2012 年重点阅读理解及完形填空文章
第一部分：阅读理解...........................................................................................................................
理工类C 级................................................................................................................................. 第六篇Making Light of1 Sleep【不要太在意睡眠】.........................................................
第十九篇Graphene's Superstrength【石墨烯的超强力量】............................................
理工类B 级................................................................................................................................. *第三十八篇“Life Form Found” on Saturn's Titan【土卫六上发现了生命迹象】...........
*第四十篇Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety【教数学，教焦虑】...................................
理工类A 级................................................................................................................................. +第四十五篇Small But Wise【小而聪明】....................................................................
+第四十六篇Ants Have Big Impact on Enviro nment as “Ecosystem Engineers”【蚂蚁
作为“生态系统工程师”对环境影响巨大】........................................................................
第二部分：完形填空...........................................................................................................................
理工类C 级................................................................................................................................. 第三篇Germs on Banknotes【纸币上的病菌】................................................................
第十篇Chicken Soup for the Soul: Comfort Food Fights Loneliness【心灵鸡汤：爽心食
品排解孤独感】...................................................................................................................
理工类B 级................................................................................................................................. *第十一篇Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities【气候变化给不备
城市带来重大风险】...........................................................................................................
*第十二篇Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk【快餐加免费降胆
固醇药物可以降低罹患心脏病的风险】...........................................................................
理工类A 级................................................................................................................................. +第十三篇Solar Power without Solar Cells【没有太阳能电池的太阳能】......................
+第十五篇“Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage【“液化”是日本
地震破坏的关键】...............................................................................................................
第四部分阅读理解
理工类C 级
第六篇Making Light of1 Sleep【不要太在意睡眠】
All we have a clock located inside our brains. Similar to your bedside alarm clock, your
internal clock2 runs on a 24-hour cycle. This cycle, called a circadian rhythm, helps control when you wake, when you eat and when you sleep.
Somewhere around puberty, something happens in the timing of the biological clock. The
clock pushes forward, so adolescents and teenagers are unable to fall asleep as early as they used to. When your mother tells you it's time for bed, your body may be pushing you to stay up3 for several hours more. And the light coming from your computer screen or TV could be pushing you to stay up even later.
This shift4 is natural for teenagers. But staying up very late and sleeping late can get your
body's clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark5. It can also make it hard to get out of bed in the morning and may bring other problems, too. Teenagers are put in a kind of a gray cloud6when they don't get enough sleep, says Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University in Providence, RI7. It affects their mood and their ability to think and learn.
But just like your alarm clock, your internal clock can be reset. In fact, it automatically resets itself every day. How? By using the light it gets through your eyes.
Scientists have known for a long time that the light of day and the dark of night play
important roles in setting our internal clocks. For years, researchers thought that the signals that synchronize the body's clock8 were handled through the same pathways that we use to see.
But recent discoveries show that the human eye has two separate light-sensing systems. One system allows us to see. The second system tells our body whether it's day or night.
练习：
1. The clock located inside our brains is similar to our bedside alarm clock because
A it controls when we wake, when we eat and when we sleep.
B it has a cycle of 24 hours.
C it is a cycle also called circadian rhythm.
D it can alarm any time during 24 hours.
2. What is implied in the second paragraph?
A Young children's biological clock has the same rhythm with that of the teenagers.
B People after puberty begin to go to bed earlier due to the change of the biological clock.
C Children before puberty tend to fall asleep earlier at night than adolescents.
D Teenagers go to bed later than they used to due to the light from the computer screen.
3. In the third paragraph the author wants to tell the reader that
A it is natural for teenagers to stay up late and get up late.
B staying up late has a bad effect on teenagers' ability to think and learn.
C during puberty most teenagers experience a kind of gray cloud.
D it is hard for teenagers to get out of bed in the morning.
4. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the fourth and fifth paragraphs?
A Our biological clock resets itself automatically.
B light gets through our eyes and resets our biological clock.
C Our internal clock as well as the alarm clock can be reset automatically.
D Our internal clock, like the alarm clock, can be reset.
5. According to the last two paragraphs, what did the previous researchers think about the human eye's light-sensing system?
A The human eye had two light-sensing systems.
B The human eye had one light-sensing system.
C The human eye could sense the light of day more quickly than the dark of night.
D The human eye could reset our internal clocks in accordance with the alarm clocks.
答案
1. B
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. B
第六篇不要太在意睡眠
我们每个人的大脑里都有一个像我们床边的闹钟一样的生物钟。人脑里的生物钟24 小
时走一圈，这一圈也就是一次完整的昼夜节律，正是这个节律决定了我们吃饭、睡觉和起床
青春期时，人的生物钟在定时方面会发生变化，生物钟会提前。这时，青少年会比以前
睡得晚，所以当你妈妈告诉你该睡觉时，你的生物钟可能会让你多推迟几小时，并且电脑或电视光线可能会导致你熬夜到更晚。
生物钟的这种变化对青少年说是正常的，但熬夜到太晚会打乱你生物钟与昼夜时间循环
之间的平衡，这样就会带来一些问题，例如：早晨很难按时起床。位于美国罗得州布郎大学睡眠方面的研究员Mary Carskadon 说：“当青少年睡眠不足时会打不起精神，这将影响到他们心情、学习和思考问题的状态。”
其实生物钟与闹钟一样，也是可调的，事实上，生物钟每天都在进行着自我调节，其方
式就是通过你眼睛接收到光线的变化。
很早之前，科学家就知道了昼夜光线强弱的变化对生物钟调节起到了重要的作用，长久
以来，研究者们认为眼睛所接受到的平衡生物钟的光信号同样作用于人类的视觉系统。
但最近几年的研究发现，人类眼睛有两个感光系统，一个是视觉系统，而另一个是感知
昼夜的系统。
第十九篇Graphene's Superstrength【石墨烯的超强力量】
Big technology comes in tiny packages. New cell phones and personal computers get smaller every year, which means these electronics require even smaller components on the inside. Engineers are looking for creative ways to build these components, and they've turned their eyes to graphene, a superthin2 material, made of carbon, that could change the future of electronics. This year's Nobel Prize for Physics3 has been awarded to Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov from the University of Manchester4 , UK. for the discovery of graphene. Graphene isn't just small, it's “the thinnest possible material in this world, ” says Novoselov. He calls it a “wonder material. ” It's so thin that you woul d need to stack about 25, 000 sheets just to make a pile as thick as a piece of ordinary white paper. If you were to hold a sheet of graphene in your fingers5, you'd have no idea because you wouldn't be able to see it.
Carbon is one of the most abundant elements in the universe. Every known kind of life
contains carbon. Graphene is a sheet of carbon, but only one atom thick. You don't have to look far
to find graphene — it's all around you.
If you want this high-tech wonderstuff6, all you need is a pencil, paper and a little adhesive tape. Use the pencil to shade a small area on the paper, and then apply a small piece of adhesive tape over the area7. When you pull up the tape, you'll see that it pulls up a thin layer of some of the shading from your pencil. That layer is called graphite, one of the softest minerals in the world.
Now stick the same piece of tape on another sheet of paper and pull the tape up — there
should be an even thinner layer, this time left on the paper. Now imagine that you do this over and over, until you get the thinnest possible layer of material on the paper. This layer would be only one atom thick, and you wouldn't be able to see it. Graphite is made of layers of graphene, so when you get to the thinnest possible layer, you've found graphene.
练习：
1. What would change the future of electronics according to engineers?
A Big technology.
B Creative ways.
D Both A and B.
2. According to the second and third paragraphs, what is true of graphene?
A It can be used to make paper.
B It is possible to see it with our naked eye.
C It is easy to find graphene.
D It is possibly the thickest material in the world.
3. Which of the following can be used to replace the word “apply” in paragraph 4 ?
A request.
B polish.
C use.
D put.
4. Which of the following is NOT meant in the last two paragraphs?
A Graphene is made of graphite, one of the softest materials in the world.
B Graphite is made of layers of graphene, the thinnest material in the world.
C When we get to the thinnest possible layer of graphite, we find graphene.
D With a pencil, a sheet of paper and a piece of adhesive tape, we can find graphene.
5. Graphene's superstrength lies in the fact that
A It is the thinnest material in the world.
B It is made of the most abundant elements in the world.
C It can help to make electronic components smaller.
D It helps engineers to produce more sensitive electronic products.
答案
1. C
2. C
3. D
4. A
5. C
第十九篇石墨烯的超强力量
当今重大科学技术均以“微型”来呈现，新手机和个人电脑每年都在变得更小，这就意味
着电子设备要求内部零件更小，工程师们正在寻求制造这些零件的方法，他们逐渐把目光投向了石墨烯——一种由碳元素构成的超薄材料。这种材料将改变电子设备的未来。
今年的诺贝尔物理学奖颁发给了来自英国曼切斯特大学的Andre Geim 和Kostya Novoselov，以表彰他们对石墨烯的发现。Novoselov 说：“石墨烯不仅小，而且它是世界上所能找到的最薄材料。”他把它称作“神奇材料”。石墨烯极薄，25 000 片石墨烯叠放在一起才与一张普通白纸一样厚。如果把一片石墨烯放在手指上，你根本就不会发现，因为你没办法看到它。
碳是宇宙中最多的一种元素，已知的生命体中都含有碳。石墨烯一个只有一个碳原子厚
度的单层。你不用费心寻找石墨烯，它就在我们身边。
如果你想得到这种高技术材料，一支笔、一张纸和一小段胶条就足够了。用铅笔在纸上
涂黑一片区域，将胶条粘在上面，当你拉开胶条你会发现它粘起了很薄的一片铅笔涂的阴影，这一片阴影就叫做石墨烯，一种世界上最软的矿物质。
现在，再将胶条粘上另外一张纸上，把它拉起来，你会得到更薄的一层。想象一下当你
重复做，直到在纸上得到最薄的一层物质，这层物质只有一个原子的厚度，你根本无法看到。石墨是由一层层的石墨烯组成的，所以当你得到最薄的一层时，你已经找到了石墨烯。
理工类B 级_
*第三十八篇“Life Form Found” on Saturn's Titan【土卫六
上发现了生命迹象】
Scientists say they have discovered hints of alien life on the Saturn's moon. The discovery of
a sort of life was announced after researchers at the US space agency, NASA, analyzed data from spacecraft Cassini, which pointed to the existence of methane-based form of life on Saturn's biggest moon.
Scientists have reported ly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings are “breathing” in Titan's dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.
They argue that hydrogen gets absorbed before hitting Titan's planet-like surface covered
with methane lakes and rivers. This, they say, po ints to the existence of some “bugs” consuming the hydrogen at the surface of the moon less than half the size of the Earth.
“We suggested hydrogen consumption because it's the obvious gas for life to consume on Titan, similar to the way we consume oxygen on Earth,” says NASA scientist Chris McKay. “If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life, it would be doubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth. ”
To date, scientists have not yet detected this form of life anywhere, though there are
liquid-water-based microorganisms on Earth that grow well on methane or produce it as a waste product. On Titan, where temperatures are around 90 Kelvin (minus 290 degrees Farenheit), a methane-based organism would have to use a substance that is liquid as its medium for living processes, but not water itself. Water is frozen solid on Titan's surface and much too cold to support life as we know it.
Scientists had expected the Sun's interactions with chemicals in the atmosphere to produce a coating of acetylene on Titan's surface. But Cassini detected no acetylene on the surface.
The absence of detectable acetylene on the Titan's surface can very well have a
non-biological explanation, said Mark Allen, a principal investigator of the NASA Titan team. “Scientific conservatism suggests that a biological explanation should be the last choice after
all non-biological explanations are addressed, ” Allen said. “We have a lot of work to do to rule out8possible non-biological explanations. It is more likely that a chemical process, without biology, can explain these results. ”
练习：
1. What have scientists found about Saturn?
A They have found a new moon orbiting Saturn
B They have found methane-based life on Saturn.
C They have found methane-based life on Titan.
D They have found earthlike life on a Saturn's moon.
2. What do scientists say about Titan?
A There are life clues there.
B There is acetylene there.
C Water on Titan exists in the form of ice.
D Rivers and lakes there contain life forms.
3. To date, scientists have not yet detected this form of life. . . ( paragraph 5 ) What does “this form of life” refer to?
A Water-based life.
B Methane-based life.
C Liquid-water-based microorganisms.
D Gas-based life.
4. What can be inferred from what Allen said?
A Scientists have different arguments over whether there is life on Titan.
B Scientists all agree that there is life on Titan.
C Scientists all suggest that a biological explanation is reasonable.
D Scientists all agree that a non-biological chemical reaction is a possible explanation.
5. Which of the following can replace the title of this passage?.
A Earthlike Living Beings Found on Titan.
B Finding of One More Moon of Saturn.
C Titan, a New Satellite Found.
D A different Life Form, a Possibility.
答案
1. C
2. A
3. B
4. A
5. D
第三十八篇土卫六上发现了生命迹象
科学家们说，在土卫六上发现了外星生命迹象并宣布了这一发现。美国国家航空航天局(NASA)的研究者们对卡西尼号探测器所传回来的数据进行了分析，数据表明，土星卫星中最大的一颗卫星有以甲烷为基础的生命的存在迹象。
据报道，科学家们已经找到了在土卫六高浓度氢气大气层里“呼吸”的原始外星生命的线
索。
他们认为，氢气在到达布满甲烷河流湖泊的土卫六类似行星一样的表层前就已经被吸收了。这就证明在这个不及半个地球大小的卫星表面有某种微生物在依靠氢气生存。
美国国家航空航天局的科学家Chris Mckay 说，“我们提出有氢气的消耗，是由于它是
土卫六上生命赖以生存的显而易见的气体，就像我们地球上用氧气呼吸一样。如果这些迹象最终证明是生命的迹象，它会加倍令人兴奋，因为它会代表完全不同于地球上水基生命的第二种生命。”
时至今日，尽管地球上的依赖液体水的微生物在甲烷里生长良好或把它作为废物排出，
科学家在任何地方都没有探测到这种生命的形式。在土卫六上，绝对温度达到90 度(相当于摄氏-273．15 度)，依赖于甲烷的微生物不得不用某种液体物质作为生存的介质，这种液体不是水，水在土卫六上会冻成冰块，不能融化。我们知道，冰块太冷不能维持生命。
科学家们原指望太阳与大气层中的化学物质相互作用会在土卫六上产生一层乙炔。但卡
西尼号在它的表面没有探测到乙炔。
Mark Allen 是美国宇航局土卫六项目组的主要负责人，他说道，既然在土卫六的表面没
有探测到乙炔，那就充分说明上面没有生物。
Allen 说：“科学界的保守主义者们建议，要做出土卫六上有生物的结论，首先必须对土
卫六上所有没有生物的观点做出回应；要排除土卫六上可能没有生物的观点，我们任重道远。极为可能的是，一种化学过程而非生物学能解释这些结果。”
*第四十篇Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety【教数学，教焦
虑】
In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at the
University of Chicago1 Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn: If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills, then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math.
"If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers2 in later grades, it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement3, " said Levine. In other words, girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teachers4. The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are, then these girls may not do as well as they would have if they were more confident.
Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn - and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone. Researchers use the word "anxiety" to describe such feelings: anxiety is uneasiness or worry.
The new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math, that feeling can influence
how her female students feel about math. The study involved 65 girls, 52 boys and 17 first- and second-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest. The students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year, and the researchers compared the scores.
The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers: To find out which teachers were anxious about math, the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math, such as when reading a sales receipt5. A teacher who got nervous looking at the
numbers on a sales receipt, for example, was probably anxious about math.
Boys, on average, were unaffected by a teacher's anxiety. On average, girls with
math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did. Plus, on the test showing whether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy, 20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math - and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.
"This is an interesting study, but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in need
of replication with a larger sample6, '' said David Geary, a psychologist at the University of Missouri 7in Columbia.
1. What is the result of the research at the University of Chicago, according to the first paragraph?
A Girls comfortable with their own math skills are better than boys at math.
B Girls uncomfortable with their own math skills are not as good as boys at math.
C Female teachers' math skills have influence over girl students' math skills.
D Female teachers' confidence in their math skills is related to girl's math skills.
2. What is implied in the third paragraph ?
A Math teachers, like math learners, do not like the subject due to its difficulty.
B A difficult subject like math may affect teachers' confidence in teaching the subject.
C Teachers are more anxious teaching math than their students learning math.
D Math is so difficult that no teachers like to teach it.
3. According to the experiment, those teachers were probably anxious about math when they
felt
A nervous memorizing the numbers of a sales receipt.
B helpless saving the, numbers of a sales receipt.
C uneasy reading the numbers of a sales receipt.
D hopeless filling in the numbers of a sales report.
4. The sixth paragraph tells us that the research findings
A prove a strong link between female teachers' math anxiety and their female students'
math achievements.
B show that male students are less likely to be affected by their math anxiety than female students.
C provide strong evidence that math superstars are more likely to be males than females.
D discover a strong link between teachers' math anxiety and their students' math achievements.
5. David Geary thinks that
A the study is interesting but it is based on unreliable research process.
B the research results need to be retested based on a larger sample.
C the research results need to be reinterpreted to be meaningful.
D the study is well based and produces significant results.
答案．
1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A 5．B
第四十篇教数学，教焦虑
在最新一项关于小学生学数学的研究中，芝加哥大学的心理学家Sian Beilock 和Susan Levine 发现，女教师的想法和女学生的学习之间有着惊人的联系：如果女教师对自己的数学能力感到焦虑，她的女学生很可能认为男孩子数学比女孩学得更好。
"如果一直由对数学有焦虑的女教师教授数学，就会对她们的数学成绩产生雪球效应"，Levine 说。换言之，女孩子们最后从老师那里获得的是对数学的焦虑。该研究表明，如果女
孩子们在一个认为男孩比女孩数学好的环境中成长，那么她们的数学可能会不如在更自信的状态下学得好。
如同学生，教师也会觉得某些学科难学和难教，这就是研究者所言的"焦虑"：不自在或
担心。
此研究发现，教师对数学的焦虑能够传染给她的女学生们。该研究的研究对象包括65
个女孩，52 个男孩和17 位在中西部教一二年级的教师。学生们在学年的开始和结束时都进行数学测试，研究者们比较得分。
研究者们测试学生是否认为数学明星一定会是男孩。然后研究者们测试教师，试图找出
哪些教师对数学感到焦虑，研究者们问教师们当碰到数学问题诸如阅读销售清单时的感受，如果一位教师一看到销售清单的数字就感到紧张，那么她很可能对数学存在焦虑。
平均来说，教师的焦虑不会影响到男孩子。但是，一般说来，如果教女孩子的教师有数
学焦虑症，那么女孩子们在学年结束时测试得分比其他的女孩要低。另外，在关于是否认为数学明星应该是男孩的测试中，有20 个女孩认为男孩数学比女孩好，这20 个女孩的老师都是女性，且都患有数学焦虑症。
来自密苏里大学的心理学家David Geary 说"这是一个有趣的研究，但是这只是初步结
果，需要用更大的调查样本进行重复验证"。
理工类A 级_
+第四十五篇Small But Wise【小而聪明】
On December 14, NASA1 blasted a small but mighty telescope into space. The telescope is called WISE and is about as wide around as a trashcan. Don't let its small size fool you: WISE has a powerful digital camera, and it will be taking pictures of some the wildest objects2 in the known universe, including asteroids, faint stars, blazing galaxies3 and giant clouds of dust where planets and stars are bom.
“I'm very excited because we're going to be seeing parts of the universe that we haven't seen before, ” said Ned Wright, a scientist who directs the WISE project.
Since arriving in space, the WISE telescope has been circling the Earth, held by gravity in a polar orbit4( this means it crosses close to the north and south poles with each lap5). Its camera is pointed outward, away from the Earth, and WISE will snap a picture of a different part of the sky every 11 minutes. After six months it will have taken pictures across the entire sky.
The pictures taken by WISE won't be like everyday digital photographs, however. WISE
stands for “Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. ” As its name suggests, t he WISE camera takes pictures of features that give off infrared radiation6.
Radiation is energy that travels as a wave. Visible light, including the familiar spectrum of
light7 that becomes visible in a rainbow, is an example of radiation. When an ordinary digital camera takes a picture of a tree, for example, it receives the waves of visible light that are reflected off the tree. When these waves enter the camera through the lens, they're processed by the camera, which then puts the image together.
Waves of infrared radiation are longer than waves of visible light, so ordinary digital cameras don't see them, and neither do the eyes of human beings. Although invisible to the eye, longer infrared radiation can be detected as warmth by the skin.
That's a key idea to why WISE will be able to see things other telescopes can't. Not
everything in the universe shows up in visible light. Asteroids, for example, are giant rocks that float through space — but they absorb most of the light that reaches them. They don't reflect light, so they're difficult to see. But they do give off infrared radiation, so an infrared telescope like WISE will be able to produce images of them. During its mission WISE will take pictures of hundreds of thousands of asteroids.
Brown dwarfs8 are another kind of deep-space object that will show up in WISE's pictures. These objects are “failed” stars — which means they are not massive enough to jump start9 the same kind of reactions that power stars such as the sun. Instead, brown dwarfs simply shrink and cool down. They're so dim that they're almost impossible to see with visible light, but in the infrared spectrum they glow.
练习：
1. What is so special about WISE?
A It is small in size but carries a large camera.
B It is as small as a trashcan.
C Its digital camera can help astronomers to see the unknown space.
D Never before has a telescope carried a digital camera in space.
2. Which is NOT the synonym for the word “snap” in the third paragraph?
A make.
B shoot.
C take
D photograph.
3. The camera on WISE
A is no different from an ordinary camera.
B does not see infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does.
C catches the infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does not.
D reflects light that human eyes can see.
4. Which of the following is NOT correct about “asteroids” according to paragraph 7 ?
A Asteroids float through space giving off visible light.
B Asteroids do not reflect light that reaches them.
C It is difficult to take asteroids' pictures by ordinary cameras.
D The WIS
E telescope can take pictures of asteroids
5. What is implied in the last paragraph?
A Brown dwarfs give off visible light.
B Brown dwarfs give off infrared radiation.
C Brown dwarfs are power stars like the sun.
D Brown dwarfs are impossible to see with the WIS
E telescope.
答案
1. C
2. A
3. C
4. A
5. B
第四十五篇小而聪明
12 月14 日，美国国家航空航天局发射了一个体积小而威力大的望远镜，它的名字叫“WISE”(聪明)，大约只有一个垃圾盒子那么宽。你可千万不要轻视这个小东西，WISE 可是一款高强数码相机，它将在人类已知的宇宙里拍摄任何你所能想到的天体，包括小行星、那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃烧而无法观察到的天体，以及自行星和恒星诞生以来的巨大尘埃云。
Ned Wright 是主持WISE 项目的科学家，他说：“我十分兴奋，因为我们就要看到以前
从未看到过的那部分宇宙”。
到达宇宙空间后，WISE 由于受极地轨道重力作用，一直在围绕地球旋转。(这意味着，
每转一圈，它就离南极和北极靠近)。它的镜头是向外的，远离地球。每11 分钟WISE 就会抓拍天空一个不同的部分。六个月之后，它将把整个天空拍摄完毕。
然而，WISE 拍摄的相片不会像我们日常的数码相片。WISE 是Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer(广域红外戡测探测器)的缩写。正如名字所示，WISE 能拍到发出红外线辐射物体的
相片。
辐射是波浪状行进的一种能量。人能看到的光，包括大家熟悉的、在彩虹里看到的光谱
就是射线的一个例子。当普通的数码相机给一棵树照相时，它能接收到树反射回来的、可见的光波。光波通过镜头进入到相机里，相机对它进行加工，然后把图像合成。
红外线的波长比可见光长，所以，普通的数码相机捕捉不到他们，人眼也看不到这种射线。尽管人们看不到，人的皮肤能感受到较长红外线带来的温暖。
这就是为什么WISE 能捕捉到其他望远镜看不到的物体的主要原因。宇宙中，不是所有
的东西都以可见光的方式呈现出来。例如，小行星是在太空中漂浮的大岩石，但是小行星吸收射到他们表面的大部分光。他们不能反射光，所以要看到他们很困难。但他们却释放出红外线，所以，象WISE 这样的红外线望远镜才能够捕捉到它们的图像。WISE 的任务就是拍摄成千上万的小行星图像。
WISE 的另一任务是为另外一种太空深处的天体一褐矮星拍照。这种天体是“失败的”恒
星，它们是一些不够大，不能像太阳的能量那样启动相同的反应。褐矮星只能缩小和冷却。
他们发出的光如此之微弱，人们根本看不到，但是在红外频谱中，它们是发光的。
+第四十六篇Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as “Ecosystem Engineers”【蚂蚁作为“生态系统工程师”对环
境影响巨大】
Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as “ecosystem engineers” and predators. The study, published in the Journal of Animal Ecology, found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.
Firstly, through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.
Secondly, they prey on a wide range of other animals, including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers.
Dirk Sanders, an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Conservation, said: “Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers. They're also very territorial and very aggressive, defending their resources and territory against other predators. All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area. ”
“In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.
What we found is that despite being predators, their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups. They genuinely play a key role in the local environment, having a big influence on the grassland food web, ” Sanders said.
The study, carried out in Germany, studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants, both species which can be found across Europe, including in the UK. It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area, particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers. At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect, showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.
Dr Frank van Veen, another author on the study, said: “What we find is that the impact of ants
on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels, but as the number of ants increases, their predatory impacts have the bigger effect — thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosyst em engineering. ”
Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of
the animal biomass but also because they act as ecosystem engineers. Ant biodiversity is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact, which obviously reduces its richness. However, it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem. Ants are important in below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants, microorganisms, and
other soil organisms.
练习：
1. Why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers?
A Because they build their own nests.
B Because they collect food.
C Because their activity affects the environment.
D Because they are predators.
2. As predators, ants
A prey on small as well as large animals.
B collect nutritious food from the soil
C collect food as decomposers.
D prey on species much higher up the food chain.
3. Dir Sanders' study centered on how ants
A can manage to thrive in huge numbers.
B defend their resources and territory against other predators.
C attack those invading animals for survival.
D produce such a big impact on the environment.
4. What does paragraph 6 tell us?
A Ants bring about a negative influence to an area when their population is small.
B Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.
C Ants' predation counteracts the positive influence they may have on an area.
D At higher density, ants produce a positive influence on an area.
5. What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph?
A What roles do ants play in the ecosystem in which they live?
B How do ants affect the animal diversity in a given ecosystem?
C How do human activities affect ants' influence on a given ecosystem?
D How do ants alter the physical and chemical environment?
答案
1. C
2. A
3. D
4. B
5. C
第四十六篇蚂蚁作为“生态系统工程师”对环境影响巨大
埃克斯特大学所做的研究表明，蚂蚁作为“生态系统工程师”和食肉动物的行为对当地的
环境影响巨大。该研究发表在动物生态杂志上，它表明蚂蚁对当地的环境有两大显著的影响。第一，通过筑巢而挪动土壤或采集食物，蚂蚁影响土壤的营养水平。这可间接影响当地
从腐生物到食物链高层的许多动物种群的数量。
第二，它们捕食的动物种类很多，包括那些被大量工蚁攻击的大猎物。
Dirk Sanders 是该大学生态和保护中心所做的此项研究的作者，他说：“蚂蚁是高效的食
肉动物，而且能大量繁殖。它们具有很强的领地意识，并且会竭尽全力对抗其他的食肉动物来保卫自己的领地。所有这些都意味着蚂蚁对周围环境影响巨大。”
“在该研究中，我们第一次对蚂蚁带来的影响程度及微妙程度进行研究。所得的发现是：
尽管是食肉动物，蚂蚁的出现能促使其他动物族群在数量和品种上的增长。并对当地的环境起到切实重要的作用，对大草原的食物链影响巨大。”Sanders 说。
该研究在德国进行，它对花园黑蚂蚁和一般的红蚂蚁在不同混合程度和不同密度下的影
响力进行研究。黑蚂蚁和红蚂蚁在整个欧洲包括英国都能找到。研究发现，一个地区的蚂蚁密度小，而其他动物尤其是食草动物和腐生物的数量和种类会增多。如果蚂蚁的密度大，就不可能产生同样的影响，或者产生相反的影响，这表明，蚂蚁的掠食活动会抵消蚂蚁给环境
带来的积极影响。
Dr Frank van Veen 是本研究的另一作者，他说：“我们的发现是：如果蚂蚁的数量少，
其对土壤的营养水平的影响会对动物族群产生积极的效果。但是如果蚂蚁的数量增加，其捕食的影响会达到最大化，因此会抵消蚂蚁通过生态工程给环境带来的积极影响”。
蚂蚁是生态系统的重要组成部分，不仅因为它占有很大部分的生物量，而且因为其作为
生态系统工程师的角色。蚂蚁具有难以想象的多样性，但极易受人类的影响，这就使它的多样性有显著的减少。然而，科学家还不清楚人类对蚂蚁这种干扰如何破坏蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用。蚂蚁通过变动物理的和化学的环境，通过对植物、微生物和其他土壤生物的影响而对生态环境起至关重要的作用。
第六部分完形填空
理工类C 级_
第三篇Germs on Banknotes【纸币上的病菌】
People in different countries use different types of 1 : yuan in China, pesos in
Mexico, pounds in the United Kingdom, dollars in the United States, Australia and New Zealand. They may use 2 currencies, but these countries, and probably all countries, still have
one thing in common1 : Germs on the banknotes.
Scientists have been studying the germs on money for well over2 100 years. At the turn of the
20th 3 , some researchers began to suspect that germs living on money could spread
disease.
Most studies of germy money have looked at the germs on the currency 4 one
country. In a new study, Frank Vriesekoop3 and other researchers compared the germ populations found on bills of different 5
Vriesekoop3 is a microbiologist at the University of Ballarat in Australia4. He led the study, which compared the germ populations found on money 6 from 10 nations. The
scientists studied 1, 280 banknotes in total; all came from places where people buy food, like supermarkets, street vendors and cafes, 7 those businesses often rely on cash.
Overall, the Australian dollars hosted the fewest live bacteria — no more than 10 per square centimeter. Chinese yuan had the most — about 100 per square centimeter. Most of the germs on money probably would not cause harm.
What we call “paper money” usually isn't made from paper. The U. S. dollar, for example, is printed on fabric that is mostly 8 Different countries may use different 9 to
print their money. Some of the currencies studied by Vriesekoop and his 10 , such as the American dollar, were made from cotton. Others were made from polymers.
The three 11 with the lowest numbers of bacteria were all printed on polymers.
They included the Australian dollar, the New Zealand dollar and some Mexican pesos.
The other currencies were printed on fabric made 12 of cotton. Fewer germs lived
on the polymer notes. This connection suggests that 13 have a harder time staying alive
on polymer surfaces. Scientists need to do more studies to understand how germs live on money — and whether or not we need to be concerned. Vriesekoop is now starting a study that will
14the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills.
Whatever Vriesekoop finds, the fact remains: Paper money harbors germs. We should wash
our 15 after touching it; after all4, you never know where your money's been. Or what's
living on it.
练习：
1. A coins B money C cheques D loans
2. A different B clean C hard D foreign
3. A anniversary B year C decade D century
4. A along B with C within D outside
5. A countries B areas C regions D provinces
6. A delivered B borrowed C gathered D designed
7. A because B though C when D where
8. A plastic B rubber C cotton D paper
9. A languages B colors C substances D materials
10. A family B team C advisor D boss
11. A expenses B banks C statements D currencies
12. A nearly B mostly C likely D merely
13. A dirt B water C germs D oil
14. A compare B connect C conduct D command
15. A arms B hands C face D clothes
答案
1. B
2. A
3. D
4. C
5. A
6. C
7. A
8. C
9. D 10. B 11. D 12. B 13. C 14. A 15. B
第三篇纸币上的病菌
不同国家的人们使用不同种类的纸币：中国用元，墨西哥用比索，英国用英镑，美国用
美元、澳大利亚用澳元、新西兰用新西兰元。这些国家的纸币形状也可能不一致，但所有国家的纸币都具有一个共同点：纸币上有病菌。
一百多年以来，科学家们对纸币上病菌的研究从未停止过。在二十世纪初期，一些研究
人员开始怀疑寄附于纸币上的病菌极有可能传播疾病。
对纸币上病菌的研究大多着眼于某一国家的纸币。Frank Vriesekoop 博士和其他研究人
员进行了一项新的研究，即比较不同国家纸币上的病菌总数。
Frank Vriesekoop 博士是巴拉瑞特大学的食品微生物学家，他率领一个全球研究小组对
至少10 个国家的纸币上的病菌展开了分析。科学家们总共分析了1，280 张纸币：所有纸币来自于人们购买食物的地方，如超市、街头小贩和咖啡厅，因为人们在那些地方往往会使用纸币。
总体来说，澳元中的活病菌最少，每平方厘米只有10 个；中国人民币的病菌最多，大
约每平方厘米100 个。纸币上的病菌大多不会有危害。
我们所说的“纸币”通常不是纸做的。例如，美元是印在一种棉织物上。不同的国家可能
会用不同的材料印制货币。Vriesekoop 和他的研究团队所分析的货币中有的是棉制品，比如
美元。其他的是由聚合物所制成的。
有三种纸币上的病菌的数量最少，它们是澳元、新西兰元和墨西哥比索，而且它们都是
印在聚合物上。
其他的纸币都是印在高棉制品上。而用聚合物印制的纸币上的病菌较少。这种关系表明，病菌在聚合物的表面上更难以存活。科学家们若想搞清楚病菌是怎样在纸币上生存的以及我们是否需要重视这些病菌，需要做更多的研究。Vriesekoop 目前所做的研究就是比较在不
同
类型的纸币上病菌存活的时间。
无论Vriesekoop 的研究有何发现，毋庸置疑的是：纸币含有病菌。我们接触纸币后应立
即洗手。毕竟，你永远不会知道你的纸币的来源，或者上面有什么东西。
第十篇Chicken Soup for the Soul: Comfort Food Fights Loneliness【心灵鸡汤：爽心食品排解孤独感】
Mashed potatoes, macaroni and cheese, may be bad for your arteries, 1 according to
a study in Psychological Science, they're good for your heart and 2 The study focuses
on “comfort food1” and how it makes people feel.
“For me 3 , food has always played a big role in my family, ” says Jor dan Troisi, a
graduate student2 at the University of Buffalo3, and lead author4 on the study. The study came out of the research program of his co-author Shira Gabriel. It has 4 non-human things that
may affect human emotions. Some people reduce loneliness by bonding with their 5
TV show, building virtual relationships with a pop song singer or looking at pictures of loved ones.
Troisi and Gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the same effect 6 making
people think of their nearest and dearest5.
In one experiment, in order to make 7 feel lonely, the researchers had them write
for six minutes about a fight with someone close to them. Others were given an emotionally neutral writing assignment. Then, some people in each 8 wrote about the experience of
eating a comfort food and others wrote about eating a new food. 9 , the researchers had participants 10 questions about their levels of loneliness6.
Writing about a fight with a close person made people feel lonely. But people who were generally 11 in their relationships would feel less lonely by writing about a comfort
food. “We have found that comfort foods are consistently associated with those close to us, ” says Troisi. “Thinking about or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder of those clos e others. ” In 12 essays on comfort food, many people wrote about the 13 of
eating food with family and friends.
In another experiment, 14 chicken soup in the lab made people think more about
relationships, but only if7 they considered chicken soup to be a comfort food. This was a question they had been asked long before the experiment, along with many other questions, so they
wouldn't remember it.
Throughout everyone's daily lives8 they experience stress, often associated with our 15
with others, “ Troisi says. ”Comfort food can be an easy remedy for loneliness.
练习：
1. A but B if C though D while
2. A personality B movement C emotions D will
3. A privately B usefully C awfully D personally
4. A looked for B looked at C looked after D looked up
5. A favorite B trustful C boring D annoying
6. A with B on C by D at
7. A professors B participants C assistants D scientists
8. A group B class C section D part
9. A Previously B Formally C Initially D Finally
10. A remember B explain C rewrite D complete
ll. A sad B secure C shy D angry
12. A your B our C his D their
13. A accident B harm C experience D model
14. A eating B exchanging C buying D keeping
15. A expressions B estimation C cooperation D connections
答案
1. A
2. C
3. D
4. B
5. A
6. C
7. B
8. A
9. D
10. D ll. B 12. D 13. C 14. A 15. D
第十篇心灵鸡汤：爽心食品排解孤独感
土豆泥，通心粉和奶酪可能对动脉血管有害，但是，据《心理科学》一项研究表明，它
们对心脏有利并且能抑制不利情绪。其研究对象是爽心食品，目的是探究人们对爽心食品的感觉。
“就我而言，食品在我的家庭一直是比较关注的问题”，Jordan Troisi 如是说。他是布法
罗大学的研究生并且是本次研究的首席作者。该研究出自于他与Shira Gabriel 合作的一个研究项目。它关注的是可能影响人类情感的物质的东西。有些人用诸如绑定喜爱的电视节目，和流行音乐歌手建立虚拟的关系或浏览亲人的照片来排遣孤独。Troisi 和Gabriel 想知道爽心食品是否能通过使人们想到他们最亲近和最爱的人，同样达到排遣孤独的效果。
在一个实验中，为使参与者感觉孤独，研究者让他们用六分钟的时间描写一次与最亲近
的人吵架的经历。而要求另外一些人写一个情感中性的作业。然后，每一组的一些人描写食用爽心食品的经历；而其他的人描写食用新食品的经历。最后，研究者让参与者书面回答关于孤独程度的问题。
描写与亲人吵架的经历使人感到孤独。但是，一般来说，人们的关系若处于稳定状态，
通过描写他们吃爽心食品的经历会排遣一些孤独感。Troisi 说道：“我们已经得出这样的结论：
爽心食品与我们的亲人密切相连，想一想或之后真正食用这种食品会提醒人们注意到他们的亲人。”在所有关于爽心食品的文章中，许多人都描述了与家人和朋友共同进餐的经历。
在另外一个实验中，在实验喝鸡汤令人想到和其他人的关系，但是，这只有在他们把鸡
汤认为是爽心食品的时候才会发生。参与者被要求回答这个问题和许多其他问题是在这个实验很久以前，因此他们不会记得。
“在每一个人的日常生活中，都会经历紧张，而这往往与人际关系有关，爽心食品可能
是排遣孤独的便利食品”。Troisi 如是说。
理工类B 级_
* 第十一篇Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities【气候变化给不备城市带来重大风险】
A new examination of urban policies has been 1 recently by Patricia Romero
Lankao. She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and 2 development. She
warns that many of the world's fast-growing urban areas, especially in developing countries, will likely1suffer from the impacts of changing climate. Her work also concludes that most cities are
failing to 3 emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse 4 . These gases
are known to affect atmosphere. “Climate changes a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world，” says Romero Lankao. “But too few cities are developing effective strategies to 5 their residents. ”
Cities are 6 sources of greenhouse gases. And urban populations are likely to2 be
among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankao's findings3 highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term 7 .
The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential 8 associated with climate include storm surges4 and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat 9 paved cities5 more than surrounding areas. The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment. For example, a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution, causing widespread health problems. Poorer neighborhoods that may 10
basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads, are especially vulnerable to natural disasters. Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing 11
access to reliable drinking water, roads and basic services.
Local governments, 12 , should take measures to protect their residents.
“Unfortunately, they tend to move towards rhetoric 13 meaningful responses7, ”
Romero Lankao writes. “ They don't impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They don't emphasize mass transit and reduce 14 use. In fact,
many local governments are taking a hands-off approach8. ” Thus, she urges them to change their 15 policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on
cities.
练习：
1. A carry along B carried away C carried out D carried back
2. A economic B industrial C rural D urban
3. A reduce B increase C study D measure
4. A crops B gases C fruits D plants
5. A educate B evaluate C protect D identify
6. A doubtful B possible C repeatable D major
7. A uses B chances C cures D benefits
8. A threats B interests C functions D differences
9. A locally B heavily C suddenly D mildly
10. A provide B improve C lack D update
11. A without B with C in D on
12. A moreover B therefore C however D though
13. A other than B more than C less than D rather than
14. A train B automobile C bus D bike
15. A idle B smart C busy D secure
答案
1. C
2. D
3. A
4. B
5. C
6. D
7. D
8. A
9. B 10. C 11. A 12. B 13. D 14. B 15. A
第十一篇气候变化给不备城市带来重大风险
最近，Patricia Romero Lankao 对市政方针进行了全新的审查。她是一个社会学家，专门
研究气候变化和城市发展。她警告说，世界上许多快速发展的城市地区，尤其在发展中国家，很可能会由于气候变化的影响而遭殃。她的著作也断定，大多数城市没有做到减排二氧化碳和其他温室气体，而众所周知，这些气体妨碍大气层。“气候变化是一个严重的区域问题，对世界上发展中的城市带来了严重的危害，但是，几乎没有城市研发有效的策略来保护当地居民”。
城市是温室气体的主要来源，城市人口很有可能受到未来环境变化的影响最大。Lankao
的发现强调了城市居民受到伤害最大的一些方面，所以她建议出台干预政策，此举可以给居民带来短期的和长期的益处。
城市的位置以及城市建设的密集常常会使居民在应对自然灾害时面临更大的危险。与气
候有关的潜在威胁有风暴潮和炎热天气的延长等。风暴潮可以淹没港口地区，而炎热天气的延长使得大量铺设沥青路面的城市比周边地区的温度大大提高。这自然现象给城市带来的影响尤为严重。比如，热浪的延长会加剧空气污染，从而导致大面积的居民健康问题。贫穷社区可能由于缺乏如饮用水和可靠的公路系统这样基本的设施，而在自然灾害来临时遭受更大的影响。许多贫穷国家的居民住在不符合标准的房子里，没有安全的饮用水、交通设施和其他基础服务设施。
因此，当地政府应该采取措施来保护他们的居民。“不幸的是，政府对此事的反应仅仅
局限于作秀而不是有意义的作为，他们不严格执行能够减少供热和空调需要的建筑标准，事实上，许多当地政府对此袖手旁观。”Romero Lankao 说。因此，她敦促政府改变不作为的政策，采取强制措施预防气候变化对城市带来的不利影响。
*第十二篇Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk【快餐加免费降胆固醇药物可以降低罹患心脏病的风险】
Fast food outlets could1 provide statin drugs free of 1 so that customers can reduce
the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London2 2 in a
new study.
Statins reduce the 3 of unhealthy “LDL” cholesterol3 in the blood. A wealth of trial
data4 has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a person's heart attack 4
In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology5, Dr Darrel Francis and
colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is 5 to
offset the increase in heart attack risk from 6 a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake.
Dr Francis, from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London, who is
the senior author of the study, said: “Statins don't cut out all of the 7 effects of
cheeseburgers and French fries6. It's better to avoid fatty food altogether. But we've worked out that in terms of your 8 of having a heart attack, taking a statin can reduce your risk to
more or less the same 9 as a fast food meal increases it. ”
“It's ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthy condiments in fast food outlets a s
they 10 , but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makes
sense7 to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are
11 free of charge. It would cost less than 5 pence per 12 — not much different
to a sachet of sugar8, ”Dr Francis said.
When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, they're encouraged to take
13 that lower their risk, like 14 a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters.
Taking a statin is a rational way of 15 some of the risks of eating a fatty meal.
练习：
1. A change B charge C chain D chance
2. A trust B decide C suggest D calculate
3. A number B amount C volume D product
4. A frequency B treatment C diagnosis D risk
5. A severe B enough C weak D active
6. A buying B preparing C eating D cooking
7. A unhealthy B strong C different D doubtful
8. A examination B suffering C determination D possibility
9. A degree B dimension C angle D range
10. A use B hate C reject D like
11. A transported B provided C preserved D converted
12. A cook B patient C customer D visitor
13. A measures B care C advantages D turns
14. A buying B wearing C cleaning D changing
15. A increasing B finding C lowering D taking
答
1. B
2. C
3. B
4. D
5. B
6. C
7. A
8. D
9. A 10. D 11. B 12. C 13. A 14. B 15. C
第十二篇快餐加免费降胆固醇药物可以降低罹患心脏病的风险
伦敦帝国理工学院的研究者们在一项新研究中建议，快餐店可以免费供应降胆固醇药物
以此降低顾客食用油腻食品罹患心脏病的风险。
降胆固醇药物能减少不健康的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇在血液中的含量。大量的试验数据已
经证明，降胆固醇药能有效降低罹患心脏病的风险。
在《美国心脏病学杂志》发表的一篇论文里，Darrel Francis 博士和他的同事们估订，一
粒降胆固醇药降低的罹患心脏病的风险，足以抵消食用汉堡和饮用奶昔所提高的罹患心脏病的风险。
Francis 博士来自帝国理工学院的国家心肺学院，是本次研究的资深发起人。他认为：“降胆固醇药物不能消除所有汉堡和炸土豆条带来的不健康的影响，最好远离所有油腻食物。但是，就罹患心脏病的几率而言，我们得出这样的结论：服用降胆固醇药物降低心脏病发作的风险与快餐增加的患心脏病的风险在程度上大致相当。”
“具有讽刺意味的是，人们在快餐店里可以随意拿取对健康有害的调味包，但是对健康
有利的降胆固醇药物却是处方药。既然对健康有害的调味包可以随意免费拿取，那么降低心脏病发作的降胆固醇药物免费随意拿取也是合理的。在每个顾客身上都花不了5 便士，也就是一小袋糖的价格”，Francis 博士说道。
当人们从事诸如驾驶和吸烟等危险行为时，别人会鼓励他们系安全带或选择有过滤嘴的
香烟以降低风险。服用降胆固醇药物是降低油腻食物引发的心脏病发作风险的理性做法。理工类A 级_
+第十三篇Solar Power without Solar Cells【没有太阳能
电
池的太阳能】
A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered by University of
Michigan1researchers could lead to solar power without traditional semiconductor-based solar cells.
The researchers found a way to make an “optical 1 , ” said Stephen Rand, a
professor in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics.
Light has electric and magnetic components. Until now, scientists thought the 2 of
the maghetic field were so weak that they could be ignored. What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than
3 expected.
4 these circumstances, the magnetic effects develop strength
equivalent to a strong electric effect.
“This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption
to produce charge separation, ” Rand said. “In solar cells, the 5 goes into a material, gets absorbed and creates heat. Here, we expect to have a very low heat load2. Instead of the light being absorbed, energy is stored in the magnetic moment3. Intense magnetization can be induced by intense light and then it is ultimately capable of providing a capacitive power
6 ”What makes this possible is a previously undetected brand of “optical rectification4, ”
says William Fisher, a doctoral student5 in applied physics. In traditional optical rectification, light's electric field causes a charge separation, or a pulling 7 of the positive and
negative charges6 in a material. This sets up a voltage, similar to 8 in a battery.
Rand and Fisher found that under the right circumstances and in right types of materials, the
light's magnetic field can also create optical rectification. The light must be shone through7 a
9 that does not 10 electricity, such as glass. And it must be focused to an
intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter8. Sunlight isn't this intense on its own, but new materials are being sought that would work at lower intensities, Fisher said.
“In our most recent paper, we show that incoherent light9 like sunlight is theoretically almost
as 11 in producing charge separation as laser light is, ” Fisher said.
This new 12 could make solar power cheaper, the researchers say. They predict
that with improved materials they could achieve 10 percent efficiency in 13 solar
power to useable energy. That's equivalent to today's commercial-grade solar cells.
“To manufacture 14 solar cells, you ha ve to do extensive semiconductor
processing, ” Fisher said. “All we would need are lenses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it. Glass works for 15 It's already made in bulk10, and it doesn't require as much
processing. Transparent ceramics might be e ven better. ”
练习：
1. A microscope B instrument C fiber D battery
2. A modifications B effects C applications D results
3. A frequently B privately C previously D formally
4. A Under B At C On D Over
职称英语阅读理解 文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-MG129]
【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】 【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】 第二十七篇Driven to Distraction Joe Coyne slides into the driver’s seat, starts up the car and heads1 to town. The empty stretch of interstate gives way to urban congestion2, and Coyne hits the brakes as a pedestrian suddenly crosses the street in front of him. But even if he hadn’t stopped in time, the woman would have been safe. She isn’t real. Neither is the town. And Coyne isn’t really driving. Coyne is demonstrating a computerized driving simulator that is helping researchers at Old Dominion University3 (ODU) examine how in-vehicle guidance systems affect the person behind the wheel.4 The researchers want to know if such systems, which give audible or written directions, are too distracting — or whether any distractions are offset5 by the benefits drivers get from having help finding their way in unfamiliar locations.6 “We are looking at the performance and mental workload of drivers,” said Caryl Baldwin, the assistant psychology professor lending the research, which involves measuring drivers reaction time and brain activity as they respond to auditory and visual cues7. The researchers just completed a study of the mental workload8 involved in driving through different kinds of environments and heavy
2012年度全国职称英语等级考试 理工类（A级）全真模拟试题二 第1部分：词汇选项（第1-15题，每题1分，共15分） 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线，请为每处画线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项 1. He was unable to give a credible explanation for his behavior. A. workable B. convincing C. practical D. reliable 2. Smoking is banned in the building. A. listed B. forbidden C. handled D. investigated 3. I want a job with good prospects for promotion. A. advancement B. replacement C. retirement D. advertisement 4. The report was compiled from a survey of 5000 households. A. printed B. attached C. written D. sent 5. The patient showed a marked improvement in her condition after changing medication. A. great B. clear C. quick D. regular 6. Actors dressed in authentic costumes re-enact the battle. A. faithful B. royal C. genuine D. sincere 7. People who travel by rail still read an immense amount. A. immediate B. enormous C. equal D. moderate 8. He demolished my argument in minutes. A. disapproved B. disputed C. accepted D. supported 9. Polluted water sources are a hazard to wildlife. A. evidence B. danger C. case D. picture 10. Ashley gazed at him, her thoughts in turmoil. A. failure B. doubt C. confusion D. relief 11. It was an article in the local newspaper which finally spurred him into action .
2017年职称英语理工类A类词汇练习题及答案2017年职称英语理工类A类词汇练习题及答案 1It is (ridiculous) to dispute about such things. A foolish B shocking C frightening D amusing 2It was (obvious) that she was not going home. A evident B necessary C possible D probable 3He (replied) that this was absolutely impossible. A stated B answered C said D claimed 4He (Confesses) that he has done it. A agrees B alleges C admits D answers 5He lacked the strength to (deal with) all these problems A think of B talk about C copy down D cope with 6He (purchased) a ticket and went up on the top deck. A bought B took C showed D made 7Foreign money can be (converted) into the local currency at this bank. A written B changed C moved D reported 8He looks like a (crazy) man. A lazy B patient C mad D happy 9We cannot permit such (conduct). A movement B words C principle D behavior 10 She (started) to clean the kitchen. A stopped B began C continued D kept 11 John (talked over) the new job offer with his wife. A discussed B mentioned C accepted D rejected 12 I (rarely) wear a raincoat because I spend most of my time in a car. A normally B continuously C seldom D usually 13 We (explored) the possibility of closer trade links at the conference. A rejected B investigated C proposed D postponed 14 He often (finds fault with) my work. A criticizes B praises C evaluates D talks about
一、职称英语阅读理解文章（理工类）译文(参加理工A、B、C级考试需要掌握文章) (3) 第一篇福特放弃电动汽车 (3) Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles (3) 第二篇世界原油产量可能提前十年达到峰值 (4) World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict (5) 第三篇公民科学家 (5) Citizen Scientists (6) 第四篇汽车技术 (6) Motoring Technology (7) 第五篇深夜喝咖啡 (7) Late-night Drinking (8) 第六篇编制灯光 (8) Weaving with Light (9) 第七篇用糖为手机发电 (9) Sugar Power for Cell Phones (10) 第八篇引人注目的埃菲尔铁塔 (10) Eiffel Is an Eyeful (11) 第九篇埃及饱受饥饿折磨 (11) Egypt felled by famine (12) 第十篇年轻雌猩猩学习优于她们的弟兄 (12) Young Female Chimps Outlearn Their Brothers (13) 第十一篇申请个人域名的网上费用 (14) The Net Cost of Making a Name for Yourself (14) 第十二篇纳佛罗里达遭受冷气团袭击 (15) Florida Hit by Cold Air Mass (15) 第十三篇隐形环 (15) Invisibility Ring (16) 第十四篇日本用来监视醉酒司机的新型概念车 (17) Japanese Car Keeps Watch for Drunk Drivers (17) 第十五篇肋生双翅机器人学飞行 (18) Winged Robot Learns to Fly (18) 第十六篇日本人的地心旅行 (19) Japanese Drilling into Core of Earth (19) 第十七篇地球防晒霜 (20) A Sunshade for the Planet (20) 第十八篇石油匮乏 (21) Thirst for Oil (21) 第十九篇延长人类寿命 (22) Prolonging Human Life (22) 第二十篇深海探索器 (23) Explorer of the Extreme Deep (23) 第二十一篇植物，沼气的又一来源 (24) Plant Gas (24) 第二十二篇雪花 (25)
2016年职称英语考试理工类A级真题 第1部分:词汇选项(第1——15题,每题1分,共15分下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线,请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1.The revelation of his past led to his resignation. A.imagination B.confirmation C.recall D.disclosure 2.Jensen is a dangerous man,and can be very brutal. A.careless B.Cruel C.strong D.hard 3.You’ll have to sprint if you want to catch the train. A.jump B.escape C.run D.prepare 4.We are worried about this fluid situation full with uncertainty.
A.Changeable B.Stable C.suitable D.adaptable 5.The new garment fits her perfectly. A.haircut B.purse C.Clothes D.necklace 6.The phobia may have its root in a childhood trauma. A.fear B.joy C.hurt D.memory 7.They have to build canals to irrigate the desert. A.decorate B.water C.change D.visit
Stress Level Tied to Education Level 1.Stress level is closely related to. social status. 2.The1,031adults were interviewed. on a daily basis for 8 days. 3.Which group reported the biggest number of stressful days? People with college degrees. 4.The less advantaged people are, the greater. the impact of stress on their health is. 5.Less-educated people report fewer days of stress possibly because. Stress is too common a factor in their life. Medical Journals 1.The main readers of medical journals are. health professionals. 2.Which of the following statements is NOT true? Most medical journals publish only online. 3.How many major types of articls are mentioned in the passage? Five. 4.An article dealing with results from different studies on the same topic is called. A research article. 5.Letters to the editor enable readers of a medical journal to express comments on. Articles published in that journal. Need for Emphasis on Treatment 1.Which is true of many AIDS sufferers in developing countries? They are not receiving any treatment. 2.The WHO publishes its World Health Report. Once a year. 3.According to Lee, our response to the AIDS disease is. A matter of great significance. 4.AIDS treatment programs may also result in. more effective prevention. 5.How many people have died of AIDS so far? More than 20 million. Heat and Health 1.More than 600 people died from heat in Chicago. In 1995. 2.What can piople learn from the Mean Heat Index? The average temperature of an extrem ely hot day. 3.A heat wave is a period of time during which. The weather is much hotter than usual. 4.Muscle pain in hot weather means that. Y our body needs more water. 5.For people who are not in good health,heat can. Be deadly. Losing W eight 1.The study showed that most of the girls. Had a healthy body weight. 2.What percentage of the girls considered themselves overweight? Nearly 30 percent. 3.The survey participants were girls. Who were 10 to 1 4. 4.What kind of institution does the lead researcher work with? A hospital. 5.Unhealthy attitudes about weight,body image and food may. Lead to an eating disorder. Pushbike Peril 1.According to the passage, some engineers are trying to improve the handlebars because. they are not noble enough. 2.In paragraph 2, the author mentions a study of serious abdominal iniuries. To tell us why Kristy Arbogast began the projict. 3.Paragraph 3 mainly discusses. how serious injuries occur. 4.The passage implies that. It is not easy to persuade manufacturers to adopt the new design. 5.In which of the following ways the handgrip work? It reduces the dangerous forces in bicycle accidents. Aate-night Erinking 1.The author mentions “pick-me-up”to indicate that. coffee is a stimulant. 2.Which of the following tells us how caffeine affects sleep? Caffeine halves the body’s levels of sleep hormone. 3.What does paragraph 3 mainly discuss? Different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep. 4.What does the experiment mentioned in paragraph 4 prove? Caffeine drinkers produce less sleep hormone. 5.The author of this passage probably agrees that. we should not drink coffee after supper. Attitudes to AIDS Now 1.What do activists worry about? People may stop worrying about AIDS. 2.According to the passage, people’s attitude toward the cure of AIDS is. realistic. 3.The Gallup Poll shows that the number of people. Who think AIDS is the country’s top health killer has fallen. 4.According to the Kaiser Poll, which of the following is NOT correct? More and more people die of AIDS now.
阅读理解 Passage 1 Have you ever seen a moon…… 1. To what do we compare….D. A11 of these 2. The main purpose…..A. inform 3.The author knew….. A. mysterious 4.The moon looks bigger if…B. it is near the horizon 5.The autumn moon….D. helps farmers see as they harvest their crops Passage 2 Strange thing happens to time……. 1. The best title….. B. How Time Changes Around the World 2. The difference in…..C one hour 3. From this selection…...C. is divided into five time zones 4.The international date……C. the point where a new day begins 5. If you cross……A. ahead one hour in each new time zone Passage 3 Holidays in the United States……1. The govemment of the United……C. 3-day 2. Workers in the United……D. Tuesday to Friday 3.Which statement is NOT…..D. All the workers have a half-month vacation 4. The reason why……A. no one can be found to take his place 5. Which of the following…….D. Something About the holidays and Vacation in the U.S Passage 4 Sarah Winchester was a very……… 1. What did Sarah keep……C. Making it bigger 2. The story says…. A. 7 floors 3. Who did the work….C. Carpenters and plumbers and other workers 4. How long did…..B. For38 years 5. Sarah?s house was…..C. when she died Passage 5 The diner is only…… 1.What?s the main….A. The attraction of diners to different people 2. The purpose of….C. give a summary of the whole passage 3. Why do truck……C. It’s a haven against loneliness 4. Diners attract….B. many different kinds of people 5. Diners are…..D. fascinating Passage 6 In the past two years…….. 1.The word ……embrace”……A. make use of 2.It can be concluded……D. bicycle sales will continue to rise 3.The bicycle is……A. enjoying a strong revival 4.The reader can….C. concerned with the quality of their lives 5.In the sentence……A. a rapid increase in sale Passage 7 Doctors have known for……. 1.Doctors have long….C. one may lose his hearing when he hears a terribly loud noise 2.This passage suggests…..B. will be damaged even if he has heard a loud noise for only little more than one second 3.According to this….C. makes hearing damage from loud noise worse https://www.doczj.com/doc/d412821427.html,lions of Americans…..D. take too much aspirin 5.The purpose of…..D. whether aspirin would increase the temporary hearing damage from loud noises Passage 8 Just two months ago…… 1. Ana realizes that……B. she must do well on the exam 2. Ana has been…..A. seven years 3. Ana experiences difficulty…..C. the professor’s lectures 4. Ana tells the…..B. her family 5. The best main…..C. Ana comes through with flying colors Passage 9 Any mistake made in…… 1. A postage stamp?s….C. a mistake is made in the printing 2. In 1847 most…..A. not yet using postage stamps 3. In 1847, the mistake…..C. wording 4. $16800 is the…..B. the Twopenny Blue 5. The valuable stamps….D. British printers Passage 10 In the English educational…….. 1. The purpose of …D. describe three tests that the English educational system is based on 2. The exam for the….A. fifleen 3. We may conclude…..A. the exam that is taken at age eighteen is narrower than the other two exams 4.The passage suggests….B. schooling is very closely controlled in England 5. As used in the…..A. to take the risk Passage 11 For centuries, in the countries 1. What can we know….B. It is hard to tame them. 2.Thailand was once…B. white elephant was a national symbol until the 1920s 3.Why is the Thai….A. Because the elephants are no longer useful to their owners. 4.Which of the…..D. Today the elephant population is estimated at 5150. 5. The passage is…..C. a research report Passage 12 The communications explosion…… 1. By saying that….C. display the influence of communications on life 2. The author most….B. amazing 3. Which of the…..C. The low-orbit satellites would replace towers and poles functionally. 4.According to the….A. talk and see each other no matter where we are 5.The phrase “each one”….B. each car Passage 13 Many private institutions…… 1. According to the…. D. their characteristics 2. The author used…..A. get into difficulties 3. We can reasonably….B. private schools 4. Which of the….D. Private schools are more profitable than public schools 5. Which of the…..C. National awareness and support. Passage 14 Japan is getting tough about….. 1. According to the….C. the consumers 2. Which of the following….B. It retains its original strength through reprocessing. 3. According to the…..B. a kind of plastics with different integration in each layer 4. In the passage….C. 21-inch TV with magnesium case isn’t very popular so far 5. The author writes….A. inform Passage 15 A friend of mine…… 1. The author thought….C. 1ike his friend, he also thought life was unfair 2. Surrendering to the…..D. make as know it’s our duty to perfect things 3. The second paragraph….A. it’s nice to accept the injustice of life 4. In the last paragraph…..B. 1ife isn’t and won’t be fair 5. From the passage…..A. positive
2020年职称英语理工A概括大意真题及答案 Geothermal(地热)Energy 1.Since heat naturally moves from hotter regions to cooler ones, the heat from the earth's center flows outwards towards the surface. In this way, it transfers to the next layer of rock. If the temperature is high enough, some of this rock melts and forms magma(岩浆). The magma ascends in its turn towards the earth's surface. It often remains well below the earth's surface, creating vast areas of hot rock. In such regions, there are deep cracks, which allow rainwater to descend underground. Some of the heated rainwater travels back up to the earth's surface where it will appear as a hot spring. However, if this ascending hot water reaches a layer of impermeable(不可渗透的)rock, it remains trapped, forming a geothermal reservoir. If geothermal reservoirs are close enough to the surface, they can be reached by drilling wells. Hot water and steam shoot up the wells naturally, and can be used to produce electricity in geothermal power plants. 2.A few geothermal power plants depend on dry-stem reservoirs which produce steam but little or no water. In these cases, the steam is piped up directly to provide the power to spin a turbine generator. The first geothermal power plant, constructed at Lardarello in Italy, was of this type, and is still producing electricity today. 3.Most currently operating geothermal power plants are either "flash" steam plants or binary(双重的)plants. Flash plants produce mainly hot water ranging in temperature from 300° to 700°Fahrenheit. This water is passed through one or
2012年职称英语考试理工类C 级真题试卷及参考答案
第一部分：词汇选项（第1~15题，每题1分，共15分） 下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语有括号，请为每处括号部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1、The storm caused severe damage. A．physical B．accidental C．serious D．environmental 【答案】：C 2、Many forms of cancer can be cured if detected early A．selected B．operated C．developed D．discovered 【答案】：D 3、The story was published with the sole purpose of selling newsp apers A．real B．main C．only D．practical 【答案】：C
4、A large crowd assembled outside the American embassy A．gathered B．watched C．shouted D．walked 【答案】：A 5、He kept in constant contact with his family while he was in Au stralia A．gradual B．regular C．direst D．occasional 【答案】：B 6、On the table was a vase filled with artificial flowers A．wild B．fresh C．lovely D．false 【答案】：D 7、We had trouble finding a pure water supply A．typical B．complete
单词词义例句例句翻译 abrupt a.突然的; 粗鲁的,(态度)生硬的The old man has an abrupt manner. 哪个老头举止粗鲁。 absurd a.荒谬的,荒唐可笑的What an absurd question you asked. 你问的问题真荒唐。 adverse a.不利的,相反的，有害的，The student has an aderse reaction to the teacher's proposal. 这个学生对老师的建议提出了异 议。 affirm vt.断言,肯定; 批准,使生效The guilty man affirmed that he was innocent. 那个罪犯坚称自己无罪。 alien a.外国(人)的,异已的; 性质不同的; n.外国人,外来人,外侨He is afraid of meeting alien people. 他害怕见到外国人。 alleviate vt.减轻,缓解,缓和This medicine can alleviate the pain. 这种药能减轻疼痛。 allocate vt.分配,分派,派给,拔给In this game,every boy was allocated a small ball. 在这个游戏中，每个男孩子都分 到了一个小球。 ambiguous a.模棱两可的,有两种(或多种)解释的We only got an ambiguous reply. 我们仅仅只得到了一个模棱两可 的答复。 amend vt.修改,修订The government has amended the law lately. 最近，政府修订了这项法律。 amplify vt.扩大,加大; 引伸,详述You should amplify your viewpoint. 你需要进一步阐述你的观点。 aptitude n.天分,才能He has an aptitude for playing 他有弹钢琴的天分。
2013职称英语阅读理解英文及译文 2013年新增（一）阅读判断 1.第一篇：Taking Pictures of the world 2.*第十二篇：Starting a New Tradition （二）概括大意与完成句子 1.第五篇：US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty 2.第八篇：How We Form First Impression （三）阅读理解 1.第三篇：Shark Attack ！ 2.第五篇：The Travels of Ibn Battuta 12年新增的篇目：第1、8、10、11、16、19、20、26、30、33、34、35、37、38、47篇 13年新增的篇目：第3、5篇。 12年第8篇(C级)第33篇B级，第35篇A级2012年已考 职称英语阅读理解文章译文(参加综合A、B、C级考试需要掌握文章) 3 第一篇讲述关于人们的故事 Telling Tales about People 第二篇课外学习带来很大不同 4 Outside-the-classroom Learning Makes a Big Difference 5 第三篇小心鲨鱼 5 Shark Attack! 6 第四篇火鸡盛宴和感恩节的祝福 6 Feast on Turkey and Good Wishes at Thanksgiving 7 第五篇伊本白图泰游记7 The Travels of Ibn Battuta 8 第六篇看电视与长途汽车旅行9 TV Shows and Long Bus Trips 10 第七篇现代日光浴者10 Modern Sun Worshippers 11 第八篇变化中的中产阶级11 The Changing Middle Class 12 第九篇单亲幼儿最出色12 Single-parent Kids Do Best 13 第十篇艾伦的来信13 A Letter from Alan 14 第十一篇芭蕾舞的发展14 The Development of Ballet 15 第十二篇走私15 Smuggling 15 第十三篇芭比娃娃16 The Barbie Dolls 16 第十四篇睡眠17 Sleep 17