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新视野读写教程第三册第七单元SectionA词汇自学材料

新视野读写教程第三册第七单元SectionA词汇自学材料
新视野读写教程第三册第七单元SectionA词汇自学材料

词汇自学材料

新视野第三册第七单元Section A

I. New words

1.hacker

中文所谓的“黑客”,似乎就是利用网络破坏计算机安全的人,someone who attempts to break into computer systems。在这一层意义上的hacker也被称为cracker。但实际上这并不是hacker的唯一含义。Hacker的另一层意思是热衷研究、撰写程序的专才,精通各种计算机语言和系统,且必须具备乐于追根究底、穷究问题的特质。所以在课文里,Bill Gates是a self-described "hacker"。显然,在他眼里,被称为“hacker”应该是一个programmer的荣誉了。你可以测试一下自己是否是一个hacker。

A hacker is someone who

?enjoys learning details of a programming language or system

?enjoys actually doing the programming rather than just theorizing about it

?is capable of appreciating someone else's hacking

?picks up programming quickly

?is an expert at a particular programming language or system, as in "UNIX hacker"

2.modernize

初中就学过的单词。请写出这个单词的形容词和名词形式。

3.classification

我们来看这个词是怎样组装起来的。class(n.)+ -(i)fy(动词后缀)+ -(i)cation(名词后缀)=classification。这里class的意思不是a group of students(班级),而是people or things grouped together, esp according to quality(种类,等级)。比如我们课本上的句子:Without a doubt, Bill Gates belongs in the same class as Thomas Edison, Alexander Graham Bell, and other great minds who changed the world. 毫无疑问,比尔盖茨与托马斯.爱迪生、亚历山大.格雷厄姆.贝尔以及其他改变世界的伟人属于同一行列。再比如媒体总爱把两个80后——韩寒和郭敬明一起比较,So as a writer, is Guo Jingming in the same class as Han Han? What do you think?

再看动词classify。To classify means to place sb./sth. in a particular class,将人、事物归类。比如:Would you classify Harry Porter as serious literature or as mere entertainment?你认为《哈利波特》属于文学类呢,还是通俗读物类?

4.voltage

volt,电压单位伏特,即V。用volt来作电压单位,是为了纪念意大利物理学家Alessandro V olta,他发明了voltaic pile,伏打堆,历史上第一个化学电池。The electricity in China is generally 220 volts, while in Britain is 240 volts.

voltage,电压。low/high voltage,低/高压。high voltage还有一个引申义,即very exciting and full of energy,令人兴奋的。

5.brilliance

若追根溯源,这个词恐怕要追溯到beryl——绿宝石。形容词brilliant的第一个意思就是sparkling or shining (like a beryl),闪亮的,灿烂的,明亮的,(就像宝石一样)。比如:brilliant sunshine灿烂的阳光

brilliant stars闪亮的星星

a brilliant diamond耀眼的钻石

brilliant还可以指鲜艳、明亮的颜色。我的阳台上种了许多花,每个冬季天空阴霾时,它们总是盛放brilliant flowers,灿烂的花朵,让我心情大好。The brilliant flowers on my balcony never fail to cheer me up when I am blue.

brilliant的第三个意思是extremely clever or skilled,极其聪明的、技艺精湛的、才华横溢的。这样的人会像宝石一样,在人群中脱颖而出。钢琴王子朗朗就被媒体称为brilliant Chinese pianist master,才华横溢的中国钢琴大师。巧的是,他的名字“朗朗”就是brilliant 的意思。

a brilliant scientist一位卓越的科学家

a brilliant performance一场精彩的演出

a brilliant idea一个绝妙的主意

a brilliant achievement非凡的成就

brilliance n.

6.corridor

我一直告诉大家,学习一个新单词时,一定要看一看它的英文解释。corridor这个单词,中文翻译为“走廊;通道”,所以很多人以为它只是楼里的过道而已。它的英文释义是a long narrow passage in a building or train,发现了吗,火车车厢的通道也叫corridor。

7.volt 见4.voltage

8.dean (大学)学院院长;系主任

9.conservation

这个词以及它的动词在阅读中都经常出现,大家需要熟练掌握。

动词conserve:to keep or protect sth. from damage, change or waste.保存、保持。比如:conserve energy节约能源

conserve electricity 省电

conserve forest保护森林

名词conservation:

wildlife conservation野生动物保护

a conservation area保护区

conservation of time节约时间

近义词辨析:英文中有三个单词都有“保留”的意思:reserve, conserve, preserve。我们来辨析一下。

conserve v. 强调节约,是“为了减少浪费”而进行的保护,而且强调对有价值的东西非常珍惜,因此进行合理的使用。

In winter, some people conserve energy by lowing the heat at night. 冬天,为节约能源有些人在夜里把暖气调小。

preserve v. 则不光是只“保留”,还强调保留下来“收藏”,使东西完好无损,侧重“为了不至于灭绝、损坏”而进行的保护。

The government preserves the rights of the individual person.政府保护个人的权利不受侵犯。

reserve v. 强调“留作后用”的保留、预订,可指保留座位、权利、意见等等。

We are reserving these seats for my parents.我们把这些座位留给我的父母。

小问题:仔细看看下列的句子,哪里出了错?又该如何修改?

A. I’ll preserve my remarks for another occasion. 我把话留到另一个场合再说。

C. She is well reserved. 她保养得很好。

D. He is reserving his energy for the last twenty meter dash. 他在保留体力,为最后20米冲刺做准备。

10.spokesman n.发言人

若你确知发言人是位女性,可用spokeswoman。当然,为方便起见,或为了避免性别歧视的嫌疑,可统一称为spokesperson。

11.headquarters n.总部

需要注意的是,这个单词尾部本身就有s,单复同形。后面be动词既可以用单数,也可以用复数。The company's headquarters is/are in Amsterdam

12.maximum

maximum指在数/量上最大的,最多的,既可以做形容词,比如

maximum speed/voltage/temperature最大速度/最大电压/最高温度

这个词也可以做名词。比如:Some teachers insist that 30 students per English class is the maximum. 一些老师坚持认为,每个英语班的学生最多只能是30个。再比如最近发生的甘肃幼儿园校车车祸事件,一辆用作校车的中巴车,硬生生塞入了64人,车祸后21人死亡,其中19名幼儿。让人愤怒的是,That bus was supposed to hold a maximum of 9 people.

反义词:minimum 最小/少(的)

13.punctual adj.准时

14.gear

gear是齿轮、传动装置的意思。开车的时候我们说的一档、二档……就是be in first/second gear。前进挡叫做forward gears,倒档叫做reverse gear。换挡叫change gear。档杆就叫做gear lever或者gear stick。

这样就很好理解,为什么in high gear是“全力以赴”的意思:用最高的档位做某事,就是把全部精力都用在这件事情上。Every time you see her at work, she is in high gear.每次在工作场合见到她,她都在努力工作。

15.recreation

re(again)+create,create something again,再造。比如:

The museum attempts to recreate the sights and sounds of wartime Britain.博物馆试图再现战时英国的情景。

如果说recreate oneself,就是give new life or energy to oneself的意思,使得到消遣、修养。比如我喜欢园艺,侍弄花草对我来说就是一种消遣,让我心情放松,精力恢复。I recreate myself with gardening. And I know some people who recreate themselves with bicycling, reading or playing PC games.那么你的消遣方式是什么呢,How do you recreate yourself?

相应的,名词recreation也有这两个意思:

The movie is a recreation of the most famous events in history.这里的recreation显然是“重现”的意思。

Her only form of recreation seems to be shopping.这里的recreation就是enjoyment了。

16.receptionist

该词的词根是receive。receive---reception---receptionist。

小问题:名词reception有两个常用义项。请分别就每个意义写一个句子。

1)[C] a formal party at which important people are welcomed招待会,酒会

2)[S] the way in which people react to something or someone接受,反应

receptionist是接待员,a person who works in a place such as a hotel, office or hospital, who welcomes and helps visitors and answers the telephone.请注意,在酒店、旅馆、公司、医院……的接待员都可以称为receptionist。

17.visa 签证

https://www.doczj.com/doc/dc13976461.html,mercial

该词有两个词性。

1)adj. 是名词commerce(商业,贸易)的形容词,表示一切和买、卖有关的,比如:New York is a commercial city.纽约是一座商业城市

a commercial organization商业组织。那么非商业组织呢?a non-commercial organization

commercial也可以表示一种贬义,说一部电影啊书籍啊太商业了,只为了赚钱,缺少精神内涵。比如80后作家郭敬明,其作品经常被人诟病,认为它们过于商业化和自恋。Guo Jingming's work has been attacked for being too commercial and narcissistic. 似乎的确是这样的,至少他是一个极具商业头脑的人。2011年他以2450万元版税第三次夺得中国作家富豪榜冠军宝座。

2)n. (电视或收音机里的)商业广告

我们在商场或者杂志上看到的平面广告叫做advertisement,但是电视里或者收音机里的广告叫做commercial。

19.baggage n.行李

20.tourism n.旅游业

tour v.&n. 周游,旅行,巡回tourist游客

21.excursion n.短途旅行

22.sightseeing n.观光

常用搭配go sightseeing

23.multitasking n.多项任务处理能力

24.multiple adj.多样的,多重的

我们主要关注一下前缀multi-,意思是have many,许多。比如:

a multi-colored shirt五彩斑斓的衬衫

a multi-vitamin tablet含多种维生素的药片

multicultural文化多样的

multimedia多媒体

multinational多国的

25.frame n. 网络页面;框架

26.videophone n.可视电话

27.bat

bat有许多意思。它可以指球拍,a tennis bat,网球拍。它也可以当做一个动词使用,意思是“击球”。The cat bats the ball with its paws.

另外,蝙蝠也叫做bat。

28.panel n.专门问题小组

29.procession

该词来自process。大家比较熟悉的是用作名词的process,表示“过程”,比如Writing a book is a long process。但process也可作动词,请大家掌握这一点。process作动词时表示1)to deal with,“处理”。比如:

Visa application take 28 days to process.需要28天来处理签证申请。

data processing数据处理

动词process还可以表示2)列队前进,比如The visitors processed into the house.参观者列队走进这房子里。

procession就是动词process的第二个义项衍伸出的名词,一连串的人或者物;队伍、行列。课文中(L.40)用到的搭配是a procession of teams,一系列的小组,可以用a series of teams 来解释。

30.clockwise adj./adv.顺时针的(地)

逆时针的(地)就是counterclockwise或者anticlockwise。

31.quiz v.查问,盘问n.问答竞赛,游戏;小测试

32.vague

vague是一个形容词,意思是not clear,不清晰的,模糊的。它可以指视觉上的模糊,比如:Through the mist I could just make out a vague figure.透过薄雾,我只能看见一个模糊的人影。

vague也可以是表述、记忆……不清,比如:She thought she would remember that painful moment all her life, but now it is just a vague memory.她以为自己会一辈子记住那个痛苦的时刻,但现在,它已经变成了模糊的记忆。

33.politics

名词,政治;政治学。

小问题:请写下与此词相关的不同词性的单词

adj. 与政治有关的

adj. 精明,圆滑

n. 政治家

34.conquer

有一首歌名叫I want to conquer you,翻译过来叫我想要征服你(谈恋爱时你们会有这种感觉吗?怎么追也追不上,心里发誓说总有一天I will conquer your heart!)。

conquer的本意是to take control or possession of foreign land, or a group of people, by force,对某一个国家、民族,通过武力战胜、拥有并且取得控制权。比如:The English were conquered by the Normans in 1066.

经过引申以后,conquer的对象不局限于土地、国家和民族了,手段也不一定是暴力的了。你可以用各种办法,征服一个人、一颗心、一种疾病、克服恐惧、欲望……请看下面的例子:

When will scientists conquer cancer?科学家什么时候才能征服癌症呢?

She has finally conquered her fear of spiders.她终于克服了对蜘蛛的恐惧。

Conquer the desire, or they will conquer you.你不战胜欲念,欲念就会征服你。

35.deadly

这个词看上去很简单,dead+ly,意思肯定与死亡相关。但事实上它并非如此简单。

首先我们关注,dealy的词性是什么?根据构词法我们推测,dead(形容词)+-ly(副词后缀),deadly应该是一个副词。deadly的确可以作为副词使用,但意思是completely or extremely,彻底地、完全地、尤其地,一般用于负面意义。看例子:

The conference was deadly dull.会议开得死气沉沉。

I thought she was joking but she was deadly serious.我以为她开玩笑呢,但实际上她非常严肃。

deadly还可以作为形容词使用。表示very dangerous, likely to cause death.极度危险的,可致命的。基督教认为有遭永劫的七种大罪:傲慢pride,嫉妒envy,懒惰sloth,贪婪greed,暴食gluttony,色欲lust,狂怒wrath。这七种罪就叫the Seven Deadly Sins。大家若看过布拉德.皮特主演的Seven《七宗罪》,一定会有更深刻的了解。经常与形容词deadly搭配使用的词有:poison、weapon、wound、enemy。比如

a deadly virus一种致命的病毒

a deadly weapon致命的武器

He is our deadly enemy!他是我们的死敌!

https://www.doczj.com/doc/dc13976461.html,petitor 竞争对手

小问题:请分别写下与这个词相关的各种词性

v. 竞争

n. 竞争、竞赛

adj. 有竞争力的

adj. 有能力的,能胜任的

n. 能力、胜任

37.claw

claw作为名词指动物的爪子,或者昆虫的脚末端尖利的部分。我们课文中有一个词组叫claw one's way (somewhere),意思是用手或者爪子艰难地爬行,从而移动到某处。比如:The trapped people desperately trying to claw their way through the rubble. 被困的人们拼命地企图爬过碎石。

claw one's way有个比喻义:艰难地得到某个职位、取得某种机会等等。我们课文中说

Bill Gates has been deadly for competitors trying to claw their way into the market,意思是对于那些经历了艰难的努力才进入到PC市场的其他制造商来说,比尔盖茨是他们强大的死敌。

38.interpret

39.interpreter

参照第4单元词汇interpretation。

40.vsionary

这个词我们屡次提到。它来自于名词vision(视力, 视觉, 幻觉, 眼光, 洞察力, 想象力),作为形容词,意思是“眼光远大的,有谋略的”。我们课堂上第一次接触这个词应该是阅读苹果网站上乔布斯的悼词:Apple has lost a visionary and creative genius.苹果失去了一位富有远见、充满创意的天才。

我们课文中谈到Bill Gates的密友Paul Allen,说他是a dreamy visionary。你若细心就会发觉,这里的visionary是一个名词,有远见、有谋略的人。所以你下次介绍乔布斯的时候可以说他是a creative visionary。你也可以说Paul Allen是a visionary dreamer——把visionary 当做形容词来用。

41.brick n.砖

42.hardware n.硬件

43.series n.系列

44.bundle

用作名词的bundle意思是“一捆、一束、一包……”,对应我们汉语许多量词。比如:

a bundle of newspapers/ books/ clothes

许多销售商在卖一种产品时,会bundle另外一种。这里的bundle是动词,捆绑销售的意思。比如:

The IBM PC and MS-DOS were bundled together and announced to the public.

45.export v.&n.出口

大家已经掌握的词。请注意!该词既可以做动词,也可以做名词。

n. Coffee is one of Brazil's main exports.

v French cheeses are exported to many different countries.

反义词:import

46.roughly

adv. 大约

课文中的句子:By 1995, roughly 85 percent of the world's personal computers were using a Microsoft operating system.

同义词:approximately, about

roughly的意义都由形容词rough衍伸而来。“大约”只是其多种义项中的一个。小问题:请大家细读并翻译下面的句子,找出rough的其他含义。

It was a rough mountain road, full of stones and huge holes.

My hands get very rough in the cold.

He had a rough time;his wife divorced him and then his father died.

Those boys are rough, always looking for a fight.

47.mushroom

这个词大家很熟悉,“蘑菇”。但大家可能不知道,它还可以用作动词。请看这个句子:With China's influence waxing all over the world, Chinese language schools are mushrooming in many countries.

这句话中的mushroom做谓语动词,意思是increase very quickly,飞速增长,就像雨后冒出的蘑菇一样。我们不妨翻译成“雨后春笋”。

48.surf

请记住此词的两种用法:

1)go surfing冲浪

2)surf the Internet/Net/Web浏览网页

49.distribute

distribute的意思是to give something out to several people, or to spread or supply something 把……分配,分发,散发给许多人。

细心的同学会记得,上听说课前我总会请一位同学给大家。我是这样说的:Would you please distribute these materials to the class?你能把这些材料分发给大家吗?distribute sth. to sb.把……分发出去。再看相同用法的一个句子:

We distribute handbills on the street every weekend.

我们每周都要在街上散发传单。

下面一个句子中distribute的意思有点不同:

The company aims to distribute (=supply for sale) its products throughout the European Union.

用在商业、销售上时,distribute就是销售,供货。distributor就是销售商。

50.distributor

II. Phrases and Expressions

1.without (a) doubt 毫无疑问

2.stem from

源自,来自。意思相近的词组有come from, origin from, develop from

3.put in

spend time or energy doing sth.投入时间、精力做某事

4.in high gear见单词gear

5.on the subject of

when talking about 关于,谈到

6.in the interest(s) of

这里的interest(s)做“利益,好处”解。In the interests of的意思就是“为了……的利益;为了……(起见)”。需要注意的是,使用的介词是in而非for。看例句:

It's in his interests to keep careful records.

In the interests of safety, please do not smoke.

Despite what you think, I'm only acting in your best interests (=doing what is best for you).

7.bat out匆匆做出;草草做完

8.work on做……事情;从事

9.by name以名字;指名道姓地

Although she didn't mention me by name, I know her remarks were intended for my benefit.虽然她没提到我的名字,但我明白她的话是为我好。

The teacher knows all his students by name.这位老师叫得出所有学生的名字。

10.claw one's way见单词claw

新视野大学英语读写教程__第三册(vocabulary答案+翻译)

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