按照内容分为两类：
一、文科文章—两点注意： 1.文章态度 2.抓住文章主题1）把握主题后不会偏差理解2）与主题相关的选项为优选选项
二、理科文章
1.试验型（Study\Experiment\Research\Test）
2.科技成果型（e.g. Artificial Heart）
3.现象解释型
按照体裁分为三类：
一、说明文 1.抓住说明对象 2.重要数据事实
二、议论文属于文科类文章
三、记叙文
阅读中难点句型：
一、多重复合句----关键抓住主句主干成分
二、多重并列句----两个主句并列在一起，而非主句从句嵌套在一起
三、强调句----被强调部分为主语、宾语、状语It is that…
四、被动句----基本结构A is done by B
五、倒装句----否定词hardly, rarely, seldom, never, not until, not only 引起句子倒装
六、省略句----e.g. He is a good man, so am I.
建议采用的阅读方法：
一、扫描题干，大致了解题目类型及分布，将其中细节题题干关键词划出。
二、速读原文，遇到题干关键词或其同义词时做适当标记；关注考试原则句。
考试原则句：重要句（各段首句，文章末句，结论、解释句），转折句，条件句，因果关系句，复合句等难句（多重复合、多重并列、强调句、倒装句），时间，数字，人名，比较。
三、定位答案，正确选项为文章对应语句的同义改写。
题型攻略：
一、主题题(main idea/ mainly/ mainly discuss/mainly concerned/ central/ primary)
两种变体：1.写作目的题型purpose of writing2.文章标题题型the best title
做题方法：1.找主题句 2.找主体词（通常在文章中出现频率较高，往往会在第一段出现，且带有概括性的词语）
二、细节题类型：1.对错题2.例证题 3.一般细节题做题方法：准确定位
三、词汇题
类型：1.指代题2.词义题
做题方法：1.根据上下文关系
2.构词法（词根词缀）
st（位置不变）:st ay--st and--st ationary--st reet--st ar--st atue--st atus
pose（放置）:pos ition-ex pose (ex向外: exit-export) pro pose (pro向前) sup pose (sup/sub在下面: subway--submarine)
de pose (de否定) deposit (de向下) inter pose (inter: internet, international)
背单词方法
1. 词根词缀
2. 阅读记忆
3. 联想记忆
如：handsome（其中：h很，s帅，m嘛→英俊的）morose（mo没有，rose玫瑰→郁闷的）
ancillary（an + cillary希拉里→辅助的）
四、推理题(infer-imply-suggest-indicate-conclude)
正确答案特点：文章对应内容的同义改写
五、作者态度题(attitude-be seen as)
做题方法：1.找作者直接评价语句 2.找表达感情色彩的形容词、动词、副词
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
21. The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly _________.
A) for oceanographic studies B) for military purposes
C) for business consideration s D) for investigating the depths of the oceans
22. It was ________ that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies.
A) the American Navy B) some early intercontinental travellers
C) those who earned a living from the sea D) the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable
23. The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840s was __________.
A) to make some sound experiments in the oceans B) to collect samples of sea plants and animals
C) to estimate the length of cable that was to be made D) to measure the depths of two oceans
24. 'Defied'in the 5th paragraph probably means ________
A) 'doubted' B) 'gave proof to' C) 'challenged' D) 'agreed to'
25. This passage is mainly about _________
A) the beginnings of oceanography B) the laying of the first undersea cable
C) the investigation of ocean depths D) the early intercontinental communications
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
Oceanography has been defined as 'The application of all sciences to the study of the sea'.
注：1.Oceanography 由Ocean (海洋) 和graphy (学科)组成，意为“海洋学”
2.application 表示“申请”用介词for,表示“应用”用介词to
3.第一句给某个东西下定义，称为篇章定义，必为文章主题
Before the nineteenth century, scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant (不愿意) to go to sea to further his work.
注：1.第二段：在十九世纪之前，对海洋感兴趣的科学家很少，可以推断本文根据时间顺序来描述海洋学发展的过程
2.further 跟在to 后面是个动词，表示“推进”
For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question 'What is at the bottom of the oceans?' had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile (起伏形状) of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.
注：1. remote 遥远的
2. and with...多重复合句
3. intercontinental 洲际的（Inter 在之间，continent 大洲）
4. let alone 更不用说……
5. first time 由不感兴趣转折到感兴趣，谓语是was
6. 第二句that引导同位语从句，when引导表语从句，整句意思为“当有人基于商业目的建议在美国和欧洲之间铺设电报电缆的时候，人们才提出问题：海底是什么？”
7.route 路线router 路由器
It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings (测深) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.
注：1. it was ...that...强调句型 2. turn to sb. for sth. 向某人请教某事
3. 出现问题中划线词：Maury,1840s 3. investigate 调查，测量
The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.
注：1.not until 引导的句子要倒装 2.living growth 生物 3.a fact 作同位语
4.contemporary 当代的
5.defy 前后意思相反，可以推出24题答案为C
24. 'Defied' in the 5th paragraph probably means ________
A) 'doubted' B) 'gave proof to' C) 'challenged' D) 'agreed to' 注：词汇题。定位倒数第二段
Within a few years oceanography was under way. In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition (考察), which lasted for four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea. Their classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-volume report, the last volume being published in 1895.
注：oceanography 最末一段与第一段首句都出现oceanagraphy, 回环结构。
21. The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly _________.
A) for oceanographic studies B) for military purposes
C) for business considerations D) for investigating the depths of the oceans
注：推理题。定位第三段,倒数第三行。选项 D 的内容出现在第四段，为窜段选项
For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question 'What is at the bottom of the oceans?' had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile (起伏形状) of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.
22. It was ________ that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies.
A) the American Navy B) some early intercontinental travellers
C) those who earned a living from the sea D) the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable
注：细节题。定位第四段,选项B和C是窜段选项
It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings (测深) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.
23. The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840s was __________.
A) to make some sound experiments in the oceans
B) to collect samples of sea plants and animals
C) to estimate the length of cable that was to be made
D)to measure the depths of two oceans
注：1.细节题。定位第四段，第二行。 2.B 和C 是窜段选项，A选项中的sound和文章中的sounding含义不同。
It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings (测深) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.
24. 'Defied' in the 5th paragraph probably means ________
A) 'doubted' B) 'gave proof to' C) 'challenged' D) 'agreed to'
注：词汇题。定位倒数第二段,defy 前后意思相反，可以推出24题答案为C
25. This passage is mainly about _________
A)the beginnings of oceanography B) the laying of the first undersea cable
C) the investigation of ocean depths D) the early intercontinental communications
注：主题题。主题关键词为oceanography
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
1. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about ____.
A) relationships between causes and results B) classification of reasoning
C)some other common types of reasoning D) some special type of reasoning
2. According to the passage, to do the "effect to effect" reasoning is to reason ____.
A) from cause to effect B) from effect to cause
C) from effect to effect and on to cause D) from effect to cause and on to another effect
3. A necessary cause is ____.
A) one without which it is impossible for the effect to occur B) one of the causes that can produce the effect
C) one that is enough to make the effect occur D) none of them
4. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been cut off.
The power failure is a ____.
A) necessary cause B) sufficient cause C) contributory cause D) none of them
5. This passage mainly discusses ____.
A) causal reasoning B) classification of cause C) various types of reasoning D) the causal process
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition（营养不良）, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage (污水、污物）in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination?
注：1.reasoning推理 2.第一句Another...下结论，是主题句
3.第二、三句We want to ...an examination?是举例,可以略读
4.malnutrition 中“mal”是表示“不好”的前缀；overnutrition 营养过剩
Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect. Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator won't work we first relate the effect (lights out) to the cause (power off) and then relate that cause to another effect. This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect. It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out we might reason in the following causal chain: lights out-power off-refrigerator not working -temperature will rise-milk will sour. In other words, we diagnose （判定）a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.
注：1.causal 原因的，因果关系的
2.三种推理方式：从原因到结果、从结果到原因、从结果到原因再到另一个结果，第三种更重要
3.extensive 广泛的，来自extend延伸extensive reading 泛读
4.In other words 换而言之a succession of 一系列
5.本段讲关系链
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory（起辅助作用的）. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion (燃烧)，is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided (独自的), though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugs（火花塞）or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians (行人) or other cars in the intersection-must also be present.
注：intersection 交叉路口inter+section
In establishing or refuting (驳斥，反斥) a causal relation it is usually necessary to show the process by which the alleged (所宣称的，所指称的) cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal process.
注：在证实或驳斥因果关系需要把推理过程显示出来，如灯灭了，牛奶变酸：灯灭了-停电-冰箱不工作-温度上升-牛奶变酸
1. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about ____.
A) relationships between causes and results B) classification of reasoning
C)some other common types of reasoning D) some special type of reasoning
注：文章之前的段落内容=首句+结构提示词，one-the other/some-another
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition（营养不良）, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage (污水、污物）in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination?
2. According to the passage, to do the "effect to effect" reasoning is to reason
A) from cause to effect B) from effect to cause
C) from effect to effect and on to cause D) from effect to cause and on to another effect
3. A necessary cause is ____.
A) one without which it is impossible for the effect to occur B) one of the causes that can produce the effect
C) one that is enough to make the effect occur D) none of them
注：第三段，A选项是必须在场的相同意思的改写。B选项是原因之一，sufficient cause，C选项没有"必须"含义。
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory（起辅助作用的）. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion (燃烧)，is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided (独自的), though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugs（火花塞）or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians (行人) or other cars in the intersection-must also be present.
4. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been cut off.
The power failure is a ____.
A) necessary cause B) sufficient cause
C) contributory cause D) none of them
注：断电不是冰箱不工作的必要原因，而是原因之一，冰箱坏了也可以导致冰箱不工作。
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory（起辅助作用的）. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion (燃烧)，is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided (独自的), though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugs（火花塞）or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians (行人) or other cars in the intersection-must also be present.
5. This passage mainly discusses ____.
A) causal reasoning B) classification of cause
C) various types of reasoning D) the causal process
注：主题题。文中只提到因果关系推理的几种操作方法
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause
lung cancer, what cause malnutrition（营养不良）, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage (污水、污物）in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination?
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:
6. The author's purpose writing this passage is to tell ____.
A) readers how to be popular in with around B) teen-agers how to learn to decide things for themselves
C) parents how to control and guide their children D) people how to understand and respect each other
7. According to the author, many teen-agers think they are brave enough to act on their own, but, in fact, most of them ____.
A) have much difficulty understanding each other B) lack confidence
C) dare not cope with problems single-handed D) are very much afraid of getting lost
8. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A) There is no popularity that really counts.
B) What many parents are doing is in fact hindering their children from finding their own paths.
C) It is not necessarily bad for a teen-ager to disagree with his or her classmates.
D) Most teen-agers claim that they want to do what they like to, but they are actually doing the same.
9. The author thinks of advertisements as ____.
A) convincing B) influential C) instructive D) authoritative
10. During the teen-age years, one should learn to ____.
A) differ from others in as many ways as possible B) get into the right season and become popular
C) find one's real self D) rebel against parents and the popularity waves
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:
I hear many parents complaining that their teen-age children are rebelling, I wish it were so. At your age you ought to be growing away from your parents. You should be learning to stand on your own two feet. But take a good look at the present rebellion. It seems that teenagers are all taking the same way of showing that they disagree with their parents. Instead of striking out boldly on their own, most of them are clutching at（attempting to seize）one another's hands for reassurance.
注：1.rebel 背叛、反叛
2.从第一句话看出本文是文科文章，所以从态度着手，I wish it were so 说明作者是负态度。
3.should 虚拟语气，表示负态度
4.reassurance=re+assure-ance 使确信；boldly 勇敢的；strike out 开辟
They claim they want to dress as they please. But they all wear the same clothes. They set off in new directions in music. But somehow they all end up crowded round listening to the same record. Their reason for thinking or acting in thus-and-such a way is that the crowd is doing it. They have come out of their cocoon（蚕茧）--- into a larger cocoon.
注：1.But 表明作者负态度 2.set off 开始 3.end up 结果
4.reason 用来解释前面的现象
5.把青少年从众心理比喻成蚕茧
It has become harder and harder for a teen-ager to stand up against the popularity wave and to go his or her own way. Industry firmly carved out a teen-age market. These days every teen-ager can learn from the advertisements what a teen-ager should have and be. And many of today's parents have come to award high marks for the popularity of their children. All this adds up to a great barrier for the teen-ager who wants to find his or her own path.
注：1.第一句结论句，后面跟着解释 2.第二、三句Industry... 工业广告对青少年的影响
3.第四句And many of... 父母亲对青少年的影响
4.have come to 逐渐如何；
award 奖励，鼓励；popularity 潮流，名声
But the barrier is worth climbing over. The path is worth following. You may want to listen to classical music instead of going to a party. You may want to collect rocks when everyone else is collecting records. You may have some thoughts that you don't care to share at once with your classmates. Well, go to it. Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come-with the people who respect you for who you are. That's the only kind of popularity that really counts.
注: 1.path 路径 2.三个you may 举例来支持前面一句话The path is worth following.
3.Find yourself.Be yourself.提出建议,后面句子给出原因
4.count vi.重要，vt.数
6. The author's purpose writing this passage is to tell ____.
A) readers how to be popular in with around B)teen-agers how to learn to decide things for themselves
C) parents how to control and guide their children D) people how to understand and respect each other
注：写作目的题型，目标读者：青少年
7. According to the author, many teen-agers think they are brave enough to act on their own, but, in fact, most of them ____.
A) have much difficulty understanding each other B) lack confidence
C) dare not cope with problems single-handed D) are very much afraid of getting lost
注：brave定位第一段boldly
I hear many parents complaining that their teen-age children are rebelling, I wish it were so. At your age you ought to be growing away from your parents. You should be learning to stand on your own two feet. But take a good look at the present rebellion. It seems that teenagers are all taking the same way of showing that they disagree with their parents. Instead of striking out boldly on their own, most of them are clutching at (attempting to seize）one another's hands for reassurance.
8. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A) There is no popularity that really counts.
B) What many parents are doing is in fact hindering their children from finding their own paths.
C) It is not necessarily bad for a teen-ager to disagree with his or her classmates.
D) Most teen-agers claim that they want to do what they like to, but they are actually doing the same.
注：1.与文章最后一句话相反
2.no + n. 中no 相当于not any 表示没有任何的，为绝对化语气
no + adj. 中no 表示否定
But the barrier is worth climbing over. The path is worth following. You may want to listen to classical music instead of going to a party. You may want to collect rocks when everyone else is collecting records. You may have some thoughts that you don't care to share at once with your classmates. Well, go to it. Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come-with the people who respect you
for who you are. That's the only kind of popularity that really counts.
9. The author thinks of advertisements as ____.
A) convincing B) influential C) instructive D) authoritative
注：态度题，找作者直接评价语句，倒数第二段，应该是负评价。
convincing 有说服力的authoritative 权威的
instructive 有启发性的,有教育意义的influential 有影响的
A、C、D都属于正面评价，只有B为中性评价
It has become harder and harder for a teen-ager to stand up against the popularity wave and to go his or her own way. Industry firmly carved out a teen-age market. These days every teen-ager can learn from the advertisements what a teen-ager should have and be. And many of today's parents have come to award high marks for the popularity of their children. All this adds up to a great barrier for the teen-ager who wants to find his or her own path.
10. During the teen-age years, one should learn to ____.
A) differ from others in as many ways as possible B) get into the right season and become popular
C) find one's real self D) rebel against parents and the popularity waves
注：考最后一段，作者提出的建议
But the barrier is worth climbing over. The path is worth following. You may want to listen to classical music instead of going to a party. You may want to collect rocks when everyone else is collecting records. You may have some thoughts that you don't care to share at once with your classmates. Well, go to it. Find yourself.Be yourself. Popularity will come-with the people who respect you for who you are. That's the only kind of popularity that really counts.
31. If a person finds getting up early a problem, most probably ________.
A) he is a lazy person B) he refuses to follow his own energy cycle
C) he is not sure when his energy is low D)he is at his peak in the afternoon or evening
32. Which of the following may lead to family quarrels according to the passage?
A) Unawareness of energy cycles. B) Familiar monologues.
C) A change in a family member's energy cycle. D) Attempts to control the energy cycle of other family members.
33. If one wants to work more efficiently at his low point in the morning, he should _________.
A) change his energy cycle B) overcome his laziness
C) get up earlier than usual D) go to bed earlier
34. You are advised to rise with a yawn and stretch because it will _________.
A)help to keep your energy for the day's work B) help you to control your temper early in the day
C) enable you to concentrate on your routine work D) keep your energy cycle under control all day
35. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A) Getting off to work with a minimum effort helps save one's energy.
B)Dr. Kleitman explains why people reach their peaks at different hours of day.
C) Habit helps one adapt to his own energy cycle.
D) Children have energy cycles, too.
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
Do you find getting up in the morning so difficult that it's painful? This might be called laziness, but Dr. Kleitman has a new explanation. He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle.
注：1.第一句提出现象，后面跟着对现象的解释，这种解释一般是考点2.but 转折词和might 虚拟语气都表达作者负态度
3.最后一句话he has proved... 主题句
During the hours when you labor through your work you may say that you're 'hot'. That's true. The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues (自言自语) as: 'Get up, John! You'll be late for work again!' The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.
注：1.peak 顶峰，高峰 2.forenoon 上午
You can' t change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help. Dr. Kleitman believes. Maybe you're sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway. Counteract (对抗) your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to. If your energy is low in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day, rise before your usual hour. This won't change your cycle, but you'll get up steam (鼓起干劲) and work better at your low point.
注：1.第一句话结论句，后面跟着结论的解释 2.stay up 熬夜3.rise 起床4.本段说明针对能量周期我们怎么做
36. In the passage the author's attitude towards 'mixed-ability teaching' is _________
A) critical B) questioning C)approving D) objective
注：1.态度题，找直接评价语句，本文为第一句，正态度 2.critical 批评的，负的
questioning 质疑的，负的approving 赞同的，正的objective 客观的，中性的
We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming (把…按能力分班) pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade!
31. If a person finds getting up early a problem, most probably ________.
A) he is a lazy person B) he refuses to follow his own energy cycle
C) he is not sure when his energy is low D)he is at his peak in the afternoon or evening
注：定位第二段，新老观点混淆
During the hours when you labor through your work you may say that you' re 'hot'. That's true. The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues (自言自语) as: 'Get up, John! You'll be late for work again!' The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which
cycle each member of the family has.
32. Which of the following may lead to family quarrels according to the passage?
A) Unawareness of energy cycles. B) Familiar monologues.
C) A change in a family member's energy cycle. D) Attempts to control the energy cycle of other family members.
注：定位第二段，文章条件反过来讲
During the hours when you labor through your work you may say that you' re 'hot'. That's true. The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues (自言自语) as: 'Get up, John! You'll be late for work again!' The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.
33. If one wants to work more efficiently at his low point in the morning, he should _________.
A) change his energy cycle B) overcome his laziness
C) get up earlier than usual D) go to bed earlier
注：定位第三段
You can' t change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help. Dr. Kleitman believes. Maybe you're sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway. Counteract (对抗) your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to. If your energy is low in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day, rise before your usual hour. This won' t change your cycle, but you'll get up steam (鼓起干劲) and work better at your low point.
34. You are advised to rise with a yawn and stretch because it will _________.
A)help to keep your energy for the day's work B) help you to control your temper early in the day
C) enable you to concentrate on your routine work D) keep your energy cycle under control all day
注：定位第四段
Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. Get up with a leisurely yawn (呵欠) and stretch. Sit on the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor. Avoid the troublesome search for clean clothes by laying them out the night before. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.
35. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A) Getting off to work with a minimum effort helps save one's energy.
B)Dr. Kleitman explains why people reach their peaks at different hours of day.
C) Habit helps one adapt to his own energy cycle. D) Children have energy cycles, too.
注：排除法。
A选项对应“Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. ”
B选项与“No one has discovered why this is so,...”矛盾。
C选项对应“You can' t change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help. ”
D选项对应第一段的末句。“He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle.”
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
36. In the passage the author's attitude towards 'mixed-ability teaching' is _________.
A) critical B) questioning C) approving D) objective
37. By 'held back' (Line 1) the author means ________.
A) made to remain in the same classes B) forced to study in the lower classes
C) drawn to their studies D) prevented from advancing.
38. The author argues that a teacher's chief concern should be the development of the student's ________.
A) personal qualities and social skills B) total personality
C) learning ability and communicative skills D) intellectual ability
39. Which of the following is NOT MENTIONED in the third paragraph?
A) Group work gives pupils the opportunity to learn to work together with others.
B) Pupils also learn to develop their reasoning abilities.
C) Group work provides pupils with the opportunity to learn to be capable organizers.
D) Pupils also learn how to participate in teaching activities.
40. The author's purpose of writing this passage is to ________
A) argue for teaching bright and not-so-bright pupils in the same class
B) recommend pair work and group work for classroom activities
C) offer advice on the proper use of the library
D) emphasize the importance of appropriate formal classroom teaching
主题题型：1.主题句：一段首、末句、二段首句
2.一般主题句为一段首句，以下情况下出现在一段末句或者二段首句
a. 发生转折时
[Page 9] When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty (保单), or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.
b. 当文章首句为细节时
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming (把…按能力分班) pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade!
注：第一句结论句，文章主题句
Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual (智力)ability. This is only one aspect of their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.
注：1.Besides并列关系，与“We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming (把…按能力分班) pupils. ”对应。
2.value v. 重视contribute to 有贡献，有助于
3.本段末句强烈结论句，后面跟着解释：为什么混班教学有帮助？
In our classrooms, we work in various ways. The pupils often work in groups: this gives them the opportunity to learn to co-operate, to share, and to develop leadership skills. They also learn how to cope with (对付) personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyze and evaluate, and to communicate effectively. The pupils learn from each other as well as from the teacher.
注：to...to...to...列举语言现象，常考not mention 题型和except 题型，快速扫描列举部分，快读慢做题
Sometimes the pupils work in pairs; sometimes they work on individual tasks and assignments, and they can do this at their own speed. They also have some formal class teaching when this is appropriate. We encourage our pupils to use the library, and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this efficiently. An advanced pupil can do advanced work: it does not matter what age the child is. We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least, and we give them every encouragement to attain this goal.
注：与第三段The pupils often work in groups并列来解释第三段首句work in various ways
36. In the passage the author's attitude towards 'mixed-ability teaching' is _________
A) critical B) questioning C)approving D) objective
注：1.态度题，找直接评价语句，本文为第一句，正态度
2.critical 批评的，负的questioning 质疑的，负的approving 赞同的，正的objective 客观的，中性的
We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming (把…按能力分班) pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade!
37. By 'held back' (Line 1) the author means' ________
A) made to remain in the same classes B) forced to study in the lower classes
C) drawn to their studies D) prevented from advancing.
注：词汇题，根据上下文关系来做
We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming (把…按能力分班) pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade!
38. The author argues that a teacher's chief concern should be the development of the student's ________
A) personal qualities and social skills B) total personality
C) learning ability and communicative skills D) intellectual ability
注：定位第二段，应选择“充分发展”
Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual (智力)ability. This is only one aspect of their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.
39. Which of the following is NOT MENTIONED in the third paragraph?
A) Group work gives pupils the opportunity to learn to work together with others.
B) Pupils also learn to develop their reasoning abilities.
C) Group work provides pupils with the opportunity to learn to be capable organizers.
D)Pupils also learn how to participate in teaching activities.
注：看第三段列举：A对应co-operate，B对应think,analyze and evaluate，C对应leadership skill，D选项是窜段选项In our classrooms, we work in various ways. The pupils often work in groups: this gives them the opportunity to learn to co-operate, to share, and to develop leadership skills. They also learn how to cope with (对付) personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyze and evaluate, and to communicate effectively. The pupils learn from each other as well as from the teacher.
40. The author's purpose of writing this passage is to ________
A)argue for teaching bright and not-so-bright pupils in the same class
B) recommend pair work and group work for classroom activities
C) offer advice on the proper use of the library
D) emphasize the importance of appropriate formal classroom teaching
注：写作目的题型写作目的=写作动机（动词或动词词组+目标读者）+文章主题
[Page 92-6]
The author's purpose writing this passage is to tell ____.
(A)readers how to be popular in with around (B) teen-agers how to learn to decide things for themselves
(C) parents how to control and guide their children (D) people how to understand and respect each other
实验型文章的做题方法：
1、抓住实验代表人物
2、抓住实验目的1）通常为实验开始前的动词不定式2）实验目的=实验型文章的主题
3、抓住实验结果：实验结果-----直接结果和实验结论
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
21. The purpose of George Spilich's experiments is _________.
A) to test whether smoking has a positive effect on the mental capacity of smokers
B) to show how smoking damages people's mental capacity
C) to prove that smoking affects people's regular performance
D) to find out whether smoking helps people's short-term memory
22. George Spilich's experiment was conducted in such a way as to _________.
A) compel the subjects to separate major information from minor details
B) put the subjects through increasingly complex tests
C) check the effectiveness of nicotine on smokers
D) register the prompt responses of the subjects
23. The word "bested" (Line 3, Para. 5) most probably means ________.
A) beat B) envied C) caught up with D) made the best of
24. Which of the following statements is true?
A) Active smokers in general performed better than deprived smokers.
B) Active smokers responded more quickly than the other subjects.
C) Non-smokers were not better than other subjects in performing simple tasks.
D) Deprived smokers gave the slowest responses to the various tasks.
25. We can infer from the last paragraph that _________.
A) smokers should not expect to become airline pilots B) smoking in emergency cases causes mental illness
C) no airline pilots smoke during flights D) smokers may prove unequal to handling emergency cases
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
Psychologist George Spilich and colleagues at Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, decided to find out whether as many smokers say, smoking helps them to "think and concentrate." Spilich put young non-smokers, active smokers and smokers deprived (被剥夺) of cigarettes through a series of tests.
注：1.concentrate 集中注意力 2.第一段交待实验对象，实验目的
In the first test, each subject (试验对象) sat before a computer screen and pressed a key as soon as he or she recognized a target letter among a grouping of 96. In this simple tests smokers, deprived smokers and non-smokers performed equally well.
注：第一句实验过程即细节，应该速读，第二句实验结果
The next test was more complex, requiring all to scan sequences of 20 identical letters and respond the instant one of the letters transformed into a different one. Non-smokers were faster, but under the stimulation of nicotine (尼古丁), active smokers were faster than deprived smokers.
注：1.第一句实验细节 2.stimulation 刺激
In the third test of short-term memory, non-smokers made the fewest errors, but deprived smokers committed fewer errors than active smokers.
注：committe=do （坏事）commite a crime
"As our tests became more complex." Sums up Spilich, "non-smokers performed better than smokers by wider and wider margins," He predicts, "smokers might perform adequately at many jobs - until they got complicated. A smoking airline pilot could fly adequately if no problems arose, but if something went wrong, smoking might damage his mental capacity."
注：1.by wide margin 差距大margine 差距；页边空白处，利润
2.perform 执行，表演
3.末句为重要句：尤其是末句出现转折时或者末句为结论时。本句出现了but
4.mental 思维的，精神的mental capacity 思维能力
"As our tests became more complex." Sums up Spilich, "non-smokers performed better than smokers by wider and wider margins," He predicts, "smokers might perform adequately at many jobs - until they got complicated. A smoking airline pilot could fly adequately if no problems arose, but if something went wrong, smoking might damage his mental capacity."
注：1.by wide margin 差距大margine 差距；页边空白处，利润
2.perform 执行，表演
3.末句为重要句：尤其是末句出现转折时或者末句为结论时。本句出现了but
4.mental 思维的，精神的mental capacity 思维能力
25. We can infer from the last paragraph that _________.
A) smokers should not expect to become airline pilots B) smoking in emergency cases causes mental illness
C) no airline pilots smoke during flights D)smokers may prove unequal to handling emergency cases
注：1.此题为推理题，选项的特点为文章相应内容的同义改写 2.根据选项定位最后一段末句，重点在but后面
3.prove unequal to 无法胜任，D项为but后的同义改写
4.C选项首先是过度推理，其次no+n.为绝对语气词，通常为干扰，带有可能性语气词的选项通常为优选(不但适用于推理题，而且适用于所有题型)
"As our tests became more complex." Sums up Spilich, "non-smokers performed better than smokers by wider and wider margins," He predicts, "smokers might perform adequately at many jobs - until they got complicated. A smoking airline pilot could fly adequately if no problems arose, but if something went wrong, smoking might damage his mental capacity."
21. The purpose of George Spilich' s experiments is _________.
A)to test whether smoking has a positive effect on the mental capacity of smokers
B) to show how smoking damages people's mental capacity
C) to prove that smoking affects people's regular performance
D) to find out whether smoking helps people's short-term memory
注：实验目的题，A项为第一段实验目的同义改写，B,C 项为吸烟的负面影响与文中意思相反
Psychologist George Spilich and colleagues at Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, decided to find out whether as many smokers say, smoking helps them to "think and concentrate." Spilich put young non-smokers, active smokers and smokers deprived (被剥夺) of cigarettes through a series of tests.
22. George Spilich' s experiment was conducted in such a way as to _________.
A) compel the subjects to separate major information from minor details
B) put the subjects through increasingly complex tests
C) check the effectiveness of nicotine on smokers
D) register the prompt responses of the subjects
注：1.题目中没有具体指出是哪一个实验，所以就是针对所有提到的实验来说。 2.A 涉及文章倒数第二段的实验。
The fourth test required people to read a passage, then answer questions about it. Nonsmokers remembered 19 percent more of the most important information than active smokers, and deprived smokers bested those who had smoked a cigarette just before testing. Active smokers tended not only to have poorer memories but also had trouble separating important information from insignificant details.
3.C 涉及文章第三段的实验。
The next test was more complex, requiring all to scan sequences of 20 identical letters and respond the instant one of the letters transformed into a different one. Non-smokers were faster, but under the stimulation of nicotine(尼古丁), active smokers were faster than deprived smokers.
4.D 选项也只涉及文章中某一个实验。
23. The word "bested" (Line 3, Para. 5) most probably means ________.
A) beat B) envied C) caught up with D) made the best of
注：词汇题，根据第5段末句的意思可推断为A选项。
24. Which of the following statements is true?
A) Active smokers in general performed better than deprived smokers.
B) Active smokers responded more quickly than the other subjects.
C)Non-smokers were not better than other subjects in performing simple tasks.
D) Deprived smokers gave the slowest responses to the various tasks.
注：C选项是第一个实验结果deprived smokers and non-smokers performed equally well
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:
16. According to the author, the sonar system of bats is an example of the idea that ____.
A) this is the age of technological triumphs
B) modern machines are inefficient
C)living mechanisms are often more efficient than man -made machines
D) artificial imitations are always less efficient than living mechanisms
17. The author suggests that the sonar system of bats ____.
A) was at the height of its perfection 50 million years ago
B)is better than man-made sonar because it has had 50 million years to be be refined
C) should have been discovered by man many years ago
D) is the same as it was 50 million years ago
18. Echo location in this article means the _____.
A) location of echoes
B) ability to determine where an echo comes from
C) scientific term for sound waves
D) ability to locate unseen objects by echoes
19 This article was written to illustrate ____.
A) the deficiencies of man-made sonar
B) the dependence of man upon animals
C) that we are living in a machine age
D) that the sonar system of bats is remarkable
20. The following is the main point of the article:____
A) A bat will catch hundreds of insects in a single hour.
B) There is a perfection in nature which sometimes can not be matched by man's creative efforts.
C) The phrase "blind as a bat" is valid.
D) Sonar and radar systems of man are inefficient.
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:
In these days of technological triumphs, it is well to remind ourselves from time to time that living mechanisms are often incomparably more efficient than their artificial imitations. There is no better illustration of this idea than the sonar (声纳) system of bats. It is billions of times more efficient and more sensitive than the radars and sonars designed by man.
注：1.triumph 胜利，成功 2.it is well to 有必要 3.incomparably 不可比地
4.第一句主题句：天然胜于人工artificial 人工的
5.illustration 例证，本段末句强烈结论
Of course, the bats have had some 50 million years of evolution to refine their sonar. Their physiological mechanisms for echo location, based on all this accumulated experience, therefore deserve our thorough study and analysis.
注：1.refine 提炼、改善 2.二段首句是对首段末句的解释 3.50 million years对应的是第17小题
17. The author suggests that the sonar system of bats ____
A) was at the height of its perfection 50 million years ago
B) is better than man-made sonar because it has had 50 million years to be be refined
C) should have been discovered by man many years ago
D) is the same as it was 50 million years ago
注：B 选项体现一段结尾和二段开头，应该优选，含有关系词because,although,not only...but also, as well as 的应该优选To appreciate the precision of the bats' echo location, we must first consider the degree of their reliance upon it. Thanks to sonar, an insect-eating bat can get along perfectly well without eyesight. This was brilliantly demonstrated by the Italian naturalist Lazzaro Spallanzani. He caught some bats in a bell tower, blinded them and released them outdoors. Four of these blind bats were recaptured after they had found their ways back to the bell tower, and on examining their stomachs' contents, Spallanxani found that they had been able to capture and eat flying insects. We know from experiments that bats easily find insects in the dark of night, even when the insects make no sound that can be heard by human ears. A bat will catch hundreds of softbodied silent flying insects in a single hour. It will even detect and chase pebbles (卵石) tossed (向上扔）into the air.
注：1.第二句Thanks to sonar... 结果句 2.get along 生活get along with 相处
3.blind 蒙住眼睛
4.We know from... 结果句
5.末句为细节
16. According to the author, the sonar system of bats is an example of the idea that ____.
A) this is the age of technological triumphs B) modern machines are inefficient
C)living mechanisms are often more efficient than man -made machines
D) artificial imitations are always less efficient than living mechanisms
注：1.第一段illustration 等同example 2.D选项的always与文章中的often含义是不同的。
In these days of technological triumphs, it is well to remind ourselves from time to time that living mechanisms are often incomparably more efficient than their artificial imitations. There is no better illustration of this idea than the sonar (声纳) system of bats. It is billions of times more efficient and more sensitive than the radars and sonars designed by man.
17. The author suggests that the sonar system of bats ____
A) was at the height of its perfection 50 million years ago
B) is better than man-made sonar because it has had 50 million years to be be refined
C) should have been discovered by man many years ago
D) is the same as it was 50 million years ago
注：B 选项体现一段结尾和二段开头，应该优选，含有关系词because,although,not only...but also, as well as 的应该优选
18. Echo location in this article means the _____.
A) location of echoes B) ability to determine where an echo comes from
C) scientific term for sound waves D)ability to locate unseen objects by echoes
注：1.A 为干扰选项，过于表面化 2.B 项为等价选项所以为错误
To appreciate the precision of the bats' echo location, we must first consider the degree of their reliance upon it. Thanks to sonar, an insect-eating bat can get along perfectly well without eyesight. This was brilliantly demonstrated by the Italian naturalist Lazzaro Spallanzani. He caught some bats in a bell tower, blinded them and released them outdoors. Four of these blind bats were recaptured after they had found their ways back to the bell tower, and on examining their stomachs' contents, Spallanxani found that they had been able to capture and eat flying insects. We know from experiments that bats easily find insects in the dark of night, even when the insects make no sound that can be heard by human ears. A bat will catch hundreds of softbodied silent flying insects in a single hour. It will even detect and chase pebbles (卵石) tossed (向上扔）into the air.
19. This article was written to illustrate ____.
A) the deficiencies of man-made sonar B) the dependence of man upon animals
C) that we are living in a machine age D) that the sonar system of bats is remarkable
注：写作目的题型，写作目的=写作动机+文章主题，看文章主题第一句话
20. The following is the main point of the article:____
A) A bat will catch hundreds of insects in a single hour.
B) There is a perfection in nature which sometimes can not be matched by man's creative efforts.
C) The phrase "blind as a bat" is valid.
D) Sonar and radar systems of man are inefficient.
注：写作主题题型，第一句话的同义改写match v. 匹敌
In these days of technological triumphs, it is well to remind ourselves from time to time that living mechanisms are often incomparably more efficient than their artificial imitations. There is no better illustration of this idea than the sonar (声纳) system of bats. It is billions of times more efficient and more sensitive than the radars and sonars designed by man.
Question 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:
11. The author's main purpose in writing the passage is to ____.
A) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotion
B) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning
C) give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learning
D) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced
12.If your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though ____ that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.
A) classical conditioning B) operant conditioning
C) neither of them D) some other sorts of conditioning
13. If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. This is a typical example of learning
through ____.
A) classical conditioning B) operant conditioning C) both of them D) neither of them
14. In the third paragraph, the author is ____.
A) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every day
B) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning
C) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so on
D) using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning
15. In the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss _____.
A) definitions of positive feelings and negative feelings B) the third kind of learning
C) further examples of learning through operant conditioning D) none of the above
Question 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:
In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called "classical conditioning". This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.
注：1.physiologically 生理的，mental / phycological 心理的
2.modify 修改、改变；pair with 伴随
3.it is ...that 强调介词状语结构
●分类型文章：1.分为几类就是文章主题
2.抓住各类主体词/基本特征词（通常为动词）
3.多余段落通常例证某一类
The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning." This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more.
注：1.operant 操作型的，词源operate
2.cuddle 拥抱
3.第一种classical conditioning：联系而去做；第二种operant conditioning：有奖惩而去做
Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.
注：1.interact 交往，相互影响
2.positive 正面的negative 负面的
3.本段是多余段落，例证第一种classical conditioning
4.mean a. 卑鄙的
11. The author's main purpose in writing the passage is to ____.
A) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotion
B)give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning
C) give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learning
D) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced
注：主题题，第一段主题句为第二句
In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called "classical conditioning". This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.
12.If your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though ____ that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.
A) classical conditioning B) operant conditioning C) neither of them D) some other sorts of conditioning
注：应用题
13. If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. This is a typical example of learning
through ____.
A)classical conditioning B) operant conditioning C) both of them D) neither of them
注：应用题，furry 有毛的
14. In the third paragraph, the author is ____.
A) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every day
B) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning
C) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so on
D)using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning
注：主题题，末端首句也是结论句
Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.
15. In the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss _____.
A) definitions of positive feelings and negative feelings B) the third kind of learning
C) further examples of learning through operant conditioning D) none of the above
注：第一段讲classical conditioning，第二段讲operant conditioning，第三段讲classical conditioning，第四段应该讲operant conditioning。
●考文章之前或之后内容的题目，注意文章结构的对称完整性
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
26. According to the author, babies learn to do things which ________.
A) are directly related to pleasure B) will meet their physical needs
C) will bring them a feeling of success D) will satisfy their curiosity
27. Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby ________.
A) would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B) would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C) would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D) would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
28. In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ________.
A) have the lights turned on B) be rewarded with milk
C) please their parents D) be praised
29. The babies would "smile and bubble" at the lights because _________.
A) the lights were directly related to some basic "drives"
B) the sight of the lights was interesting
C) they need not turn back to watch the lights
D) they succeeded in "switching on" the lights
30. According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of _______.
A) a basic human desire to understand and control the world
B) the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C) their strong desire to solve complex problems
D) a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies - and other creatures -learn to do things because certain acts lead to
"rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
注：1.past 和widely accepted：老观点和大众观点，一般应该是否定的
https://www.doczj.com/doc/de11912150.html,ed also to be widely：另一个老观点
3.In other words 概括老观点
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
注：1.behave 行为，举止 2.outcome 结果
3.with no reward except 双重否定，所以是肯定结构
4.本段阐述新观点
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights - and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
注：1.study：开始做实验，抓住代表人物、实验目的、实验结果
2.第一句过程，第二句notice 表示结果
3.found 表示实验结果
27. Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby ________.
A) would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B) would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C) would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D) would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
注：考第一个实验结果，notice 引导；B、C为等价选项。
28. In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ________.
A)have the lights turned on B) be rewarded with milk
C) please their parents D) be praised
注：考第二个实验结果，found 引导
Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
注：1.observation 暗示着实验结果 2.fundamental 基本的；urge n.欲望；make sense of 理解
29. The babies would "smile and bubble" at the lights because _________.
A) the lights were directly related to some basic "drives" B) the sight of the lights was interesting
C) they need not turn back to watch the lights D) they succeeded in "switching on" the lights
注：考第三个实验结果，observation 引导
30. According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of _______.
A)a basic human desire to understand and control the world
B) the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C) their strong desire to solve complex problems
D) a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills
注：考最后一段，最后一句的同义改写
26. According to the author, babies learn to do things which ________.
A) are directly related to pleasure B) will meet their physical needs
C) will bring them a feeling of success D) will satisfy their curiosity
注：主题题，第二段末句
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
阅读方法：1.先看题干关键词再读文章，抓住考试原则句
2.文章详略程度的把握：细节举例快读，结论慢读
3.固定类型文章：实验型文章，分类型文章
4.主题题：主题句的确定方法
5.细节题：准确定位，主要考考试原则句
6.词汇题：根据上下文关系
7.推理题：正确答案在文章中存在
8.态度题：找直接评价语句
细节题准确定位方法：
1、根据题干关键词定位。（注意题干关键词在文章中的同义词）
例：brave=bold
2、利用因果、条件、比较关系词定位。
例：It's a better way of education. 条件词：It is a good way of education；if.... At...When...都是if的同义转换。
3、注意结合顺序原则定位。
4、难于定位时，抓住段落中最重要的考试原则句进行反推
18. Echo location in this article means the _____.根据顺序原则定位在第三段。
A) location of echoes
B) ability to determine where an echo comes from
C) scientific term for sound waves
D)ability to locate unseen objects by echoes
To appreciate the precision of the bats' echo location, we must first consider the degree of their reliance upon it. Thanks to sonar, an insect-eating bat can get along perfectly well without eyesight. This was brilliantly demonstrated by the Italian naturalist Lazzaro Spallanzani. He caught some bats in a bell tower, blinded them. and released them outdoors. Four of these blind bats were recaptured after they had found their ways back to the bell tower, and on examining their stomachs' contents, Spallanxani found that they had been able to capture and eat flying insects. We know from experiments that bats easily find insects in the dark of night, even when the insects make no sound that can be heard by human ears. A bat will catch hundreds of softbodied silent flying insects in a single hour. It will even detect and chase pebbles (卵石) tossed (向上扔)into the air.
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
31. When a consumer finds that his purchase has a fault in it, the first thing he should do is to ________
A) complain personally to the manager B) threaten to take the matter to court
C) write a firm letter of complaint to the store of purchase D) show some written proof of the purchase to the store
32. If a consumer wants a quick settlement of his problem, it's better to complain to ________.
A) a shop assistant B) the manufacturer
C) the store manager D) a public organization
33. The most effective complaint can be made by _________.
A) showing the faulty item to the manufacturer B) explaining exactly what is wrong with the item
C) saying firmly that the item is of poor quality D) asking politely to change the item
34. The phrase "live up to"(Para. 1, Line 2) in the context means ________.
A) meet the standard of B) realize the purpose of
C) fulfill the demands of D) keep the promise of
35. The passage tells us _________.
A) how to settle a consumer' s complaint about a faulty item B) how to make an effective complaint about a faulty item
C) how to avoid buying a faulty item D) how to deal with complaints from customers
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty(保单), or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.
注：1.present v. 提交 2.主题句后将介绍其他不同投诉的方法
A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the "higher up" the consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumer' s favor, assuming he or she has a just claim.
注：the more...the more... 比较结构，可以跟32题联系在一起。
（到此处，文章后面的题目中有4道题已经可以定位了。31题、32题、34题和35题）
Consumers should complain in person whenever possible, but if they cannot get to the place of purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint in a letter.
Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the item in question. If this cannot be done, the consumer will succeed best by presenting specific information as to what is wrong, rather than by making general statements. For example, "The left speaker does not work at all and the sound coming out of the right one is unclear" is better than "This stereo(立体声音响)does not work."
注：1.firmly 坚决的 2.demonstrate 证明、证实
3.specific 具体的，详细的
4.as to = about
The store manager may advise the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so, the consumer should do this, stating the complaint as politely and as firmly as possible. But if a polite complaint does not achieve the desired result, the consumer can go a step further. She or he can threaten to take the seller to court or report the seller to a private or public organization responsible for protecting consumers' rights.
33. The most effective complaint can be made by _________.
A) showing the faulty item to the manufacturer B) explaining exactly what is wrong with the item
C) saying firmly that the item is of poor quality D) asking politely to change the item
注：B 选项exactly =文中specific，同义改写
31. When a consumer finds that his purchase has a fault in it, the first thing he should do is to ________
A) complain personally to the manager B) threaten to take the matter to court
C) write a firm letter of complaint to the store of purchase D) show some written proof of the purchase to the store
注：1.A、B、C是窜段选项 2.提交保单或有力证明是文章中第一段就提到的the first step
When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty(保单), or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.
32. If a consumer wants a quick settlement of his problem, it's better to complain to ________.
A) a shop assistant B)the manufacturer C) the store manager D) a public organization
注：级别越高，解决问题越快
A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the " higher up" the consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumer' s favor, assuming he or she has a just claim.
34. The phrase "live up to"(Para. 1, Line 2) in the context means ________.
A) meet the standard of B) realize the purpose of C) fulfill the demands of D) keep the promise of
注：词汇题。 1.or 前后两部分意思相近：faulty 产品有问题/不符合厂家宣称质量
2.采用代入法，将选项代替文中的live up to ，找到符合句义的选项
When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty(保单), or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.
35. The passage tells us _________.
A) how to settle a consumer's complaint about a faulty item B) how to make an effective complaint about a faulty item
C) how to avoid buying a faulty item D) how to deal with complaints from customers
注：1.主题题，有效投诉
2.其他的选项都是从商场的角度，而文章是从消费者的角度来写的。
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
21. Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of the nursing system at Beth Israel Hospital?
A) The doctor gets more active professional support from the primary nurse.
B) Each patient is taken care of by a primary nurse day and night.
C) The primary nurse writes care plans for every patient.
D) The primary nurse keeps records of the patient's health conditions every day.
22. It can be inferred from the passage that _________.
A) compared with other hospitals nurses at Beth Israel Hospital are more patient
B) in most hospitals patient care is inadequate from the professional point of view
C) in most hospitals nurses get low salaries
D) compared with other hospitals nurses have to work longer hours at Beth Israel Hospital
23. A primary nurse can propose a different approach of treatment when _______.
A) the present one is refused by the patient
B) the patient complains about the present one
C) the present one proves to be ineffective
D) the patient is found unwilling to cooperate
24. The main difference between a nurse-manager and a head nurse is that the former _______.
A) is a member of the Medical Executive Committee of the hospital
B) has to arrange the work shifts of the unit's nurses
C) can make decisions concerning the medical treatment of a patient
D) has full responsibility in the administration of the unit's nurses
25. The author's attitude towards the nursing system at Beth Israel hospital is _________.
A) negative B) neutral C) critical D) positive
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we are to solve the nursing shortage (不足), hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israel's example.
注：1.patient n. 病人，adj. 耐心的 2.第一句强烈结论：主题句
3.administration 管理
4.do well to 最好……
At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state. Then she writes a care plan centered on the patient's illness but which also includes everything else that is necessary.
注：1.assign 分配 2.at length 长时间 3.account 纪录，账户
The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.
注：1.keep track with 跟踪 2.not uncommon = common
3.approach 接近，方法
4.本段讲Beth Israel 医院医生和护士协调合作
Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized (分散的) nursing administration; every floor, every unit is a self-contained organization. There are nurse-managers instead of head nurses; in addition to their medical duties they do all their own hiring and dismissing, employee advising, and they make salary recommendations. Each unit's nurses decide among themselves who will work what shifts and when.
注：1.self-contained 自成一体 2.划线句为列举语言现象，可能出考题，快速阅读此部分 3.shift 班次Beth Israel's nurse-in-chief ranks as an equal with other vice presidents of the hospital. She also is a member of the Medical Executive Committee, which in most hospitals includes only doctors.
注：1.nurse-in-chief护士长 2.首句说明护士长的地位很高 3.only出现，是考点
21. Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of the nursing system at Beth Israel Hospital?
A)The doctor gets more active professional support from the primary nurse.
B) Each patient is taken care of by a primary nurse day and night.
C) The primary nurse writes care plans for every patient.
D) The primary nurse keeps records of the patient's health conditions every day.
注：第三段末句，B选项day and night，C选项every patient，D选项every day
The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.
22. It can be inferred from the passage that _________.
A) compared with other hospitals nurses at Beth Israel Hospital are more patient
B)in most hospitals patient care is inadequate from the professional point of view
C) in most hospitals nurses get low salaries
D) compared with other hospitals nurses have to work longer hours at Beth Israel Hospital
注：1.推理题，正确答案为原文内容的同义改写。
2.A项中的patient 为耐心的，混淆“病人”意思
3.inadequate 不完善的，B 项为文章第二句的同义改写句
Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we are to solve the nursing shortage (不足), hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israel's example.
同类型题：
It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings (测深) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.
23. The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840s was __________.
A) to make some sound experiments in the oceans
B) to collect samples of sea plants and animals
C) to estimate the length of cable that was to be made
D) to measure the depths of two oceans
23. A primary nurse can propose a different approach of treatment when _______.
A) the present one is refused by the patient
B) the patient complains about the present one
C)the present one proves to be ineffective
D) the patient is found unwilling to cooperate
注：第三段第二句
The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.
24. The main difference between a nurse-manager and a head nurse is that the former _______.
A) is a member of the Medical Executive Committee of the hospital
B) has to arrange the work shifts of the unit's nurses
C) can make decisions concerning the medical treatment of a patient
D) has full responsibility in the administration of the unit's nurses
注：1.倒数第二段，former 前者指代nurse-manager，反义latter 后者
2.A选项为窜段选项,B与黑体部分矛盾。D选项对应划线部分。
Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized (分散的) nursing administration; every floor, every unit is a self-contained organization. There are nurse-managers instead of head nurses; in addition to their medical duties they do all their own hiring and dismissing, employee advising, and they make salary recommendations. Each unit's nurses decide among themselves who will work what shifts and when.
25. The author's attitude towards the nursing system at Beth Israel hospital is _________.
A) negative B) neutral C) critical D)positive
注：态度题，找直接评价，文章第一句话
在态度题中出现neutral的话，一定不会是答案。
Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we are to solve the nursing shortage (不足), hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israel's example.
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
36. Designers and big stores always make money ________.
A) by mercilessly exploiting women workers in the clothing industry
B) because they are capable of predicting new fashions
C) by constantly changing the fashions in women's clothing
D) because they attach great importance to quality in women s clothing
37. To the writer, the fact that women alter their old-fashioned dresses is seen as _________.
A) a waste of money B) a waste of time C) an expression of taste D) an expression of creativity
38. The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the ________of clothing.
A) cost B) appearance C) comfort D) suitability
39. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) New fashions in clothing are created for the commercial exploitation of women.
B) The constant changes in women's clothing reflect their strength of character.
C) The fashion industry makes an important contribution to society.
D) Fashion designs should not be encouraged since they are only welcomed by women.
40. By saying "the conclusions to be drawn are obvious" (Para. 4, Line 1-2), the writer means that _________.
A) women's inconstancy in their choice of clothing is often laughed at
B) women are better able to put up with discomfort
C) men are also exploited greatly by fashion designers
D) men are more reasonable in the matter of fashion
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
If women are mercilessly exploited (剥削) year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe (衣柜) packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.
注：1.merciless 无情的 2.第一句结论主题句 3.taken advantage of 利用；tremble 颤抖
4.fashion 时尚，时装，形势；一词多义的现象：blue 蓝色；忧郁的；社会地位比较高的妇女，blues 蓝调音乐
36. Designers and big stores always make money ________.
A) by mercilessly exploiting women workers in the clothing industry
B) because they are capable of predicting new fashions
C)by constantly changing the fashions in women's clothing
D) because they attach great importance to quality in women s clothing
注：考得是首段第二和第三句之间的关系
Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year
to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.
注：1.nothing/no more than = only 2.changing fashion 改变中的时尚
3.alter 改变；afford 承担，支付
4.本段首句结论句，末句细节句
No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability (耐用). They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.
注：1.首句为结论句，后面开始解释 2.vital 重要的vit 词根，意思是“重要”
VIP = very important person 重要的人 3.put up with 忍受= stand 4.末句为细节句，速读When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women' s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.
37. To the writer, the fact that women alter their old-fashioned dresses is seen as _________.
A) a waste of money B) a waste of time C) an expression of taste D) an expression of creativity
注：通过alter 一词定位于第二段
Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.
38. The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the _________of clothing.
A) cost B) appearance C) comfort D) suitability
注：1.place stress on 重视
2.本句为虚拟语气，说明应该是设计师没有重视而被作者批判的东西。反过来想，定位第三段第二句，考得是列举现象
No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability (耐用). They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.
39. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) New fashions in clothing are created for the commercial exploitation of women.
B) The constant changes in women's clothing reflect their strength of character.
C) The fashion industry makes an important contribution to society.
D) Fashion designs should not be encouraged since they are only welcomed by women.
注：1.exploitation 剥削，探索 2.A 选项为文章首句前半句的同义改
3.B 陈述句表示确定语气，与文章中疑问句的不确定语气不同；C 项与文中意思相反，D 选项中only 绝对化语气词
If women are mercilessly exploited (剥削) year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe (衣柜) packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.
40. By saying "the conclusions to be drawn are obvious" (Para. 4, Line 1-2), the writer means that __________.
A) women's inconstancy in their choice of clothing is often laughed at
B) women are better able to put up with discomfort
C) men are also exploited greatly by fashion designers
D) men are more reasonable in the matter of fashion
注：1.A 和B 都是涉及第三段内容，是窜段选项。C选项与末段Men are too clever to let themselves... 意思冲突
2.D 项为最后一段Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. 的同义改写
No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability (耐用). They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.
When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women' s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.
Question 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
21. Teachers are different in their opinions about _______
A) the difficulties in teaching spelling B) the role of spelling in general language development
C) the complexities of the basic writing skills D) the necessity of teaching spelling
22. The expression "play safe" probably means ________
A) to write carefully B) to do as teachers say
C) to use dictionaries frequently D) to avoid using words one is not sure of
23. Teachers encourage the use of dictionaries so that _________
A) students will be able to express their ideas more freely B) teachers will have less trouble in correcting mistakes
C) students will have more confidence in writing D) students will learn to be independent of teachers
24. The writer seems to think that the teacher's judgement on that sensitive piece of writing is ____________.
A) reasonable B) unfair C) foolish D) careless
25. The major point discussed in the passage is ________
A) the importance of developing writing skills
B) the complexities of spelling
C) the correct way of marking compositions
D) the relationship between spelling and the content of a composition
Question 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling. No school I have taught in has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill. There are, however, vastly different ideas about how to teach it, or how much priority (优先) it must be given over general language development and writing ability. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?
注：1.第一段中间出现however, 末句为主题句 2.popular belief 普遍观点，负态度
3.ignor 忽略= neglect = overlook, 区别是：ignor (故意) overlook ( 忽略)
4.give A priority over B 给A优先权
5.confidently 自信的
If spelling becomes the only focal point of his teacher's interest, clearly a bright child will be likely to "play safe". He will tend to write only words within his spelling range, choosing to avoid adventurous language. That's why teachers often encourage the early use of dictionaries and pay attention to content rather than technical ability.
注：1.focal 关注的，名词为focus 焦点 2.adventurous 冒险的
3.content 内容，contend 包含
4.technical ability 指的是spelling
22. The expression "play safe" probably means ________
A) to write carefully B) to do as teachers say
C) to use dictionaries frequently D)to avoid using words one is not sure of
注：文章第二段，该词出现在第一句，解释答案在第二句。考得是两句关系
23. Teachers encourage the use of dictionaries so that _________
A)students will be able to express their ideas more freely B) teachers will have less trouble in correcting mistakes
C) students will have more confidence in writing D) students will learn to be independent of teachers
注：文章第二段，B,D 选项文章未提到，可排除。定位此段末句，选择A项
I was once shocked to read on the bottom of a sensitive piece of writing about a personal experience: "This work is terrible! There are far too many spelling errors and your writing is illegible (难以辨认的)." It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupil's technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay, which contained some beautiful expressions of the child's deep feelings. The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centered on the child's ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation (动力) to seek improvement.
注：1.shock 震惊 2.omit 省略
3.作者对作文评语的负评价，but 及虚拟语气可以表明作者的态度。
24. The writer seems to think that the teacher's judgement on that sensitive piece of writing is ____________.
A) reasonable B)unfair C) foolish D) careless
注：作者持负态度，所以选择B
21. Teachers are different in their opinions about _______
A) the difficulties in teaching spelling B) the role of spelling in general language development
C) the complexities of the basic writing skills D) the necessity of teaching spelling
注：文章第一段，role 对应文章中的priority
There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling. No school I have taught in has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill. There are, however, vastly different ideas about how to teach it, or how much priority (优先) it must be given over general language development and writing ability. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?
25. The major point discussed in the passage is ________
A) the importance of developing writing skills B) the complexities of spelling
C) the correct way of marking compositions D)the relationship between spelling and the content of a composition
注：主题题，D 选项是对主题句的同义改写
There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling. No school I have taught in has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill. There are, however, vastly different ideas about how to teach it, or how much priority (优先) it must be given over general language development and writing ability. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling? Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
26. The phrase "be brought forward" in Line 2 most probably means _________.
A) be expected B) be completed
C) be advanced D) be introduced
27. Some scientists believe that a breakthrough in the use of solar energy depends on __________.
A) sufficient funding B) further experiments
C) advanced technology D) well-equipped laboratories
28. According to Mr. Gretz, the present sum of money will enable the scientists to provide ________.
A) a little more than 3% of the EEC's needs after the year 2000
B) 3% of the EEC' s needs before the year 2000
C) less than 3% of the EEC's needs before the year 2000
D) only 3% of the EEC's needs even after the year 2000
29. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A) The EEC spends one billion pounds on imported energy each year.
B) At the present level of research spending, it is difficult to make any significant progress in the provision of energy from the sun.
C) The total yearly spending of the EEC on solar energy research amounted to almost 6 million dollars.
D) the desired breakthrough could be obtained by the end of the next decade if investment were increased.
30. The application of advanced technology to research in solar energy _________.
A) would lead to a big increase in research funding
B) would make it unnecessary to import oil
C) would make it possible to meet the future energy needs of the EEC
D) would provide a much greater proportion of the Community's future energy needs
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
A breakthrough(突破) in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Economic Community (EEC) could be brought forward by up to two decades, if a modest increase could be provided in the EEC's research effort in this field, according to the senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EEC's scientific laboratories at Ispra near Milan.
注：1.provision 提供，来自provide 2.modest 少量的，谦虚的 3.according to 之前是重点
The senior West German scientist in charge of the Community's solar energy program, Mr. Joachim Gretz, told journalists that at present levels of research spending it was most unlikely that solar energy would provide as much as three percent of the Community's energy requirements even after the year 2,000. But he said that with a modest increase in the present sums, devoted by the EEC to this work it was possible that the breakthrough could be achieved by the end of the next decade.
注：1.with 引导从句做状语 2.achieve 获得，达到
28. According to Mr. Gretz, the present sum of money will enable the scientists to provide ________.
A) a little more than 3% of the EEC's needs after the year 2000
B) 3% of the EEC's needs before the year 2000
C) less than 3% of the EEC's needs before the year 2000
D) only 3% of the EEC's needs even after the year 2000
注：定位在文章第二段。
Mr. Gretz calculates that if solar energy only provided three percent of the EEC's needs, this could still produce a saving of about a billion pounds in the present bill for imported energy each year. And he believes that with the possibility of utilizing more advanced technology in this field it might be possible to satisfy a much bigger share of the Community's future energy needs.
注：1.bill 花费，请客的几种说法：It's on me/It's my treat/Let me have the bill
2.四级常出现的复杂宾语从句：that with...it is ....that/to...
3.share 分享，份量，份额
4.本段考试原则句：两个比较级more advanced 和bigger share，一个因果关系
At present the EEC spends about $2.6 millions a year on solar research at Ispra, one of the EEC's official joint research centres, and another $3 millions a year in indirect research with universities and other independent bodies.
注：两个数字2.6millions 和3 millions形成总和关系
26. The phrase "be brought forward" in Line 2 most probably means _________.
A) be expected B) be completed C) be advanced D) be introduced
注：考得是动词词组含义，可根据动词词组的副词来判断大致方向。brought forward 向前；向后：hold back
同类型题：
37. By 'held back' (Line 1) the author means ________.
A) made to remain in the same classes B) forced to study in the lower classes
C) drawn to their studies D) prevented from advancing.
29. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A)The EEC spends one billion pounds on imported energy each year.
B) At the present level of research spending, it is difficult to make any significant progress in the provision of energy from the sun.
C) The total yearly spending of the EEC on solar energy research amounted to almost 6 million dollars.
D) the desired breakthrough could be obtained by the end of the next decade if investment were increased.
注：1.A选项应该是节约one billion 2. C选项是末段数字之和关系
30. The application of advanced technology to research in solar energy _________.
A) would lead to a big increase in research funding
B) would make it unnecessary to import oil
C) would make it possible to meet the future energy needs of the EEC
D) would provide a much greater proportion of the Community's future energy needs
注：D选项中的greater proportion = 文章第三段中的bigger share
Mr. Gretz calculates that if solar energy only provided three percent of the EEC's needs, this could still produce a saving of about a billion pounds in the present bill for imported energy each year. And he believes that with the possibility of utilizing more advanced technology in this field it might be possible to satisfy a much bigger share of the Community's future energy needs.
27. Some scientists believe that a breakthrough in the use of solar energy depends on __________.
A) sufficient funding B) further experiments C) advanced technology D) well-equipped laboratories
注：A选项讲到资金；C讲第三段，为窜段选项；D涉及句子次要成分的选项，
●涉及句子当中主要成分选项优选于涉及次要成分选项，次要成分包括：插入语，同位语
The senior West German scientist in charge of the Community's solar energy program, Mr. Joachim Gretz, told journalists that at present levels of research spending it was most unlikely that solar energy would provide as much as three percent of the Community's energy requirements even after the year 2,000. But he said that with a modest increase in the present sums, devoted by the EEC to this work it was possible that the breakthrough could be achieved by the end of the next decade.
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
36. The major problems with America's railroad system in the mid 19th century lay in _________.
A)poor quality rails and unreliable stopping systems B) lack of financial support for development
C) limited railroad lines D) lack of a transcontinental railroad
37. The building of the first transcontinental system _________.
A) brought about a rapid growth of industry and farming in the west B) attracted many visitors to the construction sites
C) attracted laborers from Europe D) encouraged people to travel all over the country
38. The best title for this passage would be ________
A) Settlements Spread Westward B) The Coast-to-Coast Railroad: A Vital Link
C) American Railroad History D) The Importance of Railroads in the American Economy
39. The construction of the transcontinental railroad took _________.
A) 9 years B) 7 years C) 4 years D) 3 years
40. What most likely made people think about a transcontinental railroad?
A) The possibility of government support for such a task. B) The need to explore Utah.
C) The need to connect the east coast with the west. D) The need to develop the railroad industry in the west.
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
A rapid means of long-distance transportation became a necessity for the United States as settlement (新拓居地) spread ever farther westward. The early trains were impractical curiosities, and for a long time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems. The most serious ones were the construction of rails able to bear the load, and the development of a safe, effective stopping system. Once these were solved, the railroad was established as the best means of land transportation. By 1860 there were thousands of miles of railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward to the Mississippi. There were also regional southern and western lines.
注：1.首句提出问题，后跟着解决方案。
四级文章套路：有现象必有解释，有结论必有解释，有问题必有解决方案
2.most serious 对应36题中的major problem，最高级出现是考点
The high point in railroad building came with the construction of the first transcontinental system. In 1862Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and from California eastward to a meeting point, so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic seaboard with the Pacific. The Government helped the railroads generously with money and land. Actual work on this project began four years later. The Central Pacific Company, starting from California, used Chinese labor, while the Union Pacific employed crews of Irish laborers. The two groups worked at remarkable speed, each trying to cover a greater distance than the other. In 1869they met at a place called Promontory in what is now the state of Utah. Many visitors came there for the great occasion. There were joyous celebrations all over the country, with parades and the ringing of church bells to honor the great achievement.
注：1.authorize 授权
2.1862、4 years、1869三个数字出现，是考点
3.what is now 现在的
The railroad was very important in encouraging westward movement. It also helped build up industry and farming by moving raw materials and by distributing products rapidly to distant markets. In linking towns and people to one another it helped unify the United States.
37. The building of the first transcontinental system _________.
A) brought about a rapid growth of industry and farming in the west
B) attracted many visitors to the construction sites
C) attracted laborers from Europe
D) encouraged people to travel all over the country
注：A 选项看末段，B 选项铁路建成大家来庆祝，C 选项错误推理，文章中的意思为雇佣爱尔兰工人
39. The construction of the transcontinental railroad took _________.
A) 9 years B) 7 years C) 4 years D) 3 years 注：1869-(1862+4)=3
The high point in railroad building came with the construction of the first transcontinental system. In 1862Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and from California eastward to a meeting point, so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic seaboard with the Pacific. The Government helped the railroads generously with money and land. Actual work on this project began four years later. The Central Pacific Company, starting from California, used Chinese labor, while the Union Pacific employed crews of Irish laborers. The two groups worked at remarkable speed, each trying to cover a greater distance than the other. In 1869they met at a place called Promontory in what is now the state of Utah. Many visitors came there for the great occasion. There were joyous celebrations all over the country, with parades and the ringing of church bells to honor the great achievement.
40. What most likely made people think about a transcontinental railroad?
A) The possibility of government support for such a task. B) The need to explore Utah.
C)The need to connect the east coast with the west. D) The need to develop the railroad industry in the west.
注：1.问题是建设跨洲铁路的目的 2.transcontinental 跨越大洲的trans -- 跨越
A rapid means of long-distance transportation became a necessity for the United States as settlement (新拓居地) spread ever farther westward. The early trains were impractical curiosities, and for a long time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems. The most serious ones were the construction of rails able to bear the load, and the development of a safe, effective stopping system. Once these were solved, the railroad was established as the best means of land transportation. By 1860 there were thousands of miles of railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward to the Mississippi. There were also regional southern and western lines.
38. The best title for this passage would be ________
A) Settlements Spread Westward
B) The Coast-to-Coast Railroad: A Vital Link
C) American Railroad History
D) The Importance of Railroads in the American Economy
注：本文主题词：transcontinent railroad，A选项直接摘抄，C选项范围过大，D选项railroads范围过大
●文章标题题型：1.文章主题词必须在选项中出现
2.选项范围恰如其分，不可过大，亦不可过于细节
范围过大：选项本身范围过大；选项缺少文章中的限定词范围过细：只出现某一段中心事物的选项
3.直接从文章首句或某句话摘抄词语编成的选项为干扰
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:
51. In the first paragraph, the writer tells us that statuses can help us _________.
A) determine whether a person is fit for a certain job B) behave appropriately in relation to other people
C) protect ourselves in unfamiliar situations D) make friends with other people
注：status 身份地位
52. According to the writer, people often assume different statuses _________.
A) in order to identify themselves with others B) in order to better identify others
C) as their mental processes change D) as the situation changes
注：assume 承担，采取assuming 在句首相当于if
53. The word "appraisal" (Line 5, Para. 2) most probably means "___________".
A) involvement B) appreciation C) assessment D) presentation
注：词汇题
54. In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the pronoun "it" refers to "_________".
A) fitting our actions to those of other people appropriately B) identification of other people's statuses
C) selecting one's own statuses D) constant mental process
55. By saying that "an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince"(Lines 2-3, Para. 3), the writer means _________.
A) different people have different styles of clothes B) ready-made clothes may need alterations
C) statuses come ready made just like clothes D)our choice of statuses is limited
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:
Statuses are marvelous human inventions that enable us to get along with one another and to determine where we "fit" in society. As we go about our everyday lives, we mentally attempt to place people in terms of their statuses. For example, we must judge whether the person in the library is a reader or a librarian, whether the telephone caller is a friend or a salesman, whether the unfamiliar person on our property is a thief or a meter reader, and so on.
注：1.首句主题句 2.fit 加了引号，意义有所改变 3.property 财产，尤指房产
The statuses we assume often vary with the people we encounter, and change throughout life. Most of us can, at very high speed, assume the statuses that various situations require. Much of social interaction consists of identifying and selecting among appropriate statuses and allowing other people to assume their statuses in relation to us. This means that we fit our actions to those of other people based on a constant mental process of appraisal and interpretation. Although some of us find the task more difficult than others, most of us perform it rather effortlessly.
注：1.I am nobody 我是无名之辈；somebody 大人物；I am small / big potato 我是小/大人物；
2.this means 解释上一句，所以这句与上一句难句意思应该接近
3.mental process思维过程
4.effortlessly 毫不费力的
52. According to the writer, people often assume different statuses _________.
A) in order to identify themselves with others B) in order to better identify others
C) as their mental processes change D) as the situation changes
注：different 对应第第二段中的various，该题应为第二段第一句改写
53. The word "appraisal" (Line 5, Para. 2) most probably means "___________".
A) involvement B) appreciation C)assessment D) presentation
注：词汇题。一种心理活动，A 涉及，B 感激，C 评价，D 成交，故排除非心理活动A项和D项，采用代入法可排除B项
54. In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the pronoun "it" refers to "_________".
A)fitting our actions to those of other people appropriately B) identification of other people's statuses
C) selecting one's own statuses D) constant mental process
注：指代题。二段末句中的前半句中的the task,而task又指代的是前边一句中提到的内容
A status has been compared to ready-made clothes. Within certain limits, the buyer can choose style and fabric. But an American is not free to choose the costume (服装) of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince. We must choose from among the clothing presented by our society. Furthermore, our choice is limited to a size that will fit, as well as by our pocketbook (钱包). Having made a choice within these limits we can have certain alterations made, but apart from minor adjustments, we tend to be limited to what the stores have on their racks. Statues too come ready made, and the range of choice among them is limited.
注：1.四级文章比喻、类比相当于举例。举例常为细节，服务于结论，速读
2.rack 衣架
3.本段首句和末句之外都是举例部分
55. By saying that "an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince"(Lines 2-3, Para. 3), the writer means _________.
A) different people have different styles of clothes B) ready-made clothes may need alterations
C) statuses come ready made just like clothes D)our choice of statuses is limited
注：1.文章最后一句 2.考举例一定不是考举的例子本身，一定是考从中抽象出来的大结论。
51. In the first paragraph, the writer tells us that statuses can help us _________.
A) determine whether a person is fit for a certain job
B) behave appropriately in relation to other people
C) protect ourselves in unfamiliar situations
D) make friends with other people
注：1.重点第一句和第二句，第一句话说明身份地位的功能：使我们对他人的言谈举止恰如其分
2.首句中的get along with是指与某人相处，get well along with 和睦相处
3.A项中的fit 与文中的fit意思不同
Statuses are marvelous human inventions that enable us to get along with one another and to determine where we "fit" in society. As we go about our everyday lives, we mentally attempt to place people in terms of their statuses. For example, we must judge whether the person in the library is a reader or a librarian, whether the telephone caller is a friend or a salesman, whether the unfamiliar person on our property is a thief or a meter reader, and so on.
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
31. According to the passage the Jarvik-7 artificial heart proved to be ________.
A) a technical failure B) a technical wonder
C) a good life saver D) an effective means to treat heart disease
32. From the passage we know that Symbion Inc. ________.
A) has been banned by the government from producing artificial hearts
一．考研阅读的基本解题思路：（四步走） 第一，扫描提干，划关键项。 第二，通读全文，抓住中心。 1. 通读全文，抓两个重点： ①首段（中心句、核心概念常在第一段，常在首段出题）； ②其他各段的段首和段尾句。（其他部分略读，有重点的读） 2. 抓住中心，用一分半时间思考3个问题： ①文章叙述的主要内容是什么？ ②文章中有无提到核心概念？ ③作者的大致态度是什么？ 第三，仔细审题，返回原文。（仔细看题干，把每道题和原文的某处建立联系，挂起钩）定位原则： ①通常是由题干出发，使用寻找关键词定位原则。（关键词：大写字母、地名、时间、数字等） ②自然段定位原则。出题的顺序与行文的顺序是基本一致的，一般每段对应一题。 ★要树立定位意识，每一题、每一选项都要回到原文中某一处定位。 第四，重叠选项，得出答案。（重叠原文=对照原文） 1. 通过题干返回原文：判断四个选项，抓住选项中的关键词，把选项定位到原文的某处比较，重叠选项， 选出答案。 2.作题练习要求：要有选一个答案的理由和其余三个不选的理由 二．阅读理解的解题技巧 1. 例证题： ①例证题的标记。当题干中出现example, case, illustrate, illustration, exemplify 时。 ②返回原文，找出该例证所在的位置，既给该例子定位。 ③搜索该例证周围的区域，90%向上，10%向下，找出该例证支持的观点。例子周围具有概括抽象性的表达通常就是它的论点。 注意：举例的目的是为了支持论点或是为了说明主题句。举例后马上问这个例子说明了什么问题？不能用例子中的话来回答这个问题。 ④找出该论点，并与四个选项比较，得出选项中与该论点最一致的答案。 ⑤例证题错误答案设计的干扰特征经常是：就事论事。 即用例子中的某一内容拉出来让你去选。（╳） 要求：在阅读中，遇到长的例子，立即给这个例子定位，即找出起始点，从哪开始到哪结束。 2. 指代题： ①返回原文，找出出题的指代词。 ②向上搜索，找最近的名词、名词性短语或句子（先从最近点开始找，找不到再找次近的，一般答案不 会离得太远）。 ③将找到的词、词组或句子的意思代入替换该指代词，看其意思是否通顺。 ④将找到的词、词组或句子与四个选项进行比较，找出最佳答案。 3. 词汇题：“搜索代入”法 ①返回原文，找出该词汇出现的地方。 ②确定该词汇的词性 ③从上下文（词汇的前后几句）中找到与所给词汇具有相同词性的词（如一下子找不到就再往上往下找），代入所给词汇在文章中的位置（将之替换）看语义是否合适 ④找出选项中与代替词意思相同或相近的选相，即答案 注意：a.如果该词汇是简单词汇，则其字面意思必然不是正确答案。 b.考研阅读不是考察字认识不认识，而是考察是否能根据上下文作出正确的判断。 c.词汇题的正确答案经常蕴藏在原文该词汇出现的附近。注意不能靠单词词义直接往下推。 d.寻找时要注意同位语、特殊标点（比如分号，分号前后两句话的逻辑关系不是形式上的并列就是语 义上的并列，也就是两句话的意思相同，所以可用其中一句话的意思来推测另一句话的意思从而推出所给词汇含义）、定语从句、前后缀，特别要注意寻找时的同性原则。比如：让猜一个名词词组（动词词组）的意思，我们就向上向下搜索名词词组（动词词组）。 ▲隐蔽型词汇题：题干与原文的某句完全重合，只有一两个词被替换掉。隐蔽型词汇题的做法跟词汇题
新东方四级词汇笔记（非常完整版）第4课 第4课 主谓一致：指的就是给出主语，要求判断谓语动词是用单数还是复数的问题。 一、就近原则： 指句子的主语由两部分单词或短语构成时，由离谓语动词近的那部分主语来决定谓语动词的单复数。 只有当以下单词或短语连接主句的两部分时就近原则才适用： 1. or 或者； 2. either … or … 不是…就是… ，…或… ； 3. neither … nor … 既不…也不…； 4. not only … but also … 不但…而且… ； 5. not … but … 不是…而是… 例如：主语1 or 主语2 谓语动词。此时由主语2决定谓语动词。 10. _C_ either he or his accountants going to claim for the loss? A Are B Where C Is D Does 如果题目改变为：Either he or his accoun tants ___ going … 则应选A 二、句子谓语动词一定用复数的两种情况： 1. 集合名词做主语，集合名词没有复数形式，因为他本身就代表一个复数概念。 常见的几个复合名词：people 人民，人们；police 警察；cattle 牛；poultry 家禽。 2. 表示数量的复数名词+ 不可数名词，整体做主语时 例如：去年出口了八百万顿煤。Eight million tons of coal were exported last year. 三、谓语动词一定用单数的六种情况： 1. 句子的主语是由从句充当的、动词不定式短语作主语、动名词短语作主语； 2. 表示时间、重量、长度、价值四方面的词做主语； 399. -- “How many days?” 0 -- “Did you say that five days _C_ required to complete that work?” A are B were C was D is 3. 表示单数概念的主语，短语，谓语动词，此时谓语动词也用单数； 因为此结构中短语只是对主语提供附加说明情况，所以谓语动词也用单数。 当以下这些标志性的介词或介词短语出现在此结构中时可以不管中间的附加说明情况：with, together with, like, except, besides, in addition to, rather than, as well as 注意：表示复数概念的主语，短语，谓语动词，此时谓语动词应用复数。 4. each, every, either, some, any, no，由以上六个词中任何一个所构成的复合代词作主语时； some经常构成的三个复合代词：something, somebody, someone； no经常构成的三个复合代词：nothing, nobody, no one；either of + 短语； 5. 通常由and连接两部分这种形式做主语谓语动词要用复数，但在以下两种情况下则应用单数； 1> and连接的两部分指的是同一事物； 2> and连接的两部分被no, each, every中任何一个词修饰时； 例如：每位男士和女士都要着装得体。be supposed to do sth. 理应，应该做某事。 Every man and every woman is supposed to dress properly. 11. Many an airplane _B_ in the exhibition. A are shown B has been shown C has shown D show them
2019英语四级备考：听力课堂笔记(10)消磨时间 kill time pass time count one’s thumbs 用完、缺少 run out of be short of be lack in lack of / in a little 一点 not a little 很多 a bit 一点 not a bit 一点也没有 短对话中常用单词和句型 1.表示期待、希望、渴望做某事的说法 expect / hope / wish be eager / anxious /dying to look for ward to wait / yean / thirst / long for can not wait counting the days 2.下列词语与“but”一样含有转折的的意思
actually well really in fact as a matter of fact to tell you the truth 3.表示建议的句型 how about…… 做……如何 I heard about…… 我听说…… If I were you …… 如果我是你…… It seems to me that…… 在我看来似乎…… Let’s …… shall we ? 让我们……怎么样? Let us …… will you ? 让我们……怎么样? Shall I / we …… What about …… 做……如何 Why don’t you …… 你为什么不…… Why not + 动词原型为什么不…… Would you like …… 你要……吗? Wouldn’t …… be better / wiser 做……不是更好吗?
新东方考研英语辅导笔记 阅读理解部分 一、阅读文章 1．来源：西方的报刊杂志 2．文体：议论文，说明文，记叙文，应用文 3．历年考题：多为社会科学，自然科学，人文科学 4．大纲 5. 时间分配: 难度系数40%至50%,平均每篇17-18分钟,其中解题用10分钟(每题2分钟),把时间充分用到解题上,文章读出大概,题目仔细推敲 6． key word: ①Close reading, ②阅读四步走③48精读击破法 ① Close reading: 第一、精读要达到：首先，分析文章，对题目中的四个选项要做分析。正确的选项要做分析，错误的选项也要做分析。其次，把文章中的单词要背会、要全部熟悉掌握。长句子要摘取下来背诵，翻译。对于重点文章，有时需要背诵全文。 第二、如何精读48篇文章：首先是单词量；其次是难句；最后是解题思路。 第三、对于文章则可以多角度的读，题目也可以多角度的分析。 ②48精读击破法复习方式：以点代面，切忌题海战术！ 第一、精度的角度。首先是单词量；其次是对阅读中的长句、难句进行分析；最后要对题目进行分析。 第二、泛读的目的。第一是增强背景知识；第二是锻炼抓住文章中心的能力。 第三、建议要读以下三本杂志：Time, Newsweek, Economist. 二、阅读四步走：（宏观与微观的结合） 1.扫描题干,划出关键词(不要看选项) 结合题干，可以把握文章的脉络，以便有目的性的阅读文章。 2．通读全文，抓住中心（7、8分钟） 1) 通读全文。要点：①首段②其他各段的段首段尾句和转折处（各个题目往往出现正确答案，英文逻辑性强，重点放开头结尾 2) 抓住中心。阅读后，用一分半中时间思考①文章叙述的主要内容是什么？②文章中有无提到核心概念？③作者大致态度是什么？ 3．仔细审题返回原文（审题，题干中蕴含陷阱或不细心，影响答题方向） 定位原则：1) 通常是由题干出发，寻找关键信息。大写字母，地名，时间，数字等。 2) 自然段定位原则：出题顺序与行文的顺序是大体一致的。目的都是缩小范围。4．重叠选项，得出答案。重叠原文à即对照原文。必须要返回原文，对照选项，排除确定。
大学英语四级听力题目答案及原文第套资料
Part II Listening Comprehension Section A News Report One 【话题预测】由college students，sleep，problem，stress，psychological 等词可推断，本则新闻与大学生 睡眠或心理健康有关。 【正确答案】1—2 B D 听力原文 You probably think college students are experts at sleeping, but parties, preparations for tests, personal problems and general stress can wreck a student’s sleep habits, which can be bad for the body and the mind. Texas Tech University is even offering a class called “Improving Your Sleep Habits”. People suffering from sleep loss are at an increased risk from obesity, psychological problems and car crashes. Students who don’t get enough sleep have poor attendance and lower grades. On top of all that, a new study published in the journal Learning and Memory finds you are probably better off
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一.文章的套路结构:（本笔记局限于说明文章，议论文章。） 1. 结论说明型 A．文章开始出现一个结论，后为对他的解释 B.TS(topical sentence即主题句)即为为结论出现支出；注意特别容易的情况是每一段之主题句是该段首句。 C.什么是“判断句”？---通常很重要，判断结论说明型靠判断句，直指主题 a.系表结构:be. remain b.含有作者的态度和评价，注意可能有自由褒贬词 2.新老观点型 A.判断标志: 文章开始不久就出现了老观点,例如: it was traditionally assumed? it was once / usually believed? Many ××believed that? Many ××have argued? It was frequently assumed that? It was universally accepted that? 过去.传统.大家一致公认的观点,都是老观点。 B.TS:陈述新观点的句子。 C.新观点特征: 对同一focus给出不同的解释。 读到老观点的时候,应该停下来想一想,新观点可能是什么样子,从而往下有目的地寻找。 3.现象解释型 A.判断标志:首段给出一个自然的或社会的现象,往往很古怪,下文对其做出解释。 B.可能有多种解释,TS:作者给了正评价的解释。 C.需要注意的是:
a.可能先给出几个错误的(作者持负评价),最后一个才是正确的(正平价)。 b.可能所有解释作者全都不喜欢。 4.问题解决.回答型 A.判断标志: a.手段出现了设问句。 b.首段出现了以下词语:problem difficulty task puzzle 等 B.TS:作者给出正评价的解决方案。 5.其他类的文章 前班部分是以上四种结构之一,后半部分讲了一些与前面无关的内容。 TS在前面,从前面不从后面 二.做题的几条原则 1.先读文章后做题也可以先看题在看文章，建议仔细看全文，才能把握主题不至于上当 2.不能凭印象,或自己的知识背景做题。这点我很有感触，作题不能想当然 2. 做细节题:必须找原文语言重现,正确选项为原文的精确改写。（难大题目用选项中的关键词语，扫描全文，此外在读原文时有意识的记一下 三．平常复习的建议 1．复杂句式――重点训练。推荐王若平的大学难句和考研难句，随便哪本都可以。价格好象是20大元。难句重点训练省略，倒装，复杂从句，等 2. 生词.词组:注意熟词僻义 3. 注意对找主题句绝对敏感； 4.重点把握:A文章结构；B作者态度。 具体作题思维：
新东方李老师的734条高频词组笔记,攻克它550分不是梦想！！！ 1.abide by(=be faithful to ; obey)忠于；遵守。 2. be absent from…. 缺席，不在 3. absence of mind(=being absent-minded) 心不在焉 4. absorb(=take up the attention of)吸引…的注意力(被动语态)be absorbed i n 全 神贯注于…近be engrossed in ; be lost in ; be rapt in ;be concentrated on ; be focused on ; be centered on 5. (be) abundant in(be rich in; be well supplied with) 富于,富有 6. access(to) (不可数名词) 能接近,进入,了解 7. by accident(=by chance, accidentally)偶然地,意外. Without accident(=safely) 安全地, 8. of one’s own accor d(=without being asked; willingly; freely)自愿地 ,主动地 9. in accord with 与…一致. out of one’s accord with 同….不一致 10. with one accord (=with everybody agreeing)一致地 11. in accordance with (=in agreement with) 依照,根据 12. on one’s own account 1) 为了某人的缘故, 为了某人自己的利益2) (=at one’s own risk) 自行负责 3) (=by oneself)依靠自己 on account 赊账; on account of 因为; on no account不论什么原因也不;of …account 有…..重要性. 13. take…into account(=consider)把...考虑进去 14. give sb. an account of 说明, 解释 (理由) 15. account for (=give an explanation or reason for) 解释, 说明. 16. on account of (=because of) 由于,因为. 17. on no account(=in no case, for no reason)绝不要,无论如何不要(放句首时句子 要倒装) 18. accuse…of…(=charge…with; blame sb. for sth. ; blame sth. on sb. ; complain about) 指控,控告 19. be accustomed to (=be in the habit of, be used to)习惯于. 20. be acquainted with(=to have knowledge of) 了解; (=to have met socially ) 熟悉 21. act on 奉行,按照…行动; act as 扮演; act for 代理 22. adapt oneself to(=adjust oneself to) 使自己适应于 23. adapt…(for) (=make sth. Suitable for a new need) 改编, 改写(以适应新的需要) 24. in addition (=besides) 此外, 又, 加之 25. in addition to(=as well as, besides, other than)除…外 26. adhere to (=abide by, conform to, comply with, cling to, insist on, pe rsist in, observe, opinion, belief ) 粘附; 坚持, 遵循 27. adjacent(=next to, close to) 毗邻的, 临近的 28. adjust..(to) (=change slightly)调节; 适应; 29. admit of (=be capable of, leave room for) …的可能，留有…的余地. 30. in advance (before in time) 预告, 事先. 31. to advantage 有利的,使优点更加突出地. 32. have an advantage over 胜过. have the advantage of 由于…处于有利条件 have the advantage of sb.知道某人所不知道的事
英语四级听力解题技巧之“一二三四” 一个中心：A部分以大学校园生活为中心 四级听力的A部分试题中，有很多都直接来自托福（TOEFL）听力A部分，还有部分是托福听力试题改编的。托福考试的目的就是检测非英语国家学生是否到美国接受高等教育的语言能力，其中听力的测试范围主要是大学校园生活（campus life）。通过对87年以来的历年试题的研究可以看出，四级听力A部分大多数试题涉及到大学校园生活。谈话的话题大多涉及大学生活中的各个场景，诸如吃饭、学习、借书、做作业、考试、开车、生病、找工作等等。每一类场景都有特定的词汇和固定谈话思路，我们可以通过选项的一些词汇，推测谈话的话题。带着托福情结的部分四、六级听力试题，答案是很有规律的。 在四级听力中，常见的场景有：（1）作业场景；作业包括assignment，paper，essay，presentation，experiment 等形式，作业一般很多，很难。（2）课程及考试场景；课程（course）一般很难，very challenging，好让有志于赴美读书的各国青年才俊们三思而后行。（3）授课场景；教授的课（含lecture，presentation等）讲的极为枯燥，很难听懂但是学生却对教授评价甚高；（4）考试场景；考试一般很难，女生比男生用功，考的好，还很爱帮助男生上进。（5）放假场景；大家思乡心切，急于回家。（7）打工找工作场景：工作难找，面试要做充分准备。（8）事故场景：学生一般命大，遇到交通事故（甚至飞机坠毁），往往车（包括自行车）毁而人无大碍，受点轻伤或者毫发未伤。（9）看show场景；一般人多票难买。（10）噪音场景；一般是嫌原来的住处too noisy，不利于安心学习。（11）找人一般找不到。（12）教授、医生、学生一般都很忙。（13）飞机、火车一般都晚点。（14）遇事不要着急，要耐心，要等待。 两类选项分析技巧： 一）排除一个选项的技巧，下列选项，可以排除： 1. 所属类别和其他选项相距甚选的选项，例如： (A) The choice of course. (C) An evening course. (B) A day course. (D) Their work. 其中的D选项，明显和其它三个选项属于不同类别，因而对的可能性极小。 2. 所涉及的人物和其他选项不同的选项，例如：1999年1月 A) The arrangement of the Wednesday meeting. B) Where they are going to meet Mr. Johnson. C) The necessity of writing to Mr. Johnson. D) Who is going to contact Mr. Johnson. 其中的A选项，明显和Mr. Johnson.没直接关系, 因而对的可能性极小。 3. 四个选项中，仅有一个选项含有数字或专用名词，则该选项一般不对，例如： A) They are both anxious to try Italian food. B) They are likely to have dinner together. C) The man will treat the woman to dinner tonight. D) The woman refused to have dinner with the man. 其中有且仅有A选项，含有专用名词Italian, 因而对的可能性极小。 又例如： A) Take the GRE test again in 8 weeks. B) Call to check his scores. C) Be patient and wait. D) Inquire when the test scores are released. 其中有且仅有A选项，含有专用名词GRE, 有含有数字，因而对的可能性更小。 4. 四个选项中，仅有一个或者两个选项含有听力中很少涉及的词汇，则该选项一般不对。例如： A) He was kept in hospital for a long time. B) He was slightly injured in a traffic accident. C) He was seriously wounded in a mine explosion. D) He was fined for speeding. C选项含有mine explosion在听力和日常口语中很少涉及，因而对的可能性很小。 5. 内容不合常理、比较荒谬的选项一般不对。例如： A) Most people killed in traffic accidents are heavy drinkers. B) She doesn’t agree with the man.
1. a art.一(个)；每一(个) 2.abandon vt.丢弃；放弃， 抛弃 3.ability n.能力；能耐， 本领 4.able a.有能力的；出色 的 5.abnormal a.不正常的； 变态的 6.aboard ad.在船(车)上； 上船 7.about prep.关于；在… 周围 8.above prep.在…上面； 高于 9.abroad ad.(在)国外；到 处 10.absence n.缺席，不在 场；缺乏 11.absent a.不在场的；缺 乏的 12.absolute a.绝对的；纯粹 的 13.absolutely ad.完全地； 绝对地 14.absorb vt.吸收；使专心 15.abstract a.抽象的n.摘 要 16.abundant a.丰富的；大 量的 17.abuse vt.滥用；虐待n. 滥用 18.academic a.学院的；学 术的 19.academy n.私立中学； 专科院校 20.accelerate vt.(使)加快； 促进 21.acceleration n.加速；加 速度 22.accent n.口音，腔调； 重音 23.accept vt.vi.接受；同意 24.acceptable a.可接受的， 合意的 25.acceptance n.接受，验 收；承认 26.access n.接近；通道， 入口 27.accessory n.同谋，从 犯；附件 28.accident n.意外的；事 故 29.accidental a.偶然的；非 本质的 30.accommodate vt.容纳； 供应，供给 31.accommodation n.招待 设备；预定铺位 32.accompany vt.陪伴，陪 同；伴随 33.accomplish vt.达到(目 的)；完成 34.accord vt.使一致；给予 35.accordance n.一致；和 谐；授予 36.accordingly ad.因此，所 以；照着 37.account n.记述；解释； 帐目 38.accumulate vt.积累vi. 堆积 39.accuracy n.准确(性)；准 确度 40.accurate a.准确的，正确 无误的 41.accuse vt.指责；归咎于 42.accustom vt.使习惯 43.accustomed a.惯常的； 习惯的 44.ache vi.痛；想念n.疼 痛 45.achieve vt.完成，实现； 达到 46.achievement n.完成；成 就，成绩 47.acid n.酸；酸的，酸性 的 48.acquaintance n.认识；了 解；熟人 49.acquire vt.取得；获得； 学到 50.acre n.英亩(=6.07亩) 51.across prep.横过；在… 对面 52.act vi.行动；见效n.行 为 53.action n.行动；作用； 功能 54.active a.活跃的；积极 的 55.activity n.活动；活力； 行动 56.actor n.男演员；演剧的 人 57.actress n.女演员 58.actual a.实际的；现行 的 59.actually ad.实际上；竟 然 60.acute a.尖的，锐的；敏 锐的 61.ad n.广告 62.adapt vt.使适应；改编 63.add vt.添加，附加，掺 加 64.addition n.加，加法；附 加物 65.additional a.附加的，追 加的 66.address n.地址；演说； 谈吐 67.adequate a.足够的；可 以胜任的 68.adjective n.形容词a.形 容词的 69.adjust vt.调整，调节； 校正 70.administration n.管理； 管理部门 71.admire vt.钦佩，羡慕， 赞赏
新东方暑假考研强化班写作部分 L1 一、考什么？（考研考什么？考研写作考什么？） 1、阅读： 50分 25分→30分 写作大：20分 10分→12分/14分 小：20分 5 分→7 分 /8 分 翻译： 10分 5分 完型： 10分 5分 （得阅读者得天下，得写作者得天下） 2、作文小：介绍信（自荐信、推荐信） recommend grated 邀请信、感谢信（第五次课讲） 大：subtle → subtly thought-provoking （第一次到第四次课） 二、考研写作六大原则： 1、印象原则：10±6分 ①字迹：矮胖型，字母大小一样；②涂改：不要超过10%； ③段落：按提纲写（近几年都为三段：一、现象；二、推论作者意图；三、该怎么做） 2、提纲原则：严禁发表与提纲无关的言论，不需要任何思路创新，即将思想降至最低，将语言发挥到极致。且一般为当 年的次热点，绝不会考最热点，要考就靠永恒的话题。 2001年出现的举例段就是非常好的例子，没举例的，总的起评分就是12分。 切记：听话!!!!!!!! P教18—2001年真题，第一段：象征含义；第二段：举例（只要举到的完全得分）。 P教17—2000：切勿企图标新立异；1998：历年臭名昭著的一个考题，不用看；1999：要看懂图表，但是有过企图标新立异的惨痛例子； symbolic meaning 3、数量原则：（极其关键） A、段落（提纲）（有几年有要求举例，万不能落，没距离就少了一点，该点的分就没了） B、句子小：6——8句 P1：3——4句 大：12——15句 P2：5——7句 P3：4句 C、字数100——110词常只限10行 200——220词 4、顺序原则：语言→结构→内容（思路） 多变，少错，但求无过，起承转合，忽略不计 5、思维转化原则：互译（写不出的就不写，非写不可的就换简易的） eg：孝敬父母使我们的传统美德？→（承担：under take ） It is our obligation to respect our aging parents .(该句话放在第三段最好) obligate ：义务（一个保卫祖国的战士不离开祖国的大门：我不离开gate） 取其精华，去其糟粕？→精华：好的方面；糟粕：坏的东西，负面影响（consequence）等；去：丢弃，放弃（abandon ，throw away）。take the positive aspects，resist the negative consequence 原则：中英互译的必死，不要死扣中文。将中文降到最弱智的解释，英文保证正确。非写不可的的，一定转换思维：eg：乱收费→“乱”：违法，未经学生同意的，过高的，不合理的（unreasonable） 大学扩招→越来越多人上大学；大学扩大了受教育的权利 籍贯→我的家乡是……；加我→让我成为你的朋友（add as your friend） 我绕来绕去也找不到教室→我怎么也找不到教室 你对我很重要→you are my water !!!! 6、语言变化原则：同一意义尽量使用不同方法表达，如 象征含义：symbolic meaning ；subtle 等。
大学英语四级备考资料下载汇总 大学英语四级真题试卷 历年大学英语四级真题试卷+答案+听力原文+MP3（1989-2010.6） 大家网2010年6月大学英语四六级真题+听力+答案解析大全 2009年12月大学英语四级真题WORD版+真题图片版+听力+答案解析 [在线题库]2008.6-2009.12大学英语四级真题测试及专题训练（含听力及答案） [原创]一字千金2009年6月20日大学英语四级(CET-4)真题试卷(A卷) https://www.doczj.com/doc/de11912150.html,/thread-358727-1-1.html [原创][震撼：找一个错，给一千元！]大家版一字千金2007年6月大学英语四级试题 https://www.doczj.com/doc/de11912150.html,/thread-133758-1-1.html [原创][找一处错，给一千元！]大家版一字千金2007年12月大学英语四级cet4试题 https://www.doczj.com/doc/de11912150.html,/thread-166866-1-1.html 2010年更新书籍： [大家网首发]晨读英语美文100篇CET-4（第2版最新修订）（PDF+MP3含字幕）下载 《生而为赢——新东方英语背诵美文30篇》Mp3+原创文本书签版下载 冲刺！！《星火新题型大学英语4级考试一本全:2010年6月高分冲刺版(附MP3光盘1张)下载大家网首发-《大学英语四级考试710分新题型指南》PDF下载 大家网首发-大学英语4级考试710分词汇速记(2008年第2版)PDF下载 《生而为赢——我们都是有故事的人》第一大章文本及音频、桌面图片下载 2010新东方四级精品班资料完美分享下载 [新东方2010精品班资料]CET4写作高分班电子教材WORD下载 强烈推荐！！英语四级绝对实用的高频动词词组(高清版)下载 [新东方精品班资料]四级活跃动词高频词组WORD下载 大学英语四级常见的英语同义词50组(适用于写作和完形题)下载 [新东方精品班资料]刘一男4000新决以词雄（含音标）51页WORD下载 《胡敏读故事记单词--大学英语四级词汇》中国广播电视出版社（PDF+MP3）下载 模拟题 冲刺！！星火《新题型大学英语4级考试一本全:2010年6月高分冲刺版》预测卷二含听力 冲刺！！星火《新题型大学英语4级考试一本全:2010年6月高分冲刺版》预测卷一含听力2010年6月大学英语四级考试五套全真预测WORD下载 （解密版）2008年12月大学英语4级考试710分巅峰训练（PDF+MP3）下载 星火英语2008年6月版]四级全真优化与命题预测（3套真题+5套预测题） 王长喜08年12月新四级冲刺试卷10套（含MP3）汇总帖 大学英语四级备考词汇资料大汇总 词汇背诵安排表：
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话题：①教育类④环境类 ②意识类⑤旅游 ④犯罪类⑥科技发展 三·练习方法 ①用多种句型表达同一句意 ②扩写简单句（一篇文章要包含至少3句含有至少25个单词的句子） 扩写方法：名词扩充；动词扩充；形容词扩充；定语从句；同位语；加状语状语:伴随状语：一个主语，如果同时进行两个动作，那么，次要动作的动词作分词词形或做伴随状语/主动现在分词，被动过去分词。 ③用地道的举行来替换简单句 例如：虚拟语气；倒装句；强调。 四·论证方式：1，解释 2，原因分析 3，举例子（事例要平凡）：①人例②事例③理论 4，后果预测（有时要用到虚拟语气） 5，使用名言
6，数据调查 7，对比，对照 8，社会现象阐述 9，实在想不出来的情况下，可以将其换为领域对象 其中5，6可以自己伪造 五，论据寻找方法 ①，具体极端化 ②，PETCS（P：public E：education economy environment entertainment T：time technology C：culture character convenience S：society）都可以替换 ③，找本质 理论：①多重身份理论（Multiple Identities） ②Maslow理论：各种需求 ③Freud理论：本我（Id），自我（Ego），超我（Super Ego） 五，论证中尽量回避关于：宗教，性别，政治，特殊人群等的特殊话题。 六，论证逻辑分布。 Agree or Disagree题目与A or B同类 难度：转折＞一边倒＞让步
考研阅读 基本情况： 1.内容社会科学：经济学、传播学（互联网）、教育学（学习or实践） 自然科学 人文科学：人生态度、书评 2.文章体裁说明文：2.5篇 议论文：1.5篇 3.语言文化英国：文化 美国：经济、互联网 如何准备考研阅读: 1.错误的学习方法盲目背单词：小于5900 题海战术 2.正确的学习方法 55分：精读真题——无生词、无长难句、错误选项分析 60分：两套卡片——单词卡、经典句子卡 3.资料单词书 语法：中学生语法书 历年真题：全文翻译、每题解释至少5-6行、核心词汇 考研阅读解题步骤： 1.两首原则首段总结中心思想 各段首句 若首段超过三行，则重点读该段首句
2.看第一题题干，找关键词核心词：时间、地点、人名、数字 一般名词：题干句子里所有的名词 动词：infer,imply,learn 推断题 3.返回原文找关键词对应的段落 出题点关键词所在句子 逻辑关系词所在句子：(1)转折 but,yet,however,nevertheless although,despite,in spite of 重(2)递进：in addition,furthemore,moreover 要 (3)因果原因： because,for,since,as, 程 due to,owe to, 度 in the wake of 递结果：so,thus,hence,therefore, 减 consequently,as a result (4)if引导的条件从句 (5)表示重要的词：important,importance, first of all,the first thing 4.返回题干，将四个选项按如下顺序分别带入到关键词对应的段落里 (1)关键词所在句子 (2)逻辑关系词所在的句子（转折、逻辑） (3)对应段落首尾句 (4)剩余的句子
1997年1月 Directions" For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Haste Makes Waste. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below. 1. 为什么"欲速则不达"？ 2. 举例说明。 谚语格言题文章逻辑结构： Paragraph I:（1）点明要阐释的谚语或名言(general)； （2）用自己的话解释这一谚语或名言的意思，有时有正反两面的逻辑(specific)。 Paragraph II: （1）作者对该谚语或名言的观点态度，即文章的论点句； （2）支持性的细节分论点，举例子论证（至少两点，有时有正反两面的逻辑）； （3）本段总结（可以省略）。 Paragraph III: （1）总结全文，定下结论（通常为阐明其现实或更深远意义）。 Haste Makes Waste By "Haste makes waste" is meant that one should do everything step by step. Even simple operations can easily be spoiled if we rush to complete them, neglecting important stages in the process. One should make full preparations before beginning an task. 注：spoilt=spoiled 被毁坏；Spare the rod, spoil the child. 棍棒出孝子Take English study for example. Without a good command of pronunciation, we can never hope to speak in an understandable way. Similarly, if we do not learn to spell properly and to acquire a basic grasp of grammar, we will never succeed in writing good composition. In short, laying a solid foundation is essential if we want to make achievements in our studies or work, or indeed in any other aspect of our lives. At every step, review what has been achieved and assess the problems ahead before moving to the next step. And remember, Rome was not built in a day. 注：laying a solid foundation 打下坚实的基础 英文学习和体育锻炼作为例子 [讲义P7] Example :