READING SELECTION A
Thank God It's Monday
By Jyoti Thottam
[1] As researchers in psychology, economics and organizational behavior have been gradually discovering, the experience of being happy at work looks very similar across professions. People, who love their jobs, feel challenged by their work but in control of it. They have bosses who make them feel appreciated (enjoyed) and co-workers they like. They can find meaning (interest/ significance) in whatever they do. And they aren't just
[2] An even bigger obstacle (there is), though （however）, may be our low expectations (hopes) on the job. Love, family, community (society) —those are supposed (thought) to be the true sources of happiness, while work simply (only) gives us the means (tools) to enjoy them. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, who (coinage->) coined the term flow (happiness<->ebb), which adherents (supporter) of positive psychology would use to describe the job-induced highs (high spirit/ happiness), says that distinction (difference) is a false one. "Anything can be enjoyable if the elements of flow (happiness) are present," he writes in his book Good (Successful) Business." Within that framework, doing a seemingly boring job can be a source of greater fulfillment (achievement) than one (anybody) ever thought possible."
[3] Csikszentmihalyi encourages (urge) us to reach a state (level/ status) in which work is an extension of what we naturally want to do. Immersed (absorbed) in the pleasure of work, we don't worry about its ultimate (final) reward. If that (state) sounds out of reach, take heart (try one’s best). You may soon get some encouragement from the head office (headquarters). A growing (increasing) body (amount) of research is demonstrating (showing) that happy workers not only are happier in life but are also crucial (most important) to the health (n.) of a company.
[4] Thirty-five years ago, the Gallup Organization started researching why people in certain work groups, even within the same company, were so much more effective (->efficient) than others. Donald Clifton, the Gallup researcher who pioneered that work, conducted (directed) a series of extensive interviews with highly productive teams of workers. From those interviews, Gallup developed a set of 12 statements (rules/ points) designed to measure employees' overall (general) level of happiness with their work, which Gallup calls "engagement". Some of the (criterion->) criteria reflect the obvious requirements of any worker [Do you have what you need to do your job (well)?] Do you know what's expected of you at work?), while others reveal (show) more subtle variables (Do you have a best friend at work? Does your supervisor (boss) or someone else at work care about you as a person?). Gallup started the survey in 1998, and it now includes 5. 4 million employees at 474 organizations; Gallup also does periodic random polls of workers in different countries.
[5] The polls paint a picture of a rather disaffected (unpleasant/ unsatisfying) U.S. work force. In the most recent poll, from September 2004, only 29% of workers said they were engaged with their work. More than half, 55%, were not engaged, and 16% were actively disengaged. Still (Furthermore), those numbers are better than those (figures) in many other countries. The percentage of engaged workers in the U. S. is more than twice as large as Germany's and three times as great as Singapore's (figures). But neither the late 1990s boom nor the subsequent （following）bust (depression) had much impact (influence) in either direction, indicating (showing/ implying) that the state of worker happiness goes much deeper than the swings (waves) of the economy.
[6] James Harter, a psychologist directing (conducting) that research at Gallup, says many companies are simply (only) misreading (->misled/ don’t know) what makes people happy at work. Beyond a certain minimum （minimal）level, it isn't pay or benefits(~sb./~from sth.); it's strong relationships with co-workers and a supportive boss. "These are basic (important) human needs in the workplace, but they're not the ones thought by
managers to be very important." Harter says. Gallup has found that a strong positive response to the statement (=sentence; question on questioner) "I have a best friend at work", for example, is a powerful predictor for
a high level of belonging," Hatter says.[(1)handsome/ beautiful; (2)intelligent;(3)considerate]
[7] Without it(happiness), a job that looks (seems) good on paper (theoretically) can make a worker miserable [to live/lead a miserable/ happy life]. Martina Radix, 41, traded (exchange) a high-pressure job as an executive assistant at a company where she liked her colleagues for a less taxing position (job) as a clerical worker (clerk) in a law firm six years ago. She has more (free) time and flexibility but feels stifled (depressed) by her co-workers and unappreciated by her boss. "I am a misfit (mismatch) in that department," she says. "No matter how good your personal life is, if you go in to a bad (atom->) atmosphere at work, it takes away from it."
[8] In fact, (be engaged in sth.) engagement at work is less a function of your personality than is happiness (satisfaction) in general. Harter estimates that individual disposition (personality) accounts for (take up/ explain) only about 30% of the difference between employees who are highly engaged and those who are not. The rest of it is shaped (decided) by the hundreds of interactions that employees have every day with co-workers, supervisors and customers.
[9] The most direct fix (remedy/ cure/ solution), then, is to seek out (look for) a supportive (positive) workplace. Finding a job that fits a life calling (need/ look for oneself-> look for one’s place) unlocks the door to happiness. Lissette Mendez, 33, says her job coordinating the annual book fair at Miami Dade College is the one she was born to do. "Books are an inextricable (inseparable) part of my life," she says.
[10] Even if your passion (->passionate) does not easily translate into a profession (job->career), you can still find happiness on the job. Numerous studies (n.) have shown correlations between meaningful work and happiness, job satisfaction and even physical health. That sense (feeling/ significance) of meaning, however, can take many different forms. Some people find it in the work itself; others take pride (n./vt.) in (be proud of) their company's mission (task/ ->missionary) rather than in their specific job. People can find meaning in anything.
[11] The desire (n.) for meaning is so strong that sometimes people simply (only) create it, especially to make sense (make sth. meaningful) of difficult or unpleasant work. In a recently completed six-year study of (doctor) physicians (->surgeon->specialist) during their surgical (reside->resident->) residency, for example, it was found that the surgeons were extremely dissatisfied in the first year, when the menial (slave) work they were assigned, like (such as) filling out endless copies of patient records, seemed pointless (meaningless). Once they started to think of (regard) the training as part of the larger process (vt./n.) of joining an elite group of doctors, their attitude changed. They're able to reconstruct (reconsider) and make sense of their work and what they do. By the end of year one, they've started to create (feel) some meanings. (self-employed)
[12] While positive psychology has mostly (stressed/ emphasized) the individual (pursue->)pursuit of happiness, a new field — positive organizational scholarship — has begun to examine (study) the connection between happy employees and happy (successful) businesses. Instead of focusing on profitability and competition to explain success, researchers in this field are studying meaningfulness, authentic leadership
(under the ~of) (ability: language ~). Not the typical B-school buzzwords, but they may soon become part of the language spoken by every M. B. A. (student)
"outside their domain (field) and kind of (a little/ somewhat) fringe-ish", says Thomas Wright (play wright), a professor of organizational behavior at the University of Nevada, Reno. Early hints (n. clues) of the importance of worker happiness were slow (dull/ stupid->sharp) to be accepted (admitted/ understood). A 1920s study (n.) on the topic at the Hawthorne Plant of the Western Electric Co. in Cicero. It looked at (examined) whether increased lighting, shorter workdays and other worker-friendly fixes (measures) would improve (increase) productivity.
While (Although) the workplace changes(n.) boosted (improved) performance, the experimenters eventually (finally) discovered (found) that the differences workers were responding to not in the physical environment but in the social (spiritual) one (factor). In other words, the attention (love) they (workers) were getting was what made them happier and more effective (->efficiency). This phenomenon came to be known as the Hawthorne effect. "The researchers came to realize that it was people's happiness that made the difference," Wright says. But later
studies (n.) that looked at job-satisfaction (rate->) ratings were Broader measures (degree) of happiness, it turns out, are better predictors of productivity.
[14] Making any of those changes depends on the boss, although not necessarily, the CEO. So a handful of (many) business schools are trying to create (educate) a new kind of frontline manager, based on the idea of "authentic leadership". Instead of imposing faddish (fashionable) management techniques on each supervisor, authentic leadership begins with self-awareness. Introverted bosses have to know their own style and then find strategies to manage (administrate) people that feel natural (friendly). In other words, by figuring out (working out) their strengths (advantages), they learn to recognize those (advantages) of employees. [hand in->handout; routiner; ]
[15] The goal (objective->purpose->aim) of all that rethinking, however, is not necessarily a world (field) in which people love their work above everything else. Work, by definition, is somewhat (a little; somehow=for reasons unkown) unpleasant relative to all the other things we could be doing. That's why we still expect to get paid for doing it. But at the very least (<->at the most), businesses (companies or organizations) could do better just by paying attention to what their employees want and need (financially and spiritually). Then more of us could find a measure (degree) of fulfillment (achievement) in what we do. And once in a while (now and then/ occasionally), we might hope to transcend (surpass) it (material necessity) all. It (miracle) can happen on the basketball court (field), in front of a roaring crowd, or in a classroom, in front of just one grateful (thankful) student. (1, 669 words)
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Jyoti Thottam is a writer and a business reporter for Time magazine in New York. She was the president of the South Asian Journalists' Association from 2001-2002.
EXERCISES
I . Reading Comprehension
Answer the following questions or complete the following statements.
1. By the title "Thank God It's Monday", the author wanted to convey the idea that _____.
A. people love their work above everything else
B. people can find happiness in their work
C. most people have the experience of being happy at work
D. people can find meaning in whatever they do
2. According to Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, _____.
A. love, family and community are not supposed to be the true sources of happiness
B. work simply gives us the means to enjoy the happiness we get from love, family and community
C. even a seemingly boring job can be a source of happiness for us
D. the positive psychology that is used to describe the job-induced highs is false
3. According to the research made by the Gallup Organization, what makes people happy at work?
A. Reasonable pay or benefits.
B. Positive relationship with co-workers and boss.
C. People's engagement with their work.
D. Both A and B.
4. According to the research made by the Gallup Organization, the number of engaged workers in Singapore was about _____.
A.10%
B. 14.5%
C.16%
D.29%
5. Now Martina Radix _____.
A. has a high-pressure job but she has positive relationship with her co-workers
B. has a less demanding job but she has a bad relationship at work
C. has more time and flexibility so she is satisfied with her personal life
D. is an executive assistant at a company but she feels she is a misfit in that department
6. People can find meaning in their work in the following situations EXCEPT _____.
A. if they love their job very much
B. if their work itself is very important
C. if their company's mission is very important
D. if they are paid at a minimum level
7. By the end of year one, surgical residents can find their menial work meaningful because _____.
A. in the past year, they have become accustomed to the work
B. they can stop doing such pointless jobs as filling out endless copies of patient records
C. they realize that the menial work is a necessary step to become a doctor
D. they're able to construct their fame if they deal with patients more often
8. What made the workers happier and more effective, according to the study at the Hawthorne Plant of the Western Electric Co. in Cicero, in the 1920s?
A. The attention paid to the workers.
B. The new worker-friendly measures.
C. The improvement of the physical environment.
D. The improvement of the social environment.
9. According to the article, which of the following statements is true?
A. The better productivity of a company depends on its CEO.
B. Authentic leaders should learn more management techniques.
C. Bosses should find strength in both themselves and their employees.
D. The results of the studies on job-satisfaction ratings were all similar.
10. The author's purpose in writing this article is _____.
A. to make more people enjoy their work
B. for people to find fulfillment in what they do
C. to reevaluate some theories in positive psychology
D. to help business be more effective and productive
II. V ocabulary
A. Read the following sentences and decide winch of the four choices below each sentence is closest in meaning to the underlined word.
1. I advocate (vt./n.) a (whole->) holistic recognition that biology and culture interpenetrate in an inextricable manner (way).
A. complicated
B. unavoidable
C. customary
D. incomprehensible
2. The (Rome-> romance) romantic painting movement introduced a taste for the mysterious as well as (=and)
a love of the picturesque and sublime nature.
A. immense
B. fascinating (attractive)
C. magnificent (great/ noble)
D. enchanting (attractive)
3. One important feature (property/ character; feature story专题报道) of the period was the growth (development) of Buddhism. Its adherents honored the Buddha in order to be reborn in his paradise (heaven).
A. sponsors(vt./n.)
B. supporters
C. advocators
D. (advise->advice) advisors
4. As censorship was extremely strict in that period, little authentic news came out of the country (Churchill: iron-curtain country).
A. negative
B. (astro-/ aster-:星象) disastrous
C. official(a./n.)
D. reliable
5. If a block of wood is completely immersed in water, the upward force is greater than the weight of the wood.
A. dipped
B. pressed
C. forced
D. pushed
6. According to Zhuangzi, a Daoist (道家) philosopher of the late 4th century B.C., through mystical (unite->) union with the Dao the individual could transcend nature and even life and death.
A. dissolve(->solvent)
B. upraise (bring up)
C. surpass
D. depress (->suppress)
7. As (when) economic growth ground to a halt (stop), the local populations grew (became) more and more disaffected.
A. indifferent
B. resentful
C. unvalued
D. (dignity->)indignant (->angry)
8. (capital penalty死刑) Capitalism (be troubled) by (circle->)cycles (->recycle) of "boom and
bust", periods of expansion and prosperity followed by economic [->collapsible] and waves of unemployment. [beheaded= killed]
A. failure
B. transition
C. (lose->lost->)loss
D. depression [the Great Depression]
9. At that time (=then), life was nearly as taxing (burdensome/ tiring) for all-black bands: black musicians were required to use kitchen (restaurant) entrances and service elevators (=lift; escalator), which forced them to confront the ugly realities of racial discrimination. [Hard Times]
A. miserable
B. hard (=difficult)
C. unbearable
D. harsh(=severe)
10. Modern and implicit (<->explicit) censorship has nothing like the power of the old system and contrary opinion is never entirely stifled.
A. released
B. arrested
C. retarded (->retardant)
D. prohibited [pro-: (1)officially; (2)forward]
B. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.
in control of within the framework variables it turns out on paper
take away from once in a while trade... for make sense take heart
1. The most famous (<->eminent) private boarding schools are open to the public on paper, but in reality are attended by those who can afford (=pay for) the fees (->fare). [(1)boarder房客/border; (2) 边界]
2. She loved her dog so much that after years of its death she still thinks of it once in a while (now and then/ occasionally).
on the left side of the equation is equal to that on the right side. (->equator)
4. The Commission (->committee) was to formulate plans for establishing an international control organ (organization) within the framework of the Security Council. [city council]
5. He lost his confidence after he lost the first two (try->) trials, but his coach told him to take heart (<->lose one’s heart), so that he could win at last.
7. The presentation of his paper (oral presentation) was highly praised, but it turned out that the paper was copied from the Internet. [think great/ much of sb./ think highly of sb.<->think little of sb./ look down upon sb.; Turn out: (1)The police turned out to the site of the crime; (2)The produce or product the factory/the farm turned out; (3) It has been proved that…;]
8. Maria has read it for four times, but the letter still doesn't make sense to her. [She doesn’t understand it; French: It’s Chinese.是天书].
9. Susan was in control of (in charge of sth.) the meeting, and after singing and prayer (n.) she introduced a strange friend from America (the US/the U.S.).
10. The early (settle: vi./vt.) settlers (settlement) traded copper for corn from natives. [to settle in somewhere/ ~ an argument][scorn=look down (up)on sb.]
IV. Cloze
There are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the
right word or phrase from the list given below for each of the blanks. Change the form if necessary.
supposed to be unless all too often which external
thoroughly that on the other hand in return ironically
Although, as we have seen, people generally long (vt.,want/ desire) to leave their places of work and get home, ready (=willing) to put their hard-earned free time to good use (n.), 1 all too often (frequently) they have no idea (=don’t kno w) what to do there (home). 2 Ironically , jobs are actually easier to enjoy than free time, because like (pre.) flow (happy) activities they (work) have built-in (内建，内在) goals, feedback, rules and challenges, all of 3 which encourage one (anybody/ worker) to become involved (join) in one's work, to concentrate and lose oneself (be absorbed) in it. Free time, 4 on the other hand (on the contrary), is unstructured (unorganized), and requires much greater effort to be shaped into something (meaningful) that can be enjoyed. Hobbies that demand skill, habits that set goals and limits, personal interests (tastes), and especially inner discipline(n./vt.), help to make leisure (free time) what it is 5 supposed to (should) be chance for "re-creation" . But on the whole (in general), people miss the opportunity to enjoy leisure even more 6 thoroughly (completely) than they do with working time. It is in the improvident (unwise/ wasteful) use of our leisure time, I suspect
the greatest wastes of American life occur. [tourism and recreation industry] Mass leisure, mass culture, arid (meaningless) even high culture when only (they are) attended to (actively<->) passively and for 8 external Reasons — such as the wish to display (show) one's status — are
寄生虫) of the mind. They absorb (=exhaust) psychic energy without providing substantive (considerable) strength (energy) 9 in return. They leave (=make) us more exhausted, more disheartened (depressed) than we were before. 10 Unless a person takes charge (control) of them, both work and free time are likely (possible) to be disappointing. Most jobs and many leisure activities —especially those involving the
— are not designed (intended) to make us happy and strong, or to make us learn to enjoy our work. [attend: (1)vt.~ a meeting/ a class; (2)vi. ~to sb.; attendant服务员]
IV. Translation
Put the following party into Chinese.
1. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, who coined the term flow, which adherents of positive psychology would use to describe the job-induced highs, says that distinction is a false one. "Anything can be enjoyable if the elements of flow are present," he writes in his book Good Business. "Within that framework, doing a seemingly boring job can be a source of greater fulfillment than one ever thought possible."
米哈里·奇凯因特米哈里认为这种区分是错误的。他发明了“强感受” (flow)这个说法, 信奉正面心理学的人常用此词来描述由工作而引发的兴奋状态。在《称心如意的工作》一书中他写道: “只要存在强感受因素, 任何事情都能给我们带来愉悦。根据这一观点, 从事一份表面看上去枯燥的工作却会给人们带来想象不到的更大的成就感。”
2. But neither the late 1990s boom nor the subsequent bust had much impact in either direction, indicating that the state of worker happiness goes much deeper than the swings of the economy.
但是20世纪90年代后期的经济繁荣和随之而来的经济萧条都没有对员工的两种工作态度产生多大影啊, 这表明工人在工作中是否能获得快乐感有比经济形势更深层的原因。
3. Martina Radix, 41, traded a high-pressure job as an executive assistant at a company where she liked her colleagues for a less taxing position as a clerical worker in a law firm six years ago. She has more time and flexibility but feels stifled by her co-workers and unappreciated by her boss. "I am a misfit in that department," she says. "No matter how good your personal life is, if you go in to a bad atmosphere at work, it takes away from it."
41岁的马丁娜·蕾迪克斯原是一家公司的经理助理, 虽然工作压力大, 但她和同事相处都很好;6年前她换了工作, 到一家律师事务所成了一名职位相对清闲的办事员。如今她时间多了, 自由度也大了, 但她感觉和这里的同事共事太压抑, 也得不到老板的赏识。她说: “我不适应这个部门。不管你个人生活多惬意, 如果工作单位氛围不好, 个人生活就会大受影响。”
4. In fact, engagement at work is less a function of your personality than is happiness in general. Harter estimates that individual disposition accounts for only about 30% of the difference between employees who are highly engaged and those who are not. The rest of it is shaped by the hundreds of interactions that employees have every day with co-workers, supervisors and customers.
事实上, 对工作的投入与其说是人的个性使然, 不如说是源于人们在工作中总体上感到的快乐。哈特认为, 对工作高度投入与并不投入的员工之间之所以存在差异, 员工的个性只起30%的作用, 其他的取决于员工每天与同事、主管以及客户的频繁交往。
5. Until recently, businesspeople would dismiss employee well-being as "outside their domain and kind of fringe-ish”, says Thomas Wright, a professor of organizational behavior at the University of Nevada, Reno.
内华达大学里诺分校的组织行为学教授托马斯·赖特说, 直到不久前, 企业家们还不愿考虑员工是否工作心情舒畅的问题, 认为这“不属于他们关心的范围, 和他们的职责范围相去甚远”
6. But later studies that looked at job-satisfaction ratings were inconsistent. Broader measures of happiness, it turns out, are better predictors of productivity.
但后来对工作满意度的许多研究结果却前后矛盾。现在看来, 用更广泛的衡量标准来评估快乐感受, 能更有效地预测生产率。
7. But at the very least, businesses could do better just by paying attention to what their employees want and need. Then more of us could find a measure of fulfillment in what we do. And once in a while, we might hope to transcend it all. It can happen on the basketball court, in front of a roaring crowd, or in a classroom, in front of just
one grateful student.
但通过关心员工的需求, 至少企业可能发展得更好。那样, 我们更多的人就会在工作中找到一定程度的满足感。而且偶尔我们可能还希望获得最大程度的满足。这种情况可能发生在篮球场上喧闹欢呼的人群前, 也可能发生在教室里, 在仅仅一个充满感激的学生面前。
V. Oral Practice and Discussion
1. Do you love your job? Do you like your colleagues? Is your boss supportive?
2. Which makes you happier: your work or the things out of work?
3. Beyond a certain minimum level of income, what makes you work harder: more pay and better benefits or strong relationships with co-workers and a supportive boss?
4. Do you think your work is meaningful? How can you find meaning in it?
5. Do you think workers' happiness is important to their company's productivity? What else can make a company more productive?
6. Do you agree with the author that "work, by definition, is somewhat unpleasant relative to all the other things we could be doing"? How can you find a measure of fulfillment in what you do?
VOCABULARY ITEMS
1. sublime: adj. characterized by nobility majestic supreme庄严，崇高，壮丽的: (super->)the supreme court; [limelight]；sub-/ sub-: under; sub-marine(sea)潜水艇
2. (ebb<->)flow (fly->flew->flown; flowed->flowed): n. (psychology) a continuous output or outpouring of feeling [心理学]感受强烈的; happiness快乐，幸福指数
3. (ad-: add) (adhere: vt.) adherent: n. a supporter, as of a cause (事业) or an individual拥护者，追随者; adhere to sb./sth.
4. high: n. excitement or euphoria; (be in)high/ low) spirits兴高采烈的; be not/ in the mood->mode = channel
5. immersed: adj. to be engaged wholly or deeply; be absorbed in sth.沉迷，沉思; be ~ in sth.; immersion method
6. variable: n. sth. that varies or is prone to variation变量; vary->variety->various; a variety of sth.
7. poll: n. a survey of the public or of a sample of public opinion to acquire information民意调查; poll tax;
8. disaffected: adj. resentful and rebellious, especially against authority不满的; effect (n.)->affect (vt.)->affection (love)->affectionate (adj.)
9. boom: n. a time of economic (prosper->) prosperity繁荣; prosper->prosperous/ thrive（vi）; prosperous-looking
10. bust: n. a time or period of widespread financial depression萧条时期: The Great Depression.
11. taxing: adj. burdensome; wearing繁重的，难以负担的; tiresome = tiring (a.)
12. stifled: adj. killed by preventing respiration; smothered or suffocated使窒息的
13. disposition: n. a habitual inclination; a tendency意向，倾向; posing picture; be inclined to do sth.; position->preposition; dispose->disposition; posing picture
14. fix: n. a measure to solve the problem解决问题，纠正错误; to solve a problem; to answer a question; fix(n.)：a dose of drug
15. （extract->）inextricable: adj. difficult or impossible to disentangle or untie难解难分的;
16. elite: n. a group or class of persons or a member of such a group or class, enjoying superior intellectual, social, or economic status精英，杰出人才; who is who名人辞典
17. authentic: adj. conforming to fact and therefore worthy of trust, reliance, or belief真实的
18. buzzword: n. a usually important-sounding word or phrase connected with a specialized field or group
19. fringe-ish: an act of making sth. as fringe边缘化，次要化
20. faddish: adj. having the nature of a fashion that is taken up with great enthusiasm for a brief period of time风行，流行的; fad=fashion->fashionable (a.)/ faddish
21. (extroverted<->)introverted: adj. of a person whose thoughts and feelings are directed toward oneself性格内向的
22. transcend (= surpass): vt. to pass beyond the limits of or to be greater than, as in intensity or power; surpass超越，胜过; trans-: across; transport- translate
23. take heart [<->lose (one’s heart)]: to be confident有信心，振作起来; self-confident (a.)->self-confidence (n.)
24. on paper: judged from written or printed evidence在纸上，在理论上theory->theoretical->theoretically
25. trade for: to exchange; barter system以…换…; trade /workers’ union
26. take away from…: to lessen; weaken; diminish减少
NOTES
1. Mihaly Csikszentmihayi: born in 1934, he is a psychology professor at Claremont Graduate University in Claremont, California and is the former (->the latter) head (president/ dean) of the department of psychology at the University of Chicago and of the department of sociology and anthropology at Lake Forest College. He is noted for his work in the study of happiness, creativity, subjective well-being (health), and fun, but is best known as the architect of the notion (concept) of now and for his years of research and writing on the topic. He is the author of many books and over 120 articles or book chapters. Martin Seligman, former (<->later) president of the American Psychological Association, described Csikszentmihalyi as the world's leading researcher on positive psychology. He is one of the most widely cited psychologists today in a variety of fields related to psychology and business. He received his B. A. in 1960 and his Ph. G. in 1965, both from the University of Chicago. Self-image
2. Gallup: George Horace (1901-1984), American public opinion analyst and statistician, born in Jefferson, Iowa, and educated at the University of Iowa. He was head of the journalism department at Drake University (1929-1931), professor of journalism and advertising at Northwestern University (1931-1932), and professor at the Pulitzer School of Journalism, Columbia University (1935-1937). In 1935 he founded and became director of the American Institute for Public Opinion, and in 1936 he established the British Institute of Public Opinion. Gallup was a pioneer in the use of statistical methods for measuring the interest of readers in the features and advertisements of magazines and newspapers and for determining public opinion on general issues (problem). He extended his research to include the reactions of radio audiences and founded the Audience Research Institute in 1939. He directed (conducted) research for many organizations, won numerous awards, and wrote several books.
3. Gallup Poll: public opinion surveys on politics.盖洛普民意调查
4. James Harter: James K. Harter, Ph. D., is Chief Scientist of Workplace Management for The Gallup Organization's workplace management practice. He is coauthor of The New York Times bestseller: The Elements of Great (Successful ) Managing.
5. (negative<->)Positive psychology: Positive psychology is the scientific study of the strengths (advantages) and virtues (quality) that enable individuals and communities to thrive (prosper, succeed).
6. Positive Organizational Scholarship: Positive Organizational Scholarship is an exciting new movement in organizational studies. Positive Organizational Scholarship is dedicate (used/ devoted) to understanding how work organizations contribute to the development of human strength and virtues. 成功组织研究学院
7. B-school: business school
8. M. B. A.: Master of Business Administration工商管理硕士的缩写
9. Hawthorne: Here it refers to Hawthorne plant of Western Electric (Western Electric Company)美国西部电器公司霍桑厂; mill/ factory/ plant; Scarlet Letter
10. The Hawthorne effect: The Hawthorne effect is an increase in worker productivity produced by the psychological stimulus (stimuli: pl.，”~ and response”) of being singled out and made to feel important. Initial (preliminary) improvement in a process of production caused by the obtrusive (forced) observation was first noticed in Hawthorne plant of Western Electric (Western Electric Company) in 1924 after 12 years of study there. 霍桑效应; be singled out for praise/ criticism
11. Ill.: Illinois美国伊利诺伊斯州的缩写
12. CEO: Chief Executive Officer执行总裁，首席执行官的缩写; (1)legislature (Congress->the Capitol) (2) executive (The president and the cabinet); (3)supervisor(the Supreme Court)
READING SELECTION B
Success
[1] A young man of humble origins came to New York from the Midwest to seek his fortune. He dreamed, in the American way, of becoming a millionaire. He tried his luck on Wall Street. He was diligent and shrewd and, when he had to be, devious. He put together the deal and he did some things with an electronics acquisition that wouldn't bear explaining. He succeeded even beyond his dream: he made twelve million dollars.
[2] At first the young man assumed that everything was working out splendidly. "Isn't it grand?" he said to his wife, once it was apparent that he had made twelve million dollars.
[3] "No, it isn't," his wife said. "You're a nobody."
[4] "But that's impossible," the young man said. "I'm a rich person. We live in an era that celebrates rich people. Rich people are shown in the newspapers in the company of movie stars and famous novelists and distinguished dress designers. The names of the richest corporate raiders are known to every schoolboy. There are rich real estate sharks whose faces appear on the covers of glossy magazines.
[5] "Yours won't," his wife said. "You're a nobody."
[6] "But I have twelve million dollars," the young man said.
[7] "So do a lot of people," his wife said. "They're nobodies, too."
[8] "I could buy our way onto the committees of important charity balls," the young man said. "Then we'd be mentioned in the columns."
[9] "Don't kid yourself," his wife said. "The important committees are already filled up with people who are really rich, people like us would end up working on something like a dinner-dance to benefit the American Psoriasis Foundation."
[10] "But I own a co-op apartment on Fifth Avenue that's worth two million dollars," the young man said.
[11] "Two million-dollar co-ops are a dime a dozen," his wife said. "So to speak."
[12] "I have a stretch limousine," the young man said. "It's twenty-one and a half feet long."
[13] "Nobody famous has ever ridden in it," his wife said. "Henry Kissinger and Calvin Klein have never heard of you. You're a nobody."
[14] The young man was silent for a while. "Are you disappointed in me?" he finally said to his wife.
[15] "Of course I'm disappointed in you," she said. "When you asked me to marry you, you said you would surely amount to something. How was I to know that you'd turn out to be a nobody?"
[16] For a moment the young man looked defeated. Then he squared his shoulders and cleared his throat. "I'll make them pay attention," he said. "I'll buy a professional football team and argue a lot with the coach in public.
Celebrities will join me to watch big games from the owner's box."
[17] "You can't buy a professional football team for twelve million dollars," his wife said. "Professional football teams cost big bucks."
[18] "Then I'll buy a magazine and appoint myself chief columnist," the young man said. "A tiny but exceedingly flattering picture of me will run next to my column every week. The owners of professional football teams will invite me to watch big games from the owner's box."
[19] "You might be able to buy one of those weekly-shoppers throwaways for twelve million dollars, but not
a real magazine," his wife said. "You can't buy a real magazine for chicken feed."
[20] "Is that what you call what we have?" the young man asked. "Is twelve million dollars chicken feed?"
[21] "It's not big bucks," his wife said. "What can I tell you?"
[22] "But that's not fair," the young man said. "I'm a young man of humble origins who made twelve million dollars. I succeeded even beyond my dream."
[23] "Some of those things you did with the electronics acquisition probably weren't fair either," his wife said. "Fair isn't being measured these days. What they measure is money."
[24] "Then I'll get more money," the young man said. "I'm going to go back to Wall Street and make fifty million dollars."
[25] But before the young man could make fifty million dollars a man from the Securities and Exchange Commission came and arrested him for having committed insider-trading violations in the electronics acquisition.
[26] The young man was taken away from his office in handcuffs. A picture on the from page of the afternoon paper showed him leaving his arraignment, trying to hide his face behind an $ 850 Italian overcoat. A long article in the morning paper used him as an example of a new breed of Wall Street traders who were the victims of their own greed, probably because of their humble origins. His friends and associates avoided him.
[27] Only his wife stuck by him. She tried to see the bright side. "For someone with only twelve million dollars," she said to the young man, "You're getting to be pretty well known." (796 words)
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Calvin Trillin (1935— ) is a famous American columnist. He writes a weekly column for TIME and other magazines. His articles and columns have earned him renown as a classic American journalist and humorist. His articles include Child's Play (December 30, 1996); Shoulda, Woulda, Coulda (October 28, 1996); Don't Count That V ote (October 21, 1996); Who Was That Woman!
Reading Comprehension
Answer the following questions or complete the following statement.
1. How did the young man make twelve million dollars?
A. He was very clever and worked very hard.
B. He was very lucky in buying and selling stocks.
C. He took advantage of his position and played some tricks.
D. He used some electronics acquisition to explain the trend of stock indexes.
2. When the young man made twelve million dollars, at first he _____.
A. was very satisfied with what he had achieved
B. thought he should use his money to buy fame
C. wanted to invest it to make more money
D. believed he was still an ordinary person
3. In spite of his accumulation of twelve million dollars, his wife was _____.
A. excited
B. scornful
C. indifferent
D. indignant
4. According to the young man's wife, success meant _____.
A. having millions of dollars
B. being known to famous people
C. having co-op apartment and luxury cars
D. being known to school boys
5. It is implied in the text that in the United States rich people hold charity balls to _____.
A. donate money to the needed
B. help solve social problems
C. add to their fame
D. enjoy themselves dancing
6. What did the young man's wife mean by saying "You can't buy a real magazine for chicken feed"?
A. One can't buy a magazine which is very popular.
B. Twelve million dollars is too little to buy a popular magazine.
C. Her husband is nobody that a real magazine will not be sold to him.
D. Real magazines would not be thrown away even after being read.
7. According to the text, which of the following is true?
A. It is unreasonable for a young man of humble origin to make so much money.
B. The young man's wife knew that he had made the money by dishonest means.
C. The young man was arrested after he made fifty million dollars.
D. The young man was convicted a crime of violating the inside trade regulations.
8. When the young man was arrested _____.
A. he realized that he was a victim of his greed
B. his wife was ashamed of his misconduct
C. he blamed his wrongdoings on his wife's greed
D. his wife was somewhat optimistic about it
9. The author of the text hints that _____.
A. most American rich people get their wealth illegally
B. illegal practice in Wall Street has made some millionaires
C. the American dream can never come true so easily
D. it is better to be an ordinary person than a millionaire
10. The author's primary purpose of writing this passage is to _____.
A. satirize the American value of success
B. satirize the life style of the American rich
C. reveal the Wall Street insider trades
D. reveal the truth of the American dream
VOCABULARY ITEMS
1. diligent: adj. marked by persevering, painstaking effort
2. shrewd: adj. characterized by keen awareness, sharp intelligence, and often a sense of the practical
3. devious: adj. not straightforward; shifty
4. psoriasis：n.
5. glossy: adj. having a smooth, shiny, lustrous surface
6. bucks: n. money
7. arraignment: n. summon for trial
8. seek one's lot tune: to try to make wealth
9. put together (a deal): to make a deal successful
10. electronics acquisition:
11. in the company of: together with
12. corporate raider: a financier who makes a practice of making hostile take-over bids for companies, either to control their policies or to resell them for a profit
13. real estate shark: a person who owns a great amount of landed property, usually of considerable size
14. stretch limousine: long luxury car
15. charity balls: dance parties held for collecting money for charity
16. co-op apartment: corporately owned apartment house
NOTES
1. Wall Street:
2. He put together the deal and he did something with an electronics acquisition that wouldn’t bear explanation:
3. Fifth Avenue: in the borough of Manhattan, New York City
4. a dime a dozen: very cheap, costing only ten cents for twelve
5. Henry Kissinger: (Alfred) (1923— ), American scholar and Nobel laureate, statesman, secretary of state under Presidents Richard M. Nixon and Gerald R. Ford
6. Calvin Klein: (Richard) (1942— ), famous American fashion designer
7. weekly shoppers throwaways:
8. chicken feed: food for chicken. Here it means a very small sum of money
9. Security and Exchange Commission:
10. insider-trading violation:
第六课A 感谢上帝，星期一到了
吉奥提·托塔姆
[l］从事心理学、经济学和组织行为学研究的人已逐渐发现，各行各业的人们在工作中感受到快乐的体验看起来十分相似。热爱本职工作的人会感到他们的工作有挑战性，但自己能驾驭它；他们既得到老板的赏识，又有和自己投缘的同事；无论干什么他们都能发现其中的意义。他们可不是仅仅凭着运气好。要达到那种完美的境界需要切实下工夫才行。
[2]不过，一个更大的障碍也许是我们对工作的期望值太低。爱、家庭和社区往往被看作是快乐的真正来源，而工作只是为我们提供了享受那一切的手段。米哈里·奇凯岑特米哈伊认为这种区分是错误的。他发明了“强感受”( flow ）这个说法，信奉正面心理学的人常用此词来描述由工作而引发的兴奋状态。在《称心如意的工作》一书中他写道：“只要存在强感受因素，任何事情都能给我们带来愉悦。根据这一观点，从事一份表面看上去枯燥的工作却会给人们带来想象不到的更大的成就感。”
[3］奇凯岑特米哈伊鼓励我们达到这样一种境界―在此境界中，工作是我们本就想做的事情的一种延伸。沉浸在工作的快乐中，我们就不会为最终的报酬去操心。即便听起来很难达到这种境界，我们也要树立信心。也许你很快会从上司那儿得到某种鼓励。越来越多的研究证明，如果员工工作时心情愉快，不仅其自
身生活会更幸福，而且对公司的健康发展也有着举足轻重的作用。
[4]35 年前，盖洛普民意调查机构开始研究为什么某些工作团队（甚至在同一公司内）的工作效率比别的团队高得多。盖洛普此项调查的发起者唐纳德·克利夫顿对许多高效的员工团队进行了一系列范围广泛的采访，从中总结出了一套旨在衡量员工工作快乐感受―盖洛普称之为“工作投入”―总体水平的12 条提法。有些衡量标准明显反映的是对任何一个员工的要求（你具有必备的工作能力吗2 你了解工作中姐乡人们对你的期望吗约；而另一些衡量标准则反映出更加细微的可变因素（同事中有你最好的朋友吗了你的主管或其他同事对你本人是否关心了）。盖洛普的调查是从1998 年开始的，现在己经覆盖474 家机构里的540 万员工；它还对不同国家的企业员工定期进行随机民意调查。
[5］对美国的调查反映出美国公司员工工作时情绪不佳。根据2004 年9 月开始的最新调查，只有29 ％的员工说他们对工作很投入，而一半以上（55 % ）的员工说他们对工作不投入，16 ％的员工根本就是消极怠工。尽管如此，这些数字比许多其他国家还要好些。美国对工作投入的员工的百分比是德国的两倍多，是新加坡的3 倍。但是20 世纪90 年代后期的经济繁荣和随之而来的经济萧条都没有对员工的两种工作态度产生多大影啊，这表明工人在工作中是否能获得快乐感有比经济形势更深层的原因。
[6］盖洛普指导这项调查的心理学家詹姆斯·哈特说，很多公司完全误解了工作快乐感受产生的原因。高于某种最低水平之后，工作中的快乐感受与收入或奖金的关系就不大了，关键在于是否有融洽的同事关系和支持自己工作的老板。哈特说：“这是人们在工作场所的一些基本需求，但往往得不到上司的重视。”盖洛普的调查己发现，例如，如果有人对“同事中有我最好的朋友”这个提法反应强烈的话，这就有力预示着他能积极投入工作，而且这与企业的收益率以及企业和客户之间的联系都互有关联。哈特说：“这显示了一种高度的归属感。”
[7]如果没有归属感，一项表面上看起来不错的工作也会使人感到痛苦。41 岁的马丁娜·雷迪克斯原是一家公司的经理助理，虽然工作压力大，但她和同事相处都很好；6 年前她换了工作，到一家律师事务所成了一名职位相对清闲的办事员。如今她时间多了，自由度也大了，但她感觉和这里的同事共事太压抑，也得不到老板的赏识。她说：“我不适应这个部门。不管你个人生活多惬意，如果工作单位氛围不好，个人生活就会大受影响。”
[8］事实上，对工作的投入与其说是人的个性使然，不如说是源于人们在工作中总体上感到的快乐。哈特认为，对工作高度投入与并不投入的员工之间之所以存在差异，员工的个性只起30 ％的作用，其他的取决于员工每天与同事、主管以及客户的频繁交往。
[9］所以，最直接的解决办法就是选择一个称心的工作单位。找到一份适合自己终生从事的工作便打开了快乐之门。33 岁的利塞特·门德斯在迈阿密达德学院每年的书展中搞协调工作，她称自己天生就是做这份工作的料。她说：“我和书有一种不解之缘。”
[10]即使你的爱好无法轻易地转化为一项职业，你仍可在自己的工作中找到乐趣。大量研究己经表明，有意义的工作与心情愉快、工作满意度甚至健康状况都相关。然而，这里所说的工作意义可能包括多种形式。有人感到工作本身有意义；有人则以公司的使命而非自己的具体工作而自豪。人们可以在任何事情当中发现意义。
[11]人们对工作意义的渴望是如此强烈，以至于有时干脆造出个意义，尤其对那些困难或烦心的工作而言更是如此。例如，最近完成了一项为期6 年的对外科住院医生实习期间表现的研究。该项研究发现，头一年里外科医生都牢骚满腹，因为分配心选知给他们的那些乏味的活儿（如没完没了地填写病历本）似乎都毫无意义。可是一旦开始想到这项训练是他们加入医生这一精英群体所要经历的更重大过程的一部分时，他们的态度就改变了。他们会调整心态，给自己的工作和所做的事情赋予意义。到第一年结束时，他们己经开始创造出工作的某些意义了。
[12]尽管正面心理学的重点大多关注个人对快乐的追求，但是一个新的领域―一门研究成功组织的学问―己开始着手研究员工心情愉快和公司生意兴隆之间的关系。这一领域的研究者们不专注于用利润率和竞争来解释成功，而是对工作意义、可信赖的领导层和情感能力这些因素进行深入研究。这些都不是商学院典型的时髦用语，但不久就可能成为每个MBA 学生的口头禅。
[13]内华达大学里诺分校的组织行为学教授托马斯·赖特说，直到不久前，企业家们还不愿考虑员工是否工作心情舒畅的问题，认为这“不属于他们关心的范围，和他们的职责范围相去甚远”。很早就有人提出工作时雇员是否心情愉快很重要，但人们接受这个观念却用了很长时间。早在20 世纪20 年代，在伊利诺伊州西塞罗市的西部电力公司霍索恩发电厂就进行了有关这一命题的研究，对增加照明、缩短工作
日以及其他有利于员工的措施能否提高生产率的问题进行了调查。尽管工作场所的变化改善了员工的工作表现，但调查者最终发现对员工产生影响的不在于物质环境的变化，而在于人际环境的变化。换句话说，让员工们心情更愉快、工作劲头更高的是他们所受的关注。这种现象后来被称为霍索恩效应。赖特说：“研究人员逐渐意识到，起关键作用的是人们的快乐感受。”但后来对工作满意度的许多研究结果却前后矛盾。现在看来，用更广泛的衡量标准来评估快乐感受，能更有效同“地预测生产率。
[14]任何这类改变都取决于公司的领导，尽管不一定非取决于首席执行官。因此，一些商学院根据“可信赖的领导层”的思想正努力塑造一类新型的第一线管理者。他们不是把流行的管理技巧强行灌输给每个管理者，而是从提高自我意识开始构建可信赖的管理层。内向型的老板必须了解自己的管理风格，然后去开发更人性化的员工管理策略。换句话说，通过发现自己的优势，学会发掘员工的优势。
[15]然而，上述反思的目的并非一定要缔造一个人人都热爱工作超过其他一切的社会。从定义上看，与我们能从事的所有其他活动相比，工作本来就是有些让人反感的事情，这就是为什么我们仍然希望工作必须有报酬的原因。但通过关心员工的需求，至少企业可能发展得更好。那样，我们更多的人就会在工作中找到一定程度的满足感。而且时不时的我们还可能希望超出这种满足感。这种情况可能发生在篮球场上喧闹欢呼的人群前，也可能发生在教室里，在仅仅一个充满感激的学生面前。
第六课B 功成名就
卡尔文·特里林
[l］一个出身贫贱的年轻人从美国的中西部到纽约来寻找发迹的机会。他以美国砚奋人的方式梦想着成为百万富翁。他来到华尔街碰运气。他勤奋、精明，必要时还能耍上点花招。他把华尔街金融市场的各种交易数据汇集起来，用一种说不清是什么的电子设备做了些处理。结果他的成功甚至超过了自己的梦想：他赚了1 200 万美元。
[2］起初这位青年以为事事都很如意。“够棒的吧？”搞清楚自己赚了1 200 万美元后，他问妻子。
[3] “不，算不上。”妻子说，“你不过是个无名之辈。”
[4] “不可能，”年轻人说，“我是个有钱人。我们生活在一个有钱人吃香的时代。有钱人同电影明星、著名小说家、著名服装设计师一起在报纸上露脸。那些最有钱的金融大亨们的名字连学生都知道。一些富有的房地产高手的照片被登在通俗杂志的封面上。”
[5] “你的名字、照片是不会被刊登的，”他的妻子说，“你不过是个无名之辈。”
[6] “可我有1 200 万美元啊，”年轻人说。
[7] “这样的人可多了，”妻子说，“他们也都是无名之辈。”
[8 ] “我可以花钱活动活动，加入重大慈善募捐舞会的组委会，”年轻人说。“然后报纸的专栏文章里就会提到我们的名字了。”
[9] “别骗自己了，”妻子说。“那些重大活动的组委会里早就挤满真正有钱的人了。我们这样的人啊，到头来也就是组织一些筵席后有舞会的宴会之类的活动来给美国银屑病基金会捐点钱罢了。”
[10] “可我在纽约第五大街上有一套值200 万美元的合作公寓呢。”年轻人说。
[11]“200 万的合作公寓嘛，可以说没有什么稀罕的。”妻子说。
[12]“我还有一辆加长型轿车，”年轻人说，“车有21 英尺半长呢。”
[13]“没有哪位名人坐过你的车，”妻子说，“亨利·基辛格和卡尔文·克莱因都没听说过你。你不过是个无名之辈。”
[14]年轻人沉默了一会儿。最后他问妻子：“你对我失望了吗？"
[15]“我当然失望了，”妻子说，“你向我求婚时，你说你肯定会有所作为的。我怎么会想到你到头来不过是个无名之辈呢？"
[16]有一会儿年轻人看上去挺沮丧的。然后他端起肩膀，清了清喉咙。“我要让他们注意我。”他说，“我要买下一支职业橄榄球队，并且经常公开同教练争吵。知名人士会和我一起在球队老板的包厢里观看重大的比赛。”
[17]“花1 200 万美元你是买不下来一支职业橄榄球队的，”妻子说，“职业橄榄球队得花大笔钱呢。”
[18]“那么我就买下一家杂志，指定自己为首席专栏作家，”年轻人说，“每个星期都有我的一张不大但比本人更帅气的照片印在专栏文章旁边。职业橄榄球队的老板们会邀请我到他们的包厢里去观看重大比赛。”
[19] “花1 200 万美元，你或许能够买到一家每周购物一次的人看完就随手扔掉的那种杂志，但是买不到像样的杂志。”妻子说，“这点小钱你是买不到像样的杂志的。”
[20]“这就是你对我们的家当的提法吗？”年轻人问，" 1 200 万美元是小钱吗？" [21 ]“算不上什么大钱，”妻子说，“我跟你怎么说呢2 "
[22]“但这不大公道，”年轻人说，“我这么年轻，又出身贫贱，可我赚了1 200 万美元。我的成功甚至超过了我的梦想。”
[23]“你用电子设备做的一些事情恐怕也不公道，”妻子说，“如今不看公道不公道。人们看的是钱的多少。”
[24]“那我要去赚更多的钱，”年轻人说，“我要回到华尔街，赚它5 000 万美元。”
[25]但是还没等他赚到5 000 万美元，证券交易委员会就来了个人把他逮捕了，因为他利用电子设备时违反了公司内幕交易的规定。
[26]年轻人是带着手铐从办公室里被带走的。下午的报纸在头版登出了他传讯结束时的一张照片，照片上他试图用一件意大利产的价值850 美元的外套挡住自己的脸。晨报中的一篇长文章把他作为一类新的华尔街交易商的例子：他们成了自己的贪婪的牺牲品，而这很有可能是因为他们贫贱的出身。他的朋友和同事都躲着他。[27 ]只有妻子忠于他。她尽量看到事情好的一面。“对一个只有1 200 万美元的人来说，”她对年轻人说，“你开始有点名气了。”
考研英语阅读真题及答案 英语阅读关于考研的在历年的真题中，有不少的精华等着大家去发掘。下面是给大家整理的考研英语阅读真题及答案，供大家参阅! 1991年考研英语阅读真题及答案解析Section II Reading Comprehension Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (30 points) Text 1 A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people. Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability. Accountability isn t hard to define. It means that every
工程硕士研究生英语基础教程(汉译英Unit1-15) Unit 1 B. 1. 她计划自己创业。 She plans to set up her own business 2. 态度也很重要。 Attitude also matters. 3. 她在客人们到达之前把所有家具都擦亮了. She had polished all the furniture before the gusts arrived. 4. 有些经理不知道如何与人打交道handle Some managers have no idea how to handle people. 5.我们完成那项工程的时间打破了记录(record) We finished the work in record time. 6. 她喜欢东西都摆好以后再开始工作。She likes everything to be in place before she starts working. 7. 她常常一天工作12小时。（put in） She often puts in 12 hours’ work a day. 8. 他是从报纸上得到这一信息的.（acquire） He acquired the information from the newspapers. 9. 我们部门有一个助理的职位空缺. ( Associate professor 副教授lecturer 讲师) There’s an opening for an assistant in our department. 10. 该组织旨在促进各国之间的友谊. The organization works to promote friendship between nations. Unit2 B. 1. 今晚她很可能给我打电话。（likely） She is very likely to ring me tonight. 2. 我看不懂这篇文章（beyond） Understanding this article is beyond my capacity. 3. 新刷的一层油漆可使房间焕然一新（transform） A fresh coat of paint can transform a room. 4. 做事不先考虑总会导致失败。（result in） Acting before thinking always results in failure. 5. 他估计那项工作需要三个月。（estimate） He estimated that the work would take three months. 6. 我们相信这个协议将会积极地促进两国之间的贸易。 We believe that this agreement will positively promote the trade between our two countries. 7. 新机场必将推动这个地区的旅行业。 The new airport will certainly push ahead the tourism in this region. 8. 网络经济将对人们的生活产生重要的影响。 Net economy will have significant influence on the people’s life. 9. 在昨天的会议上，他提出了一个新的经济发展计划。 At the yesterday’s meeting, he brought forward a new plan for the economic development.
Lesson 1 II. Translation Put the following passages into Chinese. 1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk. 因为英语是个杀手。正是英语造成了凯尔特语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语等语言的消亡。这些岛上的分地区依然还有很多社区的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。英语对仅存的三种凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，人们一定认为它们遥远的未来是岌岌可危的。 2. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguisticism (a condition parallel to racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have (by design or default) encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion. 同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（与种族歧视、性别歧视等类似）的偏见密切相关。在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导的世界里，主要的机构和个人（有意或无意地）鼓励或者至少是容忍了（肯定没有反对）英语霸权主义式的传播，这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。 3.By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat. 总的来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。在谈到与之相关的文化及其为世界所做的贡献时，我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏，而且这样做是很安全的，因为这些语言现在已不会构成什么大的威胁。 4. Yet many people see English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex, and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus. 然而，许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。在此，我暂且不谈世界语言所具有的明显优势，例如庞大的交流网络、发达的文字与传媒体系以及强大的文化教育设施。 5. English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime, and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized. 讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权，而黑人反对力量，其成员讲多种语言，在初期软弱无力且缺乏组织。 6. Such symbolism suggests that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse. 这一象征表明这种世界通用语的使用者应充分发掘这一幸事为我们带来的好处,同时尽能避免招来灾难。
Lesson 1 1. Yesterday’s terrorism darkened, marked and forever altered the way Americans live their lives. 昨日发生的恐怖主义活动使美国人的生活暗淡无光，在他们的生活中留下了印迹，并永远地改变了他们的生活。 2. “We are going to have to learn what a lot of other countries have gone through: to manage fear at a cultural and national level,” said Charles Figley, a professor of trauma psychology at Florida State University. “We’re getting a lesson in the way fear works.” 佛罗里达州立大学创伤心理学教授查尔斯?费格里说:“我们得学一学其它许多国家曾经经历过的东西，那就是从文化上和在全国范围内来应对恐惧。”他还说:“我们正在体验恐惧是怎样起作用的。” 3. In a country long proud and even boastful of its openness—a country where an ordinary citizen can stroll through the U.S. Capitol unescorted—the terrorist attacks are likely to force Americans to a lot of that. Metal detectors now mark the front door of many government buildings, and security guards are a fixture in the lobby of most large office buildings. 美国是一个一向以开放自豪甚至洋洋得意的国家，在这里，人们可以独自在美国国会大楼中闲庭信步，而现在，恐怖袭击很有可能迫使美国人处处小心，惶惶不可终日。其实我们很大程度上已经是这样了。许多政府大楼的前门装设的金属探测器已然成为一道风景线，大部分的办公大楼里也必备保安。 4. But retaliation carries the risk of setting off a tightening spiral of violence and counterviolence not unlike the Middle East or Northern Ireland. Unlike countries that have had to learn to live with violence,”We are new at this,” said Florida’s Dr. Figley, who heads a project that has trained trauma teams in Yugoslavia.”My fear is we will overreach and make things worse rather than better by retribution, revenge, racism and marginalizing ethnic groups.” 报复有很大的危险，会引发和在中东及北爱尔兰一样的紧张的暴力和反暴力的恶性攀升。与那些不得不在暴力中学习如何生存的国家不同，“我们是新手，”曾在南斯拉夫训练过创伤急救队的项目负责人费格里博士说，“我所担心的是惩罚、报复、种族主义和排斥少数民族的举动会过于偏激，适得其反。” 5. Fear of terrorism is likely to lead Americans to tolerate more government surveillance—such as overhead video cameras at sporting events—than they have to date. “It’s very likely in the wake of today’s events that we’re going to see a greater acceptance on the public’s part—and on the court’s part—to approve certain kinds of police tactics,” said William Stuntz, a Harvard Low School professor. 对于恐怖主义的恐惧会使美国人接受比现在更多的来自政府的监控，例如在运动竞赛场上高架的摄象机。哈佛大学法学院教授威廉姆斯?斯汤资说，“经过目前前这些事件，我们将发现，无论是公众，还是法庭，都会在更大程度上接受某些警察的策略。” Lesson 5 戴维先到一步，事后他气愤地向我发难说当他告诉领班准备和谁一起吃饭时，领班的语气骤然逆转。一瞬间就从“这是个什么人？”变成“这边有请，先生。”当我们赶到时，拍照的人已经在饭店外忙个不停了。戴维开始嘲笑我是伦敦这家高级饭店里的知名人物。这时，我俩向屋内望去并同时看到了我们的偶像。
工程硕士研究生英语基础教程课后练习题1-4课 第一课 一、词形填空 1.They made regular visits to the park on the suburbs during the weekends. 2.She was prooted to division manager last year. 3.We tried to walk to the park but ended up taking a taxi there. 4.His handing if these important issues was highly praised. 5.Thomas bought a new hat to repluce the one he had lost. 6.The movie received generally favorable reviews. 7.Thank you for all the time and effort you have put in. 8.Make sure you’re home bu midnight . 9.He was hit by a falling tree and killed on the spot 10.The earthquake survivors are in desperate need of help. 二、词形转换 1、Open（n）—opening 2、persist（n）—persistence 3.succeed(n)----success 4.succeed(adj)---successful 5.important(n)----importance 6.promote(n)----promotion 7.depress(n)----depression 8.vlaue(adj)----valuable 9.loyal(n)----loyalty 10.favor(adj)---favorable 三、词换词 1. Obtain----aquire 2. Constant---loyal 3. Famous---noted 4. Frightened---startled 5.blame---responsibility 6. Worth doing---rewarding 7. Sincere----genuine 8.encountered---bumped into 9. Bought----purchased 10. At the end ----eventually 第二课 一、选择正确的词或词组填空 1.Frequent cultural exchange will certainly help foster friendly relations between our two universities. 2.The competition among these companies at the printing market has become very intense in this city. 3.To date, We have not received any replies from them. 4.In this competitive world , it is better for any firm to gain technology superiority . 5.The organization works to promote friendship between nations. 6.It is reported that the Far East area is now on the verge of war again. 7.There is an obvious trend that young people like less formal clothing. 8.We should look at these events which happened two hundred years ago from their historical perspective. 9.The outstanding businessman agreed that the last decade was favorable for the emergence of new and promising enterprises in IT field. 10.The witness proved that the killer was a man of medium height. 二、词性转换 1.significance(adj.)-significant 2.connect(n.)-connection 3.transform(n.)-transformation
教案 课程名称新生代英语基础教程2 课时____________________ 班级____________________ 专业____________________ 教师____________________ 系部____________________ 教研室____________________ 教材《新生代英语基础教程2》
Family Show Time “Where are you from?”Reading Why is it called a honeymoon? Chat Time The rest is history. Writing Family tree Grammar The possessive ’s My Story Family main Have students look at the picture and ask them to tell you as much as they can about it. Then, go through the questions and complete each answer. In addition, you can ask a few warm-up questions suc h as “How many people are in your
Have the students listen and repeat the words. Use descriptive sentences to teach the family member words. For example, you can say “Your uncle is your mother or father’s brother.” “Your aunt is your mother or father’s sister.” “Your cousin is your uncle or aunt’s child,” and so on. A simple family drawn on the board can often help students to understand this. They may find it interesting to see your family tree, if you don’t mind sharing it with them. For the word frame, you can see that it is something we put around important pictures. You can then ask students if they have any framed photos in the class. You can also teach that we use the words married and single to descr ibe someone’s relationship status. Ask “Have you been to a wedding recently?” “Who got married?” For Tell the students they will hear a conversation between a radio host and a celebrity (Anna). Now listen to the conversation and have students complete the sentences.
Unit 1 Genetically Modified Foods—Feed the World? (2)Finding it difficult to adapt to the climate there (3)to have no access to the health service (4)an important role in prospering and developing (5)a depression in yield and a reduction in quality (6)could have made a good salary (7)We cannot estimate the value of modern science and technology too much. (8)The insurance company will recoup the farmers for the loss caused by the flood. (9)During the SARS outbreak, the lack of hygiene in poor countries had devastating consequences to all people of the world. (10)T his University Library is one of the largest Libraries in China, with a stack of over 2.3 million volumes. It supports the University’s research and teaching across a full range of subjects, and provides information about the Library’s collections and services in each subject area. (11)T he recession has hit middle-income and poor families hardest, widening the economic gap between the richest and poorest Americans as job layoffs ravaged household budgets. (12)C hina's government declared two strains of genetically modified rice safe to produce and consume, taking a major step toward endorsing the use of biotechnology in the staple food crop of billions of people in Asia. China is the world's top producer and consumer of rice, so its use of modified varieties has the potential to alter the grain's global supply patterns. China's officials have been less constrained by public pressure over the sometimes-controversial use of biotechnology in food than officials in other countries. The government has long supported research into agricultural biotechnology as part of a drive to ensure the nation remains self-sufficient in staple crops. IV. Cloze 1. species 2. predictable 3. unrelated 4. different 5. into 6. produce 7. seeing 8. also 9. obvious 10. inserted 11. nobody 12. approved 13. apparently 14. humans 15. risks Unit 2 The Biology of Skin Color: Black and White (2)He was not severely punished for his crime (3)advance our knowledge of the HIV virus. (4)when taken according to the instruction (5)to have no access to the health service (6)He has some vague ideas about what to do
Unit 1 我的第一份工作 汽车清洁工 [1] 我从父母那儿获得了很强的工作道德观。他们俩都经历过大萧条时期，对不是按常规工作的人感到难以理解。我曾经告诉我妈妈，西尔堆斯特·史泰龙工作10周挣1200万美元，“那他在一年其余的日子里干什么呢?”她问。 [2] 我把父母的工作道德观带入了我在故乡马萨诸塞州安多佛镇附近的威尔明顿镇福特汽车专营店干的第一份工作。那时我16岁，学期当中我干活干到五、六点，暑假期间则每天干12个小时。我干的是汽车清洁小工的活儿，也就是清洗，抛光等事，并确保纸地板垫的位置合适。还有一项职责是在夜里将汽车轮毂盖取下来以免被偷，第二天再还回原处。这是一项很费劲的工作，因为我们有占大约7英亩地的汽车。 [3] 一天，我抱着一大捧毂盖转过一个角落，几乎与我们新任总经理撞了个满怀。我吓了一跳，结果把毂盖全掉在了地上。他当场就解雇了我。 [4] 我羞愧万分，不愿让父母知道这件事。大约有两周的时间，我每天都忙到晚上，然后我会回家说工作干得很愉快。
[5] 走投无路之下，我写了一封信给亨利·福特二世，告诉他所发生的事情。我说我们家是福特车的忠实用户，并说我长大成年后打算买一辆野马车。最后，汽车专卖店的店主给我打来了电话。“我不知道你在底特律认识谁，”他说，“但如果你还想要回你原来的工作的话，这工作就归你了。” [6] 后来在大学期间，我想在一家劳斯菜斯(罗尔斯—罗伊斯)的专营店干活，但店主说他们不缺人。即便如此，我还是开始在那儿清洗汽车。当店主注意到我时，我说我会一直干到他雇我。最后他真雇了我。 [7] 成功需要毅力。态度也很重要。我从不认为我那时比其他任何人强，但我一直相信我当时干的活别人都赶不上。 出纳员 [1] 第一次与我祖母坐在她位于曼哈顿的药店的现金出纳机后时，我l0岁。不久之后，她就让我一个人坐在那儿。很快我就知道了礼貌对待顾客以及说“谢谢”的重要性。 [2] 起初我的报酬是糖果，后来我每小时得到50美分。每天放学后我都工作，暑假、周末和假期则从上午8点干到下午7点。我父亲帮我在银行立了一个账户。看着存款数增加比我当时本可以买到的任何东西都更让我满足。 [3] 祖母是一位严厉的监工，从不给我任何特殊照顾。她像鹰一样注视着我的一举一动，不过却放手让我应付象在午餐高峰时干活这样压力很大的场面。她的信任教会了我如何对待责任。
Lesson 1 因为英语是个杀手,正是英语造成了坎伯兰语，康沃尔语，诺恩语和马恩语等语言的消亡。在这些岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。然而,英语在日常生活中无处不在。 所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。英语对现存的凯尔特语:爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。 同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧、,性别歧视的情况类似"）的偏见密切相关。在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导的世界，最重要的机构和个人（有意或无意地）鼓励或者至少是容忍了（肯定没有反对）英语霸权主义式的传播。这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。 总的来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。在谈到与之相关的文化及其为世界所做的贡献时，我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏，而且这样做也没有太大的风险，因为这些语言现在已不会构成什么威胁。 然而，许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。在此，我暂且不谈任何世界语言所具有的明显优势，例如广泛的通信网，强大的文化传媒体系，及强有力的文化教育机构。 讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权，而黑人反对力量，其成员讲多种语言，在初期软弱无力且缺乏组织。
这一象征表明这种世界通用语的使用者应充分发掘这一幸事为我们带来的好处，同时尽可能避免招来灾难。 Lesson 2 年初布什总统签署了一项《不让一个孩子落后》的重大法案,誓言要把“困在那些教学质量不佳又不进行改革的学校里的孩子”解救出来.2007 年 7月 1日美国教育部宣布有 8652所学校被列为“长期教学质量低下”的学校,现在这些学校中的学生必须在今后的几天内考虑决定他们是否要转学, 同时各个学区也在忙着为符合转学条件的学生提供帮助和服务以抓住选择的机会。 对于那些在教学改革旋涡中挣扎的学校的校长、老师和学生来说，这一法案的直接后果则是迷惑与混乱。 他们认为该法案制订的教学改革标准太高而又没有说明各学区如何达到这些标准。 我们必须对公众负责，不过我们必须研究所有衡量指标。 一所学校连续两年在州水平考试中没有表现出“足够的年度改进”就会被认为是不合格的学校，但是联邦教育部并没有提供一个具有权威性的不合格学校的名单让学生家长作为参考，而是要求各州各自确定不合格学校的名单，并且要求他们把学生的考试成绩按照学生的种族和家庭收入进行分类。新法案还规定各州要公布便于学生和家长查找的不合格学校的名单，但是没有几个州能很快拿出来。
工程硕士研究生英语基础教程英译汉（Unit 1-10、13、14） Unit 1 1. Two noted Americans explain why it’s not what you earn-it’s what you learn. 两位美国名人解释为什么不是你所挣的而是你所学的更重要。 2. I have never thought I was better than anyone else, but I have always believed I couldn’t be outworked. 我从不认为我那时比其他任何人强，但我一直相信我当时干的活儿别人都赶不上。 3. Watching my money grow was more rewarding than anything I could have bought. 看着存款数增加比我当时原本可以买到的任何东西都更让我满足。 4. I took a genuine interest in their questions and was able to translate what they wanted into makeup ideas. 我发自内心地关心她们的问题，并能理解她们的愿望，给她们出些该如何化妆的点子。 5. I ended up selling a record amount of cosmetics. 结果我创下了化妆品销售的最好成绩。 Unit 2 1. With the click of a mouse, information from the other end of the globe will be transported to your computer screen at the extremely fast speed of seven-and-a-half times around the earth per second. 只要用鼠标点击一下，在地球另一端的信息马上就会以每秒钟绕地球七周半的惊人速度传输到你的电脑屏幕上。 2. Besides, if everyone shops on the Net , what will happen to the hundreds and thousands of shopping malls? 此外，如果大家都在网上购物，那么成千上万的购物中心该怎么办呢？ 3. The huge power of electronic commerce (e-commerce) will change the face of trade dramatically. 电子商务的惊人威力会使贸易的局面发生激动人心的巨变。 4. The development of e-commerce may well bring the world into a brand new era of “electronic currency” . 电子商务的发展很可能会把世界带进一个“电子货币”的崭新时代。 5. As the Net pushes the economy ahead rapidly, the economy is also bringing the Net market forward , resulting in the Internet itself becoming the world’s largest emerging market. 在网络化高速地推动经济发展的同时，经济也反过来促进网络市场的发展，其结果是国际互联网本身将成为全球最大的新兴市场。 Unit 3 1. So, if you lose a key species, you might cause a whole flood of other extinctions. 所以，如果失去一个重要的物种，那也许会引起大量其他物种的绝迹。 2. Instead of depending on largely ineffective laws against illegal hunting, it gives local people a good economic reason to preserve and animals. 这种办法使当地人们可以为了经济上的原因而去保护动、植物，而不是依靠在很大程度上难以奏效的那些反非法偷 猎的规章制度。 3. With corruption popular in many developing countries, some observers are suspicious that the money will actually reach the people it is intended for. 由于许多发展中国家普遍存在腐败，一些观察家对这些钱财实际上能否到达应该接受这笔财物的人们手中表示怀疑。 4. Sustainable management of forests requires controls on the number of trees which are cut down, as well as investment in replacing them. 森林的可持续管理既需要投资种植新树以取代被砍伐的树木，也需要对被砍伐树木的数量进行控制。 5. In theory, consumers would buy only this wood and so fo rce logging companies to go “green” or go out of business. 理论上讲，消费者只能购买这些获得认可的木材，这将迫使伐木公司开始保护“绿色”，否则将无生意可做。 Unit 4 1. The trend began in earnest in 1995, when the Queen of England admitted that the Maori people of New Zealand had been shamefully treated, when the country was a British colony. 这个潮流是从1995年才真正开始的。当时英国女王承认当新西兰还是英国的殖民地时，新西兰的土著毛利人曾遭
Unit1 从能力到责任 当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的认识模糊不清。他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西：追求安全保障，追逐物质财富的积累。年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为，但他们对未来的认识还是很模糊的。处于像他们这样前程未定的年龄阶段，他们该信仰什么?大学生一直在寻找真我的所在，寻找生活的意义。一如芸芸众生的我们，他们也陷入了两难的境地。一方面，他们崇尚奉献于人的理想主义，而另一方面，他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑，陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。 最终而言，大学教育素质的衡量取决于毕业生是否愿意为他们所处的社会和赖以生存的城市作出贡献。尼布尔曾经写道：“一个人只有意识到对社会所负有的责任，他才能够认识到自身的潜力。一个人如果一味地以自我为中心，他将会失去自我。”本科教育必须对这种带有理想主义色彩的观念进行自我深省，使学生超越以自我为中心的观念，以诚相待，服务社会。在这一个竞争激烈＼残酷的社会，人们期望大学生能报以正直、文明，，甚至富有同情心的人格品质去与人竞争，这是否已是一种奢望?人们期望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力，如今是否仍然适合? 毫无疑问，大学生应该履行公民的义务。美国的教育必须立刻采取行动，使教育理所当然地承担起弥合公共政策与公众的理解程度之间的极具危险性且在日益加深的沟壑这一职责。那些要求人们积极思考政府的议程并提供富于创意的意见的信息似乎越来越让我们感到事不关己。所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再可能行得通。设想，怎么可能让一些非专业人士去讨论必然带来相应后果的政府决策的问题，而他们甚至连语言的使用都存在困难? 核能的使用应该扩大还是削弱?水资源能保证充足的供应吗?怎样控制军备竞赛?大气污染的安全标准是多少?甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。 类似的一头雾水的感觉，公众曾经尝试过。当他们试图弄懂有关“星球大战”的辩论的问题时，那些关于“威慑”与“反威慑”等高科技的专业术语，曾让公众一筹莫展。像地方的区域规划，学校种族隔离制的废除，排水系统的问题，公共交通的治理，以及申请获得正在相互竞争的有线电视公司的许可证等这些曾经看起来只是一些地方性事务的事情，现在也需要专家采解决。这些专家的辩论充满着技术术语，常常使问题变得让人迷惑不解而不会使问题云开雾散，清晰明了。公共生活的复杂性，要求更多＼而非更少的信息资料；需要更积极＼而非越来越消极的公众的参与。 对于那些关心“民治政府”的人，公众理解程度的每况愈下是无法接受的。当今世界，人类生存问题吉凶未卜，无知是不可取的。那些目光短浅的专家们制定措施时一手遮天，这也是不可容忍的。作为公民，我们只有找到更好的教育方法，只有提出更棘手的问题，并得到满意的答案，才能在关键的决策时刻承担风险，运用我们所学的知识做出重大决定，否则，我们只能基于盲目地相信一个或几个所谓的专家做出决策。 我们的民主社会需要一批受过良好教育关心他人的年轻人群策群力，本着共同的信念，团结在一起，相互学习，参与到社会民主的建设之中。 民主的社会需要关心民主社会的公众，需要他们成为善于发问的民主参与者，成为知道怎样提出恰如其份的问题的人，知道公共政策的决策形成过程，并能够对那些影响深远的问题做出敏锐的，有见地的判断。诚然，没有哪个社会机构能独立培养我们所需的领导人才，但我们深信，如果“民治政府’’要有生命力的话，大学相对子其他机构来说，更有责任去培养我们国家所急需的具有宏畴伟略的领导人。 为了完成这个迫切的使命，年轻人的目光不能仅仅停留在国内，还必须放眼世界。现在的学生不但要对本国的人民与文化了如指掌，而且也应该熟知本国以外的文明。人类的势力范围已涉及到太空，一切变得都很明了，我们都是同一个星球的守护者。在过去的半个世纪中，我们的地球变得越来越拥挤，相互依赖性越来越强，同时也更加变化莫测。如果学生只一味自以为是，不能更好地理解自己在芸芸众生中的地位，那么他们对生活的社会所应承担的责任的能力将慢慢被消磨殆尽，及至危险的境地。 世界或许还没有变成一个小村庄。但可以肯定的是，我们的邻里意识必须加以扩展。当旱灾席卷撒哈拉沙漠，当印度支那战争带来难民潮时，我们的同情心，我们富于分析的智慧都不再受缚于地图上的政治分界线。我们开始知道，饥荒和人权已如同武器＼条约一样，对人类团结起着决定性的影响。最令人担心的是，蘑菇云已在人类意识里投下了不祥的阴影。这些业已存在的事实及其带来的后果都必须让每个学生了解。