名词：
1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：
1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。
专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。
如：Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如：the Great Wall(长城)
姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如：pupil, family, man, foot.
普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。
▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如：box, child, orange；
▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如：water, news, oil, population, information .
2、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：
①在单数名词词尾加s。如：map →maps,boy→boys,horse→horses, table→tables.
②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如：class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes,
bench→benches.
[注]：少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如：photo→photos, piano→pianos.
③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如：family→families, city→cities, party →parties.
④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如：shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→
lives, knife→knives.
2、不规则变化：man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child
→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如：a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
3、名词所有格：
1、名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法
如下：
(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如：Childern’s Day(儿童节), my
sister’s book(我姐姐的书)
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教师节)
(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如：
to day’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息),
China’s population(中国的人口).
(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。
如：
a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).
2、[注解]：
①‘s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所)
②两人共有某物时,可以采用A and B’s的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽
丽合住的卧室)
③“of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s(我
父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：
1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词
用单数形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,
①如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
②如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三
班有张中国地图)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复
数。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)
4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting.
(这个消息令人兴奋)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)
6、a lot of后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A lot of
students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)
7、and连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,
谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)
8、there be句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：There is a table and four chairs
in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)
9、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and I are
required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)
10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a
7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)
11、either…or…或者neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：
Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not
a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距
离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)
13、主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名
词确定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的)/ A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍)/ All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)
但是,population一词又有特殊情况：What’s the population of China?(中国人口是多少？)(句子用单数)/ Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)
5、部分名词用法辨析：
1、sport、game、match、race的区别：sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较
大；game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动；
match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛；race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句)/ Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别：festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动；holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期；vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作)/ What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情？)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的区别：journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅
行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思；tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等；trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等；travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次)/ Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗？)/ Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)
4、sound、noise、voice的区别：sound指各种声音；noise主要指“噪音”；voice指人
的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)
5、fish的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同；fishes指许多种类的鱼；
fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)
英语语法专业术语 语法grammar 句法syntax 词法morphology 结构structure 层次rank 句子sentence 从句clause 词组phrase 词类part of speech 单词word 实词notional word 虚词structural word 名词noun 专有名词proper noun 普通名词common noun 可数名词countable noun 不可数名词uncountable no 抽象名词abstract noun 具体名词concrete noun 物质名词material noun 集体名词collective noun 个体名词individual noun 介词preposition 连词conjunction 动词verb 主动词main verb 及物动词transitive verb 不及物动词intransitive verb 系动词link verb 助动词auxiliary verb 情态动词modal verb 规则动词regular verb 不规则动词irregular verb 短语动词phrasal verb 限定动词finite verb 非限定动词infinite verb 使役动词causative verb 感官动词verb of senses
动态动词event verb 静态动词state verb 感叹词exclamation 形容词adjective 副词adverb 方式副词adverb of manner 程度副词adverb of degree 时间副词adverb of time 地点副词adverb of place 修饰性副词adjunct 连接性副词conjunct 疑问副词interrogative adverb 关系副词relative adverb 代词pronoun 人称代词personal pronoun 物主代词possessive pronoun 反身代词reflexive pronoun 相互代词reciprocal pronoun 指示代词demonstrative pronoun 疑问代词interrogative pronoun 关系代词relative pronoun 不定代词indefinite 物主代词possessive pronoun 名词性物主代词nominal possessive 形容词性物主代词adjectival possessive pronoun 冠词article 定冠词definite article 不定冠词indefinite article 数词numeral 基数词cardinal numeral 序数词ordinal numeral 分数词fractional numeral 形式form 单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form 限定动词finite verb form 非限定动词non-finite verb form
一、选择题 1．—Could you please give me ____? —Certainly. A．some advices B．any advices C．some advice D．advices 2．— Do you know all the names in your class, Mr King? —No, only part of them. A．student B．students C．student’s D．students’3．Alan usually goes to Harbin in .He likes playing with snow. A．May B．July C．September D．November 4．—I hear your family have made up their ________ to India next month. Have a pleasant journey. —Thank you. A．mind travelling B．minds travelling C．mind to travel D．minds to travel 5．Some ________went to Japan to help when they knew that many ________ lost their homes in the earthquake. A．Germen; Japanese B．Frenchmen; Japaneses C．Germans; Japanese 6．These are some photos of ________ bedroom. What a tidy and comfortable room! A．Jerry’s and Jenny’s B．Jerry and Jenny’s C．Jerry’s sand Jenny 7．—Tom likes soccer.What club can he join? —He can join the ______ club. A．sport B．music C．sports D．swimming 8．Good food and_______help her_______better. A．exercise; study B．exercise; studies C．exercises; studying D．exercises; to study 9．Here_______some of the results. Most students think_______are cheaper than cars. A．is; the bike B．are; bikes C．are; the bike D．is; bikes 10．—What is your _______, Lingling? —I really enjoy reading _______ stories at night. A．interests; interesting B．interests; interest C．interest; interesting D．interesting; interest 11．—What can I do for you? —Err, I want a glass of milk, some bread and . A．some chickens B．any chicken C．some chicken 12．—Do you think it is _______good advice? —Yes, it’s really _______useful suggestion.
名词所有格说明所属问题，表示某物归谁所有，共三种形式： ①-’s所有格 ②of 所有格 ③双重所有格（-’s + of 所有格共同存在） -’s所有格 -’s所有格的构成 ①一般单数名词和不以s 结尾的复数名词，以及复合词，在词尾+ ’s Eg: Amy’s book a women’s hospital 一家妇科医院 his father-in-law’s birthday ②以s结尾的复数名词，在词尾直接+ ’ Eg: my friend’s balls teacher s’ office ③以s结尾的单数名词或专有名词，可+’s 或’ Eg: the boss’s/ boss’ coffee charles’s/charles’ choice -’s所有格的用法 ①表示有生命的人或动物、时间、节日等名词的所有关系 Eg: my father’s tea live a dog’s life two day s’ absence April Fool’s day ②名词有同位语时，所有格用于同位语上 Eg: This is his friend, Tom’s storybook. ③由and连接的两个或多个名词，表示共同拥有，最后一词用所有格；表示各自拥有时，每个名词都用所有格。 Eg: Tom and Jerry’s house 汤姆和杰瑞的房子 Tom’s and Jerry’s houses 汤姆和杰瑞各自的房子
of 所有格的构成及用法 of + 名词，表示无生命事物的名词或有较多修饰语的名词的所有关系。 Eg：the top of the mountain the advice of the old experienced man 注意-’s所有格和of 所有格有时都可以使用 Eg: China’s economy = the economy of China today’s weather = the weather of today his father’s death = the death of his father (表示某人的遭遇时，更常用of的所有格) 双重所有格 双重所有格的构成 of + 名词的-’s所有格/名词性物主代词。 双重所有格的用法： ①表示特定人的不特定的所有关系。 Eg: a novel of Dicken’s 狄更斯(特定人)的一本小说（不特定关系） a book of mine 我(特定人)的一本书（不特定关系） ②表达特殊的情感 有时双重所有格与指示代词连用时，常带有赞许，厌恶，不满的感情的色彩。 Eg：That old watch of my father’s gains a lot every day. 我父亲的那块旧表每天都会快很多。 注意： A friend of my father 我父亲的朋友（强调朋友关系） A friend of my father’s 我父亲的一个朋友（强调许多朋友中的一个） A photo of my brother 我哥（本人）的一张照片 A photo of my brother’s 我哥（拥有）的一张照片
一、引出开头 1：It is well-known to us that……（我们都知道……）==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …（就我所知…） 2：Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……（最近……问题引起了关注） 3：Nowadays（overpopulation）has become a problem we have to face.（现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题） 4：Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.（互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题）5：With the rapid development of science and technology，more and more people believe that……（随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……） 6：It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……（人们一般认为……）7：A lot of people seem to think that……（很多人似乎认为……） 8:It is universally acknowledged that + 句子（全世界都知道...） 二、表达不同观点 1：People's views on……vary from person to person. Some hold that……However, others believe that……（人们对……的观点因人而异，有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……）2：People may have different opinions on……（人们对……可能会持有不同见解） 3：Attitudes towards （drugs）vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards（failure）（人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异） 4:There are different opinions among people as to……（对于……人们的观点大不相同） 三、表示结尾 1：In short, it can be said that……（总之，他的意思是……） 2：From what has been mentioned above, w e can come to the conclusion that……（从上面提到的，我们可以得出结论……） 3：Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that……（把所有的这些因素加以考虑，我们自然可以得出结论……） 4：Hence/Therefore, we'd better come to the conclusion that……（因此，我们最好的出这样的结论……） 5:There is no doubt that (job-hopping)has its drawbacks as well as merits.（毫无疑问，跳槽有优点也有缺点） 6：All in all, we cannot live without……,but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.（总之，我们没有……无法生活，但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题） 四、提出建议 1：It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).（该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了）2：There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……（毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够重视） 3：Obviously ,if we want to do something … it is essential that……（显然，如果我们想要做么事，很重要的是……） 4：Only in this way can we ……（只有这样，我们才能……） 5：Spare no effort to+V（不遗余力的） 五、预示后果
英语语法名词归纳总结 一、单项选择名词 1．_________is Virginia Woolf’s most autobiographical novel, which develops a series of thoughts rather than a plot, centering on themes like women’s role in society, death and change. A．The Garden Party B．The Green Room C．To the Lighthouse D．Daisy Miller 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】 考查名词辨析。句意：《到灯塔去》是弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫最具自传体色彩的小说，它围绕女性在社会中的角色、死亡和变化等主题展开了一系列的思考而非情节的描写。A. The Garden Party《花园聚会》；B. The Green Room《候场室》；C. To the Lighthouse 《到灯塔去》；D. Daisy Miller《黛西·米勒》。由“Virginia Woolf”可知，Virginia Woolf是To the Lighthouse《到灯塔去》的作者。故选C项。 2．Violent programs on television may have a bad on children. A．injury B．pressure C．impression D．influence 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】 考查名词。A. injury伤害； B. pressure压力； C. impression印象； D. influence影响。句意：电视上的暴力节目可能对孩子有不良影响。固定词组：have an effect/ influence on“对------有影响”。故选D。 3．How amazing it is that Zuckberg can speak Chinese! After all, it is a big_____ for any westerner to learn such a totally different language. A．adventure B．achievement C．trend D．challenge 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】 考查名词词义辨析。A. adventure冒险；B. achievement成就；C. trend趋势；D. challenge 挑战。句意：扎克伯格会说中文是多么令人吃惊啊！毕竟，对任何西方人来说，学习一门完全不同的语言是一个巨大的挑战。根据句意可知此处表示“挑战”，故D项正确。 4．One hundred percent_______to your studies， though it can be lonely and no fun at all，will leave precious marks on your youth． A．response B．offence C．commitment D．reaction
常见的语法术语摘要 1.名词noun 动词verb 形容词adjective 数词numeral 代词 pronoun 2.介词preposition 副词adverb 连词conjunction 冠词article 感叹词 interjection 3.结构：structure 简单句simple sentences 并列句compound sentences 4.复合句complex sentences 倒装句inverted sentences 省略句elliptical sentences 5.陈述句declarative sentences 疑问句interrogative sentences 6.祈使句imperative sentences 感叹句exclamatory sentences 7.否定句negative sentences 被动句passive sentences 8.虚拟语气句subjunctive sentences 同义句synonymous sentences 9.歧义句ambiguous sentences 委婉句euphemisms 强调句emphasis 10.疑难句difficult sentences 叙述句narrative sentences 说明句expository sentences 11.议论句argumentative sentences 人物描写句descriptive sentences of people 12.动作描写句：descriptive sentences of actions 13.环境描写句descriptive sentences of environment 14.名人语句quotations 格言句maxims 谚语句proverbs 15.状语adverbial 补语complement 宾语object 宾语补助语objective complement 16.表语predicative 主语subject 谓语predicate 谓语动词finite verb 17.非谓语动词non-finite verb 情态动词modal verb 18.并列coordination 选择alternative 转折transition 对比contrast 19.原因cause 结果effect 20.动词时态verb tenses 21.一般现在时simple present (tense) 22.一般过去时simple past (tense) 一般将来时simple future (tense) 23.过去将来时future (tense) in the past 现在完成时present perfect (tense) 24.过去完成时past perfect (tense) 将来完成时future perfect (tense) 25.现在进行时present continuous (tense) 过去进行时past continuous (tense) 26.将来进行时future continuous (tense) 27.现在完成进行时present perfect continuous (tense) 28.主句main clause 从句subordinate clause 29.限定性定语从句restrictive attributive clause 30.非限定性定语从句non-restrictive attributive clause 31.宾语从句object clause 壮语从句adverbial clause 主语从句subject clause 32.表语从句predicative clause 同位语从句appositive clause 33.双重复合句double complex sentences 34.多重复合句multiple complex sentences 35.插入语parenthesis 36.IT引导的句子IT sentences
词法大全（一）-- 名词 Contents 可数名词 不可数名词 名词所有格
名词 概念：表示人、物品、地点、情感、抽象概念等名称的词 分类： 普通名词pen teacher water 专有名词Beijing China July Sunday the Sun 可数名词apple teacher boy car 抽象名词advice information news price happiness 不可数名词液体water milk tea coffee juice 材料metal glass wood paper meat bread rice 可数名词变复数 一般加s 二般以s, x, ch, sh 结尾，加es 三般以辅音字母+y 结尾，变y 为i 再加es 四般以f/fe 结尾，变f/fe 为v 再加es. 妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌； 躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮目光。 wife knife wolf thief shelf self life half leaf 以O 结尾事真多 英雄喜欢吃土豆、西红柿和芒果 hero es potato es tomato es mango es 特殊变化要注意 man woman child mouse policeman men women children mice policemen 特中之特，单复同形 fish deer sheep fish deer sheep 合成复数有玄机 lemon tree toy shop computer game lemon trees toy shops computer games man doctor woman teacher men doctor s women teacher s
二、名词 一、名词：具体或抽象的事物。 1)dog, boy, car, book, window, day 2)class, team, family, police 3)water, tea, milk, coffee, meat, gold 4)friendship, health, beauty, time 其中集体名词被当作一个整体时，要看作是单数，用单数的谓语动词。但当这些名词里的具体事物的各成员是被逐一单独考虑时，就用复数的谓语动词。 The football team is playing well.这个足球队踢得好。 The football team are having baths and are coming back for tea.足球队员们正在洗澡，然后他们就回来喝茶。 The family is a happy one.这是一个幸福的家庭。 My family are very pleased about the good news.这个好消息使我全家人都很高兴。Xiao Ming is a Chinese. 小名是个中国人。 The Chinese are brave and smart. 中国人很勇敢智慧。 二、难点：名词的复数 The thief’s wife killed a wolf with a knife and a leaf.
不规则变化： man→men男人woman→women女人 foot→feet脚tooth→teeth牙 goose→geese鹅mouse→mice鼠 ox→oxen公牛child→children儿童 单复数同形： deer，sheep，fish， Chinese，Japanese, yuan（注意西方货币有复数dollars, pounds） 只用复数的词： trousers裤子goods货物clothes衣物 glasses眼镜scissors剪刀people 人 有的名词既可以做可数名词，又可以做不可数名词。 glass 玻璃玻璃杯 paper 纸文件、试卷、报 重要提示： 1、单数可数名词永远不可以单独存在。 例句：牛在天上飞。 Ox is flying in the sky. × An ox is flying in the sky.√ Oxen are flying in the sky.√ 2、形如“num-n-adj”结构内的名词永远单数。此形式相当于一个形容词。 如：三米长three-meter-long 如果连字符，中间的名词不变复数式。 例：Amy is a seven-year-old girl. Amy是个7岁的小女孩。 三、不可数名词 不可数名词不能被a, an, many等直接修饰。但它们可以借助单位词表一定的数量。 如： a glass of water 一杯水 a piece of advice一条建议 a piece of paper 一张纸 四、可数名词和不可数名词各有其不同的修饰语 ①只修饰可数名词单数的 如a/an，one，another，either，neither，every，many a等。 I don’t like this book, give me another one.我不喜欢这本书, 请另外给我一本。Neither shoe feels comfortable.两只鞋都感觉不舒服。 An apple a day keeps the doctor away.[谚] 一天一个苹果, 医生不上门(比喻不生病)。 ②只修饰可数名词复数的 如these，those，few，many，a great number of，both，several及二以上的数词等。There are a few apples on the table. 桌子上有几个苹果。 There are few apples on the table. 桌子上几乎没苹果。 Were there many peopl e at the meeting? 有很多人到会吗?
BE-subjunctive be-型虚拟式object complement 宾语补语 noun phrase of amount or quantity 表示数量概念的名词词组 infinitive 不定式full sentence完全句headword中心词dynamic verb 动态动词cleft sentence 分裂句main clause主句nominative absolute construction 独立主格结构direct object 直接宾语present perfective progressive现在完成进行体subject complement主语补语predicate verb 谓语动词determiner限定词ordinal numeral序数词verbless clause 无动词分句finite verb phrase限定动词词组 possessive pronoun 物主代词gender性main verb 主动词 antecedent先行项subjunctive mood 虚拟式 irregular verb 不规则动词root 词根demonstrative pronoun指示代词semi-auxiliary 半助动词compound complex sentence 并列复杂句passive voice 被动态coordinate construction 并列结构comparative clause 比较分句indefinite pronoun 不定代词 intransitive verb不及物动词vocabulary词汇bound morpheme粘附词素uncountable noun不可数名词morpheme词素central determiner中位限定词indicative mood 陈述式affix 词缀proper noun专有名词 abstract noun 抽象名词phrasal verb 词组动词 notional concord 意义一致原则auxiliary助动词active voice主动态 open class 开放词类linking verb 连系动词 historical present 历史性现在时conjunction 连词 unit noun 单位名词reflexive pronoun 反身代词 second person 第二人称unemphatic use非强调性用法 definite article 定冠词basic clause type分句基本类型 fractional numeral分数词closed class封闭词类 generic reference 类指derivative noun 派生名词 old English古英语complex sentence复杂句 relative clause 关系分句adverb phrase 副词词组 function word 功能词compound word复合词 countable noun 可数名词genitive noun 名词属格 article 冠词notional subject实义主语interjection 感叹词regular plural 规则复数transitive verb 及物动词 past perfective progressive 过去完成进行体mood 语气 implied conditional 含蓄条件句suffix后缀feminine gender阴性collective noun集体名词post-determiner后位限定词 indirect object 间接宾语principle of proximity就近原则 primary auxiliary 基本助动词sentence 句子 concord一致voice 语态common gender通性 question 疑问句base form原形SVOC主—动—宾—补结构imperative mood 祈使式predeterminer前位限定词 inflectional affix 屈折词缀number数voice态 personal pronoun 人称代词double genitive 双重属格 tense 时mood式ditransitive verb双宾语及物动词
Acronyms Acronyms is a word coined by putting together the initial letters of a group of words. Affixation A word formation approach that attaches morpheme – an affix to a base，which is a word with 1 or more affixes in it. Anaphoric reference前照应A demonstrative determiner with anaphoric reference is more likely to go with a non-restrictive relative clause Cataphoric reference 后照应A demonstrative determiner with cataphoric reference，which goes with a restrictive relative clause Collective nouns These are generally countable nouns，but even in the singular they refer to groups of people，animals or things. Compound A compound，the product of composition，and it is a lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. Conversion The derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. Coordination并列词Realized by coordinators （also termed coordinating conjunctions）which join units at the same level. Countable nouns Nouns that can take plural. Dangling participle:When the subject of participle is not expressed, it is normally to be the subject of the clause. It is usually poor grammar, and sometimes absurd, if this rule is broken: Trying to be quiet, the floor board creaked. But the rule is often broken when the subject is vaguely understood to be “one”, “we”, “you”, people in general. Determiner Words used in the premodification of noun phrase and put before any adjectives that premodify the head word of noun. Dynamic adjectives Many adjectives can also be used in the dynamic sense （be being a.）in predicative position to show subjective measurement or suggest a temporary state，implying the qualities can be controlled or restricted. （e.g. he is being rude） end-focus 尾部焦点under neutral conditions，the nucleus falls on the last element of the sequence as it is common that we process the information in a message to achieve a linear presentation form low to high information value. We refer to this as the principle of end-focus. ellipsis：省略leaves out the redundant/wordy part and do not provide a substitute. Exclamation Express our impression，especially our surprise，excitement，amazement，etc. It doesn…t take S-V inversion.
英语语法之名词 一、含义：用来表示人或事物名称的词。 二、分类： 1.专有名词：表示人、地方、组织机构或事物等的专有名称。 Beijing 北京Tom 汤姆 2.普通名词：是指一类人或东西或是一个抽象的名称。 ①可数名词：这类名词有单数和复数形式。 A:个体名词：个别人或事物的名称。friend 朋友 B:集体名词：若干人或事物的名称。family 家庭 ②不可数名词：表示不能用数来计算的事物的名词。 A：物质名词：表示物质或材料的名称的词。water 水 B：抽象名词：表示性质、行为、状态、情感等抽象名词。 friendship 友谊 三、考点： 1.可数名词的数（可数名词变复数的规则）： ①一般情况下在词尾“+s”. car---cars bike---bikes ②以“s”“x”“ch”“sh”结尾的名词在词尾“+es”. bus--buses box --boxes beach--beaches dish--dishes ③以“辅音+y”结尾的名词，“y→i+es”. party ---- parties 以“元音+y”结尾的名词，直接加s. boy--boys toy--toys ④以“f\fe”结尾的名词，“fe\f→ves” wife--wives knife--knives 口诀： 妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发的慌。 躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮目光。 ⑤单复数同形的单词有：Chinese,Japanese,fish,deer,sheep
口诀：中日人民爱护鱼鹿羊。 ⑥某国人变复数： Chinese Chinese Japanese Japanese Englishman Englishmen Frenchman Frenchmen German Germans American Americans Australian Australians 口诀：中日不变英法变，其余后面加s. ⑦以o结尾的单词，加es的常见的只有5个： Negro,hero,potato,tomato,mango 口诀：黑人、英雄、爱吃土豆、西红柿、芒果⑧变化单次内部元音字母 man men woman women policeman policemen Englishman Englishmen Frenchman Frenchmen foot feet tooth teeth goose geese ⑨特殊变化的有： child children this these that those she\he\it they am\is are I we you you
英语语法专业术语 本次听写要求：挑选部分英语术语打在PPT上，学生按序号写出相应中文术语。（一）词类part of speech 实词notional word ['n?u??n?l] 虚词structural word/ form word (e.g. article preposition conjunction interjection) 派生词derivative [di'riv?tiv, d?'riv?tiv] 复合词compound ['k?mpaund,k?m'paund] 词性part of speech 名词noun 专有名词proper noun 普通名词common noun 可数名词countable noun 不可数名词uncountable noun 单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form ['plu?r?l, 'plur?l] 抽象名词abstract noun [?b'str?kt,'?bstr?kt] 具体名词concrete noun ['k?nkri:t] 物质名词material noun 集体名词collective noun 个体名词individual noun 动词verb 主动词main verb 及物动词transitive verb ['tr?nsitiv, 'tr?ns?tiv] 不及物动词intransitive verb [in'tr?nsitiv, in'tr?ns?tiv] 系动词link verb 助动词auxiliary verb [?:g'zilj?ri] 情态动词modal verb 规则动词regular verb 不规则动词irregular verb 短语动词phrasal verb ['freizl, 'freiz?l] 限定动词finite verb ['fainait] 非限定动词infinite verb ['infinit, 'inf?nit] 使役动词causative verb ['k?:z?tiv] 感官动词verb of senses 动态动词event verb 静态动词state verb 形容词adjective 比较等级degrees of comparison ☆原级positive degree ☆比较级comparative degree
一、选择题 1．I to be popular in school, but now I get attention everywhere I go. A．wasn’t used; many B．didn’t use; tons of C．used not; many 2．—Do _________ like going to ___________? —I don’t know. A．woman teachers, clothes shops B．women teachers, clothes shops C．woman teachers, sport shops D．women teachers, vegetables shops 3．Look, this is________ bedroom. A．my father and mother’s B．my father’s and mother’s C．my father’s and mother D．my father and mother 4．Those _________ plans for the holiday sound great. How about ________? A．girl’s ; yours B．girls’; you C．girls ; your D．girls’; yours 5．My mother often________when she was a young girl. A．keep diaries B．keep diary C．kept diaries D．kept diary 6．Good food and_______help her_______better. A．exercise; study B．exercise; studies C．exercises; studying D．exercises; to study 7．Look! The Chinese national basketball team ________ a face-to-face interview with their fans in the hall. How excited the fans are! A．is having B．are having C．have D．has 8．Peter would like a bowl of ________noodles. A．tomato and egg B．tomato and eggs C．tomatoes and eggs D．tomatoes and egg 9．—What is your _______, Lingling? —I really enjoy reading _______ stories at night. A．interests; interesting B．interests; interest C．interest; interesting D．interesting; interest 10．Thanks for the two _______________you gave（给）to me. A．tape player B．tapes players C．tape players D．taper players 11．—Could you please give me ____? —Certainly. A．some advices B．any advices C．some advice D．advices 12．-Can I help you? -Yes. I'd like__________ rice. A．a small bar of B．a slice of C．a large bag of D．a piece of 13．I share my room ______ a friend of _________. A．to, me B．with, mine C．with, me D．from, mine