虚拟语气(2)

概念引入

上一单元我们学习了虚拟语气中与现在、将来事实相反的虚拟条件句及宾语从句的虚拟语气。本单元要继续学习虚拟语气中与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，及虚拟语气在其它从句中的应用。

首先，我们先看下面含虚拟语气的句子：

1. We would have won, if Jack had scored that goal.

2. We would have won if we hadn’t stayed up so late the night before.

3. We would have won the championship, if we had got Mr Han to coach us.

4. If she had studied harder, she would have got the diploma.

这些句子都是与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。下面我们就来学习这部分内容。

用法讲解

与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句

虚拟条件句的动词形式

从表格可知，虚拟条件句与过去事实相反时，条件从句的谓语用过去完成时，而主句的谓语用would/should/might/could加现在完成时形式。

If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.

如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。

（事实：没有听我的话---he didn’t take my advice）

If you had come a few minutes earlier，you would have met him.

要是你早来几分钟的话，你就见到他了。（事实：来晚了---you came late）

If She hadn’t been so strict with herself, she wouldn’t have made such great progress.

她要是对自己要求不严格，她就不会有这样大的进步。

（事实：她对自己很严格---she was strict with herself）

虚拟语气中的倒装

条件从句中的were，had, should可放句首，省略if，条件句成为倒装句。

Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.

如果你邀请我们了，我们会参加你的聚会的。

Were I ( If I were ) you, I would do more practice.

如果我是你，我会做更多的练习。

Should she ( If she should) lend us a helping hand, we would succeed.

如果她帮助我们，我们会成功的。

注意：

条件句或省略的条件句可以放句尾。如：

We would have lost our lives had it not been for the policeman.

如果没有这位警察，我们就没命了。

千变万化的表现形式

if虚拟条件句的三个公式的倒装我们说完了，那是不是就这一种变化呢？我们接下来看看它的千变万化的表达形式。

含蓄虚拟语气

有时假设的条件不通过条件从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些介词短语（如without，but for等）或上下文中。

1. I was very tired. Otherwise, I would have gone to the party with you last night.

我太累了。否则，我昨晚就同你去聚会了。

（otherwise代替了条件句“If I hadn’t been very tired”）

2. Life without any friends or family would be lonely for me.

如果生活既没有朋友也没有家庭，那对我来讲就太孤独了。

（without短语代替“If there were no friends or family”）

3. If only we had done as we were told. 如果我们按照被告知的去做，该多好呀。

4. If only I had known the answer before the test. 考试前就知道答案，那该多好呀。

（if only表示“要是......该多好呀”，表示假设的内容成立时的感受，但是并没有明确说出这种感受）

5. But for the rain, we should have had a pleasant journey.

要不是下雨，我们本来会有一个愉快的旅行的。

（But for the rain，代替的是“If it hadn’t rained”）

混合虚拟语气

什么混合了呢？从下面例句中我们看出是时态方面的混合，即主句与从句所指的时间不一致，这时主从句的时态根据实际的时间概念确定。

1. If I had eaten breakfast several hours ago, I would not be hungry now.

如果我几小时前吃了早餐的话，我现在就不会饿了。

（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反）

2. If I were you, I would have gone to the theatre. 如果我是你，我就去剧院了。

（从句与经常的状况相反，属特殊用法，主句与过去事实相反）

3. If you hadn’t helped me, I would be still working now.

如果当时你没有帮我的话，现在我还在工作呢。

（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反）

分裂虚拟语气

在这种句型中，虚拟语气通常省略条件句，只保留主句，后面再加上真实的情况。

1. He would gain weight but he doesn’t eat much. 他会增加重量的，但是他吃得不多。

（=If he ate much, he would gain weight, but he doesn’t eat much.）

2. I would go to visit them but I don’t think they are anxious to see me.

我本来是会看他们的，但是我想他们不会急于见我。

（=If they were anxious to see me, I would go to visit them.）

3. I would have invited her to the party but I did n’t know her well.

我本来想邀请她来聚会的，但是与她不怎么熟。

注意：这种句型的关键词but。

虚拟语气在其它从句中的用法（1）

主语从句的虚拟语气

这种主语从句由连词that引导，虚拟语气为“（should）动词原形”。其中should

可省略。should 常译成“应该、必须、竟然”。注意下面句型：

1．It is／was + 形容词+ that从句