青岛科技大学 2006 年研究生入学考试试卷 A

青岛科技大学2006年研究生入学考试（A ）考试科目：电子技术（答案全部写在答题纸上）一、填空题（20分，每空1分） 1. 判断下列说法是否正确在答题纸上写明题号，用“√”和“×”表示判断结果。

（1） 在P 型半导体中如果掺入足够量的五价元素，可将其改型为N 型半导体。

（ ） （2） 电路中各电量的交流成份是交流信号源提供的；（ ）（3） 现测得两个共射放大电路空载时的电压放大倍数均为－100，将它们连成两级放大电路，其电压放大倍数应为10000。

( )（4） 运放的输入失调电压U IO 是两输入端电位之差。

( ) （5） 运放的输入失调电流I IO 是两输入端电流之差。

( )（6） 若放大电路的放大倍数为负，则引入的反馈一定是负反馈。

（ ）（7）负反馈放大电路的放大倍数与组成它的基本放大电路的放大倍数量纲相同。

（ ） （8）若放大电路引入电压负反馈，则负载电阻变化时，输出电压基本不变。

（ ）（9）在运算电路中，集成运放的反相输入端均为虚地。

（ ） （10）凡是运算电路都可利用“虚短”和“虚断”的概念求解运算关系。

（ ）（11）只要电路引入了正反馈，就一定会产生正弦波振荡。

（ ）（12）若U 2为电源变压器副边电压的有效值，则半波整流电容滤波电路和全波整流电容滤波电路在空载时的输出电压均为22U 。

（ ）2. 在图1所示电路中， 已知 V C C ＝12V ，晶体管的β＝100，'b R ＝100k Ω。

填空：要求先填文字表达式后填得数。

（1）当iU &＝0V 时，测得U B E Q ＝0.7V ，若要基极电流I B Q ＝20μA ，则'b R 和R W 之和R b ＝（ ）≈（ ）k Ω； 而若测得U C E Q ＝6V ，则R c ＝（ ）≈（ ）k Ω。

（2）若测得输入电压有效值i U =5mV 时，输出电压有效值'o U ＝0.6V ， 则电压放大图 1倍数uA &＝（ ）≈（ ） 。

青岛科技大学2006年研究生入学考试试卷A考试科目：机械设计（答案全部写在答题纸上）一、是非题：正确的写“T”，错误的写“F”(每小题1.5分，共15分)1．按基本额定动载荷选定的滚动轴承，在预定的使用期内，其失效概率为5%。

（）2．在一定转速下，要减轻链传动的运动不均匀性和动载荷，应减小链条节距、增加链轮齿数。

（）3．一般情况下，链传动的多边形效应只能减小，不能消除。

（）4．受轴向载荷的紧螺栓联接的螺栓，所受的总拉力是预紧力与工作拉力之和。

（）5．闭式蜗杆传动的主要失效形式是磨损。

（）6．双速电机带动V带传动，设传递功率一定，则V带应按速度低的情况进行设计。

（）7．同时受转矩和弯矩的轴称为心轴。

（）C⨯，轴肩高为h，则要求：8．若阶梯轴过渡圆角的半径为r，轴上与之相配零件的倒角为45h C r>>。

（）9．只要螺纹副具有自锁性，即螺纹升角小于当量摩擦角，则在任何情况下都无需考虑防松。

（）10．多级齿轮减速器，高速轴总是比低速轴的直径小。

（）二、选择填空(每小题3分，共30分)1．轴的结构设计中，是为了减小应力集中。

A. 越程槽B. 退刀槽C. 导锥D. 凹切圆角2．与整体式相比，剖分式滑动轴承结构具有的优点。

A. 结构简单B. 调心性好C. 安装方便D. 强度高3．蜗杆传动的喷油润滑方式适合于的情况。

A. 高粘度润滑油B. 高圆周速度C. 重载D. 蜗杆下置4．润滑条件相同时，以下四种精度和内径相同的滚动轴承中的极限转速最高。

A．推力球轴承 B. 圆锥滚子轴承C．角接触球轴承 D. 圆柱滚子轴承5．被联接件受横向外力作用时，如果采用铰制孔用螺栓联接，其失效主要是。

A. 螺纹处拉断B. 螺纹处拉、扭断裂C. 螺纹根部弯曲断裂D. 螺栓杆剪断或螺栓或被联接件挤压压溃K的大小主要与有关。

6．齿轮传动的载荷系数中，动载荷系数vA．圆周速度 B. 齿轮模数C．端面重合度 D. 轮齿宽度7. 一般来说，下述机械传动效率自高到低的顺序是。

2006年青岛科技大学有机化学考研真题A 卷一、答复以下问题〔20分〕1． 由大到小排列以下化合物的酸性：A ．(a) (CH 3CO)3CH (b) CH 3COCH(COOEt)2 (c) CH 3COCH 2COCH 3 (d) CH 3COCH 2COOCH 3 (e) CH 2(COOEt)2B ．(f) ClCH 2COOH (g) ICH 2COOH (h) CH 3OCH 2COOH (i)NCCH 2COOH2. 由大到小排列以下化合物的碱性〔j 〕三甲胺 〔k 〕氨 〔l 〕苯胺 〔m 〕吡咯 〔n 〕吡啶 3． 按S N 1反响的相对速度从大到小的顺序排列以下化合物：(o) (CH 3)2CHCl (p) CH 2=CHCH 2Cl (q) CH 3CH 2CH 2Cl (r) (CH 3)CCl 4． 如何从苯甲酸、苯酚、环己酮和环己醇所组成的混合物中得到各单一组分。

5． 以下化合物中，没有芳香性的是〔？〕A.B.C.D.O二、完成反响式〔30分〕+O OOAlCl 3Zn-Hg24D1. CH 3MgBr2. H O1. BH 322(?)(?)(?)1.2. R CCH4242. H 2O(?)I 2 + NaOH(?) + (?)3.OOO+(?)(?)CH 3CHCH 3C CH 3CH 3BrKOH / C 2H 5OHKMnO 4 / OH 稀、冷1. H 2(?)4.H 2C2CH 2COOC 2H 5CH 2CH 2COOC 2H 5(?)5.H(?)C 2H 5Br 3(?)KMnO 4(?)6.(CH 3)2C=CH 2+ClCH NaOHCHCH 2Cl7.( ? )NKMnO 4,H8.∆( ? )三、写出以下反响机理〔30分〕H1.∆CH 2OHH2.OCH 3C OCH 33.OHHOCH 3OCHOHClOHCl+OH4.BrCH 2C O C CH 3CH 3BrOHHO C CH O CCH 3CH 35.四、完成以下合成〔30分〕COCH 3NO 2Br1.CH3HCOH CH32.CH3CH2CCHOCH3CCH3 OH CH33.用不超过三个碳的有机原料合成4. 用丙二酸二乙酯和不多于四个碳的化合物为原料合成H3CH3CCH2CH2COOCH3 OO5、利用化学反响及波谱性质推断化合物构造〔40分〕1、化合物A，分子式为C9H10O3，它不溶于水、稀盐酸及稀NaHCO3溶液，但能溶于稀NaOH溶液。

青岛科技大学2006年研究生入学考试试卷年研究生入学考试试卷 （A 卷）卷）考试科目：考试科目： 金属学与热处理金属学与热处理 (答案全部写在答题纸上) 一、名词解释一、名词解释 （每题2分，共10分）分） 1 配位数配位数2 相3 变质处理变质处理4 伪共晶伪共晶5 临界变形度临界变形度二、二、 出下列概念中错误之处，并改正出下列概念中错误之处，并改正 （每题2分，共10分）分） 1 金属结晶时，原子从液相无序排列到固相有序排列，使体系熵值减少，因此是一个自发的过程。

2 铁素体与奥氏体的根本区别在于固溶度不同，前者（为bcc ）小而后者（为fcc ）大。

）大。

3 观察共析钢的显微组织，观察共析钢的显微组织，发现图中显示渗碳片层密集程度不同。

发现图中显示渗碳片层密集程度不同。

发现图中显示渗碳片层密集程度不同。

凡是片层密集处则碳含量偏多，凡是片层密集处则碳含量偏多，而疏稀处则碳含量偏少。

而疏稀处则碳含量偏少。

4 凡是碳钢的平衡结晶过程都具有共析转变，而没有共晶转变；相反，对于铸铁则只有共晶转变而没有共析转变。

而没有共析转变。

5 对扩散常数D 0的影响因素主要是温度及扩散激活能。

的影响因素主要是温度及扩散激活能。

三、三、 填 空 (每空1分，共20分) 1 金属结晶时，细化晶粒的措施有金属结晶时，细化晶粒的措施有 、 、 。

2 相率的数学表达式f = c – p + 1；式中f 代表代表 、c 代表代表 、p 代表代表 。

3 共析反应式为共析反应式为 ，共析反应的特点是，共析反应的特点是 ，珠光体的本质是，珠光体的本质是 与 的混合物。

的混合物。

4 体心立方结构的滑移面是体心立方结构的滑移面是 ，滑移向是，滑移向是 ，滑移系有，滑移系有 个。

个。

5 钢淬火后立即进行低温回火的目的是保持钢的钢淬火后立即进行低温回火的目的是保持钢的 ，减少或消除减少或消除 ；高温回火的目的是提高钢的是提高钢的 。

6 固体金属扩散的条件是固体金属扩散的条件是 、 、 、 。

五. (10 分) 20℃, 101.3 kPa 下, 将直径为 0.1 mm 的玻璃毛细管插入水中，已知该温度下水的表面张力为 72.8 － － mN.m 1, 体积质量为 1.00 g.cm 3, 假设水可完全润湿玻璃，计算: (1) 相对于管外液面，毛细管内液面的高度； (2) 要使管内外的液面相平, 需对管内液面施加多大压力。
六. (20 分) 敌敌畏在酸性溶液中的水解是一级反应， 活化能为 98.78kJ· mol-1。 20℃时敌敌畏水解的半衰期为 61.5 天, 70℃时敌敌畏水解的半衰期为 4 h 计算： (1) 20℃时敌敌畏的水解速率常数； (2) 20℃时敌敌畏水解掉 90％所需的时间； (3) 70℃下敌敌畏水解速率为 20℃下水解速率的多少倍。
8. 一“U”型管被 AgI 固体制成的多孔塞分成两部分，两侧及塞中细孔充满 0.001 mol·dm-3 KI 溶液，若在 两侧插入电极， 通以直流电， 则会看到 移动， 因为 ， 这种现象被称为 。 9 ．将 NH4HS （ s ）置于内有 NH3(g) 的容器中，分解达平衡时，系统的独立组分数 C 和自由度 f 分别 为 。 A. 1，2 B. 2，2 C. 2，1 D. 1，1 10. NaCl 水溶液在其冰点时, 有冰析出, 此时 。 A. 溶液的化学位 μ(溶液)高于冰的化学位μ(冰) B. 溶液的化学位 μ(溶液)等于冰的化学位μ(冰) C. 溶液中水的化学位μ(水)高于冰的化学位μ(冰) D. 溶液中水的化学位μ(水)等于冰的化学位μ(冰)
八. (10 分) 518 K 进行乙醛气相分解反应, 由两次不同初始乙醛蒸气压力 p0 进行反应，所测得的半衰期 t1/2 如下: p0 /kPa 22.5 48.4 t1/2 /s 880 410 计算 518 K 下乙醛气相热分解反应的速率常数。

2．典型乳液聚合的特点是持续反应速度快，反应产物分子量高。在大多数本体聚合中又常出现反应速度变快，分子量增大的现象。试分析造成上述现象的原因并比较其异同。（5分）
3．阳离子聚合速率为什么高于自由基聚合速率？（3分）
4．可否选用甲醇为环氧乙烷阴离子开环聚合的终止剂？说明理由。（3分）
5．阴离子聚合为什么可以实现活性聚合？（3分）
一、填空（每空1分，共20分）
1．氯乙烯聚合时选用AIBN（t1/2=4.8h）和ABVN（t1/2=0.8h）组成的引发体系，目的是（1）。
2．单体能否聚合须从热力学和动力学两方面考虑。在无引发剂和一般温度、压力的条件下，乙烯和丙烯不能聚合，这属于（2）问题。而α-甲基苯乙烯在100℃下不加压力就无法聚合，这属于（3）问题。
3.PVC：δ=10.98（卡／ｃｍ３）1/2，CI2CH2：δ=9.73（卡／ｃｍ３）1/2两者为何不相容?
4.聚合物熔体大多数属于哪种非牛顿流体?其主要特点是什么?
5.简述分子量对Tg和Tf的影响。
六、高聚物结晶的微观结构主要有哪些特点?从化学结构上分析说明非填充硫化NR的拉伸强度大于非填充硫化SBR的根本原因。（１０分）
A.提高聚合度 B.提高反应速度 C.简化生产工艺。
9．下聚合物热降解时，单体收率从大到小排列的是（ ）
A．聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚异丁烯、聚丁二烯、聚乙烯
B．聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚丁二烯、聚异丁烯、聚乙烯
C．聚异丁烯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚乙烯、聚丁二烯
D．聚丁二烯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚乙烯、聚异丁烯
10.聚合度变大的化学反应是（ ），聚合度基本不变的化学反应是（ ）。
A．终止聚合反应；B．调节分子量；C．调节聚合物的端基结构
3．苯乙烯在60-100℃进行乳液聚合，引发剂可以选用（）

青岛科技大学2006年研究生入学考试试卷（A 卷）
考试科目：高等代数（答案全部写在答题纸上）
一．（30分）设向量组12:,,,r A αααL 线性无关，且可由向量组12:,,,s B βββL 线性表示，试证① r s ≤，② 适当地排列向量组B 中向量的次序，使得以向量组A 替换B 中前r 个向量后得到的向量组:C 12,,,r αααL 1,,,r s ββ+L 与向量组B 等价。

二．（30分）设秩为r 的矩阵r n A ⨯的各行向量是某一齐次线性方程组的一个基础解系，B 是r r ⨯非奇异矩阵，试证：BA 的各行向量也是该齐次线性方程组的基础解系。

三．（30分）设a b A c d ⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭是一复矩阵，1A =且0a ≠，①试将矩阵A 表示成若干个初等矩阵的乘积。

②将A 表示成形如101x ⎛⎫
⎪⎝⎭与101x ⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭
的初等矩阵的乘积。

四．（30分）设A 是n 阶复矩阵，若有正整数m ，使得m n A E =（n E 是单位阵）。

证明：①A 与对角阵相似。

②求A 的最小多项式与A 的全部特征值。

五．（15分）设()A λ是5阶
λ-矩阵，()4rank A =，()A λ的初等因子组为()322,,,1,1,1λλλλλλ-++，试求①()A λ的不变因子。

②写出()A λ的标准形。

六．（15分）设12,,,m e e e L 是n 维欧氏空间n V 的标准正交向量组，证明对任意的向量u ∈n V 都有()
221,m i i u e u =≤∑。

（其中（,i u e ）表示u 和i e 的数积）。

青岛科技大学2006年研究生入学考试试卷考试科目： 材料力学 （答案全部写在答题纸上）一．判断对错（每小题3分，共30分）1． 变截面杆受轴向集中力F 作用，如图。

设11-σ、22-σ、33-σ分别表示杆中截面1-1，2-2，3-3上的全应力的数值，则可能有11-σ<33-σ<22-σ。

1 2 32．应变为无量纲量，若物体内各点的应变均为零，则物体无位移。

3．当低碳钢试件的试验应力s σσ≥时，试件将发生断裂。

4．低碳钢拉伸经过冷作硬化后，其强度极限将得到提高。

5．切应力互等定理，既适用于平面应力状态，而不论有无正应力作用，又适用于空间任意应力状态。

6．图示，由惯性矩的平行依轴公式，34312bh I I Z Z +=。

P2h q 2h 2h 2题6图 题7图 7．梁的受力如图，在B 截面处：Q 图有突变，M 图连续光滑。

8．在线弹性和小变形的条件下，计算应力、变形和应变能都可以应用叠加法。

9．一梁在力F 作用下应变能为U ，若将F 改为2F ，其它条件不变，则应变能为4U 。

10．求位移的图乘法不能用于桁架、变截面梁和曲杆。

二．填空题（每小题5分，共40分）1．扭转应力、变形公式P I T /ρτ=、⎰=APGITdx /φ的应用条件是 。

2．图示长度为l 等直梁承受均布载荷q 。

为使梁横截面内最大弯矩达到最小值，则对称放置的两支座的间距=a 。

qal3．两根梁尺寸、受力和支承情况完全相同，但材料不同，弹性模量分别为21217E E E E =，且和，则两根梁的挠度之比21:f f 为 。

4．图示梁，欲使跨度中点挠度为零，则P 与q 的关系为 。

q5．在线弹性结构中，外力F 在相应的位移Δ上所作的功，当 时，W=21F Δ；当 时，W=F Δ。

6．抗弯刚度为EI 的简支梁如图。

当梁只受1=F 作用时，截面A 的转角为EI L 16/2；当梁只受1=m 作用时，其跨度中点C 的挠度为 。

青岛科技大学2006年研究生入学考试试卷(A)考试科目：分析化学 （答案全部写在答题纸上）一、选择题（共30 分，每题1分）1. 测定某试样时，因所使用试剂中含有微量被测组分引起的误差，应采用何种方法减免?A) 用标准试样对照 B) 用人工合成样对照 C) 空白试验 D) 加入回收试验2. 已知H 3PO 4 的p K b1、p K a2、 p K b3分别为1.64、7.20、11.88，则p K a1+ p K b2为A) 11.88 B) 6.80 C) 14.00 D) 8.923. 某二元弱酸H 2A 的p K a1、p K a2分别为2.28、5.13，则在该酸的分布曲线中δH2A 与δA 相等点的pH 值为A) 7.41 B) 3.70 C) 11.10 D) 5.554. 现要用EDTA 滴定法测定含有Mg 2+与Ca 2+的某水样中Ca 2+ 的含量，应控制被测液的pH 值A) 10左右 B) 5 ~ 6 C) 大于12 D) 小于35. 用双指示剂法测定某含有NaOH 或NaHCO 3或Na 2CO 3或混合物的样品，若先以酚酞指示剂耗去盐酸V 1 mL ，继续以甲基橙指示剂时耗去盐酸V 2 mL ，已知V 1=2V 2，则溶液中碱的组成为A) Na 2CO 3 B) NaHCO 3+Na 2CO 3 C) NaOH+Na 2CO 3 D)NaHCO 36. 氨盐中氮的测定，常用浓H 2SO 4分解试样，再加浓NaOH 将NH 3蒸馏出来，用一定量过量的HCl 来吸收，剩余的HCl 再用NaOH 标液滴定，则化学计量点的pH 在下列哪种范围?A) 强酸性 B) 弱酸性 C) 强碱性 D) 弱碱性7. 以FeSO 4溶液滴定0.02000 mol/L Ce(SO 4)2溶液至化学计量点时，Ce(SO 4)2与FeSO 4的体积比为0.5000，FeSO 4溶液的浓度为(mol/L)A) 0.01000 B) 0.02000 C) 0.03000 D) 0.040008. 浓度为0.1 mol ⋅L -1的下列各物质，不能用NaOH 标准溶液直接滴定的是A) HCOOH ( K a = 1.8⨯10-4 ) B) NH 4Cl ( NH 3⋅H 2O 的 K b = 1.8⨯10-5 )C) 邻苯二甲酸氢钾 ( K a2 = 2.9⨯10-6 ) D) 盐酸苯胺 ( K b = 4.6⨯10-10 )9. 以0.20 mol ⋅L -1 HCl 滴定0.20 mol ⋅L -1 弱碱A - ( p K b = 2 )，化学计量点时的pH 值为A) 4.5 B) 6.5 C) 7.5 D) 9.510. 用HCl 标准溶液滴定0.1 mol ⋅L -1的A 2-，已知H 2A 的p K a 1= 3.0，p K a 2 = 13，最合适的指示剂的p K HIn 为A) 1.7 B) 3.4 C) 5.0 D) 8.311. 有一组测量值，其总体标准偏差σ未知，要判断此分析方法是否可靠，应该用哪一种方法？A) 格鲁布斯法 B) t 检验法 C) F 检验法 D) 4d 法12. 某酸度下的EDTA 溶液中，H 2Y 2-的酸效应系数α = 28，则该离子在溶液中所占的百分比为A) 36.0% B) 28.0% C) 2.80% D) 3.57%13. 在pH 为10的氨性溶液中，已知)NH (Zn 3α= 104.7，)OH (Zn α=102.4，αY (H)= 100.5，lg K ZnY = 16.5。

、.~①我们‖打〈败〉了敌人。

②我们‖〔把敌人〕打〈败〉了。

青岛科技大学2006年研究生入学考试试卷（A卷）考试科目：无机化学（答案全部写在答题纸上）一选择题(每小题1. 5 分，共30分)1．当基态原子的第四电子层只有1个电子时，则原子的n=3、l=2的原子轨道上的电子数为A. 肯定为10个B. 肯定为8个C. 肯定为8～10个D. 肯定为5～10个2．中心离子（或原子）杂化方式不同的一组是A. SO42-与CCI2F2B.H2O与NF3C. [Co(NH3)6]3-与[CoF6]3-D. BF3与BI33. 下列说法正确的是A. 物体的温度高，含的热量不一定多B. △rS 为正值的反应均是自发反应C. 反应分子数增加的反应△rS为正值D. 若△rH与△rS 均为正值，当温度升高时对正反应有利4．已知在298.15K、101.325kPa时，A+B→C+D △rHθm = 70 kJ·mol–1, 3C+3D→2N △r Hθm = –20 kJ·mol –1, 则A+B→2/3N 的△r Hθm是kJ·mol–1A . –63.3 B. –126.7 C. 63.3 D. 126.75. 在298.2K时MgO(s)＋CO2＝MgCO3(s)，若Kθ＝26，此时CO2的平衡分压为kPa (Pθ=101kPa)A. 26B. 1/ 26C. 3.88D. 1/3.886. 下列说法正确的是A. 质量作用定律适用于任何反应B. 体系的焓变等于恒压反应热C. 反应的活化能越大，反应速率也越大D. 热是状态函数7. PH＝14时，水做氧化剂的半反应为A. O2 ＋4H＋＋4e ＝2H2OB. 2H＋＋2e ＝H2C. O2 ＋2H2O＋4e＝4OH－D. H2O＋e ＝1/2 H2＋OH－8. 下列物质中存在Π34键的是A. CO32–B. SO2C. SO32–D.ClO4–9. 下列物质的颜色不是绿色的是A. K2MnO4B. Cr3+C. KI3D. Hg2I210. 下列分子或离子中，空间构型不是直线形的是A. XeF2B. I3–C. OF2D. CO211.下列分子或离子中空间构型是平面三角形的是A. NH3B. CO32–C. NF3D. SiO44–12. Na2S2O3 不与下列物质起反应的是A. KIB. AgBrC. I2D. HClE. NaI313. 反应A+B→C，使用正催化剂下列热力学参数不变化的是A . v正 B. k正 C. K⊕ D. v逆14. 下列物质的颜色不是黄色的是A.PbI2B. Hg I2C.K2CrO4D. K2Cr2O715. 下列说法不正确的是A. 共价键的键长等于成键原子的共价半径之和B. 极性分子中一定含有极性键C. 杂化中分子的几何形状由杂化轨道的杂化方式决定D.乙炔分子的C≡C中只有一个σ键16．下列微粒中某电子的运动状态（用n，l，m，m s ）表述合理的是A.（3，-1，1，-½）B.（3 ，2，0，-½）C.（3，0，1，-½）D.（3，1，-2，-½）17.在下列物质的饱和溶液中，溶解度(用mol·L-1表示)最大的是A.AgCI(k⊕sp＝1.8×10–1 0 )B. BaSO4（k⊕sp＝1.1×10–1 0 ）C. Ag2CrO4 (k⊕sp＝9.0×10–15 )D. AI (OH)3(k⊕sp＝1.2×10–18 )18 . 欲从含少量Cu2+的ZnSO4溶液中除去Cu2+，最好加入下列哪种试剂？A. NaOH B . 氨水 C. H2S D. Zn19. 升高反应温度，使反应速度加快的原因是A. 分子数目增加B. 反应系统混乱度增加C. 活化分子百分数增加D. 分子的碰撞速度加快20. 下列溶液中的反应，没有颜色变化的是A. Hg2I2和I–B. Mn2+ 和NaBiO3C. [Co(NH3)6]2+置于空气中D. 硫酸铜溶液中加入过量氨水二．填空题（每空1分，共35分）1. 某原子最后填充的是5个n＝3，l＝2的电子，该原子是，核外电子排布式是＿＿，处于周期表中的位置（周期和族）。

2006年山东青岛科技大学自动控制原理考研真题A 卷一、已知单位反馈控制系统的开环传递函数为： （20分）G(S)＝17)7S S(S 2++K 1） 确定使系统产生持续振荡的K 值，并求出振荡频率；2） 若要求闭环极点全部位于S=-1垂线的左侧，求K 的取值范围。

二、系统如图（2）所示: （20分）（1） 绘制系统当K 从0变至∞时的根轨迹图；（2） 确定使系统稳定工作的K 值范围。

三、已知某控制系统如图（3）所示，试求： （20分）（1） 当r(t)=0,f(t)=1(t)时系统的稳态误差e sf ;（2） 当r(t)= 1(t),f(t)=1(t)时系统的稳态误差e s ;（3） 怎样消除干扰对系统产生的稳态误差？并验证你的结论。

四、已知系统的开环传递函数为 （20分）（ 图3 ）（图2）G(S)H(S)＝1)S(S 3)K(S -+ 1） 画出系统开环幅相曲线（即极坐标图）的大致形状。

2） 试用奈魁斯特稳定判据，分析K 值与系统稳定性的关系。

3） 绘制 Bode 图（即对数频率特性曲线）的幅频特性图（用渐近线表示）。

五、试确定图（5）所示非线性系统是否存在极限环， （20分）若有，求出极限环的振幅和频率，并说明极限环的稳定性。

(非线性环节的描述函数N(A)=43A 2 ,其中A 为非线性环节输入信号的振幅 )六、设系统的状态方程和输出方程为 （25分）x=Ax+Buy=Cx0 1 -1 0 其中 A = -6 –11 6 ， B= 0 ， C= [ 1 0 0]-6 -11 5 11） 该系统能否将系统矩阵用对角线矩阵表示？若能，试写出变换后的矩阵 A B C ，其中A 为对角阵。

2） 求出系统的传递函数。

3） 求系统的状态转移矩阵e At 。

七、设校正装置的传递函数为 （25分）G c (S)＝PS S ++Z （ 图5 ）1）将其用作超前校正，z及p应怎样选取？分别画出其零、极点分布图和对数幅频特性、相频特性曲线。

青岛科技大学2006年研究生入学考试试卷A青岛科技大学2006年研究生入学考试试卷A考试科目：基础英语(答案全部写在答题纸上)I.Structure and Vocabulary (18 points)Directions: Complete each of the sentences with the most likely answer.1.Emphasis is laid on the necessity that all the objectives to be attained ________ into account before starting a new project.A. be takenB. were takenC. should takeD. had been taken2.We can assign the task to __________ is capable and trustworthy.A. whomeverB. whoC. whomD. whoever3.The Smithsonian Institution preserves more than sixty-five million items of scientific, historical, or artistic interest, __________ winning the popular title, ―attic of the nation‖.A. howeverB. andC. thusD. moreover4.We came early and had to wait two hours before the ceremony began. We _______.A. should not hurryB. must ho have hurriedC. need not hurryD. need not have hurried5._________, the white mountain goat is an extremely sure-footed animal that escapes from its predators by living in the most rugged, rockylandscapes.A. Rarely seenB. Having been rarely seenC. Being rarely seenD. Rarely to be seen6. Nick would certainly have got there on time _________.A. if the flat tire hadn‘t happ enedB. if he didn‘t get a flat tireC. had he not had a flat tireD. had the tire hadn‘t flattened its elf7. Most electronic devices of this kind, _______ manufactured for suchpurposes, are tightly packed.A. that areB. as areC. which isD. it is8. ffice:smarttags" />Britain‘s press is unusual ________ it is divided into two very different types of newspaper: the quality press and the popular press.A. in howB. in whatC. in whichD. in that9. _________ he needed money for his mother‘s operation, the driver resisted the temptation to keep the fat wallet a customer had left behind in the car.A. Much asB. So muchC. As muchD. Much so10. I wouldn‘t say I was a non-believer, but I don‘t have any burning religious______.A. certaintyB. convictionsC. superiorityD. rebellion11. He believed that age alone would not ________ him from standing as a candidate.A. contriveB. interveneC. suppressD. preclude12. Most people believe that parenthood is an experience nothing else can _______.A. compileB. duplicateC. imitateD. compete13. Breathing polluted air may _______ affect an individual‘s respiratory capac ity.A. detrimentallyB. consequentlyC. occasionallyD. inadvertentl y14. Einstein‘s work provided the _______ for a major shift i n the fieldof physics.A. cradleB. efficiencyC. impetusD. proficiency15. Research suggests that children who leave primary school without a firm grounding in ______ and numeracy never catch up.A. etiquetteB. characterC. personalityD. literacy16. The most _______ of all Olympic events is the decathlon.A. exhilaratingB. gruesomeC. gruelingD. creative17. Shakespear‘s plays are ________ to variou s interpretations.A. compatibleB. incredulousC. susceptibleD. imperative18. Official business requirements obviously take ________ over personalrequests.A. priorityB. orientationC. prestigeD. collaborationII. Paraphrase the following sentences (20 points)1.Conversation is not for making a point.2.The phrase, ―the King‘s English‖, has always been used a littlepejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes.3.This peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.4.…before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.5.Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead ofits terrors.6.…while Englishness is not hostile to change, it is deeply suspicious of change for change‘s sake.7.The universalizing imperative of technology is irresistible.8.Prohibition afforded the young the additional opportunity of making their pleasures illicit.9.The propaganda for abolition speaks in hushed tones of the sanctity of human life.10.New York even prides itself on being a holdout from prevailingAmerican trends.III. Identify the rhetorical devices in the following sentences (10 points)1. Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.2.We can batten down and ride it out.3. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, liftedthe entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air.4.The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away.5.Wind and rain now whipped the house.6.Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees.7.Blowndown power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads.8.The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and its seeds multiplied, and floated to the ends of the earth.9.You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars andthe constellations of outer space.10.And this is true, whether they are wearing bowler hats or ungovernable mops of hair.IV. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese (16 points) Some battles have been won or lost because the commander of a large force, arriving late, decided almost at the last moment to change sides. I feel that a powerful section of English workers, together with their union bosses, is in the same situation as that commander just before he could m ake up his mind. These men believe t hat if there is a ―Good Life‘ going, then it‘s high time they had their share of it. But some remaining English ness in them whispers that there may be a catch in it. Where‘s this ?Good life‘ in sweating your guts out, just becau se themanagers are on the p ro ductivity-per-man-hour caper? It‘s all a racket anyhow. If we don‘t work li ke the old man used to do, we‘re not turning out the honest stuff the old man was expected to turn out. It‘s the profit now, not the product.V. Reading Comprehension (46 points)Directions : There are five passages in this part. Each passage is followed b y some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four ch oices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then write your choice on the answer sheet.Passage 1I cry easily. I once burst into tears when the curtain came down on the Kirov Ballet's Swan Lake. I still choke up every time I see a film of Roger Bannister breaking the "impossible" four minute mark for the mile. I figure I am moved by witnessing men and women at their best. But they need not be great men and women, doing great things.Take the night, some years ago, when my wife and I were going to din ner at a friend's house in New York city. It was sleeting. As we hurried towa rd the house, with its welcoming light, I noticed a car pulling out from the cu rb. Just ahead, another car was waiting to back into the parking space -- a rar e commodity in crowded Manhattan. But before he could do so another car ca me up from behind, and sneaked into the spot. That's dirty pool, I thought.While my wife went ahead into our friend's house, I stepped into the str eet to give the guilty driver a piece of my mind. A man in work clothes rolle d down the window."Hey," I said, "this parking space belongs to that guy," I gestured toward the man ahead, who was looking back angrily. Ithought I was being a good Samaritan, I guess -- and I remember that the moment I was feeling pretty manly in my new trench coat."Mind your own business!" the driver told me."No," I said. "You don't understand. That fellow was waiting to back intothis space."Things quickly heated up, until finally he leaped out of the car. My God, he was colossal. He grabbed me and bent me back over the hood of his car a s if I was a rag doll. The sleet stung my face. I glanced at the other driver, l ooking for help, but he gunned his engine and hightailed it out of there.The huge man shook his rock of a fist to me, brushing my lip and cutting the inside of my mouth against my teeth. I tasted blood. I was terrified. He snarled and threatened, and then told me to beat it.Almost in a panic, I scrambled to my friend's front door. As a former Mar ine, as a man, I felt utterly humiliated. Seeing that I was shaken, my wife an d friends asked me what had happened. All I could bring myself to say was t hat I had an argument about a parking space. They had the sensitivity to let it go at that.I sat stunned. Perhaps half an hour later, the doorbell rang. My blood ran cold. For some reason I was sure that the bruiser had returned for me. My ho stess got up to answer it, but I stopped her. I felt morally bound to answer it myself.I walked down the hallway with dread. Yet I knew I had to face up to m y fear. I opened the door. There he stood, towering. Behind him, the sleet ca me down harder than ever."I came back to apologize," he said in a low voice. "When I got home, I said to myself, 'what right I have to do that?' I'mashamed of myself. All I ca n tell you is that the Brooklyn Navy Yard is closing. I've worked there for ye ars. And today I got laid off. I'm not myself. I hope you'll accept my apology. "I often remember that big man. I think of the effort and courage it took f or him to come back to apologize. He was man at last.And I remember that after I closed the door, my eyes blurred, as I stood i n the hallway for a few moments alone.1. On what occasion is the author likely to be moved?A. A young person cheated of the best things in life.B. A genius athlete breaks a world record.C. A little girl suffers from an incurable disease.D. When the curtain comes down on a touching play.2. What does "dirty pool" at the end of the second paragraph mean?A. Improper deedsB. BriberyC. ChicaneryD. Dirty transaction3. Why didn't the writer's wife and friends insist on asking him what had reall y happened?A. They sensed that something terrible happened.B. They were afraid that the writer might lose face if they insisted.C. It was not their business.D. They tried to calm the writer in this way.4. What touched the writer in the end?A. The big man's courage to admit his mistake.B. The big man's sincerity and confession.C. The big man's wretched experience.D. The man at his best.Passage 2In developing a model of cognition, we must recognize that perception of the external world does not always remain independent of motivation. While progress toward maturity is positively correlated with differentiation between m otivation and cognition, tension will, even in the mature adult, militate towards a narrowing of the range of perception.Cognition can be seen as the first step in the sequence events leading fro m the external stimulus to the behavior of the individual. The child develops f rom belief that all things are an extension of its own body to the recognition that objects exist independent of his perception. He begins to demonstrate awar eness of people and things which are removed from his sensory apparatus and initiates goal-directed behaviors. He may, however, refuse to recognize the exi stence of barriers to the attainment of his goal, despite the fact that his cogniti on of these objects has been previously demonstrated.In the primitive beings, goal-directed behavior can be very simple motivat ed. The presence of an attractive object will cause an infant to reach for it; it s removal will result in the cessation of that action. Studies have shown no ev idence of the infant's frustration; rather, it appears that the infant ceases to des ire the object when he cannot see it. Further indications are that the infant's at tention to the attractive object increase as a result of its not being in his grasp. In fact, if he holds a toy and another is presented, he is likely to drop the fi rst in order to clutch the second. Often, once he has the one desired in his ha nds, he loses attention and turns to something else.In adult life, mere cognition can be similarly motivational,although the visible presence of the opportunity is not required as the instigator of response. The mature adult modifies his reaction by obtaining information, interpreting it, and examining consequences. He formulates a hypothesis and attempts to test it. He searches out implicit relationships, examines all factors, and differentiates among them. Just as the trained artist can separate the value of color, compo sition, and technique, while taking in and evaluating the whole work, so, too, t he mature person brings his cognitive learning strengths to bear in appraising a situation.Understanding that cognition is separate from action, his reactions are only minimally guided from conditioning, and take into consideration anticipatable events.The impact of the socialization process, particularly that of parental and so cial group ideology, may reduce cognitively directed behavior. The tension thus produced, as for instance the stress of fear, anger, or extreme emotion, will o ften be the overriding influence.The evolutionary process of development from body schema through cogni tive learning is similarly manifested in the process of language acquisition. Au diting develop first, reading and writing much later on. Not only is this eviden t in the development of the individual being from infancy on, but also in the development of language for humankind.Every normal infant has the physiological equipment necessary to produce sound, but the child must first master their use for sucking, biting, and chewin g before he can control his equipment for use in producing the sounds of lang uage. The babble and chatter of the infant are precursors to intelligiblevocal c ommunication.From the earlier times, it is clear that language and human thought have been intimately connected. Sending or receiving messages, from primitive warni ngs of danger to explaining creative or reflective thinking, this aspect of cognit ive development is also firmly linked to the needs and aspirations of society.5. How does the child develop his perception?A. His strong motivations give rise to perception.B. He holds the conviction that things around him are parts of an extended body andlater on gives it up.C. Parents and teachers play a key role in his development of cognition.D. He believes that objects around him are dependent on his perception.6. What stimulates adults' motivational cognition?A. Predictable presence of opportunities.B. Visible signs of opportunities.C. Instigators.D. Approachable information.7. What is the influence of socialization process?A. It may produce tension.B. It may produce extreme emotion.C. It may reduce one's cognitively guided behaviors.D. all of the above.8. What links cognitive development to the needs of society?A. Practical purpose.B. Natural human cognitive development.C. Language.D. Sending or receiving messages.Passage 3Every minute of every day, what ecologist James Carlton calls a global ―c onveyor belt‖ redistributes ocean organisms. It‘s a planetwide biological disrupti on that scientists have barely begun to understand.Dr. Carlton –an oceanographer at Williams College in Williams town, M ass. –explains that, at any given moment, ―there are several thou sand [marine] species [traveling] … in the ballast water of ships.‖ These creatures move fro m coastal waters where they fit into the local web of life to places where so me of them could tear that web apart. This is the larger dimension of the infa mous invasion of fish-destroying, pipe-clogging zebra mussels.Such voracious invaders at least make their presence known. What concer ns Carlton and his fellow marine ecologists is the lack of knowledge about the hundreds of alien invaders that quietly enter coastal waters around the world every day. Many of them probably just die out. Some benignly –or every ben eficially –join the local scene. But some will make trouble.In one sense, this is an old story. Organisms have ridden ships for centuri es. They have cl ung to hulls and come along with cargo. What‘ new is the sc ale and speed of the migrations made possible by the massive volume of ship-ballast water –taken in to provide ship stability –continuously moving around the world….Ships load up with ballast water and its inhabitants in coastal waters of o ne port and dump the ballast in another port that may be thousands of kilomet ers away. A single load can run to hundreds of thousands of gallons. Some larger ships take on as much as 40 million gallons. Thecreatures that come alo ng tend to be in their larva freefloating stage. When discharged in alien waters they can mature into crabs, jellyfish, slugs, and many other forms.Since the problem involves coastal species, simply banning ballast dumps i n coastal waters would, in theory, solve it. Coastal organisms in ballast water that is flushed into midocean would not survive. Such a ban has worked for t he North American Inland Waterway. But it would be hard to enforce it world wide. Heating ballast water or straining it should also halt the species spread. But before any such worldwide regulations were imposed, scientists would nee d a clearer view of what is going on.The continuous shuffling of marine organisms has changed the biology of the sea on a global scale. It can have devastating effects as in the case of the American comb jellyfish that recently invaded the black Sea. It has destroyed that sea‘s anchovy fishery by eating anchovy eggs. It may soon spread to we stern and northern European waters.The marit ime nations that created the biological ―conveyor belt‖ should su pport a coordinated international effort to find out what is going on and what should be done about it.9. According to Dr. Carlton, ocean organisms areA. being moved to new environments.B. destroying the planet.C. succumbing to the zebra mussel.D. developing alien characteristics.10. Oceanographers are concerned becauseA. their knowledge of this phenomenon is limited.B. they believe the oceans are dying.C. they fear an invasion from outer-space.D. they have identified thousands of alien webs.11. According to Marine ecologists, transplanted marine speciesA. may upset the ecosystems of coastal waters.B. are all compatible with one another.C. can only survive in their home waters.D. sometimes disrupt shipping lanes.12. The identified cause of the problem isA. the rapidity with which larvae mature.B. a common practice of the shipping industry.C. a centuries old species.D. the world wide movement of ocean currents.13. The article suggests that a solution to the problemA. is unlikely to be identified.B. must precede further research.C. is hypothetically easy.D. will limit global shipping.Passage 4And so I am to write a story—but of what, and where? Shall it be radia nt with the sky of Italy or eloquent with the beau ideal of Greece? Shall it br eathe odor and languor from the orient, or chivalry from the occident? or gaye ty from France? or vigor from England? No, no; these are all too old—my o wn New England; the land of bright fires and strong hearts; the land of deeds, and not of words; the land of fruits, and not of flowers; the land often spoke n against, yet always respected: ― the latchet of whose shoes the nations of th e earth are not worthy to unloose.‖Now from this very heroic apostrophe, you may suppose that I have some thing very heroic to tell. By no means. It is merely a little introductory breeze of patriotism, such as occasionally brushes over every mind, bearing on its wi ngs the remembranceof all we ever loved and cherished in the land of our ea rly years; and if it should seem to be rodomontade to any people in other p art s of the earth, let them only imagine it to be said about ―Old Kentucky‖, ―Ol d England‖, or any other corner of the world in which they happened to be b orn and they will find it quite rational.But, as touching our story, it is time to begin. Did you ever see the little village of Newbury, in New England? I dare say you never did; for it was j ust one of those out-of-the-way places where nobody ever came unless they ca me on purpose: a green little hollow, wedged like a bird‘s next between half a doze n high hills, that kept off the wind and kept out foreigners; so that the little place was s straitly sui generis as if there were not another in the world. The inhabitants were all of that respectable old steadfast family who make it a point to be born, bred, married, to die, and be buried all in the selfsame sp ot. There were just so many houses, and just so many people lived in them; a nd nobody ever seemed to be sick, or to die either, at least while I was there. The natives grew old till they could not grow any older, and then they stood still, and lasted from generation to generation. There was, too, an unchangeabi lity about all the externals of Newbury. Here was a red house, and there was a brown house, and across the way was a yellow house; and there was a straggling rail fence or a tribe of mullein stalks between. The minister lived here, and Squire Moses lived there, and Deacon Hart lived under the hill, and Mes srs. Nadab and Abihu Peters lived by the crossroad, and the old ―wider‖ Smit h lived b y the meeting-house, and Ebenezer Camp kept a shoemaker‘s shop on one side, and Patience Mosely kept a m illiner‘s shop in front;and there was old Comfort Scran, who kept a store for the whole town, and sold axeheads, brass thimbles, licorice balls, fancy handkerchiefs, and everything else you can think of. Here, too, was the general post-office, where you might see letters marvelously folded, directed wrong side upward, stamped with a thimble, and s uperscribed to some of the Dollys, or Pollys, or Peters, or Moseses aforename d or not named.For the rest, as to manners, morals, arts, and sciences, the people in New bury always went to their parties at three o‘clock in the afternoon, and came home before dark; always stopped all work the minute the sun was down on Saturday night; always went to meeting on Sunday; had a schoolhouse with all the ordinary inconveniences; were in neighborly charity with each other; read their Bibles, feared their God, and were content with such things as they had —the best philosophy, after all.14.In the first paragraph the author contrasts the East and the West asA.indolent and gallant.B. charming and rude.C. foreign and familiar.D. passive and aggressive.15. In the second paragraph we can see that the author assumes her readersA. prefer rigorous arguments.B. share similar feelings.C. need a lot of persuading.D. dislike figurative language.16. The author chooses New England as her subject matter because sheknows it well and because its inhabitants areA. talkative rather than diligent.B. productive rather than self-indulgent.C. romantic rather than serious.D. charming rather than admired.17. The facts in the passage indicate that village of Newbury isA. accustomed to seeing vagabonds.B. a densely populated area.C. socially and politically progressive.D. located in a remote part of the country.18. The author‘s view of Newbury isA. retrospective.B. detached.C. impartial.D. skeptical.Passage 5Just over 10 years ago, Ingmar Bergman announced that the widely acclai med Fanny and Alexander would mark his last hurrah as s filmmaker. Althoug h some critics had written him off as earnest but ponderous, others were sadde ned by the departure of an artist who had explored cinematic moods –from h igh tragedy to low comedy –during his four-decade career.What nobody foresaw was that Bergman would find a variety of ways to circumvent his own retirement –directing television movies, staging theater pro ductions, and writing screenplays for other filmmakers to direct. His latest ente rprise as a screenwriter, Sunday’s Children, completes a trilogy of family-orient ed movies that began with Fanny and Alexander and continued with The Best Intentions written by Bergman and directed by Danish filmmaker Bille August.Besides dea ling with members of Bergman‘s family in byg one times –it begins a few years after The Best Intentions leaves off –the new picture was directed by Daniel Bergman, his youngest son. Although it lacks the urgency a nd originality of the elder Bergman‘s grea test achievements, such as The Silen ce and Persona, it has enough visual and emotional interest to make a worthy addition to his body of work.Set in rural Sweden during the late 1920s, the story centers on a young b oy named Pu, clearly modeled on Ingmar Bergman himself. Pu‘s father is a co untry clergyman whose duties include traveling to the capital and ministering t o the royal family. While this is an enviable position, it doesn‘t assuage probl ems in the pastor‘s marriage. Pu is young enough to be fa irly oblivious to suc h difficulties, but his awareness grows with the passage of time. So do the su btle tensions that mark Pu‘s own relationship with his father, whose desire to show affection and compassion is hampered by a certain stiffness in his demea nor and chilliness in his emotions.The film‘s m ost resonant passages take place when Pu learns to see his f ather with new clarity while accompanying him on a cross-country trip to another parish. In a remarkable change of tone, this portion of the story is punctua ted with flash-forwards to a time 40 years in the future, showing the relations hip between parent and child to be dramatically reversed. The father is now ca red for by the son, and desires a forgiveness for past shortcomings that the yo unger man resolutely refuses to grant.Brief and abrupt though they are, these scenes make a pungent contrast w ith the sunny landscapes and comic interludes in the early part of the movie.Sunday’s Children is a film of many levels, and all are skillfully handled by Daniel Bergman in his directional debut. Gentle scenes of domestic content ment are sensitively interwoven with intimations of underlying malaise. While t he more nostalgic sequences are photographed with an eye-dazzling beauty that occasionally threatens to become cloying, any such result is foreclosed by the jagged interruptions of the flash-forward sequences –an intrusive device that few filmmakers are agile enough to handle successfully, but that is put to imp ressive use by the Bergman team.Henrik Linnros gives a smartly turned performance as young Pu, and Tho mmy Berggren –who starred in the popular Elvira Madigan years ago –is st eadily convincing as his father. Top honors go to the screenplay, though, whic h carries the crowded canvas of Fanny and Alexander and the emotional ambi guity of The Best Intentions into fresh and sometimes fascinating territory.19. Over the years critical views of Bergmans‘ work haveA. without exception been positive.B. deplored his seriousness.C. often been antithetical.D. usually focused on his personality.20. The subject matter of Sunday’s ChildrenA. is presented chronologically.B. takes place in the 19th century.C. occurs all in one locale.D. is derived from reminiscences.21. From the passage we can infer that Pu‘s father is portrayed as aA. demonstrative and caring parent.B. reserved and reticent man.。

青岛科技大学2006年研究生入学考试试卷考试科目：西方经济学（答案全部写在答题纸上）一、解释下列经济学概念，并说明二者的差异（每题5分，共30分）1.内生变量和外生变量2.基数效用与序数效用3.显性成本和隐含成本4.平均收益和边际收益5.基尼系数和恩格尔系数6.投资乘数和加速数二、从下列各题目中选择1个最佳答案，并将答案的序号填在括号内（每题2分，共20分）1.如果某产品零部件价格上升,将导致该产品（）A.需求曲线左移,均衡价格下降;B.需求曲线右移,均衡价格上升;C.供给曲线左移,均衡价格上升;D.供给曲线右移,均衡价格下降2.能够使厂商通过降价让利扩大销售收入,实现"薄利多销"的产品一般是（）A.农产品及生活必需品B.奢侈品C. 所有商品D.低档商品3.同一条无异曲线的不同点表示（）A.购买能力相同B.不同商品组合对同一消费者效用相同C. 对不同消费者具相同效用水平D.支出水平相同4.在从原点出发的直线（射线）与TC曲线的切点上，AC的数值（）A.最小B.处于下降状态C.等于AVCD.最大5.商品X的市场供给曲线是经过原点的一条直线，供给的价格弹性应（）A、不随X的价格变化而变化B、随着X的价格上升而下降C、随着X的价格上升而上升D、由X的供给量确定6.当价格下降时，对于劣等商品的替代效应与收入效应，下列说法正确的是（）A.替代效应为负，收入效应为正B.替代效应为负，收入效应为负C.替代效应为正，收入效应为正D.替代效应为正，收入效应为负7.如果产权界定是清楚的，外部效应就不可能发生（）A.在自由交易的情况下是这样B.产权界定仅是解决问题的一种方式C.在政府干预条件下是这样的D.产权与外部性没有关系8.国民收入的恒等式为Y＝C＋I＋G＋NX，当政府雇佣失业工人并使他们得到与失业救济金等量的工资，（）A.这时该国的GDP不会发生任何变化，因为C、I、G、NX各项均未改变。

B.这时该国的GDP会增加与被雇用人员所得工资等量的数额，并反映在C的增加上。

2006年青岛科技大学630基础英语考研真题青岛科技大学2006年研究生入学考试试卷A考试科目：基础英语(答案全部写在答题纸上)I.．Structure and Vocabulary (18 points)Directions: Complete each of the sentences with the most likely answer.1.Emphasis is laid on the necessity that all the objectives to be attained ______ intoaccount before starting a new project.A. be taken．．B. were taken．．C. should take．．D. had been taken2.We can assign the task to ______ is capable and trustworthy.A. whomever．．B. who．．．．C. whom．．．D. whoever3.The Smithsonian Institution preserves more than sixty-five million items ofscientific, historical, or artistic interest, ______ winning the popular title, “attic of the nation”.A. however．．B. and．．．．C. thus．．．．D. moreover4.We came early and had to wait two hours before the ceremony began. We ______.A. should not hurry．．．．．B. must ho have hurriedC. need not hurry．．．．．．D. need not have hurried5.______, the white mountain goat is an extremely sure-footed animal that escapesfrom its predators by living in the most rugged, rocky landscapes.A. Rarely seen．．．．．．B. Having been rarely seenC. Being rarely seen．．．．．D. Rarely to be seen6. Nick would certainly have got there on time ______.A. if the flat tire hadn’t happened．B. if he didn’t get a flat tireC. had he not had a flat tire．．．D. had the tire hadn’t flattened itself7. Most electronic devices of this kind, ______ manufactured for such purposes, aretightly packed.A. that are．．B. as are．．．．C. which is．．．D. it is8. Britain’s press is unusual ______ it is divided into two very different types ofnewspaper: the quality press and the popular press.A. in how．．B. in what．．．C. in which．．．D. in that9. ______ he needed money for his mother’s operation, the driver resisted thetemptation to keep the fat wallet a customer had left behind in the car.A. Much as．．B. So much．．．C. As much．．．D. Much so10. I wouldn’t say I was a non-believer, but I don’t have any burning religious______.A. certainty．．B. convictions．．C. superiority．．D. rebellion11. He believed that age alone would not ______ him from standing as a candidate.A. contrive．．B. intervene．．．C. suppress．．．D. preclude12. Most people believe that parenthood is an experience nothing else can ______.A. compile．．B. duplicate．．．C. imitate．．．D. compete13. Breathing polluted air may ______ affect an individual’s respiratory capacity.A. detrimentallyB. consequentlyC. occasionallyD. inadvertently14. Einstein’s work provided the ______ for a major shift in the field of physics.A. cradle．．B. efficiency．．．C. impetus．．．D. proficiency15. Research suggests that children who leave primary school without a firmgrounding in ______ and numeracy never catch up.A. etiquette．．B. character．．．C. personality．．D. literacy16. The most ______ of all Olympic events is the decathlon.A. exhilaratingB. gruesomeC. grueling ．D. creative17. Shakespear’s plays are ______ to various interpretations.A. compatible．B. incredulous．．C. susceptible．．D. imperative18. Official business requirements obviously take ______ over personal requests.A. priority．．B. orientation．．C. prestige．．．D. collaborationII. Paraphrase the following sentences (20 points)1.Conversation is not for making a point.2.The phrase, “the King’s English”, has always been used a little pejorativelyand even facetiously by the lower classes.3.This peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.4.…before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf allhumanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.5.Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.6.…while Englishness i s not hostile to change, it is deeply suspicious of changefor change’s sake.7.The universalizing imperative of technology is irresistible.8.Prohibition afforded the young the additional opportunity of making theirpleasures illicit.9.The propaganda for abolition speaks in hushed tones of the sanctity ofhuman life.10.New York even prides itself on being a holdout from prevailing Americantrends.III. Identify the rhetorical devices in the following sentences (10 points)1. Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboringthose problems which divide us.2.We can batten down and ride it out.3.A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof offthe house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air.4.The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away.5.Wind and rain now whipped the house.6.Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees.7.Blowndown power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads.8.The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and its seeds multiplied,and floated to the ends of the earth.9.You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars and theconstellations of outer space.10. And this is true, whether they are wearing bowler hats or ungovernablemops of hair.IV. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese (16 points)Some battles have been won or lost because the commander of a large force, arriving late, decided almost at the last moment to change sides. I feel that a powerful section of English workers, together with their union bosses, is in the same situation as that commander just before he could make up his mind. These men believe that if there is a “Good Life’ going, then it’s high time they had their share of it. But some remaining Englishness in them whispers that there may be a catch in it. Where’s this ‘Good life’ in sweating your guts out, just because the managers are on the productivity-per-man-hour caper? It’s all a racket anyhow. If we don’t work like the old man used to do, we’re not turning out the honest stuff the old man was expected to turn out. It’s the profit now, not the product.V. Reading Comprehension (46 points)Directions: There are five passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then write your choice on the answer sheet.Passage 1I cry easily. I once burst into tears when the curtain came down on the KirovBallet's "Swan Lake". I still choke up every time I see a film of Roger Bannister breaking the "impossible" four minute mark for the mile. I figure I am moved by witnessing men and women at their best. But they need not be great men and women, doing great things.Take the night, some years ago, when my wife and I were going to dinner at a friend's house in New York city. It was sleeting. As we hurried toward the house, with its welcoming light, I noticed a car pulling out from the curb. Just ahead, another car was waiting to back into the parking space -- a rare commodity in crowded Manhattan. But before he could do so another car came up from behind, and sneaked into the spot. That's dirty pool, I thought.While my wife went ahead into our friend's house, I stepped into the street to give the guilty driver a piece of my mind. A man in work clothes rolled down the window."Hey," I said, "this parking space belongs to that guy," I gestured toward the man ahead, who was looking back angrily. I thought I was being a good Samaritan, I guess -- and I remember that the moment I was feeling pretty manly in my new trench coat."Mind your own business!" the driver told me."No," I said. "You don't understand. That fellow was waiting to back into this space."Things quickly heated up, until finally he leaped out of the car. My God, he was colossal. He grabbed me and bent me back over the hood of his car as if I was a rag。

X
c
0 . 1 kg / kg 绝干料，平衡含水量
2 2 X * 0.01kg / kg 绝干料； 已知干燥面积为 48 m ， 恒速阶段的干燥速率 U c 2.2kg /( m h) ，
假定降速阶段干燥速率与自由含水量 ( X X *) 呈直线关系，则所需干燥时间为若干。
七、简要回答下述问题： （24 分，每小题 4 分） (1) 离心泵启动和关闭时出口阀门为何先关闭？ (2)菲克定律 (3) 双膜理论 (4)画出负荷性能图并标注各线名称 （5）进料热状况参数 (6)湿球温度 八、 （16 分）设计一套实验装置要求既可以测量总传热系数，又可同时测量对流传热系数，标注仪 表、仪器名称。并简要说明试验步骤，需要测量那些参数。？
2
单位为 m3/min） ，求该管路的输送量（单位为 m3/min） 。 三、 （20 分）一列管式换热器，管径为φ25mm×2.5mm，传热面积为 10m （按管外径计） 。今拟用于 使 80℃的饱和苯蒸气冷凝、冷却到 50℃。苯走管外，流量为 1.25kg/s；冷却水走管内与苯逆 流，流量为 6kg/s，进口温度为 10℃。现已估算出苯冷凝、冷却时的对流传热系数分别为 2 2 2 1600W/(m ·K)和 850 W/(m ·K)；水的对流传热系数为 2500W/(m ·K)。忽略管壁两侧污垢热阻 3 3 和管壁热阻。已知水和苯（液体）的比热容分别为 4.18×10 J/(kg·K)和 1.76×10 J/(kg·K)， 3 苯蒸气在 80℃的冷凝潜热为 395×10 J/kg。问此换热器是否合用？ 四、(20 分）在一具有 N 块理论板的精馏塔中分离苯-甲苯混合液。进料量 F=100kmol/h，进料中苯 的摩尔分率 xF=0.45 ，泡点进料，加料板为第四块理论板（从上往下数） ，塔釜上升蒸气量 V'=140kmol/h，回流比 R=2.11。已测得塔顶出料中苯的摩尔分率为 xD=0.901。已知苯-甲苯体系 的相对挥发度α=2.47。试求：(1) 精馏段、提馏段的操作线方程； （2）离开第 1~4 块理论板的 苯的液相组成； （3）此时加料位置是否合适？ 五、 （20 分）在逆流操作的填料塔中,用清水吸收焦炉气中的氨,氨的浓度为 8g/标准 m ,混合气体处 3 理量为 4500 标准 m /h。 氨的回收率为 95%， 吸收剂用量为最小用量的 1.5 倍。 空塔气速为 1.2m/s。 3 0.7 气相体积总吸收系数 KYa 为 0.06kmol/（m ·h） ，且 KYa 正比于 V ， （V 为惰性气体处理量） 。操 作压强为 101.33kPa，温度为 30℃，在操作条件下气液平衡关系为 Y=1.2X。试求： （1）用水量， kg/h； （2）塔径和塔高，m； （3）若混合气体处理量增加 20%，要求吸收率不变，则需增加的填 料层高度，m。(氨分子量 17)

青岛科技大学考研历年真题之考研历年真题之材料科学基础2006--2012年考研真题青岛科技大学2006年研究生入学考试试卷考试科目：材料科学基础（答案全部写在答题纸上）1. 选择题（只有一个正确答案）：（30分）1) A 和A-B 合金焊合后发生柯肯达尔效应，测得界面向A 试样方向移动，则__________。

A. A 组元的扩散速率大于B 组元B. B 组元的扩散速率大于A 组元C. 和扩散速率大小无关2) 立方晶体中（110）和（211）面同属于__________晶带。

A. [110] B. [100] C. [211] D [111]3) __________, 位错滑移的派－纳力越小。

A.位错宽度越大B.滑移方向上的原子间距越大C. 相邻位错的距离越大4) 对面心立方晶体暴露在晶体外表面最可能的晶面是__________。

A ．(110)B ．(111)C ．(100)5) 在置换型固溶体中，原子扩散的方式一般为·。

A.原子互换机制 B 间隙机制 C 空位机制6) 形成临界晶核时体积自由能的减少只能补偿表面能的。

A 1/3B 2/3C 3/4D 1/27) 铸铁与碳钢的区别在于有无。

A 莱氏体B 珠光体C 铁素体8) 面心立方（fcc ）结构的铝晶体中，每个铝原子在本层（111）面上的原子配位数为。

A 12B 6C 4D 39) 简单立方晶体的致密度为。

A 100%B 65%C 52%D 58%10) 不能发生攀移运动的位错是。

A 肖克莱不全位错B 弗兰克不全位错C 刃型全位错2. 简要回答下列问题：(20分)1)金属凝固的驱动力和阻力是什么？ 2)金属凝固时形核功的来源是什么？ 3)金属原子扩散的驱动力是什么？影响扩散最主要的因素是什么？4)晶界偏析的驱动力是什么？ 5)对于单晶体来说主要变形方式是什么？ 6)回复和再结晶转变的驱动力是什么？ 7)金属的空位形成能和迁移能与金属的熔点有和关系？ 8) 金属晶体中出现空位时，将会引起体积和密度怎样变化？3. 在立方晶系中画出（111）和)111(两晶面，标出二者的交线，并指出交线晶向指标。

2006年山东青岛科技大学企业管理考研真题A卷第一部分：管理学原理（共100分）一.名词解释:(每小题4分，共16分)1.领导2.组织3.产品部门化4.权力二.简答题:(每小题10分，共30分)1.试解释中国传统管理思想中“顺道、重人、利器”三个重要观点及对我们今天的现代企业管理工作的启示2.试说明控制工作的主要过程环节。

3.试归纳Z理论的主要观点。

三.论述题:(每小题15分，共30分)1.论述菲德勒的权变理论的主要观点。

2.试述“委员会管理”的优势和劣势，举例说明企业中何种类型的管理事务适合采取委员会管理方式，怎样确定委员会人选？四.案例分析:(24分)亨利的困惑亨利已经在数据系统公司工作了5个年头。

在这期间，他从普通编程员上升到了资深的程序编制分析员。

他对自己所服务的这家公司相当满意，很为工作中的创造性要求所激励。

一个周末的下午，亨利和他的朋友及同事迪安一起打高尔夫球。

他了解到他所在的部门新雇了一位刚从大学毕业的程序编制分析员。

尽管亨利是个好脾气的人，但当他听说这新来者的起薪仅比他现在的工资少30美元时，不仅发火了。

亨利迷惑不解。

他感到这里一定有问题。

下周一的早上，亨利找到了人事部主任埃德华，问他自己听说的这事是不是真的，埃德华带有歉意的说，确有这么回事。

但他试图解释公司的处境：“亨利，编程分析员的市场相当紧俏。

为使公司能吸引合格的人员，我们不得不提供较高的起薪。

我们非常需要增加一名编程分析员，因此我们只能这么做。

”亨利问能否相应调高他的工资。

埃德华回答说：“你的工资需按照正常的绩效评估时间评定后再调。

你干得非常不错。

我相信老板到时候会给你提薪的。

”亨利向埃德华道了声“打扰了。

”便离开了他的办公室，边走边不停的摇头，很对自己在公司的前途感到疑虑。

1.本案例描述的事件对亨利的工作动力会产生什么样的影响？那一种激励理论可以更好的解释亨利的困惑？为什么？2.你觉得埃德华的解释会让亨利感到满意吗？请说明理由。