GRE ISSUE TOPIC

gre issue写作模板GRE Issue写作模板可以帮助考生快速构建文章结构，以下是一个常用的模板：一、开头段（Introduction）重述题目：用简洁的语言重述题目，并指出自己的立场。

例如：The issue of _____（主题）has been widely debated. In this essay， I will argue that ____（自己的立场）.提出背景：介绍与主题相关的背景信息，为下文的论述打下基础。

例如：Recently， there has been increasing concern about ____（主题）due to ____（相关背景）.二、主体段1（Body Paragraph 1）提出分论点1：说明支持自己立场的第一个原因或论据。

例如：Firstly， ____（分论点1）.举例或解释：用具体的例子或解释来支持分论点。

例如：For instance， ____（具体例子或解释）.三、主体段2（Body Paragraph 2）提出分论点2：说明支持自己立场的第二个原因或论据。

例如：Secondly， ____（分论点2）.举例或解释：用具体的例子或解释来支持分论点。

例如：To illustrate this point， ____（具体例子或解释）.四、主体段3（Body Paragraph 3）承认对方观点：承认与自己立场相反的观点，并简要说明其合理性。

例如：It is true that some people argue that ____（对方观点）. However， this view is not entirely convincing.反驳对方观点：用具体的例子或解释来反驳对方观点，并强调自己立场的正确性。

例如：For example， ____（反驳的例子或解释）. Therefore，my argument stands.五、结尾段（Conclusion）重申立场：重申自己的立场，并总结上文论述。

英语考试作文GRE考试ISSUE写作经典范文赏析政治问题本篇文章是有关国家、社会政治问题的。

谈起政治，有些同学可能会很头痛，因为在政治方面有很多专用的名词。

如果不能够正确使用一些词语或者固定说法以及一些联盟的简称，那么写出来的文章让阅卷人考到后就会觉得贻笑大方。

本文为考生分析了常考政治题目的出题方向，并罗列出来文章大纲，希望考生能够认真阅读，牢记自己不会使用的政治专用名词。

GRE330高分学霸分享复习经验一、国家政治：The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people.一个国家的伟大体现在国民的安乐上，而不是体现在统治者、艺术家或科学家的成就上。

GRE写作如何让举例论证更有说服力?名师指点写作论据素材分类和正确用法1. It is true that the general welfare of its all people is a reliable indicator of a great nation. The welfare of the people, including the living condition, social security system and charity of developed country is often far better than those of developing countries.2. On the other hand, however, the achievements of its rulers, artists and scientists are of equal important, which by their way bring the aim of welfare of its people into fruition.1) As what is mentioned above, when we speak of “promoting the general welfare”, we refer to the following index: public health and safety, security against invasion, individual liberty and freedom as well as a high standard of living, while all of these are brought about by its rulers, artists and scientist.2) Scientific and technological achievements serve in the first place to enhance a nation’s general welfare. (Advance in medical treatment, transportation, communication, etc.)3) Artistic achievements could not be neglected,though. They help to make a nation a better place to reside. (Provide inspiration, life people’s spirit and bring about creativity and imagination, all of which spur us to make more accomplishments.)4) Yet the achievements of artists and scientist, while integral, are insufficient. The military and diplomatic accomplishment of its leaders could neither be ignored in the general welfare of a nation. (The War of Independence)二、社会政治：Claim: In any field—business, politics, education, government those in power should step down after five years.Reason: The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership.结论：如商业、政治、教育、政府，在任何领域中的掌权者应该在五年后就让位在任何领域中的掌权者应该在五年后就让位。

1.mental 的需要，才会去欣赏艺术。

科学家的成就，资金也很多来自于人们的taxwelfare更好。

2.反：a。

well-being难以衡量。

所以比拟不公平。

有的人觉得吃饱就是好，有的人还要求精神境界的提高。

B。

还有别的很多方面，比方说城市的建设，比方说各种系统的完善，教育系统等等。

人民对政府的信任程度。

The level to which thecitizens trust the leader.3.合：是一个方面，但是还有别的。

104-107 To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards.1.正：1.在很多领域领导是所有人学习的对象model or idol，对人们尤其是孩子有引导作用，因为他们在人们心中是几乎完美的形象，人们选他就是因为他道德的崇高，这种情况下正：比方：校长或者其他教育机构的领导，他们面向的对象很多是孩子，孩子们的价值观很多还没有fully developed，很容易受到影响，尤其是偶像的。

所以。

2.在有些领域好的道德能够促进开展，坏的道德会造成不好。

比方political干好事业，能够为人民着想。

2.反：1.在很多行业并没有要求很高的道德，只要符合法律即可。

看中的是能力。

能力好才能将这个机构带动起来，领导的根本目的不是自己本身的个人精神的喧哗，而是整个集体利益的提升。

比方商业，一个商人的好坏在于他能不能够做大生意，能不能够洞悉市场供求关系的变化及时作出决策，而不在于道德。

只要不违法即可。

2.过度强调道德会使得办事死板，不会随机应变。

道德在一定程度上是对人能力的束缚，highest的束缚就更大了。

人们本来应该可以发挥出的，结果束缚了发挥不出，本来可以解决的问题不能解决了，本来可以做的更好的只是做的一般。

3.要分行业。

能力也是关键。

高频段落(现场写不出来，需要提前准备的段落)1. 教育的本质The essential of education is improving individuals’ self-cultivation instead of creating parts of the society. The difference is like which between exercise at a gym and in a professional soccer team. The aim of former is improving our body to live a better life while the latter is using our body much better within the rules to win the game, to make ones living and serve the society. In a professional soccer training camp, a recruit may spend hours to practice sliding trickle not because it is good for health —it more likely has the opposite effect and rurally could be dangerous —but because sliding trickle is effective in defending especially in some one-to-one breaking through situation with in the rules on the courts. Thus this practice must be stopped if the rules were changed and the action were forbidden. On the other hand, we often see members at a gym practicing push-ups, five or fingers touching the floor and sitting on the ground with legs outstretched. The only vocation in which these particular actions could be use should be galley slaver, but I do not think they can access to such a job in the modern society however skillful they are. In general, course in a specific field aim to serve the society and help us to survive, while variety courses outside a field cultivate ourselves for a better life.2. 人的本质As a species on the Earth, just like ants or zebras, our nature order us to deliver our genes generation after generation as much as possible and thus we must be on a dominate position in struggle of life. In human society, being on an advantageous position rurally means having a green thumb, because it warrants not only our basic need such us food and clothes but also a better condition for our descendent. From this point of view, I agree…However, our human beings would never only be a living creature. We are distinctive from animals by given humanity which means an ethic of kindness, sympathy and benevolence extended universally and impartially to all human beings. And that is why we are willing to raise the step-children up in most situations instead of killing them as a male lion. In my opinion, the ... is just like …3. Political systemDemocracy where the historical trend has been, gives power to people as a whole. Most developed countries, including constitutional monarchy states, such as the USA and UK claim to operate as this political system. In this country, despite some problems such as power and wealth inequality, most of the citizens are well educated and given many rights and freedom politically and economically. Thus they can…At the same time, totalitarianism, a highly centralized political form which tend to regulate people’s daily life and seek to bend people to the will of the government, also extent in some other countries. Two typical examples of totalitarian governments are Nazi Germany and North Korea. The former is notorious for the intrude in the World War Two, while in the latter, ordinary citizens had no access to the computer or internet at all and government control the mass media, keep the people in poverty and even guard the citizens by powerful surveillance equipment. In totalitarianism countries…4. The function of ARTArt, the production of creative activities, conveys an idea, emotion or sense of feeling by shapingor selecting simple elements. Usually, art, as a vision or thinking of the world, is used to criticize the world it might be, to wake up sleepwalking people fight for their life, to heal a broken heart and energize a tired soul and it truly has an effect in any society life mentally and worldly. Socially, individuals can express their own need to call for help through arts just like the black singer J-Zay singing the wish of racial equality in his songs. Economically, pictures, music albums and sculptures exchange a lot of GTP and support thousands of family in any corner of the world. Either Justin Timberlake showing on the Grammy Awards or a nameless painter drawing pictures for the tourists on some street corner in Rio is benefit from art. Didactically, a lot of heroes and moral models are described and eulogized in pomes, hymns and movies. Through this forms of art, the moral principles inject into each new generation. Politically, arts could be a conservative force to elicit loyalty and thus to stabilize the society because particular arts in many ways symbolize a culture. Besides, we often heard songs comes from a temple or a church to express their loyalty and rumination, we often add the beauty to our surrounding by hang on a picture or playing a movement, and we often repose ourselves by listening a piece of symphony. Arts perform an indispensable role in all aspects of our life.5. Culture definition and functionCulture is a compound of rituals, religion, economical systems, language, a style of dress, a way of cooking and a political system. It is not an inborn thing but inherited by learning and sharing. Thus, each culture holds a group of people and their descendants together to help them adapt to the ever-changing world on several levels. On the material level, a culture provides a way for people to generate and change the goods for survive. On the social level, a culture organizes people through family, wok and political structure. The last level is metaphysical, it gives a group of people a unique way to ruminate themselves, cognize the world, think about the university and form our beliefs and ideas. These different aspects all above creative a interact mechanism between human and their environment.6. Critical thinkingCritical thinking is the ability to draw a reasonable conclusion after gathering and assessing relevant information independently. Although critical thinking can be used to exposing others’fallacies, it is different from being critical or argumentative of other people. Good critical thinking helps us acquire knowledge, improve our theories and enhance work processes. Thus it is definitely a foundation of science and a liberal democratic society.7. The function of the low。

GRE考试写作范文Issue汇总今日我搜集了一些GRE issue 的优秀范文，快来一起学习吧，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。

.GRE考试写作范文IssueMost people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that personal economic success requires conformity.Personal economic success might be due either to ones investment strategy or to ones work or career. With respect to the former, non-conformists with enough risk tolerance and patience invariably achieve more success than conformists. With respect to the latter, while non-conformists are more likely to succeed in newer industries where markets and technology are in constant flux, conformists are more likely to succeed in traditional service industries ensconced in systems and regulations.Regarding the sort of economic success that results from investing ones wealth, the principles of investing dictate that those who seek risky investments in areas that are out of favor with the majority of investors ultimately reap higher returns than those who follow the crowd. It is conformists who invest, along with most other investors, in areas that are currently the most profitable, and popular. However, popular investments tend to be overpriced, and in the long run their values willcome down to reasonable levels. As a result, given enough time conformists tend to reap lower rewards from their investments than nonconformists do.Turning to the sort of economic success that one achieves by way of ones work, neither conformists nor non-conformists necessarily achieve greater success than the other group.In consumer-driven industries, where innovation, product differentiation and creativity are crucial to lasting success, non-conformists who take unique approaches tend to recognize emerging trends and to rise above their peers. For example, Ted Turners departure from the traditional format of the other television networks, and the responsiveness of Amazons Jeff Bezos to burgeoning Internet commerce, propelled these two non-conformists into leadership positions in their industries. Particularly in technology industries, where there are no conventional practices or ways of thinking to begin with, people who cling to last years paradigm, or to the status quo in general, are soon left behind by coworkers and competing firms.However, in traditional service industries--such as finance, accounting, insurance, legal services, and health care--personal economic success comes not to non-conformists but rather to those who can work most effectively within the constraints of established practices, policies and regulations. Of course, a clever idea for structuring a deal, ora creative legal maneuver, might play a role in winning smaller battles along the way. But such tactics are those of conformists who are playing by the same ground rules as their peers; winners are just better at the game.In conclusion, non-conformists with sufficient risk tolerance and patience are invariably the most successful investors in the long run. When it comes to careers, however, while non-conformists tend to be more successful in technology-and consumer-driven industries, traditionalists are the winners in system-driven industries pervaded by policy, regulation, and bureaucracy.GRE考试写作范文IssueWhat society has thought to be its greatest social, political, and individual achievements have often resulted in the greatest discontent.I strongly agree that great achievements often lead to great discontent. In fact, I would assert more specifically that great individual achievements can cause discontent for the individual achiever or for the society impacted by the achievement, or both. Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge that whether a great achievement causes great discontent can depend on ones personal perspective, as well as the perspective of time.With respect to individual achievements, great achievers are by nature ambitious people and therefore tend to be dissatisfied anddiscontent with their accomplishments-no matter how great. Great athletes are compelled to try to better their record-breaking performances; great artists and musicians typically claim that their greatest work will be their next one--a sign of personal discontent. And many child protégés, especially those who achieve some measure of fame early in life, later suffer psychological discontent for having peaked so early. Perhaps the paradigmatic modern example of a great achievers discontent was Einstein, whose theoretical breakthroughs in physics only raised new theoretical conundrums which Einstein himself recognized and spent the last twenty years of his life struggling unsuccessfully to solve.Individual achievements can often result in discontent on a societal level. The great achievement of the individual scientists responsible for the success of the Manhattan Project resulted in worldwide anxiety over the threat of nuclear annihilation--a form of discontent with which the worlds denizens will forever be forced to cope. Even individual achievements that at first glance would appear to have benefited society turn out to be causes of great discontent. Consider the invention of the automobile, along with the innovations in manufacturing processes and materials that made mass production possible. As a result we have become a society enslaved to our cars, relying on them as crutches not only for transportation but also for affording us a false sense ofsocioeconomic status. Moreover, the development of assembly-line manufacturing has served to alienate workers from their work, which many psychologists agree causes a great deal of personal discontent.Turning from individual achievements to societal, including political, achievements, the extent to which great achievements have caused great discontent often depends on ones perspective. Consider, for example, Americas spirit of Manifest Destiny during the 19th Century, or British Imperialism over the span of several centuries. From the perspective of an Imperialist, conquering other lands and peoples might be viewed as an unqualified success. However, from the viewpoint of the indigenous peoples who suffer at the hands of Imperialists, these so-called achievements are the source of widespread oppression and misery, and in turn discontent, to which any observant Native American or South African native could attest.The extent to which great socio-political achievements have caused great discontent also depends on the perspective of time. For example, F.D.R.s New Deal was and still is considered by many to be one of the greatest social achievements of the 20th Century. However, we are just now beginning to realize that the social-security system that was an integral part of F.D.R.s social program will soon result in great discontent among those workers currently paying into the system but unlikely to see any benefits after they retire.To sum up, I agree that great achievements, both individual and socio-political, often result in great discontent. Moreover, great individual achievements can result in discontent for both the individual achiever and the society impacted by the achievement. Nevertheless, in measuring the extent of discontent, we must account for varying personal and political perspectives as well as different time perspectives.GRE考试写作范文IssueThe well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority.The speaker asserts that when many people question authority society is better off. While I contend that certain forms of disobedience can be harmful to any society, I agree with the speaker otherwise. In fact, I would go further by contending that societys well-being depends on challenges to authority, and that when it comes to political and legal authority, these challenges must come from many people.Admittedly, when many people question authority some societal harm might result, even if a social cause is worthy. Mass resistance to authority can escalate to violent protest and rioting, during which innocent people are hurt and their property damaged and destroyed. The fallout from the 1992 Los Angeles riots aptly illustrates this point. The authority which the rioters sought to challenge was that of the legal justice system which acquitted police officers in the beating of RodneyKing. The means of challenging that authority amounted to flagrant disregard for criminal law on a mass scale--by way of looting, arson, and even deadly assault. This violent challenge to authority resulted in a financially crippled community and, more broadly, a turning back of the clock with respect to racial tensions across America.While violence is rarely justifiable as a means of questioning authority, peaceful challenges to political and legal authority, by many people, are not only justifiable but actually necessary when it comes to enhancing and even preserving societys well-being. In particular, progress in human rights depends on popular dissension. It is not enough for a charismatic visionary like Gandhi or King to call for change in the name of justice and humanity; they must have the support of many people in order to effect change. Similarly, in a democracy citizens must respect timeless legal doctrines and principles, yet at the same time question the fairness and relevance of current laws. Otherwise, our laws would not evolve to reflect changing societal values. It is not enough for a handful of legislators to challenge the legal status quo; ultimately it is up to the electorate at large to call for change when change is needed for the well-being of society.Questioning authority is also essential for advances in the sciences. Passive acceptance of prevailing principles quells innovation, invention, and discovery, all of which clearly benefit any society. In fact, the verynotion of scientific progress is predicated on rigorous scientific inquiry--in other words, questioning of authority. History is replete with scientific discoveries that posed challenges to political, religious, and scientific authority. For example, the theories of a sun-centered solar system, of humankinds evolution from other life forms, and of the relativity of time and space, clearly flew in the face of authoritative scientific as well as religious doctrine of their time. Moreover, when it comes to science a successful challenge to authority need not come from a large number of people. The key contributions of a few individuals---like Copernicus, Kepler, Newton, Darwin, Einstein, and Hawking---often suffice.Similarly, in the arts, people must challenge established styles and forms rather than imitate them; otherwise, no gemtinely new art would ever emerge, and society would be worse off. And again, it is not necessary that a large number of people pose such challenges; a few key individuals can have a profound impact. For instance, modern ballet owes much of what is new and exciting to George Ballanchine, who by way of his improvisational techniques posed a successful challenge to established traditions. And modern architecture arguably owes its existence to the founders of Germanys Bauhaus School of Architecture, which challenged certain authoritative notions about the proper objective, and resulting design, of public buildings.To sum up, in general I agree that when many people question authority the well-being of society is enhanced. Indeed, advances in government and law depend on challenges to the status quo by many people. Nevertheless, to ensure a net benefit rather than harm, the means of such challenges must be peaceful ones.GRE考试写作范文IssueIt is the artist, not the critic, who gives society something of lasting value.This statement asserts that art, not the art critic, provides something of lasting value to society. I strongly agree with the statement. Although the critic can help us understand and appreciate art, more often than not, critique is either counterproductive to achieving the objective of art or altogether irrelevant to that objective.To support the statement the speaker might point out the three ostensible functions of the art critic. First, critics can help us understand and interpret art; a critic who is familiar with a particular artist and his or her works might have certain insights about those works that the layperson would not. Secondly, a critics evaluation of an art work serves as a filter, which helps us determine which art is worth our time and attention. For example, a new novel by a best-selling author might nevertheless be an uninspired effort, and if the critic can call our attention to this fact we gain time to seek out more worthwhileliterature to read. Thirdly, a critic can provide feedback for artists; and constructive criticism, if taken to heart, can result in better work.However, reflecting on these three functions makes clear that the art critic actually offers very little to society.The first function is better accomplished by docents and teachers, who are more able to enhance a laypersons appreciation and understanding of art by providing an objective, educated interpretation of it. Besides, true appreciation of art occurs at the moment we encounter art; it is the emotional, even visceral impact that art has on our senses, spirits, and souls that is the real value of art. A critic can actually provide a disservice by distracting us from that experience.The critics second function that of evaluator who filters out bad art from the worthwhile is one that we must be very wary of. History supports this caution. In the role of judge, critics have failed us repeatedly. Consider, for example, Voltaires rejection of Shakespeare as barbaric because he did not conform to neo-classical principles of unity. Or, consider the complete dismissal of Beethovens music by the esteemed critics of his time. The art critics judgment is limited by the narrow confines of old and established parameters for evaluation. Moreover, critical judgment is often misguided by the ego; thus its value is questionable in any event.I turn finally to the critics third function: to provide useful feedbackto artists. The value of this function is especially suspect. Any artist, or anyone who has studied art, would agree that true art is the product of the artists authentic passion, a manifestation of the artists unique creative impulse, and a creation of the artists spirit. If art were shaped by the concern for integrating feedback from all criticism, it would become a viable craft, but at the same time would cease to be art.In sum, none of the ostensible functions of the critic are of much value at all, let alone of lasting value, to society. On the other hand, the artist, through works of art, provides an invaluable and unique mirror of the culture of the time during which the work was produced a mirror for the artists contemporaries and for future generations to gaze into for insight and appreciation of history. The art critic in a subordinate role, more often than not, does a disservice to society by obscuring this mirror.11。

gre写作6分issue范文Title: "The Value of Dissent in a Progressive Society"In any society that aims to progress and thrive, dissent is not just a right but an absolute necessity. It is like the grit in an oyster that has the potential to produce a pearl.Some might argue that dissent creates chaos and division. They look ata group of protesters chanting on the street and see only disorder. However, this view is as short sighted as a mole that can't see beyond its little hole. Dissent is often the first sign that there is something wrong in the system. For example, in the early days of the civil rights movement in the United States, the voices of those who dissented against segregation were initially seen as troublemakers. But in reality, they were the ones who had the courage to point out the blatant injustice of a society that treated people differently based on the color of their skin.Dissent also serves as a catalyst for innovation. Think about it. If everyone in a company or a community simply nodded their heads and agreed with every idea put forward, we would be stuck in a rut. It's the person who says, "Hey, that's a dumb idea. Why don't we try this instead?" whooften pushes the boundaries. For instance, in the world of technology,Steve Jobs was known for his ability to dissent from the common thinking of the time. When most computer companies were focused on making big, bulky machines for businesses, Jobs had the vision to think that personal computers could be sleek, user friendly, and designed for the averageperson at home. His dissent from the established norms led to the creationof Apple products that have revolutionized the way we communicate, work,and live.Moreover, dissent is an essential part of a democratic society. A democracy is not a dictatorship where one voice rules all. It is a chorus of voices, and dissent ensures that all voices are heard, not just the loudest or the most popular. When citizens are allowed to dissent, they are participating in the shaping of their own society. They are saying, "We are part of this, and we have a say in how it runs." It's like a big, messy family dinner where everyone has the right to speak their mind, even if it means disagreeing with the family patriarch or matriarch.However, dissent should not be confused with mindless opposition. There is a difference between having a well thought out, reasoned dissent andjust being contrarian for the sake of it. The former is like a surgeon's scalpel, precise and aimed at cutting out the diseased parts of society. The latter is like a wild, flailing sword that can cause more harm than good.In conclusion, a society that values progress should embrace dissent with open arms. It should encourage its citizens to speak up when they see something wrong, to question the status quo, and to offer alternative solutions. Because in the end, it is through the healthy exchange of different opinions, even those that are uncomfortable and unpopular, that a society can truly move forward and reach new heights. It's like a ship sailing on the ocean. Dissent is the wind that can either capsize the ship if it's uncontrolled, but if harnessed correctly, it can take the ship to uncharted and wonderful destinations.。

GRE备考Issue写作范文详细析
GRE备考资料：Issue写作范文详细解析
Issue
The purpose of many advertisements is to make consumers want to buy a product so that they will be like the person in the ad. This practice is effective because it not only sells products but also helps people feel better about themselves.
某些自尊感低的个人，尤其是年轻人，他们购买产品有可能是试图让自己类似于广告中所表现的人物。特别是年轻女性，她们购买那些漂亮模特作广告宣传的化妆品或服饰，可能是为了能和广告人物显得一模一样。年轻男性购买运动鞋或服装，试图能在运动方面与广告中的人物相媲美。然而，当这些人使用或穿上广告中的产品，却发现他们还是他们以前的那个样子时，他们会倍受打击。购买广告产品并没有改变什么。
Marketing departments have long known that using attractive models and celebrity endorsers can help to persuade consumers to buy a product. Some customers may actually believe that buying and using the product will make them be like the people featured in the ad. For other consumers, there is probably at least some subconscious reaction that causes them to believe that they will in fact assume some of the characteristics of the person depicted in the advertisement. Consumers with a lower sense of self-esteem are more likely to buy a product based on the motivation that they will become like someone else.

第一类题材StudyIssue 183"As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and more mysterious."Does knowledge render things more comprehensible, or more complex and mysterious? In my view the acquisition of knowledge brings about all three at the same time.This paradoxical result is aptly explained and illustrated by a number of advances in our scientific knowledge. Consider, for example, the sonar system on which blind bats rely to navigate and especially to seek prey. Researchers have learned that this system is startlingly sophisticated. By emitting audible sounds, then processing the returning echoes, a bat can determine in a nanosecond not only how far away its moving prey is but also the prey's speed, direction, size and even specie! This knowledge acquired helps explain, of course, how bats navigate and survive. Yet at the same time this knowledge points out the incredible complexity of the auditory and brain functions of certain animals, even of mere humans, and creates a certain mystery and wonder about how such systems ever evolved organically.Or consider our knowledge of the universe. Advances in telescope andspace-exploration technology seem to corroborate the theory of a continually expanding universe that began at the very beginning of time with a "big bang." On one level this knowledge, assuming it qualifies as such, helps us comprehend our place in the universe and our ultimate destiny. Yet on the other hand it adds yet another chapter to the mystery about what existed before time and the universe.Or consider the area of atomic physics. The naked human eye perceives very little, of course, of the complexity of matter. To our distant ancestors the physical world appeared simple--seemingly comprehensible by means of sight and touch. Then by way of scientific knowledge we learned that all matter is comprised of atoms, which are further comprised of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Then we discovered an even more basic unit of matter called the quark. And now a new so-called "string" theory posits the existence of an even more fundamental, and universal, unit of matter. On the one hand, these discoveries have rendered things more comprehensible, by explaining and reconciling empirical observations of how matter behaves. The string theory also reconciles the discrepancy between the quantum and wave theories of physics. On the other hand, each discovery has in turn revealed that matter is more complex than previously thought. In fact, the string theory, which is theoretically sound, calls for seven more dimensions---in addition to the three we already know about! I'm hard-pressed to imagine anything more complex or mysterious.In sum, the statement overlooks a paradox about knowledge acquired, at least when it comes to understanding the physical world. When through knowledge a thing becomes more comprehensible and explainable we realize at the same time that it is more complex and mysterious than previously thought.第二类题材SocietyIssue 140"What society has thought to be its greatest social, political, and individual achievements have often resulted in the greatest discontent."I strongly agree that great achievements often lead to great discontent. In fact, I would assert more specifically that great individual achievements can cause discontent for the individual achiever or for the society impacted by the achievement, or both. Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge that whether a great achievement causes great discontent can depend on one's personal perspective, as well as the perspective of time.With respect to individual achievements, great achievers are by nature ambitious people and therefore tend to be dissatisfied and discontent with their accomplishments—no matter how great. Great athletes are compelled to try to better their record-breaking performances; great artists and musicians typically claim that their greatest work will be their next one--a sign of personal discontent. And many child prodigies, especially those who achieve some measure of fame early in life, later suffer psychological discontent for having "peaked" so early. Perhaps the paradigmatic modern example of a great achiever's discontent was Einstein, whose theoretical breakthroughs in physics only raised new theoretical conundrums which Einstein himself recognized and spent the last twenty years of his life struggling unsuccessfully to solve.Individual achievements can often result in discontent on a societal level. The great achievement of the individual scientists responsible for the success of the Manhattan Project resulted in worldwide anxiety over the threat of nuclear annihilation--a form of discontent with which the world's denizens will forever be forced to cope. Even individual achievements that at first glance would appear to have benefited society turn out to be causes of great discontent. Consider the invention of the automobile, along with the innovations in manufacturing processes and materials that made mass production possible. As a result we have become a society enslaved to our cars, relying on them as crutches not only for transportation but also for affording us a false sense of socioeconomic status. Moreover, the development of assembly-line manufacturing has served to alienate workers from their work, which many psychologists agree causes a great deal of personal discontent.Turning from individual achievements to societal, including political, achievements, the extent to which great achievements have caused great discontent often depends on one's perspective. Consider, for example, America's spirit of Manifest Destiny during the 19th Century, or British Imperialism over the span of several centuries. From the perspective of an Imperialist, conquering other lands and peoples might be viewed as an unqualified success. However, from the viewpoint of the indigenous peoples who suffer at the hands of Imperialists, these so-called "achievements" are the source of widespread oppression and misery, and in turn discontent, to which any observant Native American or South African native could attest.The extent to which great socio-political achievements have caused great discontent also depends on the perspective of time. For example, F.D.R.'s New Deal was and still is considered by many to be one of the greatest social achievements of the 20th Century. However, we are just now beginning to realize that the social-security system that was an integral part of F.D.R.'s social program will soon result in great discontent among those workers currently paying into the system but unlikely to see any benefits after they retire.To sum up, I agree that great achievements, both individual and socio-political, often result in great discontent. Moreover, great individual achievements can result in discontent for both the individual achiever and the society impacted by the achievement. Nevertheless, in measuring the extent of discontent, we must account for varying personal and political perspectives as well as different time perspectives. 第三类题材Science & TechnologyIssue 30"The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time."The speaker contends that technology's primary goal should be to increase our efficiency for the purpose of affording us more leisure time. I concede that technology has enhanced our efficiency as we go about our everyday lives. Productivity software helps us plan and coordinate projects; intranets, the Internet, and satellite technology make us more efficient messengers; and technology even helps us prepare our food and access entertainment more efficiently. Beyond this concession, however, I find the speaker's contention indefensible from both an empirical and a normative standpoint.The chief reason for my disagreement lies in the empirical proof: with technological advancement comes diminished leisure time. In 1960 the average U.S. family included only one breadwinner, who worked just over 40 hours per week. Since then the average work week has increased steadily to nearly 60 hours today;and in most families there are now two breadwinners. What explains this decline in leisure despite increasing efficiency that new technologies have brought about? I contend that technology itself is the culprit behind the decline. We use the additional free time that technology affords us not for leisure but rather for work. As computer technology enables greater and greater office productivity it also raises our employers' expectations--or demands--for production. Further technological advances breed still greater efficiency and, in turn, expectations. Our spiraling work load is only exacerbated by the competitive business environment in which nearly all of us work today. Moreover, every technological advance demands our time and attention in order to learn how to use the new technology. Time devoted to keeping pace with technology depletes time for leisure activities.I disagree with the speaker for another reason as well:the suggestion that technology's chief goal should be to facilitate leisure is simply wrongheaded. There are far more vital concerns that technology can and should address. Advances in bio-technology can help cure and prevent diseases; advances in medical technology can allow for safer, less invasive diagnosis and treatment; advances in genetics can help prevent birth defects; advances in engineering and chemistry can improve the structural integrity of our buildings, roads, bridges and vehicles; information technology enables education while communication technology facilitates global participation in the democratic process. In short, health, safety, education, and freedom--and not leisure--are the proper final objectives of technology. Admittedly, advances in these areas sometimes involve improved efficiency; yet efficiency is merely a means to these more important ends.In sum, I find indefensible the speaker's suggestion that technology's value lies chiefly in the efficiency and resulting leisure time it can afford us. The suggestion runs contrary to the overwhelming evidence that technology diminishes leisure time, and it wrongly places leisure ahead of goals such as health, safety, education, and freedom as technology's ultimate aims.第四类题材PoliticsIssue 8"It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public."I agree with the speaker that it is sometimes necessary, and even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public. A contrary view would reveal a naivety about the inherent nature of public politics, and about the sorts of compromises on the part of well-intentioned political leaders necessary in order to further the public's ultimate interests. Nevertheless, we must not allow our political leaders undue freedom to withhold information, otherwise, we risk sanctioningdemagoguery and undermining the philosophical underpinnings of any democratic society.One reason for my fundamental agreement with the speaker is that in order to gain the opportunity for effective public leadership, a would-be leader must first gain and maintain political power. In the game of politics, complete forthrightness is a sign of vulnerability and naivety, neither of which earn a politician respect among his or her opponents, and which those opponents will use to every advantage to defeat the politician. In my observation some measure of pandering to the electorate is necessary to gain and maintain political leadership. For example, were all politicians to fully disclose every personal foibles, character flaw, and detail concerning personal life, few honest politicians would ever by elected. While this view might seem cynical, personal scandals have in fact proven the undoing of many a political career; thus I think this view is realistic.Another reason why I essentially agree with the speaker is that fully disclosing to the public certain types of information would threaten public safety and perhaps even national security. For example, if the President were to disclose the government's strategies for thwarting specific plans of an international terrorist or a drug trafficker, those strategies would surely fail, and the public's health and safety would be compromised as a result. Withholding information might also be necessary to avoid public panic. While such cases are rare, they do occur occasionally. For example, during the first few hours of the new millennium the U.S. Pentagon's missile defense system experienced a Y2K- related malfunction. This fact was withheld from the public until later in the day, once the problem had been solved; and legitimately so, since immediate disclosure would have served no useful purpose and might even have resulted in mass hysteria.Having recognized that withholding information from the public is often necessary to serve the interests of that public, legitimate political leadership nevertheless requires forthrightness with the citizenry as to the leader's motives and agenda. History informs us that would-be leaders who lack such forthrightness are the same ones who seize and maintain power either by brute force or by demagoguery--that is, by deceiving and manipulating the citizenry. Paragons such as Genghis Khan and Hitler, respectively, come immediately to mind. Any democratic society should of course abhor demagoguery, which operates against the democratic principle of government by the people. Consider also less egregious examples, such as President Nixon's withhold ing of information about his active role in the Watergate cover-up. His behavior demonstrated a concern for self- interest above the broader interests of the democratic system that granted his political authority in the first place.In sum, the game of politics calls for a certain amount of disingenuousness and lackof forthrightness that we might otherwise characterize as dishonesty. And suchbehavior is a necessary means to the final objective of effective political leadership. Nevertheless, in any democracy a leader who relies chiefly on deception and secrecy to preserve that leadership, to advance a private agenda, or to conceal selfish motives, betrays the democracy-and ends up forfeiting the political game.第五类题材MediaIssue 38"In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books."The speaker contends that people learn just as much from watching television as by reading books, and therefore that reading books is not as important for learning as it once was. I strongly disagree. I concede that in a few respects television, including video, can be a more efficient and effective means of learning. In most respects, however, these newer media serve as poor substitutes for books when it comes to learning.Admittedly, television holds certain advantages over books for imparting certain types of knowledge. For the purpose of documenting and conveying temporal, spatial events and experiences, film and video generally provide a more accurate and convincing record than a book or other written account. For example, it is impossible for anyone, no matter how keen an observer and skilled a journalist, to recount in complete and objective detail such events as a Ballanchine ballet, or the scene at the intersection of Florence and Normandy streets during the 1992 Los Angeles riots.Besides, since the world is becoming an increasingly eventful place, with each passing day it becomes a more onerous task for journalists, authors, and book publishers to recount these events, and disseminate them in printed form. Producers of televised broadcasts and videos have an inherent advantage in this respect. Thus the speaker's claim has some merit when it comes to arts education and to learning about modern and current events.However, the speaker overlooks several respects in which books are inherently superior to television as a medium for learning. Watching television or a video is no indication that any significant learning is taking place; the comparatively passive nature of these media can render them ineffectual in the learning process. Also, books are far more portable than television sets. Moreover, books do not break, and they do not depend on electricity, batteries, or access to airwaves or cable connections, which may or may not be available in a given place. Finally, the effort required to read actively imparts a certain discipline which serves any person well throughout a lifetime of learning.The speaker also ignores the decided tendency on the part of owners and managers of television media to filter information in order to appeal to the widest viewing audience, and thereby maximize profit. And casting the widest possible net seems to involve focusing on the sensational---that is, an appeal to our emotions and baser instincts rather than our intellect and reasonableness. The end result is that viewers do not receive complete, unfiltered, and balanced information, and therefore cannot rely on television to develop informed and intelligent opinions about important social and political issues.Another compelling argument against the speaker's claim has to do with how well books and television serve their respective archival functions. Books readily enable readers to review and cross-reference material, while televised broadcasts do not. Even the selective review of videotape is far more trouble than it is worth, especially if a printed resource is also available. Moreover, the speaker's claim carries the implication that all printed works, fiction and non-fiction alike, not transferred to a medium capable of being televised, are less significance as a result. This implication serves to discredit the invaluable contributions of all the philosophers, scientists, poets, and others of the past, upon whose immense shoulders society stands today.A final argument that books are made no less useful by television has to do with the experience of perusing the stacks in a library, or even a bookstore. Switching television channels, or even scanning a video library, simply cannot duplicate this experience. Why not? Browsing among books allows for serendipity--unexpectedly coming across an interesting and informative book while searching for something else, or for nothing in particular. Moreover, browsing through a library or bookstore is a pleasurable sensory experience for many people--an experience that the speaker would have us forego forever.In sum, television and video can be more efficient than books as a means of staying abreast of current affairs, and for education in the arts that involve moving imagery. However, books facilitate learning in certain ways that television does not and cannot. In the final analysis, the optimal approach is to use both media side by side--television to keep us informed and to provide moving imagery, along with books to provide perspective and insight on that information and imagery.第六类题材InternationalIssue 13"Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct."The speaker asserts that governments of countries where lesser-known languages are spoken should intervene to prevent these languages from becoming extinct. I agree insofar as a country's indigenous and distinct languages should not be abandoned and forgotten altogether. At some point, however, I think cultural identity should yield to the more practical considerations of day-to-day life in a global society.On the one hand, the indigenous language of any geographical region ispart-and-parcel of the cultural heritage of the region's natives. In my observation we humans have a basic psychological need for individual identity, which we define by way of our membership in distinct cultural groups. A culture defines itself in various ways--by its unique traditions, rituals, mores, attitudes and beliefs, but especially language. Therefore, when a people's language becomes extinct the result is a diminished sense of pride, dignity, and self- worth.One need look no further than continental Europe to observe how people cling tenaciously to their distinct languages, despite the fact that there is no practical need for them anymore. And on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, the French Canadians stubbornly insist on French as their official language, for the sole purpose of preserving their distinct cultural heritage. Even where no distinct language exists, people will invent one to gain a sense of cultural identity, as the emergence of the distinct Eboniccant among today's African Americans aptly illustrates. In short, people resist language assimilation because of a basic human need to be part of a distinct cultural group.Another important reason to prevent the extinction of a language is to preserve the distinct ideas that only that particular language can convey. Certain Native American and Oriental languages, for instance, contain words symbolizing spiritual and other abstract concepts that only these cultures embrace. Thus, in some cases to lose a language would be to abandon cherished beliefs and ideas that can be conveyed only through language.On the other hand, in today's high-tech world of satellite communications, global mobility, and especially the Internet, language barriers serve primarily to impede cross-cultural communication, which in turn impedes international commerce and trade. Moreover, language barriers naturally breed misunderstanding, a certain distrust and, as a result, discord and even war among nations. Moreover, in my view the extinction of all but a few major languages is inexorable--as supported by the fact that the Internet has adopted English as its official language. Thus by interven ing to preserve a dying language a government might be deploying its resources to fight a losing battle, rather than to combat more pressing social problems--such as hunger, homelessness, disease and ignorance--that plague nearly every society today.In sum, preserving indigenous languages is, admittedly, a worthy goal; maintaining its own distinct language affords a people a sense of pride, dignity and self-worth. Moreover, by preserving languages we honor a people's heritage, enhance our understanding of history, and preserve certain ideas that only some languages properly convey. Nevertheless, the economic and political drawbacks of language barriers outweigh the benefits of preserving a dying language. In the final analysis, government should devote its time and resources elsewhere, and leave it to the people themselves to take whatever steps are needed to preserve their own distinct languages.第七类题材HistoryIssue 103"The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten."The speaker claims that significant historical events and trends are made possible by groups of people rather than individuals, and that the study of history should emphasize the former instead of the latter. I tend to disagree with both aspects of this claim.To begin with, learning about key historical figures inspires us to achieve great things ourselves--far more so than learning about the contributions of groups of people. Moreover, history informs us that it is almost always a key individual who provide the necessary impetus for what otherwise might be a group effort, as discussed below.Admittedly, at times distinct groups of people have played a more pivotal role than key individuals in important historical developments. For example, history and art appreciate don courses that study the Middle Ages tend to focus on the artistic achievements of particular artists such as Fra Angelico, a Benedictine monk of that period. However, Western civilization owes its very existence not to a few famous painters but rather to a group of Benedictine nuns of that period. Just prior to and during the decline of the Roman Empire, many women fled to join Benedictine monasteries, bringing with them substantial dowries which they used to acquire artifacts, art works, and manuscripts. As a result, their monasteries became centers for the preservation of Western culture and knowledge which would otherwise have been lost forever with the fall of the Roman Empire.However, equally influential was Johannes Gutenberg, whose invention of the printing press several centuries later rendered Western knowledge and culture accessible to every class of people throughout the known world. Admittedly,Gutenberg was not single handedly responsible for the outcomes of his invention. Without the support of paper manufacturers, publishers, and distributors, and without a sufficient demand for printed books, Gutenberg would never have become one of the famous few. However, I think any historian would agree that studying the groups of people who rode the wave of Gutenberg's invention is secondary in understanding history to learning about the root historical cause of that wave.Generally speaking, then, undue attention to the efforts and contributions of various groups tends to obscure the cause-and-effect relationships with which the study of history is chiefly concerned. Gutenberg is just one example of an historical pattern in which it is individuals who have been ultimately responsible for the most significant developments in human history. Profound scientific inventions and discoveries of the past are nearly all attributable not to forgettable groups of people but to certain key individuals--for example, Copernicus, Newton, Edison, Einstein, Curie, and of course Gutenberg.Moreover, when it comes to seminal sociopolitical events, the speaker's claim finds even less support from the historical record. Admittedly, sweeping social changes and political reforms require the participation of large groups of people. However, I would be hard-pressed to identify any watershed sociopolitical event attributable to a leaderless group. History informs us that groups rally only when incited and inspired by key individuals.The speaker might claim that important long-term sociological trends are often instigated not by key individuals but rather by the masses. I concede that gradual shifts in demography, in cultural traditions and mores, and in societal attitudes and values can carry just as significant an historical impact as the words and deeds of "the famous few." Yet, it seems that key individuals almost invariably provide the initial spark for those trends. For instance, prevailing attitudes about sexual morality stem from the ideas of key religious leaders; and a culture's prevailing values concerning human life are often rooted in the policies and prejudices of political leaders.The speaker might also point out that history's greatest architectural and engineering feats--such as the Taj Mahal and the Great Wall--- came about only through the efforts of large groups of workers. However, it was the famousfew--monarchs in these cases whose whims and egos were the driving force behind these accomplishments.To sum up, with few historical exceptions, history is shaped by key individuals, not by nameless, faceless groups. It is the famous few that provide visions of the future, visions which groups then bring to fruition. Perhaps the speaker's claim will have more merit at the close of the next millennium since politics and science are being conducted increasingly by consortiums and committees. Yet, today it behooves us。

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GRE Issue优秀范文Most cultures encourage individuals to sacrifice a large part of their own personalities in order to be like other people.Thus ,most people are afraid to think or behave differently because they do not want to be excluded.The speaker claims that most cultures encourage conformity at the expense of individuality, and as a result most people conform for fear of being excluded.While i find the second prong of this dual claim well support overall by empirical evidence,I take exception with the first prong;aside from the cultures created by certain oppressive political regimes,no culture need encourage its members to conform to prevailing ways of thought and behavior;in fact ,all the evidence shows that cultures attempt to do just the opposite.As a threshold matter ,it is necessary to distinguish between conformity that an oppressive ruling state imposes on its own culture and conformity in a free democratic society.In the former case , people are not only encouraged but actually coerced into suppressing individualpersonality; and indeed these people are afraid to think and behave differently-but not for fear of being excluded but rather for fear of punishment and persecution by the state.the modern Communist and Fascist regimes are fitting examples.With respect to free democratic societies, it might be tempting to dismiss the speakers dual claim out of hand .After all ,true democratic states are predicted on individual freedoms-of choice ,speech,expression,religion,and so forth.Ostensibly ,these freedoms serve to promote individuality,even non-conformity,in our personas,our lifestyles ,and our opinioons and attitudes.Yet,one look at any democratic society reveals a high degree of conformity among its members.Every society has its own bundle of values,customs ,and mores which most of its members share.Admittedly,within any culture springs up various subcultures which try to distinguish themselves by their own distinct values,customs, and mores.In the U.S,for instance, African-American have developed a distinct dialect,known as Ebonics,and a distinct body language and attitude which affords them a strong sub-cultural identity of their own.Yet , the undeniable fact is that humans,given the actual freedom to either conform or not conform, choose to think and behave in ways similar to most people in their social group-however we define that group.Nor is there much empirical evidence of any cultural agenda,either overt or covert, to encourage conformity in thought and behavior among the members of any culture.To the contrary,the predominant message in most cultures is that people should cultivate their individuality.Consider,for example,the enduring and nearly ubiquitous icon of the ragged individualist,who charts his or her own course,bucks the trend,and achieves notoriety through individual creativity,imagination, invention,or entrepreneurship.Even our systems of higher education seem to encourage individualism by promoting and cultivating critical and independent thought among its students.Yet,all the support for forging ones one unique persona,career,lifestyle,opinions ,and even belief system,turns out to be hype.In the final analysis,most people choose to conform. And understandably so ;after all ,it is human nature to distrust,and even shun,others who are too difference from us .Thus to embrace rugged individualism is to risk becoming an outcast,the natural consquence of which is to limit ones socioeconomic and career opportunities.This prospect suffices to quell our yearning to be different ;thus the speaker is correct that most of us resign ourselves to conformity for fear of being left behind by our peers.Admittedly ,few cultures are without rugged individualists-the exceptional aritsts ,inventors,explorers,social reformers,and entrepreneurs who embrace their autonomy of thoughtand behavior,then test their limits.And paradoxically,it is the achievements of these notable non-conformists that are responsible for most cultural evolution and progress.Yet such notables are few and far between in what is otherwise a world of insecure,even fearful,cultural conformists.To sum up,the speaker is correct that most people choose to conform rather than behave and think in ways that run contraty to their cultures norms,and that fear of being exduded lies at the heart of this choice.Yet, no culture need encourage conformity;most humans recognize that there is safety of numbers ,and as a result freely choose conformity over the risks,and potential rewards ,of non-conformity.GRE Issue优秀范文There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws.According to this statement, each person has a duty to not only obey just laws but also disobey unjust ones. In my view this statement is too extreme, in two respects. First, it wrongly categorizes any law as either just or unjust; and secondly, it recommends an ineffective and potentially harmful means of legal reform.First, whether a law is just or unjust is rarely a straightforward issue. The fairness of any law depends on ones personal value system. This isespecially true when it comes to personal freedoms. Consider, for example, the controversial issue of abortion. Individuals with particular religious beliefs tend to view laws allowing mothers an abortion choice as unjust, while individuals with other value systems might view such laws as just.The fairness of a law also depends on ones personal interest, or stake, in the legal issue at hand. After all, in a democratic society the chief function of laws is to strike a balance among competing interests. Consider, for example, a law that regulates the toxic effluents a certain factory can emit into a nearby river. Such laws are designed chiefly to protect public health. But complying with the regulation might be costly for the company; the factory might be forced to lay off employees or shut down altogether, or increase the price of its products to compensate for the cost of compliance. At stake are the respective interests of the companys owners, employees, and customers, as well as the opposing interests of the regions residents whose health and safety are impacted. In short, the fairness of the law is subjective, depending largely on how ones personal interests are affected by it.The second fundamental problem with the statement is that disobeying unjust laws often has the opposite affect of what was intended or hoped for. Most anyone would argue, for instance,that our federal system of income taxation is unfair in one respect or another. Yetthe end result of widespread disobedience, in this case tax evasion, is to perpetuate the system. Free-riders only compel the government to maintain tax rates at high levels in order to ensure adequate revenue for the various programs in its budget. 14Yet another fundamental problem with the statement is that by justifying a violation of one sort of law we find ourselves on a slippery slope toward sanctioning all types of illegal behavior, including egregious criminal conduct. Returning to the abortion example mentioned above, a person strongly opposed to the freedom-of-choice position might maintain that the illegal blocking of access to an abortion clinic amounts to justifiable disobedience. However, it is a precariously short leap from this sort of civil disobedience to physical confrontations with clinic workers, then to the infliction of property damage, then to the bombing of the clinic and potential murder.In sum, because the inherent function of our laws is to balance competing interests, reasonable people with different priorities will always disagree about the fairness of specific laws. Accordingly, radical action such as resistance or disobedience is rarely justified merely by ones subjective viewpoint or personal interests. And in any event, disobedience is never justifiable when the legal rights or safety of innocent people are jeopardized as a result.GRE Issue优秀范文Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction---in other words, to make things as simple as possible.Whether making things simple requires greater effort and courage than making them bigger and more complex depends on the sort of effort and courage. Indisputably, the many complex technological marvels that are part-and-parcel of our Lives today are the result of the extraordinary cumulative efforts of our engineers, entrepreneurs, and others. And, such achievements always call for the courage to risk failing in a large way. Yet, humans seem naturally driven to make things bigger and more complex; thus refraining from doing so, or reversing this natural process, takes considerable effort and courage of a different sort, as discussed below.The statement brings immediately to mind the ever-growing and increasingly complex digital world. Todays high-tech firms seem compelled to boldly go to whatever effort is required to devise increasingly complex products, for the ostensible purpose of staying ahead of their competitors. Yet, the sort of effort and courage to which the statement refers is a different one--bred of vision, imagination, and a willingness to forego near term profits for the prospect of making lasting contributions. Surely, a number of entrepreneurs and engineers today are mustering that courage, and are making the effort to create farsimpler, yet more elegant, technologies and applications, which will truly make our lives simpler in sharp contrast to what computer technology has delivered to us so far.Lending even more credence to the statement is the so-called big government phenomenon. Human societies have a natural tendency to create unwieldy bureaucracies, a fitting example of which is the U.S. tax-law system. The Intemal Revenue Code and its accompanying Treasury Regulations have grown so voluminous and complex that many certified accountants and tax attorneys admit that they cannot begin to understand it all.Admittedly, this system has grown only through considerable effort on the part of all three branches of the federal government, not to mention the efforts of many special interest groups.Yet, therein lies the statements credibility. It requires great effort and courage on the part of a legislator to risk alienating special interest groups, thereby risking reelection prospects, by standing on principle for a simpler tax system that is less costly to administer and better serves the interests of most taxpayers.Adding further credibility to the statement is the tendency of most people to complicate their personal lives--a tendency that seems especially strong in todays age of technology and consumerism. The greater our mobility, the greater our number of destinations each day;the more time-saving gadgets we use, the more activities we try to pack into our day; and with readier access to information we try to assimilate more of it each day. I am hard-pressed to think of one person who has ever exclaimed to me how much effort and courage it has taken to complicate his or her life in these respects. In contrast, a certain self-restraint and courage of conviction are both required to eschew modern conveniences, to simplify onesdaily schedule, and to establish and adhere to a simple plan for the use of ones time and money.In sum, whether we are building computer networks, government agencies, or personal lifestyles, great effort and courage are required to make things simple, or to keep them that way. Moreover, because humans na~traUy tend to make things big and complex, it arguably requires more effort and courage to move in the opposite direction. In the final analysis, making things simple---or keeping them that way--takes a brand of effort born of reflection and restraint rather than sheer exertion, and a courage character and conviction rather than unbridled ambition.GRE Issue优秀范文Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any societys past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on the ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purpose. In such situation, modern development should be givenprecedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that comtemporary needs can be served;The speaker asserts that wherever a practical, utilitarian need for new buildings arises this need should take precedence over our conflictiong interest in preserving historic buildings as a record of our past. In my view, however, which interest should take precedence should be determined on a cast-by-cast basis-and should account not only for practical and historic consideration but also aethetic ones.In determing whether to raze an older building, planners should of course consider tht communitys current and anticipated utilitarain needs. For example, if an additional hospital is needed to adequately serve the health-care needs of a fast-growing community, this compelling interest might very well outweigh any interest in preserving a historic building that sits on the proposed site. Or if additional parking is needed to ensure the economic servival of a citys downtown district, this interest might take precedence over the historic value of an old structure that stands in the way of a parking structure. On the other hand, if the need is mainly for more office space, in some cases an architecturally appropriate add-on or annex to an older building might serve just as well as razing the old building to make way for a new one. Of course, an expensive retrofit might not be worthwhile if no amount of retrofitting would meet the need.Competing with a communitys utilitarian needs is an interest preserving the historical record. Again, the weight of this interest should be determined on a case-by-case basis. Perhaps an older building uniquely represents a bygone area, or once played a central role in the citys history as a municipal structure. Or perhaps the building once served as the home of a founding family or other significant historical figure, or as the location of an important historical event. Any of these scenarios might justify saving the building at the expense of the practical needs of the community. On the other hand, if several older buildings represent the same historical era just as effectively, or if the buildings history is an unremarkable one, then the historic value of the building might pale in comparison to the value of a new structure that meets a compelling practical need.Also competing with a communitys utilitarian needs is the aesthetic and architectural value of the building itself-apart from historical events with which it might be associated. A building might be one of only a few that represents a certain architectural style. Or it might be especially beautiful, perhaps as a result of the craftsmanship and materials employed in its construction-which might be cost-prohibitive to replicate today. Even retrofitting the building to accommodate current needs might undermine its aesthetic as well as historic value, by altering its appearance and architectural integrity. Of course it is planners shouldstrive to account for aesthetic value nonetheless.In sum, whether to raze an older building in order to construct a new one should never be determined indiscriminately. Instead, planners should make such decision on a case-by-case basis, weighing the communitys practical needs against the buildings historic and aesthetic value.。

英语考试作文新GRE写作ISSUE题库中英文对照及分类整理之教育类虽然新GRE考试的官方机构ETS在官方上公开了写作部分的题库，但由于其数量众多，考生要全部练习一遍相当费时费力。

对于官方题库，如何使用才能最大程度的节约复习时间提高复习效率?为大家整理了其中ISSUE类作文题目，并根据编号进行了中英文对照和分类，希望能对各位考生的作文复习有所帮助。

新GRE考试ISSUE题库中英对照分类整理(教育类题目)题目编号：3/35/37/137题目内容：阻止学生不太可能成功的研究3 Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.教育机构有责任劝阻学生不要从事不太可能成功的科学研究。

35 Educational institutions should dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely tosucceed.教育机构有责任劝阻学生不要从事不太可能成功的科学研究。

37 Society should identify those children who have special talents and provide training for them at an early age to develop their talents.社会应该甄别那些天资聪颖的孩子，并且年幼的时候就开始提供训练培养它们的才能。

137 Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.教育机构有责任劝阻学生不要从事不太可能成功的科学研究。

摘要：GRE Issue写作提纲分析。

下面是小马过河GRE频道为大家整理的GRE Issue写作的提纲分析，希望能够帮助大家更好的备考GRE考试，祝大家能够取得好成绩。

Issue10【题目】"Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated."【翻译】政府必须要确保主要城市发展所需的财政支持，因为一个国家的文化传统主要是在城市中得以保存和发展。

【提纲】观点：不同意。

大城市的经济文化的确繁荣，但是一个国家的文化传统却并不是在大城市中而是在小城镇或者乡村中得以保存和发展。

1.审视当今的大城市，经济高度发达，各种各样的文化在这里汇聚，并且相互融合发展，大城市成为了一个国家的经济文化中心。

比如，在纽约几乎每一周里都有各种游行，中国新年的游行，St.Patrick’s Day (爱尔兰的节日)游行等等2. 然而我们应该明白一个国家的文化传统和文化是不同的两个概念。

大城市作为文化中心，更多的起到的是一个文化交流平台的作用，而不是作者所说的传统文化的发源地。

相对而言，我们应该更重视乡村以及小城市，它们往往更完整的保留了传统文化，如美国乡村音乐，blues and jazz 都起源于南方小城镇，而美国的小说也大多起源于中部平原地区。

3.关于政府的财政支持，政府的确是应该支持大城市的，如果它需要的话，毕竟大城市的发展关系着整个国家的经济发展。

然而，我们应该明确的是政府绝不是因为文化的考虑而支持大城市，相反，为了保留文化传统，国家应该加大对小城镇或农村的支持力度。

新GRE写作：Issue及Argument备考关键新GRE写作要求考生在30分钟+30分钟内分别完成Issue和Argument两篇文章，它是美国所有作文考试中时间最长而质量要求的一类作文考试。

虽然GRE的写作题库为全世界公开，考试题目从中随机抽取，但这看似开卷考试的形式却一点都不简单。

毕竟题海茫茫，要在总共将近350题的题库中押对宝，其几率犹如中彩票般罕见。

所以，掌握有效的写作方法才是关键。

Issue：准备提纲Issue要求考生根据所给的题目，完成一篇表明立场的逻辑立论文。

Issue题库涉及社会、文化、科技、历史、政治、艺术等诸多方面。

不同类型的题目有较大差别，但在同一类型的题目中却包含了很多命题方向非常接近的题目。

Issue写作对于论据的要求是非常高的，所以你的名人事例的储备，相关知识量的积累是非常重要的。

这个环节也正是GRE考生最为头疼的一部分，举不出支持自己的观点的例子，所以让自己的文章显得只有苍白的论证，缺乏说服力。

所以要多读历史，积累例子，尤其注重那些重要的哲学家、科学家、艺术家、政治领袖等人的生平事迹、主要贡献。

例如Issue里的这样一道真题：“Truly profound thinkers and highly creative artists are always out of step with their time and their society。

”(真正影响长远的思想家和具有高度创造力的艺术家总是与他们的时代和社会步伐不一致)。

这个题目如果没有必备的那些思想家和艺术家的例子，文章必然缺乏说服力。

所以读历史积累写作素材，具体说就是论据素材是拿高分的一个重要环节。

另外，写提纲对于Issue部分的备考是至关重要的，也是最占用时间、最核心的一个环节。

每一个题目的提纲力求详细，不用去写开头段和结尾段，就写正文各段你的各个分支观点，也就是正文部分的论证过程。

除了论证以外，写完后想想能够用些什么论据，把支持论证的论据也写上。

GREIssue写作范文详细解析汇总Issue写作范文详细解析TopicThe Trash-Site Safety Council has recently conducted a statewide study ofpossible harmful effects of garbage sites on the health of people living nearthe sites. A total of five sites and 300 people were e_amined. The studyrevealed, on average, only a small statistical correlation between the pro_imityof homes to garbage sites and the incidence of une_plained rashes among peopleliving in these homes. Furthermore, although it is true that people living nearthe largest trash sites had a slightly higher incidence of the rashes, there wasotherwise no correlation between the size of the garbage sites and people shealth. Therefore, the council is pleased to announce that the currentsystem ofgarbage sites does not pose a significant health hazard. We see no need torestrict the size of such sites in our state or to place any restrictions on thenumber of homes built near the sites.Sample EssayIn this argument, the council comes to the conclusion that the currentsystem of garbage sites does not pose a significant health hazard and thattherefore, there is no need to restrict the size of the garbage sites or thenumber of homes built near the site. To support this conclusion, the councilcites a study of five garbage sites and three hundred people that showed only asmall correlation between the closeness of the homes to the sites and theincidence of une_plained rashes among those people living there. Additionally,the council came to this conclusion despite the fact that people livingnear thelargest such site had a slightly higher incidence of the rashes. This argumentsuffers from several critical weaknesses in logic and information presented.First of all, the members of the Trash-Site Safety Council are notlisted, which could make a big difference in the believability of the study.Atruly independent council could produce results that could be considered muchmore reliable than one with members with possible conflicts of interest.However, if the council were made up mainly of people who have an interest infinding that there is no problem with the trash sites - homebuilders or citycouncilmen, for e_ample - then the study would lack some credibility. Withoutknowing the backgrounds and priorities of the council members, the argument isgreatly weakened.Secondly, this was cited as a statewide study, but only five sites andthree hundred people were studied. Although on average there was only a smallstatistical correlation shown between the nearness of the trash sites and thehomes and people who lived in them, the margin of error could be quite large dueto studying only a small sample of people that live near the trash sites in thestate. It would be much more persuasive were a large majority of the homes andpeople near trash sites studied rather than merely a small percentage. Furthermore, the study cites only une_plained rashes as a health-relatedproblem with some statistical correlation. The presence or absence of othertypes of health problems is not mentioned in the study. It could be that therewere other, perhaps not immediately noticeable health problems such ascanceraffecting the people living near the sites. Additionally, the study appears tocover only one moment in time, or at least the duration of the study is notdiscussed. Perhaps there are long-term effects that cannot be discovered by astudy conducted over a short period of time. This weakens the argument byleaving out information that could help to persuade the reader one way oranother.To add to the lack of credibility, the study does not discuss the relativesize of the garbage sites or how close the homes and people were to the sites.There is really no data present to allow a proper decision to be maderestricting the size of the sites or how close the homes could be located nearthe trash sites. At the very least, the fact that there is a slightly higherincidence of rashes in those living nearest the biggest trash sites indicates aneed for further studies to prove or disprove the idea that trash sites of acertain size or location are health hazards.In summary, the findings and conclusions of the Trash-Site Safety Councilare based mainly on speculation and a small amount of indicative data. Thedisclosure of the council members motives, the study of a larger sample of thepopulation and trash sites, and further information on other types of healthproblems and relative nearness of the homes and people to the trash sites wouldgive a much better argument either for or against restrictions on the suchsites.(640 words)[题目]垃圾场安全委员会最近在全州范围内进行了一项调查,旨在研究垃圾场对居住在附近的居民的身体有可能产生的有害影响.被调查的有五座垃圾场以及300多位居民.研究表明,平均而言,居所紧挨着垃圾场这一事实与这些居所中所居住人口发生的无法解释的疹子之间,仅存在着一种微弱的数据关系.此外,虽然居住在最大的垃圾场附近的居民发疹的程度略高这一事实属实,但在其他方面,垃圾场的大小与人们的健康之间毫无关系.因此,委员会可以甚为欣慰地宣布,目前这套垃圾场体制并不会对健康构成一项重大危险.我们认为毫无必要去限制本州内这类垃圾场的规模,也没有必要去限制垃圾堆附近所建造的房屋数量.[范文正文]在本段论述中,委员会得出结论,认为目前的垃圾场体制并没有对健康构成一种重大危险,因此,毫无必要去限制垃圾场的规模或垃圾场周围的住房数量.为了支持这一结论,委员会援引了针对五所垃圾场和300位居民所作的一项研究,据此证明在住房紧挨着垃圾场与居住在那里的人中间所发生的难以名状的疹子之间仅存微弱的关联.此外,委员会在得出这一结论时,全然无视这样一个事实,即居住在这类最大的垃圾场附件的人发病的机率略高.论述在逻辑思路和呈示的信息方面不乏某些关键性的弱点.其一, 垃圾场安全委员会的成员没有被清楚列举出来,这一点可令该研究的可信度产生巨大的差异.一个完全独立的委员会所提出的结论,会被视为比一个成员间可能存在着利害关系冲突的委员会所得出的结论可信度高.但是,如果组成该委员会的成员所感兴趣的仅仅是去揭示出垃圾场不存在问题——例如象房地产开发商或市政厅议员,那么,该项研究会失去某些可信度.如果对委员会成员的背景以及他们所优先考虑的问题一无所知,则本段论述倍遭削弱.其二,所作的研究据称是涵盖整个州的,但被调查的仅有五座垃圾场和300位居民.尽管平均而论,垃圾场的近距离与住所以及与居住在这些房屋内的人之间存在一丝微弱的联系,但由于所研究的仅是该州内居住在垃圾场附近的很小一批人口样本,故误差程度可能会相当的严重.如果在所有垃圾场附近的人和住所当中,有大部分的居民和住所得以被研究,而不只是一个很小的百分比的话,那么,所作的调查将更具说服力.此外,该研究仅援引难以名状的疹子作为与健康相关的.带有一定统计学关系的问题.该研究没有提及其他类别的健康问题存在与否.情况有可能是,还存在着其他类型的.或许不是那么昭然若揭的健康问题,例如癌症,正影响着居住在这些垃圾场附近的人们.再有,该研究所涵盖的似乎只是一小段时间,或者至少该研究的时间跨度不曾得到讨论.也许,有些长远影响决非是一份只在短期内进行的研究所能涵盖得了的.这一点再度削弱了本段论述,因为可以使读者信服的信息被疏忽了.使可信度进一步受损的是,该研究没有讨论各垃圾场的相对规模,也没讨论住房和居民离垃圾场到底有多近.实际上,一点都没有数据来允许人们作出一种恰当的判断,是否应该去限制垃圾场的规模,也没讨论住房与垃圾场之间相隔多远才算安全距离.至少,在那些居住在最靠近最大的垃圾场的人身上疹子的发生率略高这一事实表明,有必要进行更深入的研究,以证明或驳倒某种规模或某种位置的垃圾场会对健康构成危害这一想法.概括而论,垃圾场安全委员会的研究发现和研究结论所主要依据的是揣测和数量有限的说明数据.如能揭示出委员会成员的动机,研究为数更多的人口和垃圾场样本,就其他类别的健康问题以及住房和居民应与垃圾场之间保持怎样的相对距离提供更进一步的信息的话,那么,作者便能作出更为充分的论述,无论是赞成还是反对对垃圾场实施限制.Issue写作范文详细解析IssueSome educational systems emphasize the development of student s capacityfor reasoning and logical thinking, but students would benefit more from aneducation that also taught them to e_plore their own emotions.Sample EssayThe ability of a student to think clearly using reasoning and logicalthinking is of paramount importance in order to ensure his or her success as anindividual after graduation from a university. To be able to look at a situationand use logic and reason to analyze the facts and develop an opinion or solutionis to have a solid foundation for success in all aspects of life. E_ploringone s emotions is important, but it is outside of the realm of what can belearned in a university classroom. Emotional self-e_ploration is best doneoutside of a classroom situation, although there may be some opportunity forstudents in the classroom to learn a methodology for doing so.The ability to survive and thrive in a society is based on the assumptionthat human beings act according to reason and logic. From a very early age, mostpeople are taught that certain actions will bring about certain reactions, andthat by using logic you can figure out what the response will be in mostsituations. Reasoning is also developed early on, although sometimes it isdifficult to e_plain reasoning to a two-year old. Humans are probably born witha desire for reason and logic, as demonstrated by almost any child s incessantasking of the question Why? . To understand the underlying reasons whysomething happens is a fundamental part of human nature, proven by the e_ploitsof e_plorers, scientists and mathematicians over the course of humanhistory.As a result, the basic framework of most forms of human society requiresthat a person must act according to the demands of reason and logic. Rules oflaw are based on the concept that individuals respond to rules based on reasoning and logic. The ability to think according to logic and reasonis soimperative that it is essential that it be taught to university students at eventhe highest levels. What if law schools and medical schools decided that it wasmore important to allow students to e_plore their own emotions at thee_pense oflearning the latest laws or medical techniques? Perhaps one course could betaught to help students to deal with the emotional demands of being a lawyer ora tor, but to train students to e_plore their own emotions at the e_pense oflearning about logical and reasonable thinking would be to invite catastrophe insociety.One of the main problems with emphasizing to students the importance ofe_ploring one s own emotions is that it creates a me first attitude towardstheir studies. Certainly a degree of self-introspection is necessary to dealwith society, but to put emphasis on this above all else is to inculcate in thestudent the idea that he or she is more important than others, and that what heor she thinks matters a great deal more than it probably does in reality. Toomuch emotional self-e_ploration could create individuals who see their emotionsas more important than what they contribute to society, which would damage thatsociety as a whole.A certain amount of self-introspection into one s emotions is probablyhelpful to the development of a student as an overall person. Usually this kindof activity is e_plored fully in basic psychology classes that most students arerequired to take at university. Basic courses in sociology and psychology aswell as other humanities courses give students plenty of opportunity to e_ploretheir own emotions. Rather than teaching students how to e_plore their ownemotions, it would seem to be a better idea to teach students how to deal withthese emotions. Only by instructing students in reasoning and logic can theylearn how to apply whatever inner emotions they may have to becoming asuccessful member of a society.观点陈述型作文/[题目]有些教育强调发展学生的逻辑和思维能力,但一种也能教学生去探索其自我情感的教育,可使学生们获益更多.[范文正文]一个学生运用逻辑推理和思维进行清晰的思索,这一能力对于这位学生大学以后的个人成功具有至高无上的重要性.能够审视某一特定情形,应用逻辑和理性,对事实展开分析,并形成观点或解决方法,这对于在生活中的任何方面获得成功,都能奠定一个坚实的基础.探索个人的情感无疑是重要的,但它外在于大学课堂的教学范围.个人情感探索最好是在课堂情景之外的地方来完成,虽然学生在课堂内可能有机会学到这样做的某种方法.在社会中得以生存和飞黄腾达,这一能力基于这样一个前提,即人类须按照理性和逻辑来行动.从孩提时代起,大多数人就被告知,自己的某些行为会造成他人的某些反应,通过应用逻辑分析,你就能推断在大多数情形中他人的反应会是什么样的.推理的能力在小时候也得以培养起来,尽管有时候向一个2岁的小孩解释推理甚为困难.人类对于理性和逻辑的欲望可能生而有之,举例来说,几乎任何一个孩子都会为什么……? 地问个没完.要弄懂事情发生的基本原因是人性的一个基本部分,这一点可从人类历史进程中探险家.科学家和数学家们的功绩中得以证明.由此看来,大多数形式的人类社会的基本架构要求人们按照理性和逻辑的要求行事.法律的规则基于这样一个概念,即个人须遵循基于逻辑和理性思维的规则.必须按逻辑和理性来思索,这一能力是如此至关重要,以至于即使处在最高层次上的大学生,也必须被授以这一能力.试想一下,如果法学院或医学院认为,让学生去探索其情感,而放弃学习最新的法律和医疗技术,其结果将会怎样?或许,可以开设一门课来帮助学生处理当律师或大夫的情感要求.但是,以学习逻辑和推理思维为代价,训练学生去探索其情感,这意味着在社会中招致灾难.向学生强调探索其情感重要性,这一做法的诸多主要问题之一是,它会造成学生对其学习产生一种唯我独尊的心态.当然,一定程度上的自我反省对于和社会打交道是必要的,但将它凌驾于其他一切之上将会在学生的内心灌输这样一种理念,即他(她)要比他人更为重要,他(她)的想法极为重要,而实际上或许并非如此.过多的自我情感探索所造就的将是这样一些个人,他们会将其情感视为比他们对社会的贡献更为重要,而这于整个社会都是有害的.一定程度上的对个人情感的自我反省或许有助于学生整体人格的发展.一般而言,这种活动大多数学生在大学期间必须选择的心理学基础课程中可得到充分探索.社会学和心理学的基础,以及其他人文学科的课程,赋予学生大量的机会去探索其个人情感.相对于去教授学生如何去探索其个人情感,教授学生如何去处理这些情感或许更为有益.只有通过教育学生提高其逻辑推理和分析能力,才能使学生学会去应用他们所拥有的任何内心情感,去成为社会的成功一员.Issue写作范文详细解析As people grow older, an enzyme known as PEP increasingly breaks downtheneuropeptide chemicals involved in learning and memory. But now, researchershave found compounds that prevent PEP from breaking neuropeptides apart. Intests, these compounds almost completely restored lost memory in rats. The useof these compounds should be e_tended to students who have poor memory anddifficulty in concentrating-and therefore serious problems in schoolperformance. Science finally has a solution for problems neither parents norteachers could solve.In this argument, the arguer states that researchers have found compoundsthat keep an enzyme known as PEP from breaking neuropeptides apart, which areknown to be involved in learning and memory. The arguer states that tests haveshown that these compounds almost completely restored lost memory in rats, andthat therefore, these compounds should be administered to students with poormemory and difficulty in concentrating. This argument is unconvincing because itcontains several critical flaws in logic.First of all, the arguer states that as people grow older, PEP breaks downthe neuropeptide chemicals that are involved in learning and memory. It is truethat generally, as people get older, they tend to have more problems withlearning and memory. However, there is no direct link mentioned between thebreaking down of the neuropeptide chemicals and the loss of learning ability ormemory. Additionally, the arguer mentions neuropeptide chemicals that are brokendown by PEP. What the researchers have found is a compound that preventsneuropeptides from breaking apart. These are two different physical actions: thebreaking down of neuropeptide chemicals as opposed to the breaking apart of theneuropeptides themselves. Furthermore, it is not stated which of these physicalactions is involved with the loss of learning ability and memory. It is note_plicitly stated that the breaking down of chemicals causes a loss in learningability and memory, only that this happens as people grow older. It is also note_pressly stated whether the breaking apart of the neuropeptides themselvescauses memory loss or a lessened learning ability. Without showing a direct linkbetween the effect of keeping the neuropeptides from breaking apart and areduction in the loss of memory and learning ability, the efficacy of thecompounds is called into question.Secondly and most obviously, the compounds were only tested on rats. Ratsmay have a similar genetic structure to humans, but they are most certainly notthe same as humans. There may be different causes for the learning and memoryproblems in rats as opposed to that of humans. The effect of the compounds onrats may also be very different from their effect on human beings. It is absurdin the e_treme to advocate giving these compounds to students, even assumingthat they would help the students with their studies, without conducting furtherstudies assessing the compounds overall effects on humans. The argument failson this particular fact if for no other reason.Additionally, the arguer begins his or her argument by stating that aspeople grow older , PEP breaks down the neuropeptide chemicals involvedinlearning and memory. At the end of the argument, the arguer advocatese_tendingthe compounds that prevent PEP from breaking neuropeptides apart to students whohave poor memory and difficulty in concentrating. Students are generally young,not older people. There is no evidence presented that shows what actually causesstudents to have a poor memory or difficulty in concentrating. Indeed, it ismore likely that it is e_tracurricular activities or a lack of sleep that causessuch problems in students, not a problem associated with aging. It is highlyunlikely that even if the stated compounds could help prevent the memory lossand decreased learning ability associated with aging that it would have anybenefits for students.In summary, the arguer fails to convince with the argument as presented. Tostrengthen the argument, the arguer must show a direct link between the breakingapart of neuropeptides and loss of memory and learning ability. Additionally, heor she must show that students poor memory and difficulty in concentrating is aresult of the same process, and that the researcher s compounds would have asbeneficial an effect on humans as it seems to have on rats.(633 words)[题目]随着人们日渐衰老,一种被称为PEP的酶会不断地分解学习与记忆过程中所涉及到的神经肽化学物.但现在,研究人员已发现了可阻止PEP致使神经肽分裂的化合物.在测试中,这些化合物几乎在老鼠身上能完全恢复缺失的记忆.这些化合物的运用应该也推广到记忆力衰弱或专注力有困难的学生身上,不然将会造成学业表现上的严重问题.科学终于解决了那些令家长和老师束手无策的问题.[范文正文]在本段论述中,论述者指出,研究人员已发现了某些化合物,可以阻止一种被称为PEP的酶的物质将神经肽予以分解,而神经肽则是学习和记忆过程中所需涉及到的物质.论述者还宣称,检测结果表明,这些化合物几乎完全恢复了老鼠身上缺失的记忆.因此这些化合物应该让那些记忆力差和难于集中注意力的学生服用.这段论述缺乏说服力,因为它包含着某些逻辑推理方面甚为严重的缺陷.首先,论述者称,随着人们渐趋衰老,PEP会分解学习和记忆过程中所涉及的神经肽化学物.确实,随人们渐趋衰老,他们往往会在学习和记忆方面遭遇诸多问题.但是,在神经肽化学物的分解以及学习能力与记忆力丧失之间,却没有提到任何直接的联系.除此之外,论述者提及被PEP所分解的几种神经肽化学物.但研究人员所发现的只是一种可阻止神经肽不致于分裂的化合物.这是两种不同性质的物理作用:神经肽化学物的分解有别于神经肽自身的分裂.此外,原论述并未陈述这两种物理作用中的那一种与学习能力和记忆能力的丧失相涉.论述者没有明确陈述化学物的分解导致了学习能力和记忆能力的丧失,而只是陈述这种情形只是随着人们日趋年迈而发生.原论述中也没有确切地陈述神经肽自身的分裂是否会导致记忆缺失或学习能力下降.如果无法在阻止神经肽分裂所能产生的作用与减少记忆能力和学习能力丧失之间证明某种直接的联系,那么,化合物的效用将令人质疑.第二,也是极为明显地,化合物只是在老鼠身上进行了测试.虽然老鼠与人类具有类似的基因结构,但它们无论如何并不等同于人类.对于学习和记忆问题,老鼠所遇到的原因很可能全然不同于人类所遇到的原因.在没有作进一步的研究来估评化合物对人类所产生的总体效果的情况下,就去提倡将这些化合物供学生服用,甚至假设它们有助于学生提高其学习效果,这实乃荒.唐至极.即使不是出于其他原因的话,就这一特定事实本身,该段论述根本就站不住脚.进一步而言,论述者在其论述的开始陈述道, 随着人们渐趋衰老 ,PEP会将学习和记忆过程中所涉及的神经肽化学物进行分解.在论述的结尾之处,论述者倡导将那些可阻止PEP致使神经肽分裂的化合物推广至那些记忆力和专注力差的学生身上.学生普遍而言都是年轻人,而不是老年人.论述者没有拿出任何证据来证明究竟是什么原因实际导至学生们记忆力和专注力下降.较有可能的是,是那些课外活动,或缺少充足的睡眠,导致了学生身上的这些问题.即使所提及的那些化合物真的有助于防止与衰老相关的记忆缺失问题和学习能力下降问题,它们也极不可能也能为学生带来任何的裨益.总而言之,论述者没能用其提出的论据来说服我们.若要使其论述在逻辑上成立,论述者必须在神经肽的分裂与记忆能力和学习能力的缺失之间证明某种直接的联系.此外,论述者必须证明学生记忆能力差和注意力难以集中均是同一过程造成的,并且研究人员所发现的化合物对人类所产生的效果会对老鼠似乎所产生的效果同样的好.GRE Issue写作范文详细解析汇总。

新gre作文issue模板:一些经典的ISSUE作文开头最让广大同学头疼的难题之一就是时间不够用。

而如果能有一个好的写作模板，无疑将为广大考生在考场上省下不少构思的时间，腾出更多时间来进行论证段的写作。

所以，为大家收集整理了一些经典的GRE ISSUE作文开头写作模板，希望考生们可以从中找到灵感，总结出适合自己的GRE写作模板。

接下来一起来看看今天店铺带来的新gre作文issue模板: 一些经典的 ISSUE作文开头。

新gre作文issue模板: 一些经典的 ISSUE作文开头新gre作文issue模板最让广大同学头疼的难题之一就是时间不够用。

而如果能有一个好的写作模板，无疑将为广大考生在考场上省下不少构思的时间，腾出更多时间来进行论证段的写作。

所以，小编为大家收集整理了一些经典的GRE ISSUE作文开头写作模板，希望考生们可以从中找到灵感，总结出适合自己的GRE写作模板。

GRE作文备考如何3天速成?选择好模板方法不重要GRE写作ISSUE作文开头段经典模板分享GRE ISSUE作文的开头方式比较常见的有这四种：直接陈述观点+概述理由;比较双方观点，阐明自己观点;背景开头+立场;提问+立场。

下面我们逐一来看一下四种方式的具体例子。

第一种：直接陈述观点+概述理由I agree with the speaker's broad assertion that money spent on research is generally well invested. However, the speaker unnecessarily extends this broad assertion to embrace research whose results are "controversial," while ignoring certain compelling reasons why some types of research might be unjustifiable. My points of contention with the speaker involve the fundamental objectives and nature of research, as discussed below.例文中先支持原文观点：把钱话在研究上是很好的投资;然后转折：结果有争议的研究可以不包含在投资范围的;最后，引出下文要论述的理由。

Section four: Mass Media1.Propaganda Techniques in Today’s AdvertisingPropaganda is not just the tool of totalitarian governments and dictators. Rather, propaganda is all around us—in the form of commercials and advertisements. The author of this selection shows how Madison Avenue uses many of the techniques typical of political propaganda to convince us that we need certain products and services. After reading the essay, you may regard in a different light the jingles, endorsements, and slogans characteristic of today’s commercials.Americans, adults and children alike, are being seduced. They are being brainwashed. And few of us protest. Why? Because the seducers and the brainwashers are the advertisers we willingly invite into our homes. We are victims, content—even eager—to be victimized. We read advertisers’propaganda message in newspapers and magazines; we watch their alluring images on television. We absorb their messages and images into our subconscious. We all do it—even those of us who claim to see through advertisers’tricks and therefore feel immune to advertising’s charm. Advertisers lean heavily on propaganda to sell their products, whether the “products”are a brand of toothpaste, a candidate for office, or a particular political viewpoint.Propaganda is a systematic effort to influence people’s opinions, to win them over to a certain view or side. Propaganda is not necessarily concerned with what is true or false, good or bad. Propagandists simply want people to believe the messages being sent. Often, propagandists will use outright lies or more subtle deceptions to sway people’s opinions. In a propaganda war, any tactic is considered fair.When we hear the word “propaganda,”we usually think of a foreign menace: anti-American radio programs broadcast by a totalitarian regime or brainwashing tactics practiced on hostages. Although propaganda may seem relevant only in the political arena, the concept can be applied fruitfully to the way products and ideas are sold in advertising. Indeed, the vast majority of us are targets in advertisers’propaganda war. Every day, we are bombarded with slogans, print ads, commercials, packaging claims, billboards, trademarks, logos, and designer brands-all forms of propaganda. One study reports that each of us, during an average day, is exposed to over five hundred advertising claims of various types. This saturation may even increase in the future since current trends include ads on movie screens, shopping carts, videocassettes, even public television.What kind of propaganda techniques do advertisers use? There are seven basic types: Calling Name calling is a propaganda tactic in which negativelycharged names are hurled against the opposing side or competitor. By using such names, propagandists try to arouse feelings of mistrust, fear, and hate in their audiences. For example, a political advertisement may label an opposing candidate a “loser,”“fence-sitter,”or “warmonger”. Depending on the advertiser’s target market, labels such as “a friend of big business”or “a dues-paying member of the party in power”can be the epithets that damage anopponent. Ads for products may also use name calling. An American label of foreignness will have unpleasant connotation in many people’s minds. A childhood rhyme claims that “name can never hurt me,”but name calling is an effective way to damage the opposition, whether it is another car maker or 2 congressional candidates.2.Glittering Generalities using glittering generalities is the opposite of namecalling. In this case, advertisers surround their products with attractive—and slippery—words and phrases. They use vague terms that are difficult to define and that may have different meanings to different people: freedom, democratic, all-American, progressive, Christian, and justice. Many such words have strong, affirmative overtones. This kind of languages stirs positive feelings in people, feelings that may spill over to the product or idea being pitched. As with name calling, the emotional response may overwhelm logic. Target audiences accept the product without thinking very much about what the glittering generalities mean—or whether they even apply to the product. After all, how can anyone oppose “truth, justice, and the American way”?The ads for politicians and political causes often use glittering generalities because such “buzz words”can influence votes. Election slogans include high-sounding but basically empty phrases like the following: “He cares about people.”(That’s nice, but is he a better candidate than his opponent?)“Vote for progress.”(Progress by whose standards?)“They’ll make this country great again.”(What does “great”mean? Does “great”mean the same thing to others as it does to me?)“Vote for the future.”(What kind of future?)“If you love American, then vote for Phyllis Smith.”(If I don’t vote for Smith, does that mean I don’t love American?)Ads for consumer goods are also sprinkled with glittering generalities.Product names, for instance, are supposed to evoke good feelings: Luvs diapers, New Freedom feminine hygiene products, joy liquid detergent, Loving Care hair color, Almost Home cookies, and Yankee Doodle pastries. Product slogans lean heavily on vague but comforting phrases: Kinney is “The Great American Shoe Store,”General Electric “brings good things to life,”and Dow Chemical “lets you do great things.”Chevrolet, we are told, is the “heartbeat of America,”and Chrysler boasts cars that are “built by Americans for Americans.”3.Transfers In transfer, advertisers try to improve the image of a product byassociating it with a symbol most people respect, like the American flag or Uncle Sam. The advertisers hope that the prestige attached to the symbol will carry over to the product. Many companies use transfer devices to identify their products: Lincoln Insurance shows a profile of the president; Continental Insurance portrays a Revolutionary War minuteman; Amtrak’s logo is red, white, and blue; Liberty Mutual’s corporate symbol is the Statue of Liberty; Allstate’s name is cradled by a pair of protective, fatherly hands.Corporations also use the transfer techniques when they sponsor prestigious shows on radio and television. These shows function as symbols of dignity and class. Kraft Corporation, for instance, sponsored a “Leonard Bernstein Conducts Beethoven”concert, while Gulf Oil is the sponsor of National Geographic specials and Mobil supports public television’s Masterpiece Theater. In this way, corporations can reach an educated, influential audience and, perhaps, improve their public image by associating themselves with quality programming.Political ads, of course, practically wrap themselves in the flag. Ads for a political candidate often show the Washington Monument, a Fourth of July parade, the Stars and Strips, a bald eagle soaring over the mountains, or a white-steeple church on the village green. The national anthem or “America the Beautiful”may play softly in the background. Such appeals to Americans’love of country can surround the candidate with an aura of patriotism and integrity.4.Testimonial The testimonial is one of advertiser’s most-loved andmost-used propaganda techniques. Similar to the transfer device, the testimonial capitalizes on the admiration people have for a celebrity to make the product shine more brightly—even though the celebrity is not an expert on the product being sold.Print and television ads offer a nonstop parade of testimonials: here’s Cher for Holiday Spas; here’s basketball star Michael Jordan eating Wheaties; Michael Jackson sings about Pepsi.American Express features a slew of well-known people who assure us that they never go anywhere without their American Express card. Testimonials can sell movies, too; newspaper ads for films often feature favorable comments by well-known reviewers. And, in recent years, testimonials have played an important role in pitching books; the backs of paperbacks frequently list complimentary blurbs by celebrities.Political candidates, as well as their ad agencies, know the value of testimonials. Barbra Streisand lent her star appeal to the presidential campaign of Michael Dukakis, while Arnold Schwarzenegger endorsed George Bush. Even controversial social issues are debated by celebrities. The nuclear freeze, for instance, starred Paul Newman for the pro side and Charlton Heston for the con.As illogical as testimonials sometimes are (Pepsi’s Michael Jackson, for instance, is a health-food adherent who does not drink soft drinks), they are effective propaganda. We like the person so much that we like the product too. 5.Plain Folks The plain folks approach says, in effect, “Buy me or vote forme. I’m just like you.”Regular folks will surely like Bob Evans’s Down on the Farm Country Sausage or good old-fashioned Country time Lemonade. Some ads emphasize the idea that “we’re all in the same boat.”We see people making long-distance calls for just the reasons we do—to put the baby on the phone to Grandma or to tell Mom we love her. And how do these folksy, warmhearted (usually saccharine) scenes affect us? They’re supposed to make us feel that AT&T—the multinational corporate giant—has the same values we do.Similarly, we are introduced to the little people at Ford, the ordinary folks who work on the assembly line, not to bigwigs in their executive officers.What’s the purpose of such an approach? To encourage us to buy a car built by these honest, hardworking “everyday Joes”who care about quality as much as we do.Political advertisements make almost as much use of the “plain folks”appeal as they do of transfer devices. Candidates wear hard hats, farmers’caps, and assembly-line coveralls. They jog around the block and carry their own luggage through the airport. The idea is to convince voters that the candidates are average people, not the elite—not wealthy lawyers or executives but the common citizen.6.Bandwagon In the bandwagon technique, advertisers’pressure,“Everyone’s doing it. Why don’t you?”This kind of propaganda often succeeds because many people have a deep desire not to be different. Political ads tell us to vote for the “winning candidate.”The advertisers know we tend to feel comfortable doing what others do; we want to be on the winning team. Or ads show a series of people proclaiming, “I’m voting for the Senator. I don’t know why anyone wouldn’t.”Again, the audience feels under pressure to conform.In the marketplace, the bandwagon approach lures buyers. Ads tell us that “nobody, but all like Sara Lee”(the message is that you must be weird if you don’t). They tell us that “most people prefer Brand X two to one over other leading brands”(to be like the majority, we should buy Brand X). If we don’t drink Pepsi, we’re left out of “the Pepsi generation.”To take part in “America’s favorite health kick,”the National Dairy Council urges us to drink milk. And Honda motorcycle ads, praising the virtues of being a follower, tell us, “Follow the leader. He’s on a Honda.”Why do these propaganda techniques work? Why do so many of us buy the products, viewpoints, and candidates urged on us by propaganda message?They work because they appeal to our emotions, not to our minds. Often, in fact, they capitalize on our prejudices and biases. For example, if we are convinced that environmentalists are radicals who want to destroy America’s record of industrial growth and progress, then we will applaud the candidate who refers to them as “tree huggers.”Clear thinking requires hard work: analyzing a claim, researching the facts, examining both sides of an issue, using logic to see the flaws in an argument. Many of us would rather let the propagandists do our thinking for us.Because propaganda is so effective, it is important to detect it and understand how it is used. We may conclude, after close examination, that some propaganda sends a truthful, worthwhile message. Some advertising, for instance, urges us not to drive drunk, to become volunteers, to contribute to charity. Even so, we must be aware that propaganda is being used.Otherwise, we will have consented to handing over to others our independence of thought and action. AddictionThe word “addiction”is often used loosely and wryly in conversation. People will refer to themselves as “mystery book addicts”or “cookie addicts.”E.B. White writes of his annual surge of interest in gardening: “We are hooked and are making an attempt to kick the habit.”Yet nobody really believes that reading mysteries or ordering seeds by catalogue is serious enough to be compared with addictions to heroin or alcohol. The word “addiction”is here used jokingly to denote a tendency to overindulge in some pleasurable activity.People often refer to being “hooked on TV.”Does this, too, fall into the lighthearted category of cookie eating and other pleasures that people pursue with unusual intensity, or is there a kind of television viewing that falls into the more serious category of destructive addiction?When we think about addiction to drugs or alcohol, we frequently focus on negative aspects, ignoring the pleasure that accompany drinking or drug-taking. And yet the essence of any serious addiction is a pursuit of pleasure, a search for a “high”that normal life does not supply. It is only the inability to function without the addictive substance that is dismaying, the dependence of the organism upon a certain experience and an increasing inability to function normally without it. Thus a person we’ll take two or there drinks at the end of the day not merely for the pleasure drinking provides, but also because he “doesn’t feel normal”without them.An addict does not merely pursue a pleasurable experience and need to experience it in order to function normally. He needs to repeat it again and again. Something about that particular experience makes life without it less than complete. Other potentially pleasurable experiences are no longer possible, for under the spell of the addictive experience, his life is peculiarly distorted. The addict craves an experience and yet he is never really satisfied. The organism may be temporarily sated, but soon it begins to crave again.Finally a serious addiction is distinguished from a harmless pursuit of pleasure by its distinctly destructive elements. A heroin addict, for instance, leads a damaged life: his increasing need for heroin in increasing doses prevents him from working, from maintaining relationships, from developing in human ways. Similarly an alcoholic’s life is narrowed and dehumanized by his dependence on alcohol.Let us consider television viewing in the light of the conditions that define serious addictions. Not unlike drugs or alcohol, the television experience allows the participant to blot out the real world and enter into a pleasurable and passive mental state. The worries and anxieties of reality are as effectively deferred by becoming absorbed in a television program as by going on a “trip”induced by drugs or alcohol. And just as alcoholics are only inchoately aware of their addiction, feeling that they control their drinking more than they really do (“I can cut it out any time I want—I just like to have three or four drinks before dinner”), people similarly overestimate their control over television watching. Even as they put off other activities to spend hour after hour watching television, they feel they could easily resume, living in a different, less passive style. But somehow or other while the television set is presentin their homes, the click doesn’t sound. With television pleasures available, those other experiences seem less attractive, more difficult somehow.A heavy viewer (a college English instructor) observes: “I find television almost irresistible. When the set is on, I cannot ignore it. I can’t turn it off. I feel sapped, willess, enervated. As I reach out to turn off the set, the strength goes out of my arms. So I sit there for hours and hours.”The self-confessed television addict often feels he “ought”to do other things —but the fact that he doesn’t read and doesn’t plant his garden or sew or crochet or play games or have conversations means that those activities are no longer as desirable as television viewing. In a way a heavy viewer’s life is as imbalanced by his television “habit”as a drug addict’s or an alcoholic’s. He is living in a holding pattern, as it were, passing up the activities that lead to growth or development or a sense of accomplishment. This is one reason people talk about their television viewing so ruefully, so apologetically. They are aware that it is an unproductive experience, that almost any other endeavor is more worthwhile by any human measure.Finally it is the adverse effect of television viewing on the lives of so many people that defines it as a serious addiction. The television habit distorts the sense of time. It renders other experiences vague and curiously unreal while taking on a greater reality for itself. It weakens relationships by reducing and sometimes eliminating normal opportunities for talking, for communicating.And yet television does not satisfy, else why would the viewer continue to watch hour after hour, day after day? “The measure of health,” writes Lawrence Kubie “is flexibility and especially the freedom to cease when sated.” But the televis ion viewer can never be sated with his television experience—they do not provide the true nourishment that satiation requires—and thus he finds that he cannot stop watching.。

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GRE考试写作范文IssuePeople who are the most deeply committed to an idea or policy are the most critical of it.The speaker claims that people who are the most firmly committed to an idea or policy are the same people who are most critical of that idea or policy. While I find this claim paradoxical on its face, the paradox is explainable, and the explanation is well supported empirically. Nevertheless, the claim is an unfair generalization in that it fails to account for other empirical evidence serving to discredit it.A threshold problem with the speakers claim is that its internal logic is questionable. At first impression it would seem that firm commitment to an idea or policy necessarily requires the utmost confidence in it, and yet one cannot have a great deal of confidence in an idea or policy if one recognizes its flaws, drawbacks, or other problems. Thus commitment and criticism would seem to be mutually exclusive. But are they? One possible explanation for the paradox is that individuals most firmly committed to an idea or policy are often the same people who are most knowledgeable on the subject, and therefore are in the best position to understand and appreciate the problems with the idea or policy.Lending credence to this explanation for the paradoxical nature of the speakers claim are the many historical cases of uneasy marriages between commitment to and criticism of the same idea or policy. For example, Edward Teller, the so-called father of the atom bomb, was firmly committed to Americas policy of gaining military superiority overthe Japanese and the Germans; yet at the same time he attempted fervently to dissuade the U.S. military from employing his technology for destruction, while becoming the most visible advocate for various peaceful and productive applications of atomic energy. Another example is George Washington, who was quoted as saying that all the worlds denizens should abhor war wherever they may find it. Yet this was the same military general who played a key role in the Revolutionary War between Britain and the States. A third example was Einstein, who while committed to the mathematical soundness of his theories about relativity could not reconcile them with the equally compelling quantum theory which emerged later in Einsteins life. In fact, Einstein spent the last twenty years of his life criticizing his own theories and struggling to determine how to reconcile them with newer theories.In the face of historical examples supporting the speakers claim are innumerable influential individuals who were zealously committed to certain ideas and policies but who were not critical of them, at least not outwardly. Could anyone honestly claim, for instance, that Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, who in the late 19th Century paved the way for the womens rights movement by way of their fervent advocacy, were at the same time highly critical or suspicious of the notion that women deserve equal rights under the law? Also, would it not be absurd to claim that Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, historys two leading advocates of civil disobedience as a means to social reform, had serious doubts about the ideals to which they were so demonstrably committed? Finally, consider the two ideologues and revolutionaries Lenin and Mussolini. Is it even plausible that their demonstrated commitment to their own Communist and Fascist policies, respectively, belied some deep personal suspicion about the merits of these policies? To my knowledge no private writing of any of these historical figures lends any support to the claim that these leaders were particularly critical of their own ideas or policies.To sum up, while at first glance a deep commitment to and incisivecriticism of the same idea or policy would seem mutually exclusive, it appears they are not. Thus the speakers claim has some merit. Nevertheless, for every historical case supporting the speakers claim are many others serving to refute it. In the final analysis, then, the correctness of the speakers assertion must be determined on a case-by-case basis.GRE考试写作范文IssueTradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them.Must we choose between tradition and modernization, as the speaker contends? I agree that in certain cases the two are mutually exclusive. For the most part, however, modernization does not reject tradition; in fact, in many cases the former can and does embrace the latter.In the first place, oftentimes so-called modernization is actually an extension or new iteration of tradition, or a variation on it. This is especially true in language and in law. The modern English language, in spite of its many words that are unique to modern Western culture, is derived from, and builds upon, a variety of linguistic traditions--and ultimately from the ancient Greek and Latin languages. Were we to insist on rejecting traditional in favor of purely modern language, we would have essentially nothing to say. Perhaps an even more striking marriage of modernization and tradition is our system of laws in the U.S., which is deeply rooted in English common-law principles of equity and justice. Our system requires that new, so-called modern laws be consistent with, and in fact build upon, those principles.In other areas modernization departs from tradition in some respects, while embracing it in others. In the visual arts, for example, modern designs, forms, and elements are based on certain timeless aesthetic ideals--such as symmetry, balance, and harmony. Modern art that violates these principles might hold ephemeral appeal due to its novelty andbrashness, but its appeal lacks staying power. An even better example from the arts is modern rock-and-roll music, which upon first listening might seem to bear no resemblance to classical music traditions. Yet, both genres rely on the same twelve-note scale, the same notions of what harmonies are pleasing to the ear, the same forms, the same rhythmic meters, and even many of the same melodies.I concede that, in certain instances, tradition must yield entirely to the utilitarian needs of modern life. This is true especially when it comes to architectural traditions and the value of historic and archeological artifacts. A building of great historic value might be located in the only place available to a hospital desperately needing additional parking area. An old school that is a prime example of a certain architectural style might be so structurally unsafe that the only practicable way to remedy the problem would be to raze the building to make way for a modern, structurally sound one. And when it comes to bridges whose structural integrity is paramount to public safety, modernization often requires no less than replacement of the bridge altogether. However, in other such cases architecturally appropriate retrofits can solve structural problems without sacrificing history and tradition, and alternative locations for new buildings and bridges can be found in order to preserve tradition associated with our historic structures. Thus, even in architecture, tradition and modernization are not necessarily mutually exclusive options.To sum up, in no area of human endeavor need modernization supplant, reject, or otherwise exclude tradition. In fact, in our modern structures, architecture andGRE考试写作范文IssueBecause of television and worldwide computer connections, people can now become familiar with a great many places that they have never visited. As a result, tourism will soon become obsolete.The speaker asserts that television and computer connectivity will soon render tourism obsolete. I agree that these technologies might eventually serve to reduce travel for certain purposes other than tourism. However, I strongly disagree that tourism will become obsolete, or that it will even decline, as a result.As for the claim that television will render tourism obsolete, we already have sufficient empirical evidence that this will simply not happen. For nearly a half-century we have been peering through our television sets at other countries and cultures; yet tourism is as popular today as ever. In fact, tourism has been increasing sharply during the last decade, which has seen the advent of television channels catering exclusively to our interest in other cultures and countries. The more reasonable conclusion is that television has actually served to spark our interest in visiting other places.It is somewhat more tempting to accept the speakers further claim that computer connectivity will render tourism obsolete. However, the speaker unfairly assumes that the purpose of tourism is simply to obtain information about other people and places. Were this the case, I would entirely agree that the current information explosion spells the demise of tourism. But, tourism is not primarily about gathering information. Instead, it is about sensory experience--seeing and heating firsthand, even touching and smelling. Could anyone honestly claim that seeing a picture or even an enhanced 3-D movie of the Swiss Alps serves as a suitable substitute for riding a touting motorcycle along narrow roads traversing those mountains? Surely not. The physical world is laden with a host of such delights that we humans are compelled to experience firsthand as tourists.Moreover, in my view tourism will continue to thrive for the same reason that people still go out for dinner or to the movies: we all need to get away from our familiar routines and surroundings from time to 6me.Will computer connectivity alter this basic need? Certainly not. In short, tourism is a manifestation of a basic human need for variety and for exploration. This basic need is why humans have come to inhabit every corner of the Earth, and will just as surely inhabit other planets of the solar system.In fact, computer connectivity might actually provide a boon for tourism. The costs of travel and accommodations are likely to decrease due to Internet price competition. Even more significantly, to the extent that the Internet enhances communication among the worlds denizens, our level of comfort and trust when it comes to dealing with people from other cultures will only increase. As a result, many people who previously would not have felt safe or secure traveling to strange lands will soon venture abroad with a new sense of confidence.Admittedly, travel for purposes other than tourism might eventually decline, as the business world becomes increasingly dependent on the Internet. Products that can be reduced to digital bits and bites can now be shipped anywhere in the world without any human travel. And the volume of business-related trips will surely decline in the future, as teleconferencing becomes more readily available. To the extent that business travelers play tourist during business trips, tourism will decline as a result. Yet it would be absurd to claim that these phenomena alone will render tourism obsolete.In sum, while business travel might decline as a result of global connectivity, tourism is likely to increase as a result. Global connectivity, especially the Internet, can only pique our curiosity about other peoples, cultures, and places. Tourism helps satisfy that curiosity, as well as satisfying a fundamental human need to experience new things first-hand and to explore the world.GRE考试写作范文IssueHigh-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail and television, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication.Do high-speed means of communication, particularly television and computers, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication, as the speaker suggests? Although ample empirical evidence suggests so with respect to television, the answer is far less dear when it comes to communication via computers.Few would argue that since its inception broadcast television has greatly enhanced communication to the masses. The circulation of even the most widely read newspapers pales compared to the number of viewers of popular television news programs. Yet traditional television is a one-way communications medium, affording viewers no opportunity to engage those so-called talking heads in dialogue or respond. Of course, there is nothing inherent about television that prevents us from meaningful and thoughtful communication with each other. In fact, in televisions early days it was a fairly common occurrence for a family to gather around the television together for their favorite show, then afterwards discuss among themselves what they had seen and heard. Yet over time television has proven itself to serve primarily as a baby-sitter for busy parents, and as an means of escape for those who wish to avoid communicating with the people around them. Moreover, in the pursuit of profit, network executives have determined over time that the most effective uses of the medium are for fast-paced entertainment and advertising--whose messages are neither thoughtful nor meaningful.Do computers offer greater promise for thoughtful and reflective communication than television? Emphatically, yes. After all, media such as email and the Web are interactive by design. And the opportunity for two-way communication enhances the chances of meaningful and thoughtful communication. Yet their potential begs the question: Do these media in fact serve those ends? It is tempting to hasten that the answer isyes with respect to email; after are, weve all heard stories about how email has facilitated reunions of families and old friends, and newlong-distance friendships and romances. Moreover, it would seem that two-way written communication requires far more thought and reflection than verbal conversation. Nevertheless, email is often used to avoidface-to-face encounters, and in practice is used as a means of distributing quick memos. Thus on balance it appears that email serves as an impediment, not an aide, to thoughtful and reflective communication.With respect to Web-based communication, the myriad of educational sites, interactive and otherwise, is strong evidence that the Web tends to enhance, rather than prevent, meaningful communication. Distance learning courses made possible by the Web lend further credence to this assertion. Nonetheless, by all accounts it appears that the Web will ultimately devolve into a mass medium for entertainment and for e-commerce, just like traditional television. Meaningful personal interactivity is already yielding to advertising, requests for product information, buy-sell orders, and titillating adult-oriented content.Thus, on balance these high-speed electronic media do indeed tend to prevent rather than facilitate meaningful and thoughtful communication. In the final analysis, any mass medium carries the potential for uplifting us, enlightening us, and helping us to communicate with and understand one another. However, by all accounts, television has not fulfilled that potential; and whether the Web will serve us any better is ultimately up to us as a society.。