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英语语法系列讲座之二——非谓语动词

英语语法系列讲座之二——非谓语动词
英语语法系列讲座之二——非谓语动词

语法系列讲座之二

非谓语动词

非谓语动词分为三类:不定式,动词-ing形式和过去分词

I 不定式

1.不带to的不定式

不定式通常由不定式符号to+动词原形构成。因此,不带to的不定式便与动词原形相同。不带to的不定式使用场合如下:

(1)情态动词后:如:

We need n’t stay long.

You must do that.

(2)短语情态动词:would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, may/might just as well, cannot but, cannot help but 后。如:

You cannot help but respect him.

(比较:You cannot help respecting him. 两句意思相同,但搭配不同。)

(3)在“let, make, have等使役动词+宾语”后,在“see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch等感觉动词+宾语”后。如:

The teacher made his students do a lot of homework.

I watched him eat his breakfast.

(4)在“Why/Why not …”之后接不带to的不定式。

Why argue with him?

Why not go there at once?

2.不定式符号to与介词to的辨别

我国学生在使用object to/ be used to这类结构时常会出错,以为这里的to是不定式符号,因而会说出I object to do it.(我反对做此事。)I’m used to do it.(我习惯做此事。)这样的病句来。殊不知,这里的to不是不定式符号,而是介词。既然是介词,其后就应该跟名词或代词;如果后接动词,动词应用-ing形式。

常见带介词to的短语有:admit to(承认),amount to (总计,等于),come to (到达,涉到),contribute to (有助于),object to (反对,不赞成),take to (从事,喜欢),be used to (习惯于),be devoted to (致力于),look forward to (盼望,期待),according to (根据,按照),owing to (因为,由于),in addition to (除……之外)

He admitted to having taken the money.

He is used to reading English without a dictionary.

(比较:A dictionary can be used to help us read better. 字典可用来帮助我们更好地阅读。)

In addition to singing an English song, she also danced at the party.

3.不定式的使用场合

(1)不定式与动词搭配

不定式结构能与某些动词搭配构成动宾关系,即不定式结构作动词宾语。这类搭配关系又可分为两种情况:动词+不定式;动词+宾语+不定式。

只能带不定式而不能带-ing形式作宾语的动词有:afford, agree, arrange, begin, care, choose, demand, expect, happen, hope, learn, love, manage, plan, want, wish 等。如:

I don’t want to ask questions.

I managed to get a train ticket.

必须先带宾语然后再带不定式作宾补的动词有:see, hear, watch, feel等表感觉的动词;have, let, make, get等表“致使”的动词;arrange for, ask for, call on, depend on, long for等动词短语;consider, prove, think, believe, discover, imagine, judge, suppose, understand等表心理状态的动词;以及advise, allow, forbid, permit, require, urge等表“劝告”,“允许”,“禁止”等动词。如:

Did you see him go out?

Let us have a rest.

I’ll arrange for you to come.

I believe him to be honest.

I advised him to study English.

(2)名词+不定式

某些名词后要求接动词不定式,构成名词+不定式的句型(不定式一般作名词的定语)。常用于这种结构中的名词有:ability, attempt, anything, chance, desire, decision, effort, failure, intention, opportunity, place, plan, reason, time, way, wish等,如:

I have many reasons to fear her.

They made an effort to finish the work in one day.

注意:不定式与其前的名词间一般有动宾关系,故不及物动词后须加适当的介词。

Here is a letter for you to type.

The teacher told the students what kind of books to look for in the library.

(3)形容词+不定式

不定式跟在某些形容词后,充当状语。常见的这类形容词有:able, afraid, angry, careful, careless, certain, difficult, eager, easy, happy, interesting, likely, ready, sure, unable, unwilling, wrong等。如:

Some of his ideas are difficult to understand.

Are you ready to read the text?

II 动词-ing形式

1.用动词-ing形式的场合

(1)常跟在某些动词或介词后作宾语。只能带-ing形式而不能带不定式作宾语的动词有:admit(接纳), appreciate(欣赏,感激), avoid(避免), cannot help (不禁), delay(延期), deny(否认), dislike(不喜欢), enjoy(享受,喜爱), finish(完成), give up(放弃), keep(保持), mind(介意), risk(冒……的危险), stop(停止), suggest(建议)等。如:

Would you mind opening the door?

I couldn’t help laughing when I heard him say that.

(2)用于固定结构中:go+动词-ing, spend/waste (time, money)+动词-ing, be busy +动词-ing, be worth+动词-ing。如:

I often go shopping (swimming, skating) on weekends.

Don’t spend too much time watching TV.

That man was busy writing a letter.

Beijing is worth visiting.

(3)在have difficulty (trouble, etc.) (in), have fun (in), It’s no good/no use/no point,

What’s the point/use of之后用动词-ing形式.如:

I t’s no use crying over spilt milk.

What’s the point of leaving today’s work for tomorrow?

I have difficulty (in) pronouncing this word.

The child had great fun playing with his mother.

2.动词-ing形式和动词不定式

(1)在表“需要”意义的动词need, want, require, deserve等之后,用动词的-ing 形式表被动,这相当于用动词不定式的被动语态。如:

The desk needs repairing. (=The desk needs to be repaired.)

This flower wants watering. (=The flower wants to be watered.)

That boy deserves looking after. (=That boy deserves to be looked after.)

(2)有些动词既可带动词不定式,也可带动词-ing形式,但所表达的意思不同。在forget, remember, regret等动词后,动词-ing形式表已经发生的动作,不定式表将要发生的动作。如:

He has forgotten meeting him last year. (他忘了去年曾见过他。)

He has forgotten to meet him. (他忘了要去见他。)

在go on, quit, stop, give up, leave off 等词后,动词-ing形式是宾语,不定式是目的状语。如:

He stopped shouting because the teacher came in. (他停止大声喊叫,因为老师进来了。)

He stopped to have a rest because he was very tired. (他停下来(手头边的事情)休息了一会,因为他非常疲惫。)

III.动词-ing形式和过去分词

1.两种形式的区别

两种形式都具有形容词和副词作用,在句中可担当定、表、状、补语和独立主格结构。两者间的主要区别在于,动词-ing形式表示主动,正在进行等概念;过去分词表被动,动作完成等意思。如:

a developed country (发达国家。完成“发展”)

a developing country (发展中国家。表正在“发展”)

The professor found some students writing letters in class. (主动)

Have you read the poems written by Shakespeare? (被动)

2.使用两种动词形式需要注意以下几点:

(1)动词-ing短语或过去分词作定语时,放在被修饰词的后面,功能相当于一个形容词从句。如:

The boy playing ther e is my son.

Tom ate the cake made by his mother.

(2)有些动词,它们的-ing形式和过去分词形式都可以当形容词。两种形容词意义和用法不同,主要区别是:过去分词的形容词一般表“人感到(或对…)怎么样”,动词-ing形式则表“事物本身让人感到…怎么样”。如:

I am interested in the story. (我对这部小说感兴趣。)

I am reading an interesting story. (我在看一本有趣的故事书。)

试比较:disappointed, disappointing; excited, exciting; satisfied, satisfying; frightened, frightening; tired, tiring; amused, amusing

(3)两种形式常用来作状语。动词-ing形式作状语时有主动的意思,过去分词

作状语则有被动的意思,两者在句中的位置比较灵活。如:

Singing and laughing, the students came into the room.

Left in the rain, a piece of iron becomes rusty.

Being ill, he couldn’t go to class.

Turning around, she saw Tom crying.

(4)作状语时,两种结构的逻辑主语必须同句子的主语一致。否则,就成为无依附结构(即病句)。如:

*Waiting for a bus, a stone hit me.

*Walking in the fields, a snake bit me in the foot.

*Made of paper, children like those colorful kites very much.

上面的句子可分别改为:

While I was waiting for the bus, a stone hit me.

Walking in the fields, I was bit by a snake.

Children like those colorful kites made of paper.

(5)have+名词(代词)+过去分词:

这一结构是用来表达“让(请)别人做某事”。如:

I had my bike repaired yesterday. (“修理”这一动作不是主语完成的)

(6)make oneself + 过去分词有如下用法:

I can’t make myself understood because of my broken English. (因为我的英语不流利,我不能让别人明白我的意思。)

He speaks loudly so as to make himself heard. (为了让别人听见)

(7)分词的独立主格:如果分词有自己的逻辑主语,就称为分词的独立主格结构。这种结构常表示一种伴随的动作、状态或方式等。独立主格在句中作状语。如:

It being Sunday, you needn’t go to school.

All the work done, you can have a rest.

Other conditions being equal, the pressure remains constant.

Exercises:

1. It was impolite of him _____ without saying goodbye.

a. to leave

b. leaving

c. left

d. leave

2. Can you tell me _____ a new passport?

a. to obtain

b. how to obtain

c. obtaining

d. to be obtained

3. The children were _____ by the story since the story was _____.

a. amused, amusing

b. amusing, amused

c. amused, amused

d. amusing, amusing

4. “I can’t see the blackboard very well.”

“Perhaps you ought _____.”

a. to examine your eyes

b. to have examined your eyes

c. having your eyes examined

d. to have your eyes examined

5. I used _____ a lot of pocket money when I was young.

a. to get

b. that I got

c. to getting

d. to have got

6. I didn’t know _____ him or not.

a. whether to help

b. if to help

c. to help

d. that if I should help

7. _____ by the police, the robbers had no choice but to surrender.

a. To be surrounded

b. Surrounded

c. Having surrounded

d. Surrounding

8. You mustn’t delay _____ the medicine over.

a. to send

b. sending

c. sent

d. send

9. Would you like me _____ where the new library is?

a. showing you

b. to show you

c. show you

d. and show you

10. When he had finished reading the book, he went on _____ the magazine.

a. read

b. to read

c. and reading

d. reading

11. It took him several months _____ the wild horse.

a. to tame

b. tame

c. taming

d. tamed

12. _____ the scholarship really surprised me.

a. Mike got

b. Mike getting

c. Mike’s getting

d. Mike gets

13. It’s really kind _____.

a. of you saying so

b. of you to say so

c. for you saying so

d. for you to say so

14. Your hair wants _____. You’d better have it done tomorrow.

a. cut

b. to cut

c. cutting

d. being cut

15. The man in the corner admitted to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.

a. have told

b. be told

c. being told

d. having told

16. Here are some knives _____.

a. for you to cut with

b. for you to cut

c. for you to cut on

d. for you to be cut by

17. I dislike _____ by my first name.

a. you call

b. you to call me

c. your calling me

d. you call me

18. I meant _____ . But I was too busy.

a. to call on you

b. calling on you

c. to call at you

d. to be called on you

19. _____ to meet anybody, he went in from the back door.

a. Not wishing

b. Wishing

c. Not wished

d. No wishing

20. _____ a rainy day, we gave up our plan to go out for a walk.

a. With it

b. Being

c. Because it being

d. It being Answers:

abada, abbbb, acbcd, acaad

读书笔记-李笑来-人人都能用英语

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完整版初中英语语法大全知识点总结

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英语语法归纳之非谓语动词(过去分词)

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高中英语语法讲解【非谓语动词】

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8.非谓语动词的逻辑主语问题; 9.非谓语动词用作主语的问题; 10.“(be+)过去分词+介词”结构; 11.动名词的复合结构和there be结构的非谓语动词形式。 对于独立主格结构的复习,教师必须要讲清它的构成方式和在句子中的作用以及与with复合结构和分词之间的辨析的关系。 【知识网络】 非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义,我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。 1.不定式和动名词作主语的区别 (1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。(抽象) It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)(2)动名词作主语时,通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。 不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。 Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(经验) Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验) (3)不定式做主语,一般用it当形式主语,把作主语的不定式短语后置。 It took me only five minutes to finish the job.我只花了五分钟的时间来完成这项工作。 2.不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别 (1)不定式作表语 1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。 To do two things at a time is to do neither.--次做两件事等于未做。 What I would suggest is to start work at once. 我的建议是立刻开始干。

大学英语语法 第二十五讲 句式与修辞

第二十五讲 句式与修辞 在英语语言的实际运用中, 不宜总是用“主—谓—表”、“主—谓—宾”等简单句结构。 简单句容量小, 有局限性, 用多了会使句型呆板、单调, 千句一面, 文章乏味, 没有可读性, 因 而也就不能较好地表达思想。要使语言新鲜、生动、富有吸引力, 不断地变换句子结构、句型及表达方式, 是非常必要的, 也是可能的。比如, 同一思想往往可以用简单句、复合句或并列句表达, 可用分词短语表达, 也可用介词短语表达; 可用主动语态表达, 也可用被动语态表达; 可用肯定形式表达, 也可用否定形式表达; 可用直陈语气表达, 也可用虚拟语气表达, 等等。另外, 从修辞学的角度讲, 英语句子有松散句( loose sentence )、尾重句( periodic sentence)和平衡句(balanced sentence )之分。在松散句中, 主要信息或实质部分先出现, 后跟修饰语或补充性细节; 在尾重句中, 主要信息或实质部分出现在句尾或句子后半部分; 在平行句中, 信息同等重要, 句式结构相同, 并驾齐驱, 相互独立。同时, 行文时, 还可使用某些修辞手法, 如明喻、暗喻、夸张、拟人等, 从而更加形象地描写事物, 更加生动地说明事理。 英语句式变化多样, 修辞手法丰富多彩, 我们完全可以根据思想表达的需要, 利用各种 词句表现手法, 安排句子的各种成分, 以达到理想的表达效果。下面对英语的典型句式和 修辞进行综合考察, 通过转换对比, 揭示出英语行文造句的灵活性和多样性。 一、统一性 1 . 从属关系准则 在一个句子中(指复合句) , 如果要表达的是两个或两个以上的思想, 而这些思想同等重 要, 互不依附, 处于并列的地位, 那就要把它们当作并列句处理, 用并列连词( and, but , or 等)连接起来。例如: His father is a professor and his mother is a musician . 他父亲是一位教授, 母亲是一位 音乐家。 We love peace, but we are not afraid of war . 我们热爱和平, 但是我们并不怕战争。 .. 但是, 如果句子中所表达的两个或两个以上的思想不是同等重要的, 而是一个为主要思想, 其余的为次要的、附属性的思想(用以说明或限定主要思想) , 那就不能把它们当成并 列句处理, 而要用主从复合句或别的结构来处理。主从复合句只能用从属连词( when , where, so, because 等)连接, 不能用并列连词连接。 1)第一原则: 勿将句子中主要思想和次要思想的位置颠倒 The snow stopped when the old man died . (不妥) The old man died when the snow stopped . (正)雪停的时候, 老人去世了。 The waiters were serving coffee when the ship struck the rock and sank . (不妥) When the waiters were serving coffee, the ship struck the rock and sank . (正)服务 员上咖啡的时候, 船触礁下沉了。 2)第二原则: 勿在主从复合句中插入并列连词 He came out first in the football match , and which delighted us . (误) He came out first in the football match , which delighted us . (正)他在足球赛中获得 第一名, 这使我们都很高兴。 I have two brothers, but who are younger than I . (误) I have two brothers, who are younger than I . (正)我有两个兄弟, 年龄都比我小。

初中英语语法-非谓语动词的讲解

初中英语语法-非谓语动词的讲解

初中英语语法非谓语动词的讲解 非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词,形容词或副词作用的动词形式,而不是作谓语的动词形式。动词的非谓语形式分为动名词,分词,动词不定式。 Climbing mountain is a good exercise. (Climbing..., 动名词起名词作用) Do you know the man wearing a white shirt. (wearing ..分词起形容词作用) He gets up early to catch the first bus. (to catch ...不定式起副词作用) 谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别: 1) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语, 而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。 Miss Mary teaches us English. 玛丽教我们英语。(teaches 动词作谓语) Mr. Li came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week. (to have a talk.... 不定式作状语)2) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的 限制,而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。

4 非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。 Our coming made him happy.(coming 起名词作用) There are two big swimming pools here. (swimming 起形容词作用) 非谓语动词的形式变化: 不定式主动 被动 一般 to write to be written 进行 to be writing 完成 to have written to have been written 完成进行 to have been writing 现在分词主动 被动 一般 writing being written 完成 having written having been written

我的英语笔记

My english Investor 出资者fragrance 芳香cosmetics 美容品 Avon rejects takeover bid from coty---Avon rejected a $10 billion takeover bid(出价)from fragrance maker Coty Inc(科迪集团), calling it opportunistic and saying it undervalues the cometic. China Three Gorges 中国三峡工程 Sparx group ,one of Asia's largest hedge funds(对冲基金),renewable-energy project(可持续经济方案) Grim (残酷的)Data Cast Cloud Over Euro Zone----- Dire figures on unemployment and manufacturing(制造的) activity in euro zone's weakest members highlight the scale of the currency bloc's (集团)economic problems. Rode an aggressive(好斗的) bet on mortgage (抵押借款)bonds to beat most of the fund's rivals(竞争对手). Rebels in Syria.叙利亚反对派Myanmar缅甸 Ceasefire 停火outright war 完全的战争 Parole 假释panel 专门的小组smuggle ;contraband 走私 AP news agency 美联社warship 军舰dairy exporter 牛奶出口商(供应商)Fonterra Cooperative Group 恒天然合作社集团allege 宣称,断言Lounge 休息厅,休息室;stylish 有格调,有风格; Sluggish 行动迟缓的console 安慰;how to fix it Dissident 持不同政见的反对派battle 战役

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