Comparison of rifaximin and lactitol in the treatment of acute hepatic encephalopathy:results of a randomized,double-blind,double-dummy,controlled clinical trial q ,qq
Antoni Mas 1,*,Juan Rode
′s 1,Lourdes Sunyer 2,Lu?′s Rodrigo 3,Ramon Planas 4,Victor Vargas 5,Llu?
′s Castells 5,Dolores Rodr?′guez-Mart?′nez 6,Conrado Ferna ′ndez-Rodr?′guez 6,Ignasi Coll 7,Albert Pardo 8,
the Hepatic Encephalopathy Cooperative Group from the Spanish Association for the Study of the Liver ?
1
Liver Unit,Institut de Malalties Digestives,Hospital Cl?
′nic,Institut d’Investigacions Biome `diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS),University of Barcelona,Barcelona,Spain 2
Laboratorios Zambon S.A.,Barcelona,Spain 3
Hospital Central de Asturias,Oviedo,Spain 4
Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol,Badalona,Spain 5
Hospital Vall d’Hebro
′n,Barcelona,Spain 6
Hospital Xeral Cies,Vigo,Spain 7
Hospital Mu
′tua de Terrassa,Terrassa,Spain 8
Hospital Universitario de Canarias,La Laguna,Tenerife,Spain
Background/Aims :The ef?cacy and safety of rifaximin in comparison with lactitol in the treatment of acute hepatic encephalopathy was assessed in a prospective randomized,double-blind,double-dummy,controlled trial.
Methods :A total of 103patients with grade I–III acute hepatic encephalopathy were randomized to receive rifaximin (50patients,1200mg/day)or lactitol (53patients,60g/day)for 5–10days.Changes in the portal-systemic encephalo-pathy (PSE)index on entry and at the end of the study were used to evaluate the ef?cacy of the two therapies.
Results :Both groups were comparable before treatment with regard to demographic data and characteristics of the hepatic encephalopathy episode.The global ef?cacy of both therapies was similar:81.6%in the rifaximin group and 80.4%in the lactitol group showed improvement or total regression of the episode.A signi?cantly better evolution of the PSE index was observed in the rifaximin group,due to a greater effect of rifaximin in two components of the index:EEG abnormalities and ammonia levels.No serious adverse events related to either treatment were found during the study.
Conclusions :Rifaximin may be considered a useful and safe alternative therapy to lactitol in the treatment of acute hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis.
q 2002European Association for the Study of the Liver.Published by Elsevier Science B.V.All rights reserved.Keywords :Hepatic encephalopathy;Rifaximin;Lactitol;Cirrhosis
1.Introduction
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE)is a well known neuropsy-chiatric syndrome occurring in patients with either acute or chronic liver diseases,and it is characterized by distur-bances in consciousness,personality and intellectual capa-city,high blood ammonia levels,altered neuromuscular activity and abnormalities in the electroencephalogram (EEG)[1].
The high ammonia plasma levels due to impaired meta-
Journal of Hepatology 38(2003)
51–58
0168-8278/02/$20.00q 2002European Association for the Study of the Liver.Published by Elsevier Science B.V.All rights reserved.PII:S0168-8278(02)00350-1
https://www.doczj.com/doc/d711033846.html,/locate/jhep
Received 18January 2002;received in revised form 20September 2002;accepted 25September 2002q
Presented at the XIVth Annual Meeting of the Spanish Association for the Study of the Liver,Madrid,1999.qq
The authors declare that they received a grant from Zambon S.A.(Spain)and also from Alfa Wassermann Pharmaceutical Company (Italy)who provided the rifaximin tablets and lacitol sachets,active compounds and placebos.?
Investigators and participating centers are listed in Section 5.
*Corresponding author.Liver Unit,Hospital Cl?
′nic,C/Villarroel,170,08036Barcelona,Spain.Tel.:134-93-227-54-99;fax:134-93-451-55-22.
E-mail address:amas@medicina.ub.es (A.Mas).
bolic function in cirrhosis play a central role in the multi-factorial mechanisms causing HE[2].Ammonia production occurs mainly in the bowel due to degradation of nitrogen-ous compounds by aerobic and anaerobic bacteria[3,4].The therapeutic approach to HE is aimed at decreasing ammo-niagenic substrates and at inhibiting ammonia generation,as well as at reducing its intestinal absorption and facilitating its elimination.This includes a reduction of proteins in the diet,the administration of non-absorbable disaccharides, and/or the administration of non-absorbable antibiotics[4–7].
At present,the pharmacologic treatment of choice in patients with HE is the administration of non-absorbable disaccharides(lactulose or more recently lactitol)[4]. Neomycin,a poorly absorbed aminoglycoside antibiotic, has shown similar ef?cacy as lactulose in the treatment of HE[8],but the possibility of side effects(oto or nephro-toxic)attributable to its absorption have made its use less frequent[4,7,9].
Rifaximin,a non-absorbable rifamycin derivate,exhibits wide in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity against both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms[10–12].Furthermore,unlike other rifamy-cins,rifaximin is practically unabsorbed by the gut[13], thereby allowing the antibiotic to reach high concentrations in the intestinal tract and to remain in the feces in its active form[13].Due to these properties(high antibacterial activ-ity with null absorption),rifaximin has been used for the treatment of HE in a non-controlled basis or in trials includ-ing a relatively low number of cases[14–19].The data from these studies suggest that rifaximin decreases ammonia plasma levels and improves the symptoms related to HE in cirrhotics.
The aim of this prospective randomized,double-blind, double-dummy,controlled clinical study was to assess the ef?cacy and safety of rifaximin in comparison to lactitol in the treatment of cirrhotic patients with grade I–III acute or recurrent HE.
2.Patients and methods
One hundred and three consecutive cirrhotic patients with an acute HE episode,diagnosed in13hospitals in Spain from November1995to December1997,were enrolled in the study.All patients showed clinical, psychometric and electroencephalographic evidence of grade I–III HE of less than2days duration and an portal-systemic encephalopathy(PSE) index higher than zero,as described by Conn[8].Informed consent was obtained from close relatives;if mental status improved,patients them-selves were also requested to give their consent.The study was conducted in compliance with Spanish law,in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki,and was reviewed and approved in1995by the Human Research Committee of each hospital and also by the Spanish Regulatory Health Authorities.The sample size was based on the results obtained in published studies,assuming that lactitol will be successful in 80%of patients and rifaximin in95%;with120evaluable patients(60per group)the study will have an80%power to detect signi?cant differences between treatments using a5%signi?cance level.However,the study was designed to?nish at the end of1997,and therefore the number of included patients was slightly smaller.
Exclusion criteria were:major psychiatric illness,chronic renal and/or respiratory insuf?ciency,intercurrent infections,known hypersensitivity to rifamycin antibiotics and/or to disaccharides,patients having received treat-ment with sedatives or antibiotics within7days before inclusion,pregnant or lactating women,and patients who did not ful?ll protocol requirements. After hospital admission,patients underwent detailed physical,neurolo-gical and psychometric assessment,with particular note being made of their mental status,the severity of asterixis and their performance in the number connection test(NCT)type A.A venous blood sample was taken for hema-tological,biochemical,and blood ammonia level determinations and an EEG was performed.Patients were then randomly assigned to one of the following two treatment groups:
Rifaximin group:every8h patients received two200mg tablets of rifaximin and20g of lactitol placebo with an identical appearance, smell and taste as the active compound of lactitol given to the other group.
Lactitol group:patients received20g of lactitol three times a day(every 8h)and two tablets of rifaximin placebo,externally indistinguishable from the rifaximin tablets administered to the other group. Randomization was carried out using serially numbered,sealed,opaque envelopes strati?ed by the center.All experimental material was divided into‘patient-units’characterized by a label containing the previously assigned randomized number.Treatment was administered for a minimum of5days,or for a maximum of10days if the HE episode was not resolved by day5.In both groups the content of20g of lactitol was dissolved in100 ml of water and medication was given orally or via nasogastric tube if required.If the patients presented severe diarrhea during the treatment period,the dosage of the sachets was reduced and adjusted to obtain two soft stools per day.Dietary protein intake was restricted to20g/day in all patients on the?rst day of therapy,and,on evidence of sustained improve-ment in mental status,protein intake was gradually increased up to0.5g/kg body weight per day.Neurological evaluation and NCT were performed daily,and blood chemistries,including ammonia,and EEG were repeated at the end of the study period.
No patient received any drug that could potentially interfere with the progression of the HE,and thus,the evaluation parameters during the study treatment period.In cases of de novo systemic bacterial infection patients were empirically treated with i.v.cephalosporins,being thereafter modi?ed as required.
The therapeutic effects were analyzed according to the changes in the PSE index.Brie?y,this index is calculated taking?ve components into account:mental status(weighed by a factor of three),the presence and intensity of asterixis,the time taken to do NCT,EEG abnormalities,and blood ammonia levels.Depending upon the severity of the abnormalities in each component0to4points are assigned.The PSE index is the ratio between the points obtained and the maximum possible points(28in the case that all the parameters may be explored)[8].An extensive description of this index has recently been published[19].
The assessment of the clinical results was estimated as follows:resolu-tion was considered as blood ammonia levels decreased to normal values and disappearance of the HE clinical syndrome during the study;improve-ment was established as a reduction in initial blood ammonia levels and improvement in the HE clinical syndrome as in passing to a lower stage,or as a signi?cant decrease in the PSE index;unchanged was determined when the HE clinical syndrome had not improved,with the patient remaining in the?rst stage of HE,and blood ammonia levels had not decreased after treatment;or failure,being an increase in the blood ammonia levels or an increase in the PSE index observed at the end of treatment,and/or with a shift to a higher stage of HE.
Any adverse event was recorded specifying the time of onset,the dura-tion,the severity and the relationship to the test medication.Full blood cell count and plasma biochemistry pro?les were carried out to evaluate toler-ability at the start and at the end of the study.
A.Mas et al./Journal of Hepatology38(2003)51–58 52
2.1.Statistical analysis
All data documented and checked at the centers were entered twice by independent persons.The statistical evaluation was performed by Clever Instruments(Barcelona,Spain),using a statistical package(SPSS),and ef?cacy analysis was conducted on an intention-to-treat basis,including all patients with at least one ef?cacy assessment after the basal visit.Safety analysis was conducted including all patients enrolled in the study.Data were subjected to descriptive and inferential analysis with inter-and intragroup comparisons.
Demographic data,as well as baseline characteristics,were checked for normal distribution(Kolmogorov–Smirnov goodness of?t test)and homo-geneity(C variances test)and were analyzed by parametric(chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test;Student’s t-test)and non-parametric(Mann–Whitney U-test)tests as applicable.The frequency of patients in the two treatment groups with an improvement in the HE,determined by passage to a lower stage in the mental state score,was compared by a chi-square test.The values of the HE ef?cacy index calculated for the two treatment groups were submitted to a Mann–Whitney U-test.The mean values of blood ammonia levels,registered at baseline,on day5and at the end of treatment in the two treatment groups and of the PSE index were not normally distributed and were submitted to a Mann–Whitney U-test.Other variables of ef?cacy(asterixis,NCT,and EEG values)were analyzed according to their parametric or non-parametric tests.Adverse events were collected in frequency tables and the two groups were compared by the chi-square test (or Fisher’s exact test).Laboratory data were assessed during and between treatments by McNemar’s test and Fisher’s exact test.Statistical tests were conducted as a two-sided alpha level of0.05.
3.Results
After randomization,50patients were assigned to receive rifaximin(33males and17females,mean age of61.6^9.7 years)and53to receive lactitol(39males and14females, mean age of62.9^10.6years).Of the103patients enrolled,15(14.6%)discontinued the study:11withdrawals were due to inef?cacy(six patients in the rifaximin group and?ve in the lactitol group)and four were due to intoler-ability(two patients in each group).The mean length of treatment was5.65days in the rifaximin group and5.75 days in the lactitol group(P?NS)
Table1reports the demographic and clinical data,as well as the characteristics and diagnosis of the HE episode of patients on entry to the study.Statistically signi?cant differ-ences were only found between the two groups with respect to height(P?0:024)and to the percentage of patients who presented ascites(P?0:04).
The baseline characteristics of the HE episode are
A.Mas et al./Journal of Hepatology38(2003)51–5853 Table1
Demographic and clinical data of patients with acute or recurrent HE at randomization a
Rifaximin(n?50)Lactitol(n?53)Two-tailed P value b
Sex(%)(male/female)33(66)/17(34)39(73.6)/14(26.4)0.4016(1)
Age(years)61.59(9.74)62.92(0.56)0.510(2)
Weight(kg)67.39(10.44)69.24(11.77)0.464(2)
Height(cm)163.19(7.43)167.13(7.23)0.024(2)
Alcohol addiction:n(%)
Addicted7(14)9(17)
Ex addicted24(48)17(32.1)0.2526(1)
Non-addicted19(38)27(50.9)
Cirrhosis etiology:n(%)
Alcoholic25(50)24(45.3)
Post-hepatitic15(30)22(41.5)0.4089(1)
Other10(20)7(13.2)
HE:n(%)
First episode25(50)25(47.2)
Previous episodes24(48)28(52.8)0.5429(1)
Other1(2)0(0)
HE with:n(%)
Portocaval anastomosis8(16)5(9.6)0.3337(1)
Ascites24(48)35(67.3)0.0483(1) Splenomegaly22(44)23(44.2)0.9812(1)
Jaundice28(56)28(53.8)0.8270(1)
HE precipitating factors:n(%)
Protein overload1(2)1(1.9)
Bacterial infection2(4)2(3.8)
Gastrointestinal bleeding5(10)7(13.2)
Dehydration5(10)0(0)0.0618(1)
Constipation11(22)5(9.4)
Unknown10(20)22(41.51)
Other16(32)16(30.2)
a Values of qualitative variables are expressed as number(percentage of patients)and data of quantitative variables as mean(SD).A normal distribution test (Kolmogorov–Smirnov goodness of?t test)was applied to continuous variables:age(two-tailed P?0:1264);weight(two-tailed P?0:7816);and height (two-tailed P?0:6474).These parameters were normally distributed.
b(1)Chi-square,Pearson test;(2)Student’s t-test for equality of means.
summarized in Table2.Signi?cant differences were only found between the two groups in relation to the mean stage of the NCT(P?0:03).However,no statistically signi?cant differences were found in relation to this variable when measured as seconds.
A clear improvement was observed in the grade of HE and in the neurological,neuropsychiatric and psychometric para-meters as well as in ammonemia levels following treatment with rifaximin and lactitol,showing a signi?cantly progres-sive improvement in both groups(Table3).In spite of a better response in all these parameters in rifaximin treated patients compared with those treated with lactitol,the differences observed were statistically signi?cant only for HE grade, ammonemia levels and the percentage increase in EEG counts per second at the end of treatment(Fig.1).
The overall PSE index,which was similar in the two groups before treatment,decreased more progressively in the rifaximin group than in the lactitol group(Fig.2).The difference registered post-treatment was statistically signif-icant(P?0:01),with the rifaximin group showing a lower PSE index.
Finally,in regard to the global assessment of ef?cacy registered at the end of treatment,both groups showed a similar clinical ef?cacy without signi?cant differences. After grouping the responses into two classes,resolution/ improvement versus unchanged/failure,the results were very similar in both groups:81.6%versus18.4%,respec-tively,in the rifaximin group and80.4%versus19.6%, respectively,in the lactitol group.It should be pointed out that the percentage of patients with complete HE resolution was higher in the rifaximin group(53.1%)than in the lacti-tol group(37.2%).
Both treatments were well tolerated:in the group of patients treated with rifaximin,two patients reported mild diarrhea and one patient described abdominal pain,and in the lactitol group one patient reported mild diarrhea and another described vomiting,all probably related to the treat-ment.Severe diarrhea was not detected in the lactitol group, probably because the protocol allowed reduction of the dosage of the sachets.Other adverse events were considered not related to the treatment:bacterial infections in four cases,upper gastrointestinal bleeding in two,and one case each of mild impairment of renal function,herpes zoster, arterial hypertension and hyperkalemia.Six severe adverse events(three in each treatment group)were described:three patients died(one in the rifaximin group and two in the lactitol group)within28days of the last dose of the study medication;one patient died due to biliary sepsis and two patients died as a consequence of bleeding esophageal varices.None of these severe adverse events were consid-ered to be related to the study medication.
Systemic tolerability,monitored by laboratory tests,was good in both treatments.Statistical analysis showed no signi?cant differences between basal and?nal values.No statistically signi?cant differences were found between the treatment groups with respect to these variables at the end of treatment,except in potassium levels,with the percentage of patients with values outside the normal range being24.3% in the rifaximin group and7.5%in the lactitol group (P?0:419).
A.Mas et al./Journal of Hepatology38(2003)51–58
54
Table2
Baseline characteristics of HE episodes of patients at randomization a
Characteristics(stage)Rifaximin(n?50)Lactitol(n?53)Two-tailed P value b
HE
Stage000
Stage I13(26%)18(34%)
Stage II27(54%)23(43.4%)
Stage III10(20%)12(22.6%)
Stage IV00
Global 2.0(1–3) 2.0(1–3)0.6752(1)
Mental state 2.0(1–3) 2.0(0–3)0.8804(1)
Asterixis 3.0(0–4) 2.5(0–4)0.8413(1)
NCT
Stage 4.0(3–4) 4.0(2–4)0.0391(1)
Seconds120.0(95–400)120.0(52.5–1515.0)0.2276(1)
EEG
Stage 3.0(0–4) 2.0(0–4)0.1549(1)
Counts per second 4.34(1.74) 5.03(2.18)0.094(2)
Blood ammonia
Stage 1.0(0–4) 1.0(0–4)0.7963(1)
g/dl120.5(12.1–300)124.1(35–661.5)0.5868(1)
a Values of HE stage are expressed as number and percentage of patients and the other values are expressed as medians and ranges for non-parametric tests applied and as mean(SD)when parametric tests were applied(only for EEG,counts per second).A normal distribution test(Kolmogorov–Smirnov goodness of?t test)was applied to quantitative variables:NCT,seconds(two-tailed P?0:0000);EEG,counts per second(two-tailed P?0:1014);and blood ammonia, g/dl(two-tailed P?0:0363).Only EEG,counts per second was normally distributed and was analyzed by a parametric test.
b(1)Non-parametric test applied:Mann–Whitney U-test;(2)parametric test applied:Student’s t-test for equality of means.
4.Discussion
Non-absorbable disaccharides (lactulose,lactitol)are currently the most widely used pharmacological treatment in HE [4,5,7–9].These drugs pass unchanged through the small bowel and are metabolized by the intestinal bacteria of the colon leading to a reduction in fecal pH.This thereby produces a laxative effect,and diffusion of the ammonia to the lumen of the colon where it may be used for bacterial metabolism or eliminated by the feces.All of these effects causes a decrease in blood ammonia concentrations [9].
As stated before,oral poorly absorbable antibiotics are an alternative for pharmacological treatment of HE,with neomycin being the most frequent and widely used [9].Its mechanism of action is based on suppression of the intest-inal ?ora producing ammonia.Nephrotoxicity has been observed due to the intestinal absorption of this antibiotic and,although minimum,it may be of clinical importance if usage is prolonged.Therefore,neomycin has been replaced by non-absorbable disaccharides since both have shown a similar clinical ef ?cacy and the latter have shown fewer and less severe adverse effects [7,8].Other antibiotics used are paromomycin,metronidazole and vancomycin with similar results.
At present,the clinical value of pharmacologic treatment of acute HE remains controversial [4].Identi ?cation and treatment of the precipitating factor is the most important aspect in the management of acute HE [4,7,9].Nonetheless,despite this consideration,probably few cases of HE are managed with only the correction of the precipitating factor in clinical practice.
Rifaximin is a rifampicin derivative and is practically unabsorbable by the intestine.It has a wide antibacterial spectrum including gram-positive,gram-negative and anae-robic bacteria [11,12].Rifaximin has been used in different clinical situations such as gastroenteritis,diverticulitis,preparation of the colon for surgery [12],small bowel bacterial overgrowth [20]and more recently in managing intestinal gas production and gas-related syndromes [21].Given its pharmacologic characteristics (oral non-absorb-able antibiotic with wide antibacterial spectrum)this drug has also been used in the treatment of HE.Rifaximin has been compared with neomycin [15],paromomycin [14],and lactulose [17],showing similar results in both clinical improvement and reducing blood ammonia [17].In the
A.Mas et al./Journal of Hepatology 38(2003)51–58
56Fig.1.Time course of the HE grade and treatment effect in cirrhotic patients with grade I –III HE receiving treatment with rifaximin (1200mg/day)or lactitol (60g/day).Values are expressed as mean grade (SD).(*)Statistical difference between groups,P ?0.012;(**)differences between mean post-treatment grade and basal mean grade,P ?0.0000in both
groups.
Fig.2.Changes occurring in the PSE index in cirrhotic patients with grade I –III HE following 5–10days treatment with rifaximin (1200mg/day)or lactitol (60g/day).Values are expressed as mean grade (SD);n.s.?0.05level;(*)P values versus basal mean values,P ?0.0000in both groups;(**)signi ?cant comparison between groups,P ?0.0103in favor of the rifaximin group.
latter study rifaximin also showed greater tolerability and faster action.However,the results of these studies were inconclusive because some were open or uncontrolled [18],or included a small number of patients.A recent non-comparative study showed that rifaximin improved the PSE index,the absorption of the drug was extraordina-rily low(maximum urinary excretion equivalent to0.32%of the oral doses administered)and the most adequate dose was 1200mg daily[19].
The present study including a high number of patients shows that rifaximin is,from a clinical point of view,as effective as lactulose in the treatment of grade I–III HE, both treatments achieving an ef?cacy of greater than80%. In addition,rifaximin showed a signi?cantly greater ef?cacy in the reduction of plasma ammonia levels and improve-ment in EEG which were signi?cantly greater than those observed with lactulose,leading to a better evolution in the PSE index in patients receiving rifaximin.Although it has recently been suggested that the PSE index?rst described by Conn[8]is too‘arti?cial’[4,9],it continues to be used in the global evaluation of HE[19].
As stated before,the real ef?cacy of non-absorbable disaccharides or poor or non-absorbable antibiotics in HE remains doubtful,the correction of the precipitating cause being the main therapeutic approach.However,in this study an important proportion of the patients lacked a known precipitating cause,thereby emphasizing the need for phar-macologic treatment,at least in these cases.Since this situa-tion occurred in a greater,although non-signi?cant, proportion in the rifaximin group than in the lactitol group,this fact could theoretically account for the better ef?cacy of rifaximin.In summary,our results suggest that in acute HE of moderate to severe grade,rifaximin may be a good alternative to non-absorbable disaccharides.
5.Investigators and participating centers
A.Mas,
B.Arago′n,J.M.Salmero′n,J.Rode′s,Hospital Cl?′nic(Barcelona);L.Rodrigo,Hospital Central de Asturias (Oviedo);R.Planas,Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol(Bada-lona);V.Vargas,L.Castells,A.Gonza′lez,Hospital Vall d’Hebro′n(Barcelona);D.Rodr?′guez Mart?′nez,G.Ferna′n-dez Rodr?′guez,Hospital Xeral Cies(Vigo);I.Coll,J.M. Viver,Hospital Mu′tua de Terrassa(Terrassa);A.Pardo, Hospital Universitario de Canarias(Tenerife);M.Romero, G.Clemente,A.de Diego,Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Maran?o′n(Madrid);A.Castiella,I.Gil,J.I.Arenas Mirave,Hospital Ntra.Sra.de Ara′nzazu(San Sebastia′n);A. Garc?′a Erola,J.Berenguer,Hospital La Fe(Valencia);R. Mart?′n-Vivaldi,Hospital Virgen de las Nieves(Granada);
A.Garcia Plaza,L.Ruiz del A′rbol,Hospital Ramo′n y Cajal (Madrid);R.Moreno,J.M.Mateos,Hospital de la Princesa (Madrid);J.R.Vida′n,J.Elizalde,A.Mart?′nez,Hospital de Navarra(Pamplona).Acknowledgements
This research was supported by a grant given by Zambon S.A.(Spain).We are indebted to Alfa Wassermann Pharma-ceutical Company(Italy)for supplying the rifaximin tablets and lactitol sachets,active compounds and placebos. References
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校园景色（1单元） 春姑娘悄悄地来到我们身边，冰雪融化，万物复苏，那青的草，绿的叶，各种色彩鲜艳的花,给校园构成一幅生机勃勃的春景图。 在校园的草坪上，可以看见嫩绿的小草从土壤里探出头来，高兴地望着我们，仿佛在说：“亲爱的同学们，我们又见面了！”一个个圆圆的蘑菇，在春雨的浇灌下，也露出了笑脸。 校园的主道两旁，杨树挺立在那里，一动不动，像一位站岗的哨兵。枝条上长出了圆圆的新叶，远远望去，像一个绿色的小桃子。那一朵朵美丽鲜艳的花儿，争齐开放，使人感到格外舒服。 每当下课的时候，悦耳的铃声传来，同学们就像一只只鸟儿一样“飞”出了教室，校园里顿时一片欢腾。兵乓球台前，围满了人，一阵阵叫好声，一阵阵欢呼声，使校园里充满了活力，充满了欢乐。 美丽的春天，美丽的校园，真是一幅美丽的画卷。 校园春色（1单元） 春姑娘悄悄地来到我们身边，冰雪融化，万物复苏，那青的草，绿的叶，各种色彩鲜艳的花，给校园构成一幅生机勃勃的春景图。 在校园的草坪上，可以看见嫩绿的小草从土壤里探出头来，高兴地望着我们，仿佛在说：“亲爱的同学们，我们又见面了！”一个个圆圆的蘑菇，在春雨的浇灌下，也露出了笑脸。 校园的主道两旁，杨树挺立在那里，一动不动，像一位站岗的哨兵。枝条上长出了圆圆的新叶，远远望去，像一个绿色的小桃子。那一朵朵美丽鲜艳的花儿，争齐开放，使人感到格外舒服。 每当下课的时候，悦耳的铃声传来，同学们就像一只只鸟儿一样“飞”出了教室，校园里顿时一片欢腾。兵乓球台前，围满了人，一阵阵叫好声，一阵阵欢呼声，使校园里充满了活力，充满了欢乐。 美丽的春天，美丽的校园，真是一幅美丽的画卷。 爸爸，我想对你说 爸爸，我想对你说：你的父爱我能感受到，但你能不能不要太严了呢？ 每天，我都要写一篇日记，但有时候作业太多，你还硬逼着我写日记；你不知道，我每次写完作业都很累很累，好想看一下电视，放松一下，但你硬逼我写，没办法，我只好受点委屈了。其实，我有时很不想学，但你又非要我学不可，我又不能不听你的话，只好跟你学，你不知道，我不想学的时候，你讲的知识，我一点也没听进去，所以你等于白讲了。你还把我心爱的漫画书藏起来，买来一大堆的试卷，叫我学到哪课就做到哪课，那里我是多么想看漫画书啊！有时，我放学回家把电视机打开看，但你却叫我过去写作业，那时我是多么不乐意呀！因为你不让我看电视，而你却在那里看电视。你知道吗？我人虽然在这边，但心却飞到电视机那里去了，所以作业才会出现一些不该错的地方。每天晚上，我叫你讲故事给我听，但你却拒绝了，叫我自己看，但睡着看书容易损伤眼睛，所以又看不成，你不知道，我那时是多么想听你讲那动听的故事呀！ 爸爸，你说过，我们既是父子也是朋友，那你能不能给我一个自由的天地，让我自由地发展呀！
《美国历史与文化》 结课论文 专业：化学工程与工艺 学号：041114116 姓名：杨乐
Columbo's influence on the American continent Columbo is a famous Spanish navigator, is a pioneer of the great geographical discovery. Columbus young is garden said believers, he so haunting had in Genoa made prison of Marco Polo, determined to be a navigator.1502 he crossed the Atlantic four times in 1492, discovered the American continent, he also became a famous navigator. On August 3, 1492, Columbus by the king of Spain dispatch, with credentials of Indian monarchs and emperors of China, led the three tons of Baishi of sailing, from Spain Palos Yang Fan of the Atlantic, straight towards to the West. After seventy days and nights of hard sailing, in the early morning of October 12, 1492 finally found the land. Columbo thought he had arrived in India. Later know that Columbus landed on a piece of land belonging to the now Balak America than the sea in the Bahamas, he was it named San Salvador. Columbo's discovery has changed the course of world history. It opens up a new era of development and colonization in the new world. At that time, the European population was expanding, with this discovery, the Europeans have settled in two new continents, there will be able to make a difference in the European economy and the resources of the mineral resources and raw materials. This discovery led to the destruction of the American Indian civilization. From a long-term point of view, there have been a number of new countries in the Western
【篇一】高中人与自然作文800字 大自然是奇妙无比的，它蕴含着许许多多不为人知的秘密，等待我们去发现，去探索。好奇心驱使着人们全身心的投入到了对大自然的研究当中，得出了很多有价值的结论，并把它们记录下来，编成了一部部对后人很有影响的书籍。《昆虫记》就是其中最富盛名的代表作。 《昆虫记》这本书主要记载了法国生物学家法布尔四十多年来不断研究昆虫所得出的结论与体会。书中的那些昆虫们栩栩如生，让读者好像亲眼见到了他们一样。而且其中大部分昆虫都是鲜为人知的，更加的富有新意，让人读完以后回味无穷，实在不失为一部佳作哪！ 我们不得不佩服法布尔先生妙笔生花的才华。《昆虫记》不单单是平铺直叙的介绍昆虫，而且是以“我”为人称，用叙事体的手法，以一位观察者的角度来写的，又不缺少亲切感，使读者能够能加侧面的了解他们。 法布尔在介绍每一种小昆虫的时候，首先先介绍他们的肢体、颜色、花纹、形状、特征等外部构造，更好地使读者认识他们，并为下文打好了基础。然后，把他们的生活习性做一简单的阐述。最后，大篇幅的介绍他们捕食、交配、繁殖等具有代表性的几个方面，并在其中穿插记叙了自己在观察研究中所发生的趣事，更加让文章生动有趣，具有吸引力。 读完这本书以后，我思绪万千，受益匪浅。不仅仅是丰富了自己的阅历，而更多的则是对小昆虫的刮目相看。以前，我对那些不起眼的小昆虫不屑一顾，现在则对他们有了一个全新的认识。就拿蚂蚁来说吧，他们起早贪黑，兢兢业业；他们团结一心，通力合作；他们巧用智慧，机灵伶俐；他们不畏艰辛，全力以赴；他们互帮互助，团结友爱；他们懂得分享，懂得谦让；他们诚实守信，不予欺骗；他们舍己为人，以小顾大；他们分工明细，各尽其职……微小的蚂蚁，竟有如此崇高的品质，顽强的精神，我被深深的震撼了。是啊，连人类都望尘莫及，无法做到完全具备的，蚂蚁却做到了。所以，我们不能小看每一个生物，人不可貌相，海水不可斗量啊！ 大自然就是这样的丰富多彩。读了《昆虫记》，让我更加懂得爱护昆虫，兴致勃勃的欣赏有趣的昆虫。他们实在是太有趣了！致力于此类事业，真是不亦乐乎那！ 【篇二】高中人与自然作文800字 从教科书到影视，人与自然这个主题的作品有很多，最近这段时间，学会了一些课文，偶然看一两部电影，恰巧都是这个主题，引起了我的深思。 严春友的《敬畏自然》，一开篇就说明了人类征服自然的想法有多可笑，“不自量力地要用这滴水来代替大海”，而事实上，人类确实也这样做了，“毁林开荒”“围湖造田”就是很典型的例子，以为可以用人力改变自然，可结果呢？由
高考语文作文备考：名校模拟题作文及例文汇编 四、写作（60分） 10．阅读下面的材料，根据要求写作。 近日，某中学举行了一场以“拥有了实力，行事是该高调还是该低调”为主题的辩论赛。 正方的观点是：拥有了实力，行事就应高调。因为拥有了实力，你也掩盖不了，高调做事是一种责任，一种气魄，一种精益求精的风格，一种执著追求的精神。 反方的观点是：拥有了实力，行事也应低调。因为做事必先做人，低调是一种姿态，一种修养，一种风度，一种智慧，一种谋略。 时代发展到今天，无论个人、集体还是国家，你觉得拥有了实力应该采取何种态度呢？请你在正反双方中选择一方观点作为自己的立场，写一篇辩论稿。要求：选好角度，确定立意，自拟标题，注意格式；不要套作，不得抄袭，不少于800字。 【分析】本题考查学生写作的能力。本文属于任务驱动型文章。写作时要整体理解把握材料的内容，明白材料蕴含的道理，选取合适的角度进行立意构思。写作指令：选择辩题，写一篇辩论稿。写好材料作文的关键在于理解材料主旨并进行立意。本题材料的中心事件是某中学举行的一场以“拥有了实力，行事是该高调还是该低调”为主题的辩论赛，正方的观点是拥有了实力，行事就应高调，反方的观点是拥有了实力，行事也应低调。考生可以选择正方观点，指出高调做事是一种责任，一种气魄，一种精益求精的风格，一种执著追求的精神；可以选择反方观点，指出做事必先做人，低调是一种姿态，一种修养，一种风度，一种智慧，一种谋略。最后还要分析文体，材料要求写成“辩论稿”，这就要求观点要明确，辩论要有力，论据要充足。无论选择哪一个辩题，分析都要有思辩性，切不可完全否定对方的观点（将对方说得一无是处）。 参考立意：1、高调做事是一种责任，一种气魄。2、低调做人是一种修养，一种风度。 【解答】低调做人是一种智慧 尊敬的各位评委老师、同学们： 大家好，我方的辩题是“低调做人是一种智慧”。 山不解释自己的高度，并不影响它的耸立云端；海不解释自己的深度，并不影响它容纳百川；地不解释自己的厚度，但没有谁能取代她作为万物的地位……做人，我认为关键是要学会低调，低调是一种人生的智慧。 莫言是中国第一个获得诺贝尔奖的人，圆了所有中国人几个世纪的“诺奖梦”。但让人可歌
浅谈美国历史 ——见证从蚂蚁到大象历程 引导语：中华文化源远流长，五千年的华夏文明留给我们太多的回忆。分久必合、合久必分；从繁荣昌盛到民族衰落；从压迫受辱到当家作主、从璀璨奇葩到复兴中华……可是，跨过大洋的彼岸，初出茅庐的美国却在近两百多年的历史跨度下完成了从蚂蚁到大象的历程，创造出美国独特的发展文化。今天的世界，“汤姆大叔”在全球“维护着世界和平”；好莱坞大片充斥着各大荧屏；NBA回荡在茶前饭后的娱乐中……两百多年来，美国历史一直都是民主制度的试验。早年被提出的问题如今持续被提出并获得解决；强大政府对抗弱小政府、个人权利对抗群体权利、自有资本主义对抗受到管理的商业与劳工以及参与世界对抗孤独主义。美国对于民主制度有很高的期待，而现实又是不如人意。然而国家经过妥协，已见成长与繁荣。在今天的发展过程中笔者认为有必要借鉴美国蚂蚁变大象的历程。 自从哥伦布发现新大陆之后，这片土地上开始了她不平凡的发展。十七世纪初，英国开始向北美殖民。最初的北美移民主要是一些失去土地的农民，生活艰难的工人以及受宗教迫害的清教徒。在殖民地时代，伴随着与北美洲原住民印第安人的长期战争，对当地印第安人的肆意屠杀，严重的劳力缺乏产生了像奴隶和契约奴隶这类的非自由劳力。万恶的黑奴贸易盛行起来。从1607年到1733年，英国殖民者先后在北美洲东岸建立了十三个殖民地。由于英国移民北美是为了追求自由和财富，如被迫害的清教徒和贫农。地方政府享受自治权。殖民地居民有比英人更广泛参与政治的机会和权利，培养了自治的意识和能力，所以他们相信社会契约中，政府是人民需要保护而得人民支持才组成的。在十八世纪中期,殖民地的经济，文化，政治相对成熟，殖民地议会仍信奉英王乔治三世，不过他们追求与英国国会同等的地位，并不想成为英国的次等公民，但是此时英法的七年战争结束，急于巩固领土，使向北美殖民地人民征租重税及英王乔治三世一改放任政策，主张高压手段。因此引发殖民地人民反抗，如“没有代表就不纳税”宣言、“波士顿惨案”、“不可容忍的法案”等。1775年4月在来克星顿和康科特打响“来克星顿的枪声”揭开美国独立战争的前奏。后来，这些殖民地便成为美国北美独立十三州最初的十三个州。 1774年, 来自12州的代表，聚集在费城, 召开所谓第一次大陆会议，希望能寻出一条合理的途径, 与英国和平解决问题，然而英王却坚持殖民地必须无条件臣服于英国国王, 并接受处分。 1775年，在麻州点燃战火, 5月，召开第二次大陆会议, 坚定了战争与独立的决心，并起草有名的独立宣言, 提出充分的理由来打这场仗，这也是最后致胜的要素. 1776年7月4日，宣告了美国的独立，1776年7月4日大陆会议在费城乔治·华盛顿发表了《独立宣言》。《独立宣言》开宗明义地阐明，一切人生而平等，具有追求幸福与自由的天赋权利；淋漓尽致地历数了英国殖民主义者在美洲大陆犯下的罪行；最后庄严宣告美利坚合众国脱离英国而独立。《独立宣言》是具有世界历史意义的伟大文献。完全脱离英国，目的是为‘图生存、求自由、谋幸福’，实现启蒙运动的理想。 1781年, 美军赢得了决定性的胜利， 1783年, 美英签订巴黎条约，结束了独立战争。这也充分展现出
写印象深刻的人的作文800字_高一作文 写印象深刻人作文800字 小胡子青年 去年夏天，我独自登上了去Q市轮船。 没想到四等舱也闷热，更晦气是与这样一对“宝贝”做“舱友”——那男青年留着小胡子，时不时扯起破嗓门儿大唱流行歌曲，唱得人一阵阵起鸡皮疙瘩；他女朋友一张娃娃脸，不是描眉扑粉，就是吃零食。唉，没素质！ 终于到了避暑胜地Q市一踏上码头，我长长舒了口气，心想：回上海时可千万别再碰上这样“宝贝”了！ 我爱游泳，一到婶婶家先打听海水浴场在哪里，第二天便兴冲冲赶去。换上泳装，跳进大海，沐浴着凉爽海水，舒服极了。 以后我天天奔海水浴场。徜徉在海阔天空之间，像鱼儿一样游来游去，第一次体会到了“不管风吹浪打，胜似闲庭信步”快乐。 一天，婶婶一家带我去游L山，下午回来后我看天色还早，便又去了海水浴场。那天游客不多，我游得自由自在，不知不觉离沙滩远了。义游了一会儿，渐渐感到海水晃得厉害，猛然想起，莫非退潮了？ 我赶紧往沙滩游，可是体力不支。我拼命游呀游，突然，脚心一凉，啊，脚抽筋了！这时候偏偏一个浪头打来，我来不及换气，“咕噜咕噜”喝了几口海水，便身不南己地往下沉…… 不知过了多久，听见四周有人在说：“好了好了，她醒了！”“唉，好险！”……又觉得两只手臂被人抓着摆过来摆过去。啊，难道我刚才差点儿淹死了？后来又被人救了？真可怕！这时候浑身软绵绵，嘴巴发苦，努力睁开眼睛，迷迷糊糊看见一个小青年在给我做人工呼吸。再一看，他好生面熟。噢，想起来了，是同船来那个小胡子青年！ “喂，小朋友，你不会游泳别逞能。今天要不是碰上我，你就回不了上海啦！”他放下我手臂，站起来，搓搓手，挽起女朋友，一扭一扭地走了。 我想说感谢他话，可是没有力气。望着他俩远去背影，心里又感激又惭愧。 听着海浪声，忽然想起了这样一句俗语：“人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。”是呀，事物是复杂，人似乎更复杂。我怎么可以戴一副有色眼镜去认识社会上形形色色人呢？ 点评：
2018高考任务驱动型作文习题及范文汇编 阅读下面的材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。（60分）【原创预测题8】《南方周末》报道，2016年4月14日，在山东发生了一起辱母杀人案。女企业家苏银 霞欠了当地涉黑团伙头目吴学占的高利贷，仍欠17万未还清。被于欢刺死的杜志浩等人有 涉黑行为，辱骂殴打、限制并侮辱于母等情节恶劣，警察调解无效后，于欢拿起办公室桌上水果刀，乱刺催债人员，至一死三伤,, 2017年3月17日山东省淄博城市法院一审以故意伤害罪判处于欢无期徒刑，还需赔偿死者家属30598.5元和伤者53443.47元。在社会引起强烈深刻的反响。案件进展：全国高 检派人、山东高法介入指导工作。2017年6月23日山东高法二审裁定于欢犯故意伤害罪， 判处有期徒刑五年并经济赔偿。 比较情、理和法三者，你认为哪个更重要？请综合材料内容及含意作文。要求选好角度，确定立意，明确文体，自拟标题；不要套作，不得抄袭。 法律，高于情理的利剑 ①2016年，在山东发生一起辱母杀人案。由于嫌疑人于欢杀人合情合理，且受害者为 涉黑人员，引起社会强烈反响。最终涉黑者被抓，于欢二审得到减刑。此案看似于欢为母出气，合情合理但不合法。法律是高悬情与理之上的利剑，它约束情与理，以免失控。 ②从事件本身看，我认为，于欢因母亲受辱，在多方求助无果的情况下挥刀，这个举动 似乎合情合理。哪一个孩子看见母亲受辱能无动于衷？但用刀伤人，属于防卫过当，造成严重后果就违法了，他被判刑五年，这是对冲动的惩罚。正因为于欢所为合情合理，因而才引
发社会强烈反响，减轻刑罚并惩处恶人。但合情合理不能作为评判的唯一标准，法律是不可逾越的红线，它是约束情与理的尺度。情理不能大于法，否则社会就会混乱。 ③若没有法律约束，人便为所欲为。荀子曰“木受绳则直，金就砺则利。”进入依法治国时代，任何事物都必须按章办事，一视同仁。就拿网购说吧，它是一件新鲜事，存在利润 空间。初期因法律不健全，假货次品充斥市场，诚信遭遇冰河，网购受到巨大损失。当相关 法律出台，市场秩序迅速恢复，网络经济成为我国支柱产业。因此，合情合理又守法，就会 得到保护，避免遭受损失。最近出台的“信联”措施就很好，严惩那些不讲诚信的违法者。 ④合情合理是谁都想要的但必须依法办事，以其道得之，最终不受处罚。其实，想要减少情与理的影响，依法办事也容易。首先，应明法懂法守法。懂法的途径是读法律条文；其 次，遇事时要冷静，不要完全被情理支配。当然了，法律建立在情理之上，在法律范围内， 保护合情合理的事情。本次事件，于欢正被情理冲昏头脑忘却法律，最终导致悲剧发生。 ⑤因此，我认为在处理看似合情合理的事物前，要理性与理智的思考，自己行为的利弊得失，然后在行动。最后，请时刻谨记康德的话：世界上有两样东西是我最敬畏的，一是天 上的星星，另一个是道德法律。知法明理，敬法守法。只有如此，才不会完全被情理支配， 依法办事，就不会出现问题。 ⑥然而，守法并不意味忘却情理。在现实社会中，经常出现“扶不扶”“救不救”的两难事情。试问那些不扶的人违法吗？没有。他们“不为”却践踏道德底线，伤害情理。那么 世界就会变得冷漠。好在新的法律保护讲道德见义勇者，他们要受到奖励和表彰。 ⑦法律是高悬于情理之上的利剑，遵法守纪是情理的红线。铭记教训，莫让悲剧重演。 辽宁省沈阳市第11中学2018届17班李浩然指导教师：孙延堂
宗教对美国社会的影响 梁子毓英语学院英语137班 摘要：美国是当今世界上最发达的资本主义国家，同时又是发达国家中最具宗教色彩的国家，可以说美国的发展与宗教有着密不可分的关系。宗教从美国建国伊始至今对人们思想的影响是根本性的，这种影响绝不仅仅只是停留在道德方面，在政体的确立、民主制度的促进等方面都有着同样深远的作用。如今，宗教在美国的影响力有增无减，信仰上帝的人越来越多了，宗教在美国国家社会生活中的作用也越来越大。因此，研究宗教对美国发展的影响更有助于我们了解美国的社会现实和文化特征，可以使我们对宗教在美国社会的影响有更深刻的认识。 关键词：宗教美国社会影响 引言 美国文化的一大特征就是其宗教性。来自世界各地不同国家不同种族的移民带来了他们自己的宗教，使美国成为多宗教的国家。各种不同的宗教必然会对美国的社会产生影响，同样也融入了美国的文化。在众多宗教中，影响最大的是新教众多教派中的清教，清教在发展过程中，其影响超越了宗教领域，渐渐渗透到了美国宗教以外的政治、经济、文化领域，使美国政治、经济、文化都带有明显的清教主义特征。清教主义因而成为美国文化和社会形成过程中的重要因素。美国的文明都刻有明显的清教主义印记，清教主义文化也造就了独特的美利坚精神与文化。 一、基督教新教对美国历史的影响 美国虽然只有四百多年的历史，但却从一个英属殖民地逐渐成为世界上的头号强国。在这片土地上诞生了世界上第一部成文宪法，产生了世界上第一个民选总统，建立了三权分立的民主政体，这些都对世界历史产生了深远的影响。然而这些都与基督新教及其伦理道德有着密不可分的关系，这种关系甚至是决定性的。 早期殖民北美的新教1徒的新教信仰，构成了北美早期社会思想风潮的主调，也构成了以后美利坚的民族精神以及国家意识形态的基础。美国独立战争的发生，是因为早期移民北美的多数人都是新教教徒的缘故。由逃亡的清教徒们建立的美洲殖民地，在宗教上，一直与英国本土的宗教处于对立状态。美洲大陆的宗教主流为清教徒，英国的国教则为天主教与新教的混合体圣公会安力甘宗，安力甘宗作为英国国教一直是清教徒改革的对象。在美国独立战争及18世纪二十年代，英国本土和美洲殖民地发生了一场轰轰烈烈的宗教“伟大复兴”运动，这场运动在美国是新教教义的普及和强化运动，是一场彻头彻尾的新教教义在新大陆被强化的运动，这场运动最后导致了新教的进一步振兴，从而在思想上与英国国教彻底脱离了关系。宗教运动进一步促进了北美殖民地人群的主体意识，进一步加强了殖民地与英国本土的在宗教上和政治上的离心力，为独立战争做了思想和意识形态的准备。北美殖民地与英国本土上的宗教对立，对美国独立战争的爆发有着深远的影响。 对美国近代发展奠定基础的南北战争，实际上也有着深刻的宗教原因——美国清教对南方奴隶制的憎恶而引起的南北方对立。废奴主义一直是基督教教义的传统。在新教中这被理解为上帝爱世上的每一个人。这种思想成为西方人权思想的源头。既然上帝爱每一个人，个 1新教：新教（Protestantism）是由16世纪宗教改革运动中脱离罗马天主教的一系列新教派的统称，主流教派有路德宗、加尔文宗和圣公会。
每个人都有自己擅长的写作类型，不断练习相应作文的过程中，我们的作文会逐渐形成自己独有的写作习惯。以下是愛师网小编为您整理的各有绝活作文身边的绝活作文别人的绝活作文。希望您能喜欢。 各有绝活作文身边的绝活作文别人的绝活作文第一篇： 爸爸的绝活 我的爸爸有一项绝活，炒菜，就是这个绝活，让我十分的佩服我爸爸，下面我就跟大家说一说吧。 我的爸爸是个矮个子，他长着浓眉大眼，高高的鼻子，那棱角分明的嘴唇，平添了几分英俊和自信。 爸爸大部分都是妈妈帮他盛饭，把菜夹到饭里，爸爸再把饭端到电脑室，一边吃饭一边玩游戏或看电视。他有一张“血盆大口”每次吃饭都是“狼吞虎咽”而且一口就能喝下半杯水。吃完饭后又是我帮爸爸把碗端出去给妈妈洗。这天也不例外。真想让爸爸改了这个坏毛病。 但是，爸爸偶尔也会给我们炒一顿好菜。爸爸以前学过厨艺。他切菜动作很灵活。切菜时，膀子不动手腕动，速度很快。不像妈妈，拿刀时膀子整个动，好像使出九牛二虎之力，切完菜她直喊累。爸爸切出的菜都是一样粗细。妈妈切出的菜却是大大小小的，不如爸爸。爸爸炒菜时喜欢用右手拿着锅铲翻菜，不时地还用左手拿着锅把子一抖，我真怕菜掉外面烫到爸爸的手。只见菜从锅中直向上冲，然后翻了个身，又听话地回到锅中。看来我的担心是剩余的。 这就是我爸爸最厉害的绝活，是不是十分的厉害呢，但是我爸爸平时不显山不露水的，想要看到这项绝活还找呢不容易。 各有绝活作文身边的绝活作文别人的绝活作文第二篇： 绝活作文 “六一”儿童节快到了，妈妈说要送我一双旱冰鞋。那天，鞋店我挑了许多鞋，最后我选中了一双灰色的，因为我觉得男孩子还是灰色大方一点。 回家后，我急忙拿出鞋子，想试穿一下。穿进去刚想站起来，我就滑了一跤。我用双手扶住墙慢吞吞地爬起来。我又试图往前走几步，没想到我的脚自动向前滑，我嘴巴里“哎呀”还没说完，就摔了个四脚朝天。我疼得直想哭，但我硬得撑住，我可不能让妈妈小看我。我一边椅子上休息，一边脑子里想着不能放下，该想个什么法子。 过一会儿，我又开始练习了，这次，我草坪上先练走步，双手拿了两根木棒，并带上护膝，以防万一。果然这样练习，比较保险，我能自如地草地上走了，我心里甭提多高兴了。
中考作文范文汇编10篇 一、作文写作 1．阅读下面的文字，按要求完成微作文。 学校准备为高一新生设计制作校服。原定为一款参照国外校服样式设计的校服，男式帅气，女式俏丽，大家很喜欢。但有家长提出，这样的校服穿上后容易使学生分心，甚至会助长男女同学之间的爱慕之心。校方对此很为难。 请你给校长写一封短信，陈述自己的看法，对解决这一问题提供帮助。要求表达得体，150字左右。 【答案】示例：尊敬的校长： 关于高一新生的校服，我们希望学校能采用原定的设计方案。因为这款校服帅气美丽，能尽显青春气息，展示我们的阳光与朝气。至于有些顾虑，我们可以理解，但并不赞同。因为校服是每个人都穿，大家都美，天天都穿，很是平常。如果某一事物完全融入到我们的生活之中时，我们就不会因此而生出什么特别的关注，只有生活会因此多出一份美丽。我们期待着这份美丽。 祝您工作顺利，心情愉快！ 高一学生：×××【解析】 这是一篇小作文。首先要仔细分析给出的材料，了解到学校定制的这套参照国外校服样式设计的校服深受学生的喜爱，可是学校方面有顾虑。给校长的信要申明学生的观点，观点要具体明确，符合题意，见解深刻，言之有理，有助于解决问题。注意字数的要求。 点睛：这是一篇微作文。“微写作”发源于“微博”“微信”，一般是指根据一定的情景或要求，写作200字左右的“微作文”。“微写作”对考生的写作能力和综合素养提出了更高的要求，中考“微写作”要求考生文字的表达、意境的创造等诸多方面，均应超过网络“微写作”。完成这篇微作文，要明确情境的内容，选择合适的角度写作。 2．作文。 “一切都将会过去；而那过去了的，就会成为亲切的怀恋。”这是普希金《假如生活欺骗了你》中的诗句。诗人告诉我们：生活不可能一帆风顺，当越过坎坷，蓦然回首时，你往往会发现，那些过去了的都已成为人生宝贵的财富，成为你“亲切的怀恋”。同学们，你也曾有过这样的经历和感受吧？请自拟题目，写一篇文章与大家分享。 要求：(1)题目自拟：(2)紧扣材料主题，内容具体充实：(3)有真情实感：(4)文体不限（诗歌、戏剧除外）；(5)不少于600字；(6)文中请回避与你相关的人名、校名、地名。【答案】亲切的怀恋 一切都是瞬息，一切都将会过去；而那过去了的，就会成为亲切的怀恋。 ——题记学习之余，我坐在窗边遐想，想我那遥远的未来、我那充实的现实和那往日的点点滴滴。回忆涌现出的都是那亲切的怀恋。 那是一个阳光明媚的早晨，姥姥教我骑自行车。笨拙的我却驾驭不了这高傲的自行车。我一次次地从自行车上摔落，姥姥一次次将我扶起。她不厌其烦地教我骑自行车的方法，又
人不可貌相作文 人不可貌相 最近参加一个活动，认识了一位老板，这位老板是来当地考察投资的。我接过他递上的名片，是那种带花纹的发亮的名片，感觉很俗。上面列了好几家公司，密密麻麻的。我也没细看，总之他是个有钱人。他客气地跟我说请我去他那儿玩儿，可以住他开的宾馆。我敷衍两句就把名片放包里了。老板说一口闽南话，闽南话在很多时候就像是老板的专用方言，因为影视剧里的老板大多说闽南话。于是凭一张名片和一口闽南话，我感觉，我跟这人完全不可能说到一块儿去。他不就是一个会挣钱的老板吗？ 那天早上我们要去山里，天气很冷，我穿了薄毛衣还带了件风衣，而他只穿了短袖T恤。在主人的一再劝说下，他在路边的一家小店买了一件运动外套。上车后他解释说，虽然他是福建人，但不怕冷，因为他在东北当过兵。我暗暗吃了一惊，问他是哪年兵，他说1980年。虽然比我晚几年，也是老兵了。接着他又说，虽然当兵只有两三年，但至今依然保持着早上6点起床的习惯，从不睡懒觉。我笑了，感到一丝亲切。 也许是因为我的笑容和语气，他主动跟我聊起来，他说来这个山区考察，除了生意外，也是想做些善事。我有些意外和不解。他略略有些动情地说：“我成为今天这个样子，是受了两个人的影响——一个是乞丐，一个是老板。” ————来源网络搜集整理，仅供个人学习查参考
我不清楚他说“成为今天这个样子”是个什么样子，他的表达不是那么准确，但我已经有了与他聊天的欲望。 他说，刚离开部队的头几年，还处于创业阶段时，他去云南出差，途中在一家小饭店吃饭。等菜的时候，看到饭店老板在撵一个要饭的，很凶，也许是怕要饭的会影响饭店生意。那乞丐面黄肌瘦，被撵后战战兢兢。他看不过去，就拿出5元钱给老板，说你给他一碗肉吃吧。老板就盛了一大碗肉端到门外给那要饭的，没想到门外还有五六个乞丐，他们狼吞虎咽地分享了那碗肉，然后进门来给他作揖，他们站在他的面前，不停地作揖，嘴里喃喃道“恩人”。他说，那个时候他心酸得没法说，忍着眼泪摆手让他们走。 “就是一碗肉啊，他们差不多要把我当菩萨了。这件事改变了我的人生。第一，我想我要努力挣钱，不能过苦日子；第二，我想我挣了钱以后，一定要帮助穷人。” 我可以想象那样的场景。虽然我们都知道，今天仍有很多穷苦的人与我们同处一片天空下，但这个“知道”是抽象的，当他们非常具象地出现在面前时，那种震撼是完全不同的。 老板接着说：“第二个影响我的人是一个台湾老板。这些年我生意慢慢做大了，条件好了，差不多要忘了那个乞丐。因为做生意，我跟一个台湾老板有交往，他回到福建老家做了很多善事，捐建学校，捐修公路，资助穷苦学生，大笔大笔的钱拿出来。可是我发现他跟他的老伴非常节俭，每次过来谈生意，都是自己带着馒头和咸菜，连矿泉水都舍不得买，自己带水壶；穿着也很朴素，从来不穿名牌，而且总是住
八年级作文范文汇编10 篇 一、作文写作 1．根据要求作文。 目： ______如此美 要求：① 在横上添上恰当的，将目充完整；②除歌外，文体不限。③有真 情感，不得套写抄；④用行范的言文字表达；⑤不少于600 字；⑥文章中不 要出真的地名、校名和人名。 【答案】参考例文 微笑如此美 微笑是最好的止痛。人生在世，失在所免，正因有成功的喜悦与失的苦楚，才成了我五 彩的生活。 —— 步入初中以来，人的最大感就是考多，平凡的考，不免有所失意。一眨眼，月考来了，尽 管之前有很多考，但却只是在班上。面一次全校大考，提心吊胆是不必的，然而我却在如 此重要的考中失意了。 那是一个阴森的下午，老在教室里着考的排名，久久未能听我的名字，一个个熟悉的人 名，活像一把把陌生的尖刀，刺痛着我的心。那一卷就像一沉重的石，将我入无底的深 渊。下了，教室里的人影越来越少，最后独留我一个。 一人在与世隔之地，我迷茫的望着窗外，一云遮住了天，太阳同也遮住了我的心。 不知什么候，身后响起了脚步声，越来越清晰，似乎正在向我靠。我不由自主的扭去，是 他，他上着从未停歇的笑容是那么的，以至于我忘了前一秒的 痛。慢慢的，他走到我的身前，并未我感到惊，因他是我最知心的朋友阿A。 很久很久，我都没，只是他始微笑着我。我也不知所措的看着他。目光交的 一刹那，我看到了一种从未有的温暖，加上他那始不的笑容，更像是一熊熊烈火点燃了 我心底最后一希望。 很久之后，他于了：“不要苦着，笑一笑走你的愁吧。”尽管只是一句毫不起眼的，瞬我 体会到了笑的魔力，我的上也开始洋溢微笑，的。 云始未能抵住阳光的威力，我心中的那一片云也消散在微笑之中。微笑是如此的神奇， 又是如此的美，以至于医治好了我心中的痛。 【解析】 【解】 是一道半命作文，作文既了写作情境，又限定了写作范；比全命作文灵活，比作文 更具束性，具有收放自如的特点。半命作文比突出地考了学生的、构思及言表达等多 方面的能力。写作注意以下几点： ①要意，才能确定好的立意。理解“美”的含，“美”，可以从不同角度理解： (1) 具体事物 之美。可以从自己熟悉的人、事、物、景中取一种，而且必是“珍品”来写人、事、物、景的美 或外表、外形的美，如校园如此美，落叶如此美， 某人如此美，家如此美，春天如此美，大海如此美，??(2) 精神面的美：
Puritans and Harvard 清教徒和哈佛 Puritans played a very important role in Harvard history as well as in American history. 清教徒不仅在美国历史中扮演过重要角色，同样在哈佛大学的历史中也起到了重要作用。 In the 16th and 17th century, a series of religious reforms took place in England Finally, the Church of England was established as the Established Church. People did not have religious freedom. Those people who did not agree with the Church of England were regarded as Separatists and were persecuted. To escape religious persecution, many people fled from England to other countries. Many Puritans chose to go to the New World. 在16和17世纪的英国发生了一系列宗教改革，最终圣公会被定为英国国教。人们没有宗教自由。那些不同意英国国教观点的人被视为宗教分裂者，并遭到迫害。为了逃脱宗教迫害，许多人逃离英国，前往其他国家。很多清教徒选择移民到新大陆。 In 1620, a ship named Mayflower left England. It transported the English Separatists, better known as Pilgrims, from Plymouth, England to Plymouth, Massachusetts, the United States. There were 102 passengers, more than one third of whom were Puritans. During the following decade, the number of Puritans grew. Then in 1628 these Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 1620年，一艘名为“五月花号”的船离开了英国，它载着英国宗教分离派——更熟悉的称号是“清教徒前辈移民”，离开了英国的普利茅斯前往美国马萨诸塞州的普利茅斯。船上有102名乘客，其中1/3多的人是清教徒。在接下来的10年中，清教徒队伍逐渐壮大起来，并于1628年建立了马萨诸塞湾殖民地。 Many Puritans had received classic style of higher education in Oxford University and Cambridge University in England. They wanted to pass on to their descendants this kind of education. Besides, these colonists saw colleges as an effective way to disperse religious belief. Therefore, in 1636 the first and oldest institution of higher learning in the United States was established by vote of the Great and General Court of Massachusetts Bay Colony, 140 years earlier than the foundation of the United States. 许多清教徒都曾在英国的牛津和剑桥大学接受过古典式的高等教育，他们想把这种教育传给子孙后代。此外，这些殖民者把大学看做是传播宗教信仰的有效途径。所以，1636年马萨诸塞湾殖民地法院投票通过并建立了美国第一所也是最古老的一所高等教育机构，比美国建国早了140年。 The institution was initially named “New College” or “the College at New Towne"（or “Cambridge College”). The town where the college located was named Cambridge, becau se many Puritans had studied in Cambridge University. The name of the town demonstrated that many people still cherished their memory of life in England. Although they had been persecuted in England, many people still saw England as their motherland. The college followed the style of English universities as well. Then in 1639 the college was renamed Harvard College after a benefactor called John Harvard who was a clergyman. Therefore, in a sense, Harvard University was the product of religious activities.
最美的人作文800字 篇一：最美的人 引子 是谁？在我们沉睡之际已劳动多时。 是谁？在大街小巷中留下忙碌的背影。 是谁？在漆黑的夜空中点亮希望的星星。 啊！是你——最美的清洁工。 或许你不曾注意过，但你们那风雨之中屹立不倒的身影早已驻扎在人们的心中。 环顾身边，我发现物质生活是如此的多姿多彩，而人们的道德水准却在不断地滑坡。有名的企业，无名的厂家在不断地挑战人们诚信的极限：奶粉吃了让人得结石，什么人造蛋，什么地沟油……千奇百怪的名词，开始不断地在人们的视野中出现，还有什么可以相信的。路上有位老太太跌倒了，没有人再敢去扶她，这是个多么悲哀的世界！英雄人物，新闻报道背后虚设的光环，这些事件层出不穷，我的心开始迷茫了，即使是感动中国十大人物的事迹都无法让我沉寂的内心再起一丝波澜。 90后的我迷茫地走在小区林阴路上，耳边突然传来悉悉索索的声音，我转头一看，突然一名身穿工作服，手拿大扫把的清洁工印入我的眼帘。她认真细心地打扫着每一个角落，不放弃一
片落叶。在这深秋的早晨，又有谁会注意到这样一个人物呢？她仔细地扫着地上的泥土，怕扫不净似的，发现粘在地上的口香糖，就蹲在地上用铲子铲起。她对工件的认真负责，让我平静的心起了一丝涟漪。 看到这，我突然想起小区大门口的通知……那也是深秋的下午，一名清洁工正在打扫垃圾堆附近的垃圾时，无意中发现了一个完好无损，只是有点旧的黑包躺在那里。她捡起包，打开一看，里面居然装了五千块钱和几个证件。她心里一想，把包放到衣服里，把车推到一边，站在原地，等待着失主。风呼啸而来，寒冷刺骨，夕阳的余辉中，一名中年男子朝这边走了过来，神色慌张。她连忙走上去寻问：“请问，可以帮你什么吗？”那名男子仿佛抓住了一根救命稻草一般，连忙说道：“大姐，你有没有看见一个黑色的包，我把包弄丢了，里面装的钱可是用来救命的啊。”她问了一下：“你的包里有什么东西？”男子回答说：“一个有点旧的黑色的包，里面装了五千块钱和几个证件。”她从怀里拿出黑色包递给男子，说：“这个包是你的吧，快查一查，东西少没少？”男子查点了一下，然后紧紧地抱住那个包，跟小鸡护食似的“实在太感谢你了，大姐，我妈生病急需用钱，我向老板预支了五千块钱，不小心就给弄丢了，多亏你了。”男子哽咽道。“不用谢，这是我应当做的，更何况‘勿贪意外之财，无饮过量之酒’，这是做人的本分。赶快去给大妈看病吧。”夕阳下那有点佝偻的身材突然显得高大起来，还有谁的背景如你般坚忍不拔，
【篇一：诚信与善良】 ?父亲是一个极其平凡的人。他10岁丧父13岁丧母，14岁独自从老家宁乡动身，一路打零工，历时近一年来到湘北。先是帮人看牛，后作区乡通信员，再到公安派出所当干警，最后调供销社工作。? ?老人又是一个命硬的人。1976年患颈部恶性肿瘤，死里逃生。1978年因血吸虫病引发肝硬化腹水，奇迹般康复。1986年从家里新房子的二楼摔下，至脊椎骶骨骨折。2008年74岁，患带状疱疹等病，以为阎王有请，但最终化险为夷。现身体状况不错，经常骑着一辆除了铃子(没铃)全身都响的旧单车在城里穿行，买菜或者购些日用品、药品等；在家则承担他与母亲老两口的炊事工作。? ?家父不善言辞，但他的三句话，我没齿难忘。? 第一句话，“必须分清公家与私人！”这话说在上世纪70年代末期。那时，我经常到父亲单位上去玩。父亲是多年的商店经理，几乎每天打烊后，都要带领大家一起点数钱币及粮票、布票、油票、糖票、火柴票等有价证券。我总担心钱和有价证券会出问题，谁弄(在我们小镇，“弄”有乘人不备非法谋取的意思)一张到腰包岂不拐了？我好多次都想提醒父亲。有一天与父亲一起回家，我终于把问题提了出来。不想我话一出口，从来性情温和的父亲脸上突变、雷霆大发，全然不顾是在小镇的大街上，“只有你有那样的坏思想！弄钱弄票是犯罪！你要好好地改造自己的思想，以后参加工作必须分清公家与私人，? ?不然以后会成为国家的罪人！”当时不到16岁的我被骂得措手不及、乌龟不眨眼睛，然后是泪眼婆娑。幸亏是在街上，父亲才没动手教育。父亲这么教育我和兄弟姊妹，也是这么做的。父亲工作期间多与钱物打交道，从未出过差错。 第二句话，“老实人不会吃亏的。”1984年起，父亲改任基建仓库保管员。1986年我们家做房子，没占单位半点便宜；借用仓库十多根杉木支撑模板，工程结束及时归还。在将杉木从二楼撤下准备运还仓库时，父亲从楼上摔下。记得有个亲戚从仓库买几包水泥，想多拿几包回去，被父亲严词拒绝。单位上一些人认为我们家建房肯定占了公家的大便宜。仓库就父亲一个人管理，要作弊确实不难。但在父亲因伤病提出提前退休、对仓库进行盘底交接后，一切*大白。仓库账目清楚，实物齐全，升溢16万多元。16万元的升溢，这在当时的一个基层供销社可是天文数字。后来供销社主任亲自上门慰问父亲，说差点冤枉了一个好同志。父亲笑道，“我建房借了一大半。我宁可欠账，也不能拿公家的一包水泥、一根钢筋。一个是图个心安，二个是为崽女带过好头。”主任走后，我小心地问父亲，“您一生清白、老实。您说说，做老实人好吗，划得来吗？”父亲望着已是高中语文老师的儿子，