George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳简介
1856-1950 长篇小说：An Unsocial Socialist业余社会主义者评论：Quintessence of Ibsenism 剧本：Widoer’s Houses鳏夫的房产;Mrs Warren’s Profession华伦夫人的职业The Devil’s Disciple魔鬼的门徒;Man and Superman人与超人;John Bull’s Other Island英国佬的另一个岛;Major Barbara巴巴拉少校;Pygmalion劈克美梁;Heartbreak House伤心之家;The Apple Cart 苹果车;Too True to be Good真相毕露
born July 26, 1856, Dublin, Ireland
died November 2, 1950, Ayot St. Lawrence, Hertfordshire, England
George Bernard Shaw, photograph by Yousuf Karsh.
Irish comic dramatist, literary critic, and socialist propagandist, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1925.
Early life and career
George Bernard Shaw was the third and youngest child (and only son) of George Carr Shaw and Lucinda Elizabeth Gurly Shaw. Technically, he belo nged to the Protestant “ascendancy”—the landed Irish gentry—but his impractical father was first a sinecured civil servant and then an unsuccessful grain merchant, and George Bernard grew up in an atmosphere of genteel poverty, which to him was more humiliating than being merely
poor. At first tutored by a clerical uncle, Shaw basically rejected the schools he then attended, and by age 16 he was working in a land agent's office.
Shaw developed a wide knowledge of music, art, and literature as a result of his mother's influence and his visits to the National Gallery of Ireland. In 1872 his mother left her husband and took her two daughters to London, following her music teacher, George John Vandeleur Lee, who from 1866 had shared households in Dublin with the Shaws. In 1876 Shaw resolved to become a writer, and he joined his mother and elder sister (the younger one having died) in London. Shaw in his 20s suffered continuous frustration and poverty. He depended upon his mother's pound a week from her husband and her earnings as a music teacher. He spent his afternoons in the British Museum reading room, writing novels and reading what he had missed at school, and his evenings in search of additional self-education in the lectures and debates that characterized contemporary middle-class London intellectual activities.
His fiction failed utterly. The semiautobiographical and aptly titled Immaturity(1879; published 1930) repelled every publisher in London. His next four novels were similarly refused, as were most of the articles he submitted to the press for a decade. Shaw's initial literary work earned him less than 10 shillings a year. A fragment posthumously published as An Unfinished Novel in 1958 (but written 1887–88) was his final false start in fiction.
Despite his failure as a novelist in the 1880s, Shaw found himself during this decade. He became a vegetarian, a socialist, a spellbinding orator, a polemicist, and tentatively a playwright. He became the force behind the newly founded (1884) Fabian Society, a middle-class socialist group that aimed at the transformation of English society not through revolution but through “permeation” (in Sidney Webb's term) of the country's intellectual and political life. Shaw involved himself in every aspect of its activities, most visibly as editor of one of the classics of British socialism, Fabian Essays in Socialism(1889), to which he also contributed two sections.
Eventually, in 1885 the drama critic William Archer found Shaw steady journalistic work. His early journalism ranged from book reviews in the Pall Mall Gazette (1885–88) and art criticism in the World (1886–89) to brilliant musical columns in the Star(as “Corno di Bassetto”—basset horn) from 1888 to 1890 and in the World(as “G.B.S.”) from 1890 to 1894. Shaw had a good understanding of music, particularly opera, and he supplemented his knowledge with a brilliance of digression that gives many of his notices a permanent appeal. But Shaw truly began to make his mark
when he was recruited by Frank Harris to the Saturday Review as theatre critic (1895–98); in that position he used all his wit and polemical powers in a campaign to displace the artificialities and hypocrisies of the Victorian stage with a theatre of vital ideas. He also began writing his own plays.
First plays
When Shaw began writing for the English stage, its most prominent dramatists were Sir A.W. Pinero and H.A. Jones. Both men were trying to develop a modern realistic drama, but neither had the power to break away from the type of artificial plots and conventional character types expected by theatregoers. The poverty of this sort of drama had become apparent with the introduction of several of Henrik Ibsen's plays onto the London stage around 1890, when A Doll's House was played in London; his Ghosts followed in 1891, and the possibility of a new freedom and seriousness on the English stage was introduced. Shaw, who was about to publish The Quintessence of Ibsenism (1891), rapidly refurbished an abortive comedy, Widowers' Houses, as a play recogni zably “Ibsenite” in tone, making it turn on the notorious scandal of slum landlordism in London. The result (performed 1892) flouted the threadbare romantic conventions that were still being exploited even by the most daring new playwrights. In the play a well-intentioned young Englishman falls in love and then discovers that his prospective father-in-law's fortune and his own private income derive from exploitation of the poor. Potentially this is a tragic situation, but Shaw seems to have been always determined to avoid tragedy. The unamiable lovers do not attract sympathy; it is the social evil and not the romantic predicament on which attention is concentrated, and the action is kept well within the key of ironic comedy.
The same dramatic predispositions control Mrs. Warren's Profession, written in 1893 but not performed until 1902 because the lord chamberlain, the censor of plays, refused it a license. Its subject is organized prostitution, and its action turns on the discovery by a well-educated young w oman that her mother has graduated through the “profession” to become a part-proprietor of brothels throughout Europe. Again, the economic determinants of the situation are emphasized, and the subject is treated remorselessly and without the titillation of fashionable comedies about “fallen women.” As with many of Shaw's works, the play is, within limits, a drama of ideas, but the vehicle by which these are presented is essentially one of high comedy.
Shaw called these first plays “unpleasant,” because “the ir dramatic power is used to force the spectator to face unpleasant facts.” He followed them with four “pleasant” plays in an effort to find the producers and audiences that his mordant comedies had offended. Both groups of plays were revised and published in Plays Pleasant and Unpleasant (1898). The first of the second group, Arms and the Man (performed 1894), has a Balkan setting and makes lighthearted, though sometimes mordant, fun of romantic falsifications of both love and warfare. The second, Candida (performed 1897), was important for English theatrical history, for its successful production at the Royal Court Theatre in 1904 encouraged Harley Granville-Barker and J.E. Vedrenne to form a partnership that resulted in a series of brilliant productions there. The play represents its heroine as forced to choose between her clerical husband—a worthy but obtuse Christian socialist—and a young poet who has fallen wildly in love with her. She chooses her
confident-seeming husband because she discerns that he is actually the weaker. The poet is immature and hysterical but, as an artist, has a capacity to renounce personal happiness in the interest of some large creative purpose. This is a significant theme for Shaw; it leads on to that of the conflict between man as spiritual creator and woman as guardian of the biological continuity of the human race that is basic to Man and Superman. In Candida such speculative issues are only lightly touched on, and this is true also of You Never Can Tell (performed 1899), in which the hero and heroine, who believe themselves to be respectively an accomplished amorist and an utterly rational and emancipated woman, find themselves in the grip of a vital force that takes little account of these notions.
The strain of writing these plays, while his critical and political work went on unabated, so sapped Shaw's strength that a minor illness became a major one. In 1898, during the process of recuperation, he married his unofficial nurse, Charlotte Payne-Townshend, an Irish heiress and friend of Beatrice and Sidney Webb. The apparently celibate marriage lasted all their lives, Shaw satisfying his emotional needs in paper-passion correspondences with Ellen Terry, Mrs. Patrick Campbell, and others.
Shaw's next collection of plays, Three Plays for Puritans (1901), continued what became the traditional Shavian preface—an introductory essay in an electric prose style dealing as much with the themes suggested by the plays as the plays themselves. The Devil's Disciple(performed 1897) is a play set in New Hampshire during the American Revolution and is an inversion of traditional melodrama. Caesar and Cleopatra(performed 1901) is Shaw's first great play. In the play Cleopatra is a spoiled and vicious 16-year-old child rather than the 38-year-old temptress of Shakespeare's
Antony and Cleopatra. The play depicts Caesar as a lonely and austere man who is as much a philosopher as he is a soldier. The play's outstanding success rests upon its treatment of Caesar as a credible study in magnanimity an d “original morality” rather than as a superhuman hero on a stage pedestal. The third play, Captain Brassbound's Conversion (performed 1900), is a sermon against various kinds of folly masquerading as duty and justice.
International importance
In Man and Superman (performed 1905) Shaw expounded his philosophy that humanity is the latest stage in a purposeful and eternal evolutionary movement of the “life force” toward ever-higher life forms. The play's hero, Jack Tanner, is bent on pursuing his own spiritual development in accordance with this philosophy as he flees the determined marital pursuit of the heroine, Ann Whitefield. In the end Jack ruefully allows himself to be captured in marriage by Ann upon recognizing that she herself is a powerful instrume nt of the “life force,” since the continuation and thus the destiny of the human race lies ultimately in her and other women's reproductive capacity. The play's nonrealistic third act, the “Don Juan in Hell” dream scene, is spoken theatre at its most opera tic and is often performed independently as a separate piece.
Shaw had already become established as a major playwright on the Continent by the performance of his plays there, but, curiously, his reputation lagged in England. It was only with the production of John Bull's Other Island(performed 1904) in London, with a special performance for Edward VII, that Shaw's stage reputation was belatedly made in England.
Shaw continued, through high comedy, to explore religious consciousness and to point out society's complicity in its own evils. In Major Barbara (performed 1905), Shaw has his heroine, a major in the Salvation Army, discover that her estranged father, a munitions manufacturer, may be a dealer in death but that his principles and practice, however unorthodox, are religious in the highest sense, while those of the Salvation Army require the hypocrisies of often-false public confession and the donations of the distillers and the armourers against which it inveighs. In The Doctor's Dilemma(performed 1906), Shaw produced a satire upon the medical profession (representing the self-protection of professions in general) and upon both the artistic temperament and the public's inability to separate it from the artist's achievement. In Androcles and the Lion (performed 1912), Shaw dealt with true and false religious exaltation in
a philosophical play about early Christianity. Its central theme, examined through a group of early Christians condemned to the arena, is that one must have something worth dying for—an end outside oneself—in order to make life worth living.
Possibly Shaw's comedic masterpiece, and certainly his funniest and most popular play, is Pygmalion (performed 1913). It was claimed by Shaw to be a didactic drama about phonetics, and its antiheroic hero, Henry Higgins, is a phonetician, but the play is a humane comedy about love and the English class system. The play is about the training Higgins gives to a Cockney flower girl to enable her to pass as a lady and is also about the repercussions of the experiment's success. The scene in which Eliza Doolittle appears in high society when she has acquired a correct accent but no notion of polite conversation is one of the funniest in English drama. Pygmalion has been both filmed (1938), winning an Academy Award for Shaw for his screenplay, and adapted into an immensely popular musical, My Fair Lady (1956; motion-picture version, 1964).
Works after World War I
World War I was a watershed for Shaw. At first he ceased writing plays, publishing instead a controversial pamphlet, “Common Sense About the War,” which called Great Britain and its Allies equally culpable with the Germans and argued for negotiation and peace. His antiwar speeches made him notorious and the target of much criticism. In Heartbreak House (performed 1920), Shaw exposed, in a country-house setting on the eve of war, the spiritual bankruptcy of the generation responsible for the war's bloodshed. Attempting to keep from falling into “the bottomless pit of an utterly
discouraging pessimism,” Shaw wrote five linked plays under the collective title Back to Methuselah (1922). They expound his philosophy of creative evolution in an extended dramatic parable that progresses through time from the Garden of Eden to AD 31,920.
The canonization of Joan of Arc in 1920 reawakened within Shaw ideas for a chronicle play about her. In the resulting masterpiece, Saint Joan(performed 1923), the Maid is treated not only as a Catholic saint and martyr but as a combination of practical mystic, heretical saint, and inspired genius. Joan, as the superior being “crushed between those mighty forces, the Church and the Law,” is the personification of the tragic heroine; her death embodies the paradox that humankind fears—and often kills—its saints and heroes and will go on doing so until the very higher moral qualities it fears become the general condition of man through a process of evolutionary change. Acclaim for Saint Joan
led to the awarding of the 1925 Nobel Prize for Literature to Shaw (he
refused the award).
In his later plays Shaw intensified his explorations into tragicomic and nonrealistic symbolism. For the next five years, he wrote nothing for the theatre but worked on his collected edition of 1930–38 and the encyclopaedic political tract “The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism” (1928). Then he produced The Apple Cart
(performed 1929), a futuristic high comedy that emphasized Shaw's inner conflicts between his lifetime of radical politics and his essentially conservative mistrust of the common man's ability to govern himself. Shaw's later, minor plays included Too True to Be Good(performed 1932), On The Rocks (performed 1933), The Simpleton of the Unexpected Isles (performed 1935), Geneva (performed 1938), and In Good King Charles's Golden Days (1939). After a wartime hiatus, Shaw, then in his 90s, produced several more plays, including Farfetched Fables (performed 1950), Shakes Versus Shav(performed 1949), and Why She Would Not(1956), which is a fantasy with only flashes of the earlier Shaw.
Impudent, irreverent, and always a showman, Shaw used his buoyant wit to keep himself in the public eye to the end of his 94 years; his wiry figure, bristling beard, and dandyish cane were as well-known throughout the world as his plays. When his wife, Charlotte, died of a lingering illness in 1943, in the midst of World War II, Shaw, frail and feeling the effects of wartime privations, made permanent his retreat from his London apartment to his country home at Ayot St. Lawrence, a Hertfordshire village in which he had lived since 1906. He died there in 1950.
George Bernard Shaw was not merely the best comic dramatist of his time but also one of the most significant playwrights in the English language since the 17th century. Some of his greatest works for the stage—Caesar and Cleopatra, the “Don Juan in Hell” episode of Man and Superman, Major Barbara, Heartbreak House, and Saint Joan—have a high seriousness and prose beauty that were unmatched by his stage contemporaries. His development of a drama of moral passion and of intellectual conflict and debate, his revivifying the comedy of manners, his ventures into symbolic farce and into a theatre of disbelief helped shape the theatre of his time and after. A visionary and mystic whose philosophy of moral passion permeates his plays, Shaw was also the most trenchant pamphleteer since Swift; the most readable music critic in English; the best theatre critic of his generation; a prodigious lecturer and essayist on politics, economics, and sociological subjects; and one of the most prolific letter writers in literature. By bringing a bold critical intelligence to his many other areas of interest, he helped mold the political, economic, and sociological thought of three generations.
Stanley WeintraubJohn I.M. Stewart Ed.
Additional Reading
Works that are primarily biography include Archibald Henderson, George Bernard Shaw, Man of the Century (1956, reissued in 2 vol., 1972); Frank Harris, Bernard Shaw (1931); Hesketh Pearson, Bernard Shaw (1942, reissued 1987; also published as G.B.S., 1942, reissued 1952, and as George Bernard Shaw, 1963); William Irvine, The Universe of G.B.S. (1949); St. John Greer Ervine, Bernard Shaw (1956); Allan Chappelow (ed.), Shaw the Villager and Human Being (1961); B.C. Rosset, Shaw of Dublin: The Formative Years (1964); J. Percy Smith, The Unrepentant Pilgrim (1965), a study of Shaw's twenties and thirties; Margot Peters, Bernard Shaw and the Actresses (1980); Arnold Silver, Bernard Shaw: The Darker Side (1982), a psychological study; and Michael Holroyd, Bernard Shaw, 4 vol. (1988–92). Early works of criticism include Henry L. Mencken, George Bernard Shaw: His Plays (1905, reprinted 1977); and G.K. Chesterton, George Bernard Shaw, new ed. (1935, reissued 1961). T.F. Evans (ed.), Shaw: The Critical Heritage (1976), collects contemporary criticism,
1892–1951. Later criticism includes E. Strauss, Bernard Shaw: Art and Socialism (1942, reprinted 1978); Eric Bentley, Bernard Shaw (1947, reissued 1976); Alick West, George Bernard Shaw: “A Good Man Fallen Among Fabians” (1950); Arthur H. Nethercot, Men and Supermen, 2nd ed. (1966), an analysis of Shaw's characters; Julian B. Kaye, Bernard Shaw and the Nineteenth-Century Tradition (1958); Martin Meisel, Shaw and the Nineteenth-Century Theater (1963, reprinted 1984); Bernard F. Dukore, Bernard Shaw, Playwright: Aspects of Shavian Drama (1973); Eldon C. Hill, George Bernard Shaw (1978), an introductory study; Michael Holroyd (ed.), The Genius of Shaw: A Symposium (1979); Stanley Weintraub, The Unexpected Shaw: Biographical Approaches to G.B.S. and His Work (1982); Warren Sylvester Smith, Bishop of Everywhere: Bernard Shaw and the Life Force (1982), exploring aspects of Shaw's religiosity; A.M. Gibbs, The Art and Mind of Shaw (1983); and Nicholas Grene, Bernard Shaw, a Critical View (1984). Current criticism may be found in the journal Shaw (annual).
的记录。 15、世上只有一件事比被人议论更糟糕，那就是没有人议论你。 16、女人如何能期望会从男人那里获得幸福，如果他坚持把她 当作一个完全正常的人。 17、要避免争论，争论总是俗不可耐，而且常常令人信服。 18、邪恶是善良的人们编造的谎言，用来解释其他人的特殊魅力。 19、孩子最初爱他们父母，等大一些他们评判父母；然后有些 时候，他们原谅父母。 20、如果一个女人不能让她犯的错误变得迷人，她就只是一个 雌性动物。 21、一个愤世嫉俗的人知道所有东西的价格，却不知道任何东 西的价值。 22、摆脱**的唯一方式是臣服于**……我能抗拒一切，除了**。 23、情感的好处就是让我们引入歧途，而科学的好处是不感情 用事。 24、女人在世上的日子要比男人好过得多。她们有太多禁忌。 25、20年的韵事使女人变成一片废墟，20年的婚姻使女人变 成一座公共建筑。 26、我喜欢自言自语，因为这样节约时间，而且不会有人跟我 争论。 27、报纸和文学的区别是，报纸没法读，而文学则没人读。 28、恭维话从来没有让女人缴械，但可以让男人缴械。这就是 性别差异。 29、每个人犯了错误，都自称是经验。——经验是一个人给自
己所犯的错误取的名字。 30、生活从来不是公平的……而且，或许对我们大多数人来说，这是件好事。 31、生活是世上最罕见的事情，大多数人只是存在，仅此而已。 32、坏女人给我麻烦。好女人令我厌烦。这就是她们唯一的不同。 33、所有人类的重大问题都有一个共同点：没有点幽默和疯狂 是没办法解决的。 34、对富有的单身汉应该客以重税。让某些人比其他人更快乐 是不公平的。 35、争论是俗不可耐的，因为道德社会里每个人都持完全相同 的观点。 36、男人因疲倦而结婚，女人因好奇而结婚；最终他们都会失望。 37、只要一个女人看上去比她自己的女儿小十岁，她就一定会 心满意足。 38、女人的生活中只有一个真正的悲剧：她总在缅怀过去，却 必须活在未来。 39、我一点都不浪漫。我还不算太老。还是把浪漫留给比我老 的人吧。 40、除了感官，什么也不能治灵魂的创痛，同样，感官的饥渴 也只有灵魂解除得了。 41、我喜欢人甚于原则，此外我还喜欢没原则的人甚于世界上 的一切。 42、当美国的好人死了，他们就去巴黎。当美国的坏蛋死了，
英国文学知识简介(English Literature) 一、中古时期英语文学（Old and Medieval English Literature） 1．考核知识点和考核要求： 1) 英国中古时期主要的文学作品（《贝奥武甫》，《高文爵士与绿色骑士》） 2) 主要的作家、作家概况及其代表作品 2．英国中古时期的主要作家 杰弗里?乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer（首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。 约翰?德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。）二、英国文艺复兴时期文学（The Renaissance Period） 1．考核知识点和考核要求： 1) 主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色、代表作品及其语言风格 2) 名词解释：十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗 2. 英国文艺复兴时期主要作家： 埃德蒙?斯宾塞Edmund Spenser （后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。） 托马斯?莫尔Thomas More (欧洲早期空想社会主义的创始人，以其名著《乌托邦》而著名) 克里斯托夫?马洛C hristopher Marlowe （代表作《浮士德博士的悲剧》根据德国民间故事书写成;完善了无韵体诗。） 威廉?莎士比亚William Shakespeare （英国著名剧作家、诗人，著有“四大悲剧”）弗朗西斯?培根Francis Bacon （哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。）约翰?邓恩John Donne （“玄学派”诗人） 约翰?弥尔顿John Milton（诗人、政论家;失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》） 三、英国新古典主义时期文学（The Neoclassical Period） 1．考核知识点和考核要求： 1) 主要作家及其主要作品、作品的艺术特色及其文学流派。 2) 启蒙运动产生的背景。 2．英国新古典主义时期文学主要作家： 约翰?德莱顿John Dryden（批评家和戏剧家；在英国被封为第一位“桂冠诗人”；最先提出“玄学诗人”一词；他创造的"英语偶句诗体",成为英国诗歌的主要形式之一。） 亚历山大?蒲柏Alexander Pope （18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。） 丹尼尔?笛福Daniel Defoe（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。） 塞缪尔?理查森Samuel Richardson （小说开始审视“发生于内心的东西”,代表作《帕米拉》《克拉丽莎》） 亨利?菲尔丁Henry Fielding （英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父“）乔纳森?斯威夫特Jonathan Swift（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家。高尔基称他为世界“伟大文学创造者之一”。） 约翰?班扬John Bunyan （代表作《天路历程》，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的《神曲》、奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》并列
《英美文学》（03119）复习大纲 第一部分英国文学 一、课程简介 本课程简要介绍英国各个历史断代的主要文学文化思潮,文学流派,主要作家; 本课程要求学生掌握英国文学史上各个时期的文学特点，出现的文学流派以及该时期一至两位重要作家的文学生涯,创作思想,艺术特色及代表作品；并要求学生做到在掌握有关知识理论的基础上使之转换这能力，即能用有关知识和理论来分析英国文学中的相关问题。 二、课程重点章节简介： 第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学 1. <<贝尔武夫>> 2. 乔叟及其代表作 第二章: 文艺复兴时期 1. 文艺复兴的定义 2. 萨士比亚的戏剧及十四行诗 3. 培根的代表作 第三章: 十七世纪英国文学 1.弥尔顿的代表作<<失乐园>>、诗剧<<力士参孙>>的主要内容及<<
失乐园>>选短
第四章: 启蒙运动时期 1.新古典主义 2.伤感主义 3.笛福及代表作 4.蒲伯及代表作 第五章: 浪漫主义时期 1.浪漫主义时期文学的特点 2.彭斯的创作特点及代表作 3.华兹华斯的创作特点及代表作 4.拜伦诗歌的特点及代表作 第六章: 维多利亚时期 1.维多利亚时期的文学特点 2.布朗蒂姐妹的代表作 第七章: 现代时期 1.现代主义文学 2.汤姆斯.哈代创作特点及代表作 3. D.H.劳伦斯创作特点及代表作 三、本课程重点和难点内容简介 第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学： 1．<<贝尔武夫>>简介及在英国文学史上的意义。
2．乔叟及其代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》对英国文学做出的贡献。3．名词解释“骑士抒情诗” 第二章: 文艺复兴时期： 1.文艺复兴时期的时间界定 2.“文艺复兴”的名词解释 3.“人文主义” 的名词解释 4.莎士比亚的“Sonnet 18”的主题 5.哈姆雷特的性格分析 6.英语解释《论学习》中的句子 第三章: 十七世纪英国文学： 1.英语解释弥尔顿《失乐园》选段中的句子 2.《失乐园》的主要内容和意义 3.《失乐园》中撒旦的人物分析 第四章: 启蒙运动时期： 1.启蒙运动时期的界定 2.新古典主义的基本主张和特色 3.伤感主义的名词解释 4.《鲁滨逊漂流记》中鲁滨逊的人物分析 5.蒲伯的《论批评》的主题
《英国文学选读》课程基本信息 课程发展的历史沿革 南京大学英国文学教学和研究历史悠久，基础厚实。 早在80年代，范存忠先生出版了《英国文学史提纲》，陈嘉先生编写的英文版《英国文学史》和《英国文学选读》获国家教委全国高等学校优秀教材奖。 王守仁教授主编的《英美小说》1995年获全国高校外国文学教学研究会首届优秀教材 奖。 王守仁教授主编的《英国文学选读》由北京高等教育出版社于2001年出版，列入面向21世纪课程教材、普通高等教育九五国家级重点教材”并作为英语专业系列教材”之一， 获2002年全国普通高等学校优秀教材一等奖。该教材修订版已列入普通高等教育十五国家 级教材规划选题” 2001年王守仁教授主持的英国文学网络课程作为教育部新世纪网络课程建设工程”项 目正式立项，获经费12万元。 2003年4月，英国文学网络课程在北京通过专家组质量认证。 f ---------------- 探教学内容 英国文学课程精选英国文学史上重要作家的名篇，包括莎士比亚、培根、华兹华斯、狄 更斯、哈代、艾略特、乔伊斯、劳伦斯等经典作家的名著以及当代作家的作品，题材涵盖小说、诗歌、戏剧和散文，教学内容全面系统，较好地体现了专业课程的基础性、先进性和前沿性。英国文学课程确立以文学作品为中心，采用读写议相结合的教学方式，注重培养学生的分析能力、思辩能力和语言表达能力，体现了素质教育的特点。通过对本课程的学习，学 生可以在教师的指导下阅读英语文学作品原著，理解英国文学与文化，提高文学批评鉴赏能 力和英语水平。 €--------------- la 探教学条件 英国文学课程以王守仁教授主编的《英国文学选读》为基本教材，充分发挥网络技术的 优势，基于课堂与网络，实行开放式教学。南京大学具备运行机制良好的硬件环境，开发的英国文学网络课件已从2002年春季学期起投入使用。英国文学网络课件以Web页面的形式 呈现教学内容，通过ASP技术，动态生成学习单元，每单元包括作者简介、背景介绍、作品赏析、作品选读和注释以及作家的相关网址，同时还配有相关评论、图片和名言。课件具有
莎士比亚喜剧与莫里哀喜剧的比较在西方近现代喜剧史上，不得不提的有两个人，这两位都是伟大的喜剧大师。一位是莎士比亚，莎士比亚是欧洲文艺复兴时期最伟大的戏剧家，他开创了英国古典喜剧创作的新局面，他创作于早期的最具代表性的喜剧作品有四部，分别是《仲夏夜之梦》《无事生非》《皆大欢喜》和《第十二夜》，这些喜剧中蕴含着人文主义的精神和理想，我们可以看到充满着的无限希望，因此，乐观主义是莎士比亚的喜剧创作基调。另外一位就是莫里哀，莫里哀是法国古典主义最杰出的喜剧家，他的艺术成就也已经到达了一个高峰，其代表作有《伪君子》《吝啬鬼》《可笑的女才子》等，极具讽刺意味是莫里哀喜剧的最大特点。 可以说，莎士比亚与莫里哀都是他们各自时代喜剧界最杰出的代表，后世许多人就常将两位大师以及他们的喜剧拿出来进行比较，那么同为喜剧创作大师的他们，在喜剧创作上都有哪些异同呢 从相同点上来讲，二者的创作经历是很相似的，都曾流转于社会各个层次，由于接触面的广泛，生活经历的丰富，这就为以后喜剧的创作打下了坚实的基础。此外他们的创作内容都包含一些闹剧的成分。但不可否认的是，它们都达到了喜剧的效果。 而从不同点上来讲，主要从风格特点上来考虑。 首先，从喜剧的基调上来说，莎士比亚的喜剧史肯定性、歌颂性主题所奠定的乐观开朗的基调，这是由于他处在文艺复兴时期，因此他的喜剧总是热情肯定生活中的新生事物，赞美人的力量和价值，情爱和友爱，这是时代所赋予的。当然，除此之外，对于生活中的阴暗面，莎士比亚也进行揭露和嘲讽，但他的讽刺带有温和性。而莫里哀的喜剧则大不相同，讽刺在他的喜剧中占得分量和程度都大大加强了，因此这就成为了莫里哀喜剧的主基调，它着重于反映生活中的阴暗面，可以说，他的喜剧带给人们的已经不仅仅是欢乐，更多的则是深深的思考。 其次，就人物形象的塑造上二者也有不同。莎士比亚的喜剧中，人物性格大都是丰富多面的，而且人物形象也是多种多样的，可以说，每个人物都有自己独特的个性，尤其是女性形象，更是以其优美绝伦焕发出了明媚艳丽的独特光彩，比如聪明机智、幽默风趣的鲍西亚，活泼开朗、调皮狡黠的罗瑟琳等等，在她们身上，“天赋的灵奇”和“绝色的仙姿”达到了完美和谐的统一。而在莫里哀的喜剧中，人物形象的塑造则更多地体现了类型化，如同样伪善的人，达尔杜弗与唐璜，因此莫里哀在这一方面可能要稍逊莎士比亚一筹，不过对于他笔下有名的阿尔巴贡等形象还是不可否认的。 再次，就是浪漫主义与现实主义的不同了。莎士比亚的喜剧，更多地体现着浪漫主义的色彩，往往是抒情与写景的有机结合构成了优美恬适的喜剧氛围。莎士比亚笔下的喜剧场面充满了诗情画意、欢声笑语，正是在这样的氛围中人物的感情也显得格外美好，浪漫、抒情的风格在其中得到了极大的体现。莫里哀则不同，他的喜剧表现出了明显的现实主义色彩。这还是由于他的经历较其他作家更加丰富，他对现实的观察更加广泛所造成的。在他的喜剧中，就是靠着这些进行着批判和讽刺的。通过喜剧他更直接的描绘现实，使现实给予人启示，引人发笑，也引起人的注意。 总之，这两位伟大的喜剧大师都为我们展现了精彩，以各自不同的风格为我们展现了两个不同的天地。他们各有各的不同，各有各的成就，正是他们将喜剧引领到了一个又一个的高度，我想正是他们从不同角度的开创和引领，才使喜剧得以经久不衰的吧。
论王尔德的唯美主义内涵 唯美主义思想产生于英国维多利亚时代,是当时流行于英国的资产阶级文艺思潮。所谓唯美主义就是以艺术的技巧美、形式美作为绝对美的一种艺术主张。唯美主义者认为艺术不应具有任何说教的因素, 追求单纯的美感, 认为美才是艺术的本质, 才是艺术的真谛。这种思想主张为艺术而艺术, 强调超然于生活的所谓纯粹的美, 颠倒艺术和社会生活的关系, 一味追求艺术的技巧和形式美, 反对艺术上的功利主义。 王尔德深受罗斯金的美术观点及佩特唯美主义的影响, 最终成为英国美学运动的领袖人物，他对美的主张不论何时都是奉行不悖。他的唯美主义思想主要包括以下几个方面。 第一、生活模仿艺术。现实主义者通常认为, 艺术来源于生活, 艺术是生活的反映。但王尔德认为,不是艺术反映生活,而是生活模仿艺术。这是王尔德最具独创性和悖论性的思想之一。他说生活模仿艺术的程度,远远超过了艺术模仿生活的程度。在他看来,生活往往要借助艺术才能更完美地表现自己, 或者说人们往往是通过艺术才能更好地认识生活。例如，自然界中的花的存在对我们来说没有任何意义，我们并不认为它很美，但是当它被艺术描绘或渲染后，人们在头脑中就有了花原来是这样美的印象，人们才懂得了花是有实实在在的意义的也就是它很美。通过这种艺术加工的方式培养了人们的审美感受，从而使人们能够感受到花的美丽，体现了生活对艺术的模仿。 第二、艺术应该脱离人生，艺术不应该模仿人生。王尔德对英国社会的市侩哲学和虚伪道德深恶痛绝, 他认为人生是不完美的、丑陋的，因此他要用艺术的“美”来同鄙俗现实中的“丑”相对抗。但是他并不是完全否决人生和生活，他认为在某种情况下，艺术是可以把生活作为一部分原料的，但是必须经过重新加工再创造。例如，莫里哀最著名的代表作《伪君子》中有塑造了各种各样的人物，既有像答尔丢夫那样的虚伪无耻的教徒，也有像奥尔恭那样的愚蠢可笑的资产阶级，更有像桃丽娜那样机智灵敏的仆人。《伪君子》中的人物有很大部分是对现实人物的映射，达到了对现实社会批判的效果。但是在王尔德看来这是丑陋的、低俗的，作品不应该立足于现实而写，更不能去反应现实，他主张应该把这些丑陋的东西进行重新加工创造变成美，这就是所谓的艺术就是谎言。他在他的作品
2019-2020学年度语文选修《中外戏剧名作欣赏》第四单元莫里哀与《伪君 子》人教版知识点练习第三十一篇 第1题【单选题】 下列有关文学常识的表述正确的一项是( ) A、剧本《威尼斯商人》《悭吝人》《钦差大臣》的作者依次是英国的莎士比亚、法国的莫里哀、俄 国的果戈理。 B、《包法利夫人》《苦难的历程》《上尉的女儿》《父与子》的作者依次是福楼拜、阿·托尔斯 泰、普希金、契诃夫。 C、世界名著《安娜·卡列尼娜》《巴黎圣母院》《约翰·克利斯朵夫》《浮士德》的作者依次是列 夫·托尔斯泰、果戈理、罗曼·罗兰、歌德。 D、但丁、拜伦、歌德、普希金分别是法国、英国、德国、俄罗斯的著名诗人。 【答案】： 【解析】： 第2题【单选题】 下列作品、作家、国别的对应关系有误的一组是( ) A、《伪君子》——莫里哀——法国《玩偶之家》——易卜生——挪威 B、《纹刑架下的报告》——伏契克——捷克《草叶集》——惠特曼——美国 C、《猎人笔记》——屠格涅夫——俄国《基督山伯爵》——大仲马——法国 D、《苦难的历程》——赫尔岑——俄国《奥勃洛莫夫》——陀思妥耶夫斯基——俄国 【答案】： 【解析】：
第3题【单选题】 下列有关文学常识的表述，不正确的一项是( ) A、莎士比亚是英国欧洲文艺复兴时期重要的剧作家，哈姆雷特、奥塞罗、李尔王、麦克白是他的同 名悲剧作品中的主人公。 B、莫里哀是十七世纪法国喜剧作家，答尔丢夫作为代表剧作《伪君子》中的人物，已成为文学史上 “伪君子”的典型形象。 C、美国小说家海明威以精炼含蓄的语言风格著称。他通过代表作《老人与海》对奥尔恭的塑造，充 分体现了自己的世界观。 D、孙犁是以散文笔法追求诗意风格的作家，他通过对《荷花淀》中水生嫂为代表的白洋淀人民的刻 画，充分展现了人情美。 【答案】： 【解析】： 第4题【单选题】 世界名著中的四大吝啬鬼形象出处正确的一项是( ) A、葛朗台——《欧也妮?葛朗台》——英国——巴尔扎克 B、阿巴贡——《威尼斯商人》——英国——莎士比亚 C、夏洛克——《吝啬鬼》——法国——莫里哀 D、泼留希金——《死魂灵》——俄国——果戈理 【答案】： 【解析】： 第5题【单选题】 依次填入下列各句横线处的成语，最恰当的一组是( ) ①真正的君子不像那些_______________的伪君子，害了人还要往自己的脸上涂脂抹粉。
除了诱惑之外，我可以抵抗任何事物。（I can resist everything except temptation.) 生活里有两个悲剧：一个是没有得到我们想要的；另外一个是得到了。（There are only two trage dies in life:one is not getting what one wants and the other is getting it.) 邪恶是好人发明出来说明那些奇异而有魅力的人的神话。（Wickedness is a myth invented by good people to account for the curious attractiveness of others.) 每个伟人现今都有有信徒，而传记总由叛徒来写。（Every great man nowadays has his disciples,and it is always Judas who write the biography.) 教养良好的人处处和他人过不去，头脑聪明的人处处和自己过不去。（The well bred contradict other people.The wise contradict themselves.) 当神想惩罚我们的时候，他们实现我们的祈祷。（When the gods wish to punish us ,they answer our prayers.) 一个好的名声，就像好的意向一样，在很多个举动的形成，在一个举动中推动中失去。（A good name,like good will ,is got by many action and lost by one.) 一个愤世嫉俗的人知道所有东西的价格，不知道任何东西的价值。（A cynic is a man who knows the price of everything and the value of nothing.) 把人分成好的与坏的是荒谬的，人要么是迷人要，或者乏味。（It is absurd to divide people in to good and bad .People are either charming or tedious.) 女人是用来被爱的，不是用来被理解。（Women are meant to be loved,not to be understood.) 公众是惊人的宽容，可以原谅一切除了天才。（The public is wonderfully to lerant .It forgive everything except genius.) 诗歌可以拯救一切除了印刷错误。（A poet can survice everything but a misprint.) 我不想谋生，我想生活。（I don not want to eran my living .I want to live.) 比讨论更坏的唯一事情是不讨论。（The only thing worse than being talked about is not being talked about.) 没有比冷静更让人恼火的。（Nothing is so aggravating than calmness.) 声望是我从未经受的侮辱之一。（Popurlarity is the one in sult I have never suffered.) 真理很纯粹，可决不简单。（The turth is rarely pure and never simple.) 奚落是庸才对天才的颂歌。（Ridicule is the tribute paid to the genuis by the mediocrities.) 没有伟大的艺术家是看事物真实的样子，如果他这样他就不再是艺术家。（No great artist ever sees things as they really are ,If he did he would cease to be a artist.) 艺术的宗旨是展示艺术本身，同时把艺术家隐藏起来。 自传体是批评的最高形式，也是最低形式。 死亡和庸俗是十九世纪仅有的无法用巧辩逃避的东西。 我们这个时代的人，读书太多，甩以不再聪慧，思考太多所以不再美丽。 有些作品很有耐性，长时间以为也没被人了解，原因是这些作品为一些还未有人提出的问题提供了答案。这些问题在答案出现了很久很久以后才出现。 那些自称了解自己的人，都是肤浅的人。（只有肤浅的人了解自己） 只有聪明的女人才会犯骇人听闻的错误。 艺术并非模仿生活，而是生活在模仿艺术。 任何的艺术作品都无法表达观点，观点属于人，而非艺术家。 评论开始发挥影响之际也就是它不再是评论家的时候，评论的目的是写下作者自己的心情，而非改正其他人的杰作。 起初是我们造成习惯，后来是习惯造成我们。 犯罪并非是低级，但是低级都是犯罪。
英国文学史 I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
王尔德经典语录100句 各位读友大家好！你有你的木棉，我有我的文章，为了你的木棉，应读我的文章！若为比翼双飞鸟，定是人间有情人！若读此篇优秀文，必成天上比翼鸟！ 王尔德经典语录100句 1、逢场作戏和终身不渝之间的区别只在于逢场作戏稍微长一些。 2、爱，始于自我欺骗，终于欺骗他人。这就是所谓的浪漫。 3、浪漫的精髓就在于它充满种种可能。 4、人是理性动物，但当他被要求按照理性的要求行动时，可又要发脾气了。 5、没有人富有到可以赎回自己的过去。 6、真相很少纯粹，也决不简单。 7、一生的浪漫，从自恋开始。 8、我们都生活在阴沟里，但仍有人仰望星空。 9、大多数人发现他们从未后悔的事情只是他们的错误，但发现时已经太晚了。 10、什么是离婚的主要原因？结婚。 11、当爱情走到尽头，软弱者哭个不停，有效率的马上去寻找下一个目标，而聪明的早就预备了下一个。 12、伟大的艺术家所看到的，从来都不是世界的本来面
目。一旦他看透了，他就不再是艺术家。 13、我给你们讲述的是所有你们没勇气去犯的罪孽。 14、一个人总是可以善待他毫不在意的人。 15、心是用来碎的。 16、宗教一旦被证明是正确时就会消亡。科学便是已消亡宗教的记录。 17、只有浅薄的人才了解自己。 18、摆脱诱惑的唯一方式是臣服于诱惑……我能抗拒一切，除了诱惑。 19、不满是个人或民族迈向进步的第一步。 20、我喜欢自言自语，因为这样节约时间，而且不会有人跟我争论。 21、格言是智慧耐用的替代品。 22、梦想家只能在月光下找到前进的方向，他为此遭受的惩罚是比所有人提前看到曙光。 23、每个圣人都有过去，每个罪人都有未来。 24、生活是世上最罕见的事情，大多数人只是存在，仅此而已。 25、我喜欢有未来的男人和有过去的女人。 26、悲观主义者是这种人：当他可以从两种罪恶中选择时，他把两种都选了。 27、社会仅仅以一种精神概念而存在，真实世界中只有
浅谈古典主义和莫里哀的喜剧创作 学院：文学院 班级：1005 姓名：樊东婷 学号：1011030112
浅谈古典主义和莫里哀的喜剧创作 关键词：莫里哀《伪君子》古典主义讽刺 摘要：莫里哀是17世纪法国文坛上的佼佼者，其灵活机敏的喜剧艺术为法国戏剧舞台增添了无限的魅力，无论在宫廷还是民间，莫里哀的喜剧艺术都能使台下的观念开怀大笑，莫里哀因此被路易十四授予“优秀喜剧诗人”的称号，他的戏剧也成为17世纪法国古典主义喜剧的典范作品。《伪君子》是法国古典主义戏剧作家莫里哀最著名的喜剧之一。高超的写作技巧，崇高的美学价值，使得这出喜剧获得了空前的成功，并长久地屹立于世界戏剧之林。这部莫里哀的代表作，是古典主义文学的典范。 正文：17世纪的欧洲，是封建统治与资产阶级剧烈冲突的世纪，是双方既相互斗争又相互利用的世纪，也是科学征服自然，使自然受人类控制的世纪。虽然英国资产阶级革命开辟了资产阶级世界革命的新时代，但欧洲大陆的很多地区，仍然处于封建制度的不同阶段。法国的王权反对派受到英国资产阶级革命的鼓舞，在1648——1653年间两次反抗，都遭到残酷镇压；1661年路易十四执政，更加强化了封建制度；德国领土上新旧教派矛盾导致的战争，持续了30年，使德国在政治上更加分裂；贸易航道改变，意大利失去了欧洲商业中心的优越地位；西班牙丧失海上霸权，哈布斯堡末代王朝的君主只能连年对外征战，使得民不聊生；俄国更是停留于封建农奴制社会。由于各国历史情况的差异，17世纪这个时间断层的欧洲文学呈现出不同的景象，古典主义就是在这个时候应运而生。 古典主义是17世纪至18世纪初封建社会向资产阶级社会过渡时期在欧洲形成的艺术文化思潮，它发端于法国。以古希腊罗马文学为典范，文学理论和创作实践标榜“师古”“法上”，将亚里士多德《诗学》和贺拉斯《诗艺》奉为金科玉律，以尊古泥古而得名。诗人马莱伯厌恶“七星社”诗人的语言杂乱无章，倡导纯洁语言和诗歌格律化，赞扬开明专政政体给民族带来和平、公正和繁荣，兴理性沉思的诗风。1635年法兰西学士院创建，直接促成古典主义的形成和发展。沃日拉和巴尔扎克等编纂辞书，夏普蓝奉命代表学士院提出《对<熙德>的意见》，成为官方对古典主义文学的导向，用“一地，一天内完成一个故事”的“三一律”绳墨戏剧创作，确立了艺术与道德标准并重的原则。古典主义者的基本纲领是：政治上颂扬君主专制，维护其伦理道德规范；思想上倡导“自我克制”“温和折中”为主要内容的理性；艺术上采用古代题材，突出宫廷和贵族生活，并赋予崇高、悲壮色彩，遵守文学体裁界限，要求结构严谨，谨遵“三一律”，语言简洁清晰。 古典主义者提出两个响亮的口号：崇尚理性和模仿自然。古典主义者津津乐道的“自然”，并非自然风景，亦非纯客观物质世界。它指事物的自然性，即事物的常理常情；亦可指人的自然性。在他们的心中，由理性统辖的真善美，也就是自然。所谓模仿，也并非精确的客观事实。笛卡尔将人的“灵”与“肉”对立起来，认为与“肉”相关的“情”，必须以理性和意志加以控制。其唯理论是古典主义的哲学基础，运用于文学艺术创作，即以理性抑制感情的冲突，对莫里哀产生很大影响。他成功地吸收传统喜剧和民间艺术的积极因素，并适应时代要求进行改造，使古典主义喜剧达到高超的艺术境界。莫里哀认为，规劝众人，莫过于描绘其过失，“把恶习变成人人的笑柄，就是对它的沉重的一击。将喜剧从只供逗乐取乐，提高到对社会陋习是一种制裁的力量。莫里哀创作的喜剧是西欧戏剧中莎士比亚和洛贝.德.维加之后，在博马舍的喜剧问世之前是无与伦比的杰作。
英国文学概况 英国文学正处于振奋人心的发展时期，活力四射、创新立意的作品充盈并丰润着英国文坛。 英国文化协会（British Council）在全世界推广来自英国的极具创意的当代作品，并通过英国文化协会的全球网络，吸引国际文学读者。多年来，英国文化协会与世界各地的数百名作家携手，通过颇有影响力的合作伙伴，共引导开展了350多个文学项目，建立了为数众多的网站。我们一直致力于将英国当代文的最新信息传达给中国大众。 说起英国文学，很多中国读者的脑海中会立刻浮现出莎士比亚、狄更斯、简?奥斯汀、夏洛蒂?勃朗特、托马斯?哈代、拜伦、雪莱这些传统文学大师的名字，而对英国当代文学却相对陌生，但这并不意味着，当今英国文学的活跃气氛大不如前，相反，它比以往任何时候都欣欣向荣，小说、戏剧、散文、诗歌等各种文学类别，在这一时期都得到了繁荣和发展。 当代英国小说 一般来说，我们把二战以后涌现出的作家作品归入英国当代小说的研究范畴。从二战至今，英国当代小说的发展经历了四代小说家。 第一代小说家，是在二战前就成名的文坛元老。代表作家及作品为格雷厄姆?格林（代表作《权力与荣耀》）和安东尼?鲍威尔（代表作《渔王》）。格林的作品充满异国情调，而鲍威尔的作品则体现出他对对国内社会生活的无限兴趣。
二战后，两位元老先后逝世，第二代小说家挑起了文坛重任。代表作家及作品有：威廉?戈尔丁（代表作《蝇王》），艾丽斯?默多克（代表作《黑王子》），多丽丝?莱辛（代表作《金色笔记》），金斯利?艾米斯（代表作《幸运儿吉姆》），V.S.奈保尔（代表作《河湾》）等。其中既有讽刺社会现象的现实主义作品，也有锐意创新的实验性作品。 第三代小说家则是更为活跃的群体。有的热衷于反映大学校园生活和学术界现状，代表作家及作品有：戴维?洛奇（代表作《小世界》），马尔科姆?布雷德伯里（代表作《向西行》）；有的则热衷于女性题材，比如安吉拉?卡特（代表作《魔幻玩具铺》），A.S.拜雅特（代表作《隐之书》）和玛格丽特?德拉布尔（代表作《夏日鸟笼》）姐妹。 第四代英国小说家可以说是当今英国文坛的中流砥柱。代表作家及作品有伊恩?麦克尤恩（代表作《赎罪》），马丁?艾米斯（代表作《时间箭》）和格雷厄姆?斯威夫特（代表作《杯酒留痕》）等等。这一代作家的作品有些充斥着各种匪夷所思的奇特构想，有些则继承了现实主义的写作手法，在家庭琐事中凸现出社会历史的变迁。此外，第四代中也有一些“异族后裔”，独特的个人经历、外来的思维方式和文化背景，使他们的小说充满异国情调，显得与众不同，代表作家及作品有萨尔曼?拉什迪（代表作《午夜之子》）和石黑一雄（代表作《长日留痕》）。
Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400) 乔叟He was born in 1343 in London. He died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the “Poets Corner”.The father of English Poetry and one of the greatest narrative poets of England.“The Canterbury Tales” (1387-1400) It is Chaucer?s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature. Chaucer’s Contribution to English Literature Chaucer is regarded as the founder of English poetry and has been called “the founder of English realism.” He is the firs t great poet who wrote in the English language. He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the “heroic couplet” (英雄双韵体) to English poetry.His masterpiece “The Canterbury T ales” is one of the monumental works in English literature 公爵夫人之书，百鸟议会，声誉之堂，特罗勒思和克里西德 Structure of a poem: A poem can be broken down into three parts: (1) Stanza (节) : a group of lines set off from the other lines in a poem. It is the poetic equivalent of a paragraph in prose. In traditional poems, the stanza usually contains a unit of thought.(2) The line (行) : a single line of poetry (3) The foot (音步) : a syllable or a group of 2 or 3 syllables. T o scan a line of poetry one counts the number of feet in a line. For a beginner, the easiest thing to do is to count the number of stresses. Typically a foot will contain a stressed and an unstressed syllable. William Shakespeare (1564-1616)playwright, poet, actor.Shakespeare and Aeschylus are the two greatest dramatic geniuses the world has ever known.—Carl Marks.The Great Tragedies: 《哈姆雷特》(Hamlet,1601 ) 《奥赛罗》(Othello, 1604) 《李尔王》(King Lear, 1605) 《麦克白》(Macbeth, 1606) The Great Comedies威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice, 1596) 《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night's Dream,1596) 《第十二夜》(Twelfth Night, 1600) 《皆大欢喜》(As You Like It, 1601) Shakespeare’s car eer as a dramatist may be divided into four major phases.: The First Period(1590-1594) This period is the period of his apprenticeship in play-writing. Works: Henry VI The Comedy of Errors《错误的喜剧》/《连环错》Love?s Labor?s Lost 《迷失的爱》/《空爱一场》/《爱的徒劳》Romeo and Juliet, etc. The Second Period (1595-1600) This period is his mature period, mainly a period of “great comedies” and mature historical plays. It includes 6 comedies, 5 historical plays and 1 Roman tragedy. His sonnets are also thought to be written in this period. The Third Period (1601-1607) The third period of Shakespeare?s dramatic career is mainly the period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”. It includes 5 tragedies, 3 comedies and 2 Roman tragedies.Major works written in this period:Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra The Fourth Period (1608-1612) The fourth period of Shakespeare?s work is the period of romantic drama. It includes 4 romances or “reconciliation（和解，复合）plays”. Shakespeare’s Literary Position:Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two greatest treasuries of the English language. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers in world literature. Hamlet:Hamle t is considered the summit of Shakespeare?s art. It is one of Shakespeare?s canon, and it is universally included in the list of the world?s greatest works.It?s written in the form of blank verse.blank verse : poetry in rhymeless iambic pentameter.（素体诗剧）The story, coming from an old Danish legend, is a tragedy of the “revenge” genre. Shakespeare incorporates into the medieval story other major humanistic themes, including love, justice, good and evil, and most notably, madness, and the spirit of the time Injustice, conspiracy, and betrayal in the society。1. first blow: father?s murder and mother?s re-marriage2.second blow: betrayal of his two former friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern3. third blow: betrayal of his girl friend OpheliaThe greatness o f the play: in praise of the noble quality of Prince Hamlet as a representative of humanist thinkers and his disillusionment with the corrupt and degenerated society in which he lived.
2019年精选高中选修语文第四单元莫里哀与《伪君子》人教版练习题第五十八 篇 第1题【单选题】 依次填入下列各句横线处的成语，最恰当的一组是( ) ①真正的君子不像那些_______________的伪君子，害了人还要往自己的脸上涂脂抹粉。 ②体验式德育教育注重自我体验与反思，这种方式比起_____________地说教更易于学生接受。 ③古人论文，讲究气贯长虹，力透纸背；今人为文亦应有丹田之气，不可_______________。 A、道貌岸然装腔作势一本正经 B、道貌岸然一本正经装腔作势 C、一本正经装腔作势道貌岸然 D、一本正经道貌岸然装腔作势 【答案】： 【解析】： 第2题【单选题】 下列句子中的成语使用正确的一项是( ) A、这张三本来就是个耳软心活之人，这不，别人几句连蒙带哄的话，就使他马上改变了自己原来的 看法，信以为真了。 B、他这样做自以为很稳妥，其实是如履薄冰，稍不注意就会出现错误。 C、为夺取遗产，王夫人毒害了王先生，今日却在那"兔死狐悲"，真是个伪君子！ D、在《群英会蒋干中计》中，作者罗贯中运用生动细致的动作、神态描写，为我们塑造了一个胸无 城府却又自作聪明、十分迂腐可笑的蒋干形象。 【答案】：
【解析】： 第3题【单选题】 下列有关文学常识的表述，不正确的一项是( ) A、莎士比亚是英国欧洲文艺复兴时期重要的剧作家，哈姆雷特、奥塞罗、李尔王、麦克白是他的同 名悲剧作品中的主人公。 B、莫里哀是十七世纪法国喜剧作家，答尔丢夫作为代表剧作《伪君子》中的人物，已成为文学史上 “伪君子”的典型形象。 C、美国小说家海明威以精炼含蓄的语言风格著称。他通过代表作《老人与海》对奥尔恭的塑造，充 分体现了自己的世界观。 D、孙犁是以散文笔法追求诗意风格的作家，他通过对《荷花淀》中水生嫂为代表的白洋淀人民的刻 画，充分展现了人情美。 【答案】： 【解析】： 第4题【单选题】 下列作品、作家、国别的对应关系有误的一组是( ) A、《伪君子》——莫里哀——法国《玩偶之家》——易卜生——挪威 B、《纹刑架下的报告》——伏契克——捷克《草叶集》——惠特曼——美国 C、《猎人笔记》——屠格涅夫——俄国《基督山伯爵》——大仲马——法国 D、《苦难的历程》——赫尔岑——俄国《奥勃洛莫夫》——陀思妥耶夫斯基——俄国 【答案】： 【解析】：