高二英语必修5 模块 3 语法讲解教案直接引语转换成间接引
语的规则
引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话，叫作直接引语，用自己的语言转述别人的话，叫作间接引语。直接引语用引号标出，而间接引语不需要引号。直接引语为陈述句。一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，和祈使句，转换成间接引语时，句子的结构，人称，时态，时间状语和地点状语都有变化。
1．人称的转变
直接引语转化成间接引语时，人称要根据情况作必要的变化。
She said , “I am very sorry.”
----- She said that she was very sorry.
“ You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.
---- My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.
He said to his son, “I’ll check your homework tonight.”
----- He said to his son that he would check his homework that night.
2. 时态的转换
直接引语改为间接引语时，主句的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句（即间接引语部分）的谓语动词在时态方面要作出相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态（实际也是宾语从句的时态要求）。
时态的变化例句
直接引语中的时态转换成间
接引语
后的时态
直接引语间接引语
一般现在时一般过去
时He said, “ I am afraid I can’t
go.”
He said that he was
afraid he couldn’t go.
现在进行时过去进行
时He said, “I am reading now.”He aid that he was
reading then.
现在完成时过去完成
时He said, “I have not heard from
her since July”
He said that he had not
heard from her since
July.
一般过去时过去完成
时“Why did he refuse to go
there?” the teacher asked.
The teacher asked why
she had refused to go
there.
一般将来时过去将来
时He asked the conductor, Where
shall I get off to change a No.3
bus?”
He asked the conductor
where he would get off
to change to a No.3 bus.
过去完成时不变Mother asked me, “Had you
finished your homework before
you watched TV?”Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.
过去进行时不变Tom said, “We were having a
football match this time
yesterday. Tom said that they were having a football match that time the day before.
3.时间状语，地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词的变化。
时间状语电、地点状语及某些对比性的指示
代词和动词的变化
例句
直接引语中转换成间接引语直接引语间接引语直接引语
this that He said, “I’ll
come this
evening.”He said that he would go that evening.
these those She said, “These
books belong too
me.”She said that those books belonged to me.
now then He said, “It’s
time to go now.”He said that it was time to go than.
today that day He said. “ I have
had two meetings
today.”He said that he had had two meetings today.
yesterday the day before He said, “ I went
there yesterday.”He said that he had gone there the day before.
last the…before He said, “I saw
her last week.”He said that he had seen her the week before.
tomorrow the next day He said, “ I will
go there
tomorrow.”He said that he would go there the next day.
here there He said, “I was
here three days
ago.”He said that he had been there three days before.
bring take He said, “I will
bring my son here
next time.”He said that he woul take his son there the next time.
come go He said, “ I will
come this
afternoon.”He said that he would go that afternoon.
4．直接引语变成间接引语时，从句时态无须改变的情况。
1）直接引语表述的是客观事实。科学真理和格言时，例如：
The teacher said “ The earth moves round the sun.”
---- The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun. He said, “ Practice makes perfect.”
----- He said that practice makes perfect.
2) 主句的时态是一般现在时、现在进行时或一般将来时时。例如：He often says, “I will never forget you.”
---- He often says he will never forget me.
He will say, “ I have done my best..”
---- He will say that he has done his best.
3) 在同一时间范围内转述别人的话，且直接引语中含有明确的表示过去的时间状语时。例如：
Li Ping said to me,“ I was late for school yesterday.”
---- Li Ping told me that she was late for school yesterday.(转述时间仍在当天) Tom: I have been there before.
Lily : What did Tom say?
Jin: Tom said that he has been there before.
4) 直接引语中含有when, since, while等引导的表示过去的时间状语从句，变间接引语时，从句的时态不便，例如“ She said , “I went there when I was six years old.”
------ She said she had gone there when she was six years old.
5) 直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时，例如：
He said , “I went to college in 1994. ”
---- He told us that he went to college in 1994.
6) 直接引语中有以when, while 引导的从句，表示过去的时间时。例如：
He said , “ When I was a child , I usually played football after school. "
------ He said when he was a child; he usually played football after school. 7) 直接引语的谓语中含有would, should, might, must. used to, ought to, had better 等动词时，例如：
She said , “ We should help each other.”
----- She said we should help each other.
5. 间接引语的命令，请求，劝告
直接命令， He said, “ Sit down, Tom.”
间接命令。 He told Tom to sit down.
间接命令，请求及劝告的常用句式为：“表示命令，请求，劝告的动词+宾语+不定式”。
根据语境，可选用下列动词：
advise, ask, invite, beg, implore, command, encourage, treat, forbid, order, recommend, remind, request, tell. urge, warm ,etc.
He said,“ Get your coat, Tom!”
He told Tom to get his coat.
“ You had better hurry, Bill!” She said.
She advised Bill to hurry.
2) 否定意义的命令，请求等通常用not+ 不定式转述。
“ Don’t play in the street, boys.” I said.
I warned /told the boys not to play in the street.
“ Don’t play in the street, boys,” I said.
------ I warned /told the boys not to play in the street. 3) 表示间接命令、请求及劝告：
表示要求和忠告可用于多种方法来表示。如：
“If I were you, I’d stop talking that medicine.” I said. ----- I advised him to stop taking that medicine.
“Why don’t you take off your coat?” He said.
------- He advised me to take off my coat.
“Would/Could you show me your passport, please?” He said. ---- He asked me to show him my passport.
------He asked to see my passport.
“You might post some letters for me,” said my boss.
----- My boss asked me to post some letters for him.
1、下列各项中加点字注音有误的一项是（）（2分） A宽恕（shù）胚(pēi)芽阔绰(chuò) 风雪载(zài)途 B收敛（liǎn）愧怍(zuò) 慰藉(jí) 妇孺(rú)皆知 C彷(páng)徨沉湎(miǎn) 繁衍(yǎn) 颔(hàn)首低眉 D哺(bǔ)育告罄(qìng) 馈(kuì)赠粗制滥(làn)造 2、下列加点字注音全部正确的一项是（）（2分） A、峥嵘（zhēng）黝黑（y?u）地窖（jiào）头晕目眩（xuán） B、慰藉（jí）攫取（jué）羁绊（bàn）水皆缥碧（pi?o） C、胆怯（qiè）蹿升（cuān）蓦然（mù）随声附和（hè） D、嗔视（chēn）干瘪（bi?）怄气（òu）气息奄奄（y?n） 3、下列词语中加点字的注音有错误的一项是（） A.觅食mì惧惮dàn 萧索xiāo 臆测yì B.山麓lù栈桥jiàn 惘然mǎnɡ煞白shà C.汲取jí诅咒zǔ孕育yùn 窒息zhì D.亵渎xiè搓捻cuō芳馨xīn 繁衍yǎn 4、下列各组词语中，加点字的注音不全正确的一项是（）（2分） A. 扒（pá）窃枯涸（hé）背（béi）包小心翼翼（yì） B. 稽（jì）首嫉（jì）妒屏（píng）蔽迥（jiǒng）异不同 C. 哽（gěng）咽亢（kàng）奋豆豉（ch?）苦心孤诣（yì） D. 蜷（quán）伏星宿（xiù）空乘（chéng）毛骨悚（sǒng）然 5、下列词语中加点的字，读音全部正确的一组是（3分） A．落难(nàn) 确凿(záo) 触(cù)目伤怀长吁(xū)短叹 B．称(chèn)职勾(gòu)当百鸟啾(jiū)啾大彻(chè)大悟 C．嗤(chī)笑倒坍(tā) 一抔(póu)黄土苦心孤诣(yì) D．绮( qí)丽执拗(niù) 影影绰(chuò)绰味同嚼(jiáo)蜡 6、下列各项中书写有误的一项是（）（2分） A瞻望深遂陨落翻来覆去 B疮痍伎俩迁徙沧海桑田 C嶙峋荒谬涟漪忍俊不禁 D点缀骸骨蓦然天伦之乐 7、下列词语书写全部正确的一项是（） A.禀告滑稽险象叠生随机应变 B.归咎潺弱骇人听闻恪敬职守 C.鄙夷阴霾囊萤印雪肃然起敬 D.匀称酬和望眼欲穿鳞次栉比 8、下列词语中有两个错别字的一项是（）（2分） A．高谈阔论坛花一现迫不及待窃窃私语 B．神采奕奕彬彬有礼破镜重圆月白风清 C．世外桃园晓风残月顺藤摸瓜事半功倍 D．四面楚歌挺而走险厚此薄彼貌和神离 9、下列词语中没有错别字的一项是 A．和谐其实是美丽的一种更高境界，它能够平和心境，净化心灵。 B．中华大地喜迎盛事，北京将张灯节彩迎接各地嘉宾。 C．正因为我们心中有盏红绿灯，我们的生活才能井然有绪，多姿多彩。
外研版英语精品资料 Module 4 Carnival Period One Teaching aims: 1. To revise Chinese and western festivals. 2. To develop the students reading ability. 3. To understand what is about Carnival. Important and difficult points: 1 Get the students to understand the history of carnival. 2 Get the students to describe the festivals in groups. Teaching procedures: Step 1. Revision. Read the new words of this passage. Step 2. Introduction 1. We have learned many festivals both Chinese and the Western. What festivals do you know? Divide the class into 2 groups. One group is for Chinese Festivals, the other group is for Western festivals. Make a list of them on the blackboard.. 2. Turn to Page 31—Match the festivals with the description. Step 3. Lead-in Today we will learn another festival ---- Carnival. It originates from Europe, and during these days, people often love wearing special clothes and masks for it. Step 4. Fast-reading Match the main idea with every paragraph. Paragraph 1 A meaning of carnival and how it was celebrated Paragraph 2 B the law about wearing masks Paragraph 3 C general impression of carnival Paragraph 4 D how it is celebrate today in Venice and the feature of it Paragraph 5 E carnival in Venice and the problem it caused Paragraph 6 F the revival of the tradition of celebrating it. (Answers: 1—6 CAEBFD) Step 5. Further-reading Read the passage and answer the questions. 1. Where does Carnival come from? What does it mean?
高中英语语法讲义——名词 名词的数 单数名词变复数名词的常用法则 （1）一般情况直接加-s, 如：books, trees. （2）以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的加-es, 如：glasses, boxes, watches, brushes. （3）以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词把-y改为-i再加-es. 如：stories, countries. （4）以-o结尾的常在词尾加-s，但中学英语中下列名词要加-es, 它们是：黑人英雄 ．．中吃土豆 ．．、西． ．．．．在回声 红柿 ．．，即Negroes, heroes, echoes, potatoes, tomatoes. 下列以-o结尾的名词既可加-es, 也可加-s,它们是：zeros (zeroes)零, mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子, volcanos (volcanoes) 火山。 （5）以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时一般直接加-s，但下列名词需把f或fe去掉，加-ves，它们是：为 了自己 ．．和一片树叶 ．．上，把狼．劈成了两半．，即：selves, lives, ．．．．站在架子 ．．手里拿着刀子 ．．和他的妻子 ．．活命．，小偷 thieves, wives, knives, loaves, leaves, shelves, wolves, halves. 但下列以-f结尾的名词既可变f为v后加-es，也可直接在f后加-s，它们是：handkerchiefs (handkerchieves)手帕，scarfs (scarves)围巾。 （6）合成名词变复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变为复数。如sons-in-law女婿；passers-by过路人；storytellers讲故事的人；housewives家庭主妇。（7）“man/ woman+ n.”变复数时，作定语的man/ woman和中心词都要变复数。 men teachers男老师women engineers女工程师 （8）不规则复数形式 ①变内部元音 foot-feet man-men woman-women tooth-teeth mouse-mice goose-geese gentleman-gentlemen ②单复数同形的名词 sheep deer spacecraft太空船 aircraft飞行器Chinese Japanese
人教版高中英语必修5教案 Unit 3 Life in the Future Period 1 Warming up and reading Learning aims: 1. Learn some new words and expressions. 2. Help the students to talk about life in the past, at present and in the future. 3. Enable the students to describe the life in the past, at present and in the future. Important Points:To help students learn to read a narration about John Snow Difficult Points:To help students learn to describe people Teaching Procedures: Step 1 warming up Show the students some pictures or videos of the past and present life, and ask them their first impressions of the pictures. lead-in: Talk about how many changes there have been in the past and in the present. Step 2: pre-reading 1. Can you tell what problems people are facing today? 2. What problems do you think people in the future will have overcome? Which ones will still be there or even worse in AD3005? Key: 1. The problem of population will be solved, have begun to Control the birth rate. 2. The problems will be still there, and will even worse. 3. I don’t think so. Now scientists are trying their best to develop new resources that human beings can make use of ,such as solar energy. In my opinion…Step 3： fast reading 1. Read the text for the first time and tell what the text is about? It’s an e-mail written by a man Who has taken up a trip to the future. 2. Look at the following sentence, there are in wrong order, tell me the correct order for these sentence A. We were transported into the future by a comfortable time capsule. B. I arrived a t Wang Ping’s home and everything in his house made me surprised. C.I won a travel to the year AD3005 D. I have my first try to master a hovering carriage. Step 4 careful reading Task1. Questions & answers: 1. Why did I have the chance to travel to the year AD3005? 2. What is a “time lag”? 3. How did I feel when I was in the capsule? 4. Who guides my trip?
Unite 5 First Aid Teaching Goals: 1. Enable the Ss to get some first aid knowledge 2. Enable the Ss to learn how to use what they’ve learnt to do first aid treatment for burns correctly. 3. Let the Ss learn the reading skill of getting the main idea of each para./ part & each passage . Key Teaching Points How to improve the Ss’ reading ability. Difficult points 1. How to grasp the main idea of each paragraph / part & each passage. 2. How to help the Ss use what they’ve learnt to do first aid treatment for burns correctly. Teaching methods 1). Skimming & scanning methods to make the Ss get a good understanding of the text. 1.Discussion methods to make the Ss understand what they’ve learned in class. 2.Pair work of group to get every student to take part in the teaching-and-learning activities. https://www.doczj.com/doc/dc9293537.html,petition and role-play method to arouse the Ss’ interest Teaching procedures Step1. Lead-in Lead-in by telling the Ss a story, meanwhile, teach them some new words: bandage, first-aid-kit, ambulance and then ask them to think of words about accidents and first aid Step2. Pre-reading Show the Ss the picture of Pre-reading on P33 and ask them the following questions: What has happened? What sort of injuries the child will have? What kind of first aid would you perform? Step3. Fast reading Let the Ss read the passage fast and then find out the answers to the questions 1. What will the passage be about? 2. What do they tell you about the passage? 3. In which order are these topics covered in the text? Number them from 1 to 5. ____ the three types of burns ____ what to do if someone gets burned ____ the purpose of skin ____ the symptoms of burns ____ how we get burns Step4. Detailed reading 1). Tell if the following statements are true or false: 1.Our skin has three layers. 2.We will never get burned by the sun. 3.Burns are divided into three degrees according to the degree of pain. 4.Third degree burns are the most serious and painful. 5.Put cool water on any burns to cool them. 6.Don’t rub the burns 7.It’s better that you put so me butter or oil on burns. 2). Answer the questions 1.Why should you put cold water on a burn?
2021届高中英语新高考语法基础版一轮复习讲义（9） 被动语态知识点整理总结 被动语态是中高考经常考的语法之一，也是日常口语和写作中必不可少的句子形式，今天笔者就带大家一起来学习它。 01 被动语态的概念 所谓被动语态是相当于主动语态而言的。如果主语是动作的执行者，那么我们就称其为主动语态，反之，如果主语是动作的承受者或动作的对象，那我们就称其为被动语态。如： 主: Many people speak Chinese. 被: Chinese is spoken by many people. 02 被动语态的结构 被动语态由"be＋及物动词的过去分词"构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来。下面通过speak来说明常见时态的被动语态：一般现在时 am/is/are＋spoken 一般过去时 was/were＋spoken
一般将来时 will/shall be＋spoken 现在进行时 am/is/are being＋spoken 过去进行时 was/were being＋spoken 现在完成时 have/has been＋spoken 过去完成时 had been + spoken 03 被动语态的执行者 被动语态的执行者一般以by+人/物来引出。如果没有执行者或没必要说出执行者，则可以省略这部分。如： Some computers were stolen last night. 无法确定执行者，因此无by结构。 The glass was broken by Mike.
执行者是Mike，所以这里用by引出。 04 含有情态动词的被动语态 用“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”结构。 如： We can repair this watch in two days. This watch can be repaired in two days. 05 特殊情况主动变被动 make/let+sb+do变为被动要还原to。如： He made the boy work for two hours a day. The boy was made to work for two hours a day. 双宾语结构的物做被动语态主语时，后面要还原出介词。如：Jack gave Peter a present just now. A present was given to Peter just now. 巩固练习 1. The flowers were so lovely that they ______ in no time. A. sold B. had been sold
直接引语和间接引语 概念引入： 我们先看下面的句子： 1.John said, “I’m going to London with my father.” 约翰说：“我要和父亲到伦敦去。” 2.She said, “Do you often e here to read newspapers?” 她说：“你经常来这儿看报吗？” 3.I asked him, “Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?” 我问他：“你今晚是待在家还是去看电影？” 4.“Why don’t you take a walk after supper?” he asked. 他问：“饭后干嘛不出去走走呢？” 从上述四个例句看出：引内是直接引用别人的原话，这种句子为直接引语。 再看这一组句子： 1.John said that he was going to London with his father. 约翰说，他要和他父亲去伦敦。 2.She asked me if (whether) I often went there to read newspapers. 她问我是否经常去那儿看报。 3.I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night. 我问他那天晚上是待在家还是去看电影。 4.He advised me to take a walk after supper. 他建议我晚饭后出去走走。 从第二组的四个例句看出，都是别人的原话进行了转述，这就是间接引语。在转述中，人称、时态、代词、时间状语的表达都有所变化。 那么从直接引语变成间接引语，都有哪些部分需要变化呢？ 用法讲解【高清课堂：直接引语和间接引语P1】， 课文原句回放 首先请看下面几个句子，这几个句子来自课文，分别是直接引语和间接引语。请大家看看这些句子，看看这些直接引语和间接引语有什么区别。其实，我们从形式上就可以看出它们的区别： 1. “I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary,” said Anne. (Direct speech) 安妮说：”我不想在日记中记流水账。” Anne said that she didn’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary. (Indirect speech) 安妮说她不想在日记中记流水账。 2. Anne’s sister asked her what she called her diary. (Indirect speech) 安妮的姐姐问她怎么称呼她的日记。 “What do you call your diary?” Anne’s sister asked her. (Direct speech)
Module 1 British and American English I. 模块教学目标 技能目标Skill Goals ▲Talk about varieties of English ▲Practise giving reasons ▲Review of verb forms: present simple, present continuous, present perfect and future reference; for and since with present perfect ▲Identify a variety of English ▲Write about the Chinese language II. 目标语言 功能句式Practise giving reasons I like Leeds because there’s more going on here than back home in the States. Since English is spoken all over the world, there are lots of varieties. As I was the only British person in the school, they made a fuss of me. I’m getting on just fine, now that I understand the local accent. Everyday English How are you getting on? I don’t get it. ... get used to ... That’s a good point. ... make a fuss of ...
语法总结全集 名词和主谓一致 一、名词的分类 英语中名词主要可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。 1．可数名词 可数名词一般都有单复数。单数时，名词前可加不定冠词a/an；复数时，前面可加数词，名词本身要改成复数形式。 可数名词的复数有规则和不规则两种变化。规则的名词，只要在单数名词之后加“s”，“es”或去“y”加“ies”就行，如：an umbrella, twelve umbrellas；a factory, three factories。不规则的名词变化则要靠积累记忆，如：a mouse, ten mice；a policeman, six policemen。 有少数可数名词，如sheep，works（工厂），Chinese等，它们的单复数同形：a sheep, four sheep；a chemical works, five chemical works。 此外，还有一些可数名词只有复数形式，如clothes，trousers，cattle，police，people(人，人民)等。 英语名词中还有一些合成词，它们的复数形式有三种可能：1）后面的部分变成复数形式：grown-ups，boy students，grandchildren。2）前面的部分变成复数形式：passers-by，lookers-on，sons-in-law。3）前、后都变成复数形式：men doctors，women drivers。 2．不可数名词 不可数名词没有单复数的变化，前面也不能加a/an，或数词。但是我们可以用量词来表示不可数名词的数量，单复数表现在量词上，如：a piece of paper；two pieces of paper。 在有些情况下，不可数名词也可用a/an，表“一种”、“某种”的意思，如have a wonderful time，receive a good education，be made into a fine paper。 有时为了表示量大，不可数名词的后面也可加“s”，如sands，ashes，waters等。 但是我们在学习不可数名词的时候，特别要记住英语中有一些名词，它们无论在什么情况下，前面都不能用a/an，后面也不可加“s”，如weather，information，等。 3．有的名词既可是可数名词，也可是不可数名词 英语中有相当一部分的名词，既可以是可数，也可以是不可数，它们的意义有时略有不同，有时则完全不同。如：difficulty, success, time, work，paper，glass，等。 4．用于表示可数与不可数名词的数量“多”“少”的常用词和词组 跟可数名词连用的如：few, a few, many。 跟不可数名词连用的如：little, a little, much。 可数与不可数都能用的是：a lot of , plenty of。 二、主谓一致 1．通常被看作单数的主语部分 1）不定式、动名词和主语从句。 eg.. To see is to believe. Seeing is believing. What he said was different from what he did. 2）表示“时间”“距离”“金钱数量”的名词。 eg. Twenty years is quite a long time. 10 kilometers doesn’t seem to be a long distance to Mira. 300 dollars is too much for this old coin.
Unit 3 Life In the Future 学情分析：________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 教材分析 本单元的中心话题是“谈未来”，内容主要涉及人类对今后生活环境的想象、猜测和思考。通过本单元的学习，要让学生大胆发挥想象，对人类今后的生活环境， 集宁一中2011年高二上学期第 1 页共9 页编制人：于素丽
建议：高中阶段的英语教学，主要是阅读理解技能和读写技能，因此每个单元的教述，请参见《高中英语阅读技能》给出的表格和高考考试大纲中的阅读技能。 教案一W arming Up, Pre-reading and comprehending Teaching Goals: 1.To illustrate Ss’ imagination of future life. 2.To arouse Ss to pay more attention to the problems that probably appeared in the future life. 3. Enable the students to describe the life in the past, at present and in the future. Step 1 Lead-in （多媒体展示）Show some pictures about life in the past and life at present.(or let students enjoy a short movie about life in the future.)Let students discuss the question : What do you think future life will be like? 建议：呈现的图片或者视频，最好有个范围，比如：交通、通讯、学校生活等等，这些范围的内容最好和后面的阅读内容有较强的关联，以便更好的导入课文预测和阅读理解。 Step 2. W arming Up Group work What changes do you expect to see in your life in 50 years’ time? In groups, choose tw o of them to have a discussion, then make notes in the table.(可选其中几项进行讨论) 集宁一中2011年高二上学期第 2 页共9 页编制人：于素丽
英语必修五unit5教案
英语必修五unit5教案 【篇一：高中英语必修五教案unit 5】 新课标人教版英语必修5教案 unit 5 firsr aid 程洪维 1. first aid is a temporary form help given to someone who suddenly falls ill or gets injured before a doctor can be found. give \ offer aid援助come to one’s aid 帮助某人 cut off aid 终止援助a hearing aid 助听器 teaching aids教具medical aid医疗救护 with the aid of借助于in aid of为了帮助 he fell ill and had to enter the hospital.他生病了必须住院治疗。fall asleep睡着了fallsilent静下来 the computer got damaged when we were moving.我的电脑在搬家时弄坏了。 my bike is getting repaired now.我的自行车正在修理。 my glass got broken while i was playing basketball。我的眼镜在打篮球的时候给弄坏了。 peter and mary got married last year.皮特和玛丽去年接了婚。 2. you have three layers of skin which act as a barrier against diseases, poisons and the sun’s harmful rays.你有三层皮肤作为障来保护你免受疾病，毒药和有害光线的侵害。
高中英语语法讲义————特殊句式 倒装句 通常句式为自然语序“主语+谓语”，有时为了强调句子的某一部分，或者出于词汇用法、语法结构或修辞上的需要，将这种比较固定的语序加以颠倒，就形成了倒装。分为完全倒装，部分倒装和形式倒装。 一.完全倒装：谓语动词完全置于主语之前，主语为名词不为代词，谓语不用进行时。 1.一些表示地点、时间或方位等的副词或介词短语。如：here, there, now, then, up, down ,in, out, away, off, in the room, on the wall等置于句首。 Down came the rain and up went the umbrella. Then followed three days of heavy rain. Out rushed the children laughing loudly. Away flew the plane. 2.such 位于句首。 Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th century’s greatest sci entist. 注：此句型中的such多被认为是表语，所以such后的be动词应与其后真正的主语保持一致。 Such are the facts; no one can deny them. 二．部分倒装：只把谓语的一部分（助动词，情态动词或be动词）置于主语之前 1.so+ be 动词/ 助动词/ 情态动词+主语，意为“...也是如此”。 They love making lots of friends; so do I. 2.neither/nor+ be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语，意为“...也不这样”。 Lily can’t ride a bicycle; neither/nor can Lucy. 3.否定词never, seldom, nor, not, little, hardly, scarcely等或表示否定意义的介词短语at no time, under/in no circumstances, in no case, by no means, on no condition 等置于句首时。 Not a single mistake did he make. =He di dn’t make a single mistake. 4.only 修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，且放在句首时。 Only then did I begin to understand him. Only in this way can we solve the problem. Only if you work hard will you be admitted to a top university. 5.so...that...和such...that...句式中，so或such及其所修饰的部分置于句首时，主句用部分倒装。 So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood Such progress did he make that he won much respect. 三．形式倒装：在语法上称为前置。只把强调的内容提至句首，主谓并不倒装。 1.感叹句 What an interesting talk they had! =How interesting a talk they had! 2.the+比较级.....,the +比较级.....句型 The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes. 3.whatever+ n.或however+ adj./adv.引导的让步状语从句 Whatever reasons you have, you should carry out your promise. However difficult the problem may be, we must work it out this evening. 4,as / though引导让步状从，表语、状语、含情态动词的谓语提前，表语为单数名词提前不用冠词。 Young as /though he was, he was successful. Child as /though he is, he knows much.
高中英语直接引语和间接引语用法讲解 一、概述 引用或转述别人说的话时有两种方法：直接引述别人的原话，这叫做直接引语(direct speech)。用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语(indirect speech)。一般地讲，直接引语前后要加引号，间接引语不用引号，而用宾语从句来表达。 Mr. Black said, “I'm busy.”布菜克先生说：“我很忙”。（直接引语） Mr. Black said that he was busy.布菜克先生说他很忙。（宾语从句是间接引语） 从上例看来，直接引语改为间接引语时,除将直接引语改为宾语从句之外，还须对直接引语中的人称和时态进行相应的变化，如上例直接引语中的I改成了he, am则改成了was。现将由直接引语改为间接引语时应注意的问题,分述如下： 二、直接引语是陈述句时 直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that引导（that在口语中常省去），that 从句之前用say、tell等动词，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应的变化。 1、人称的变化 直接引语改为间接引语人称要相应的变化，把直接引语中的第一人称(如：I，me，my，mine，we，us，our，ours)变为与主句的主语相一致的人称。把直接引语中的第二人称(you，your，yours)变为和主句的间接宾语(即听话人，如无听话人，可根据上下文的体会人为确定一个人称)相一致的人称。直接引语中的第三人称(he，him，his，she，her，hers,it，its,they,their，theirs，them)变为间接引语时，人称不变。 He said , “I like it very much.” 他说：“我非常喜欢它”。 →He said that he liked it very much. 他说他非常喜欢它。(I改为he, it不变) He said, “You told me this story.”他说：“你给我讲过这个故事。” →He said that I had told him that story.他说我给他讲过那个故事。(You改为I, me改为him, told 改为had told) He said to me, “She’s left her book in your room”.他对我说：“她把书放在你的房间里去了。”He told me that she had left her book in my room. 他对我说她把书放在我的房间里去了。（She’s→she had，her不变，your→my） 2、时态的变化 （1）主句的谓语动词是一般过去时 如主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，直接引语变间接引语时，从句的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化。直接引语改为间接引语时,动词时态相应变化表： He said, “I usually watch TV on Sunday.”他说：“我常在星期天看电视”。 →He said tha t he usually watched TV on Sunday.他说他常在星期天看电视。 He said, “I'm using the knife.”他说：“我正在用小刀。” →He said that he was using the knife.他说他正在用小刀。 She said, “I have not heard from him since May.”她说：“自从五月份来我就没收到他的来信。”→She said that she had not heard from him since May. 她说自五月以来她就没收到他的来信。He said，“I came to help you.”他说：“我来帮助你。” →He said that he had come to help me.他说他来帮助我。 He said, “I had finished my homework before supper.”他说：“晚饭前我己做完了作业。” →He said that he had finished his homework before supper.他说晚饭前他己做完了作业。 Zhou L an said, “I'll do it after class.”周兰说：“下课后我就去做。” →Zhou Lan said that she would do it after class.周兰说下课后她就去做。