,句意完整清楚。

4.反译法

由于汉英两种语言的思维逻辑、表达方式不同,英译汉时有时正译译不顺,翻译出的内容又不符合汉语的习惯表达方式,这就要从反面翻译。

例如:

Where many businesses compete for the customers’s dollar, they can’t afford to treat them like inferiors or slavers.(CET-4 99.1)

【译文】一方面,商家为赚取顾客的钱而竞争;另一方面,他们又必须把顾客当上司和主人看待。

【分析】把原文否定的形式can’t afford翻译成肯定的形式,把inferiors or slaves 从反面表达改为“上司和主人”。

When we read we may visit the most beautiful parts of the earth, without fatigue, inconvenience, and expense.

【译文】我们阅读时可遍访地球上最美丽的地方,轻松、便捷、便宜。

【分析】把原文否定的形式fatigue, inconvenience, and expense翻译成肯定的形式. You will lose your chance if you delay your action.

【译文】如果迟迟不采取行动,你就会坐失良机。

【分析】把原文肯定的形式delay翻译成否定的形式迟迟不。

5.分译法

分译法就是在英译汉时把长句拆开来分译为短句,使句子通顺易懂例如: There is another conversation which from our point of view is equally important, and that is to do not with what is read but with how it is read.

【译文】我们认为还有另一种对话方式同样重要,那种方式不是解决读什么,而是解决怎样读的问题。

【分析】由于原句比较长,翻译时按意群进行划分,译成三个分句,意思表达非常清楚。

Man are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers.

【译文】男人们不会上时装设计者的当,因为他们很聪明。

【分析】原句为一个整句,翻译时分译为两个分句。

But the significant thing is not the behavior of the players but the attitude of the spectators and,behind the spectators,of the nations who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests,and seriously believe-at any rate for short periods-that running,jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.

【译文】然而使人深思的不是运动员的表现,而是观众的态度,还有那些在观众

背后对这些可笑的比赛表现狂怒的国家的态度。他们还真相信一一跑、跳和踢球是对国民道德的检验,无论如何在短时间内他们是这样认为的。

【分析】本句中有两个and将长句分为两部分,使句子十分清楚。所以,应将两个and所连的句子分开翻译。

When all these shaping forces--schools,open attitudes,the premium system,a genius for spatial thinking--interacted with one another on the rich U.S。mainland,they produced that American characteristic,emulation.

【译文】那时,所有这些塑造力--包括学校的教育、开放的态度、奖励的机制、空间思维的能力等同富饶的美国大陆上相互交汇在一起,形成了美国人的个性,即竞争。

【分析】该句的主句是"they produced that American characteristic,emulation."其中,"emulation"指的是"characteristic":"when"引导的从句"when all theses haping forces--schools,open attitudes,the premium system,a genius for spatial thinking--interacted with one another on the rich U.S.mainland’’充当主句的条件状语;破折号之间的部分是插入语,为四个并列成分,主要是解释shaping forces 的内容。

6.合译法

合译法就是在英译汉时根据需要把分句合成一个整句。

We look forward to the day when the scientists can discover more of the universe.. 【译文】我们期待着科学家们能够发现更多宇宙奥秘的那一天。

【分析】原句为一个主句带一个从句,翻译时合成一个整句。

B.常考的要点

1. 定语从句

翻译定语从句是英译汉中最常见的题型。英语中,定语从句都放在被修辞词后面。关键就是把英语原句中的定语从句翻译成带“的”的定语词组,放置于被修饰词之前。,即把英语的后置定语译在被修饰的名词或代词前。

例(1)We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of their serious ill were quite aware of its potential outcome.

【分析】此句中有个who引导的定语从句修饰前面的“those patients”,我们要用合成翻译法把who引导的定语从句变成一个前置性定语来修饰“patients”。

【译文】给我们留下极深印象的是:即使那些没有被告知严重病情的病人,对其疾病的潜在后果也是非常清楚的。

例(2)Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another.

【分析】此句中that引导的定语从句修饰先行词“features”,考生只要用合成翻译法把该定语从句变成一个前置性定语。

【译文】即使是老道的作家也很可能不能完全描述出决定人的面孔各不相同的所有特征。

但是,如果定语从句较长,将它翻译成前置的定语,就会不符合汉语表达的习惯。在此种情况下,往往把该定语从句用转换法把翻译成并列的分句或作插入语,放在原来它所修饰词后面。

例(1)They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.

【分析】此句中Which引导的定语从句较长,我们可以用转换法把它译成并列

分词。

【译文】他们正在为实现这一理想而努力,这个理想是每个中国人内心所珍爱的,在过去,许多中国人曾为它而牺牲了自己的生命。

例(2)Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another.

【分析】此句that引导的定语从句也较长。如果不能精炼地表达出that后面内容而又把它放在“features”前,就不符合汉语表达方式。此时,可用转换法把该从句变成一并列分句。

【译文】即使是最老道的作家也很可能描述出全部特征,这些特征能够体现出各人面孔的不同。

2. 宾词从句

四级英译汉试题中的宾语从句较容易,没有复杂结构。故此类试题可以顺着字面的内容从前向后翻译,也就是通常所指的直译。

例(1)Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than 0.1 ream without being damaged.

【分析】此句中than引导的宾语从句主、谓、宾俱全,more…than是一比较结构,可译成“超过”,without引导的介词短语作状语。

【译文】科学家有理由认为一个人可以忍受远远超过0.1雷姆的幅射而不受伤害。例(2)Too often we believe what accounts for other’s success is some special secret or a lucky break(机遇)。But rarely is success so mysterious.

【分析】此句中“Too often”作状语提前(汉语也有此表达方式),believe后面是一个省略that的宾语从句,但从句的主语又是一个what引导的完整句子。第二句是一个含否定意义的倒装句。但整个句子结构基本符合汉语习惯,故可用顺向法直译。

【译文】我们常常相信别人的成功是由于某种特殊的奥秘或者某种机遇。但成功是很少如此神秘的。

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英语四级翻译练习题

英语四级翻译练习题 1.I have had great deal of trouble______________________________.(跟得上班上的其他同学)2.I don't mind your_____________(你延期做出决定)the decision as long as it is not too late. 3.In the Chinese household, grandparents and other relatives_____________(起着不可缺少的作用)in raising children. 4.Mark often____________________________(试图逃脱罚款)whenever he breaks traffic regulations. 5.When I __________________(发现他骗我)I stopped buying thins there and started dealing with another shop. 6.I suggested he ____________________ (使自己适应)his new conditions. 7. What a lovely party! It's worth_________________(牢记一生). 8. If you won't agree to our plan,_____________________(他们也不会同意). 9. His remarks left me ____________________________(想知道他的真实目的). 10. If you had_____________________ (听从了我的劝告,你就不会陷入麻烦) 11.Though you stay in the sea for weeks, you will not____________(失去联系)the outside world. 12.The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence,_____________(正在研制)and perfected now. 13.How close parents are to their children_________________ __(有很强的影响)the character of the children. 14.The room is in a terrible mess; it _____________________ (肯定没打扫过) . 15.With tears on her face, the lady _____________________ (看着他受伤的儿子被送进手术室) 16.(这个计划成功的关键)___________is good planning. 17.The specific use of leisure______(每一人都不同) 18.The ship ' s generator broke down and the pumps____________________(不得不用手工操作)instead of mechanically. 19.Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used______________(习惯了学生迟到)his lecture. 20.I prefer to communicate with my customers ______(通过写电子邮件而不是打电话) 21.After the terrorist attack, tourists ______ (被劝告暂时不要去该国旅游)

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