课程西方社会与文化考试形式闭卷（90）分钟
考试日期阅卷教师得分
班级姓名学号
Part I. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). (10%)
1.The Commonwealth of Nations includes all European countries. _________
2.Northern Ireland is significant because of its manufacturing industry. _________
3.Most British people are Protestants while most Irish people are Catholics.________
4.The oldest institution of government in Britain is the Monarchy. _____________
5.The divine right of the king means the sovereign derived his authority from his subjects.
________
6.Britain, like Israel, has a written constitutions of the sort which most countries have.______
7.In the UK, a government cannot stand for longer than five years except in exceptional
circumstances. ________
8.In the UK, anyone who is eligible to vote with 500 pounds as deposit can stand as an MP.
9.The purpose of British education is not only to provide children with literacy and the other
basic skills but also to socialize children.
10.Public schools are part of the national education system and funded by the government. Part II. Choose the answer that best completes the statement or answers the questions. (60%)
1.Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of London?
A. The cultural centre.
B. The business centre.
C. The financial centre.
D. The sports centre.
2. Which of the following is NOT true about the characteristics of Britain?
A. Economic differences between north and south.
B. Differences of social systems between Scotland and Wales.
C. Class differences between a white-collar worker and a blue-collar worker.
D. Cultural differences between immigrants and the British.
3. The Tower of London, a historical sight, located in the centre of London, was built by ________.
A. King Arthur
B. Robin Hood
C. Oliver Cromwell
D. William the Conqueror
4. Who were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.
A. The Anglo-Saxons
B. The Normans
C. The Vikings
D. The Romans
5. In the 17th century, the English government encouraged people from Scotland and Northern England to emigrate to the north of Ireland, because_________
A. they wanted to increase its control over England
B. they had too many people and didn’t have enough space for them to live in Britain
C. they intended to expand their investment
D. they believed that Ireland was the best place for them
6. In 1969, the first British soldiers were seen on Northern Ireland street. They came first_______.
A. to maintain traffic order in Northern Ireland
B. to protect Catholics
C. to protect Protestants
D. to replace the Royal Ulster Constabulary since they were unable to keep social order
7. How many counties are there in Northern Ireland?
A. 26
B. 6
C. 32
D. 20
8. Which of the following is NOT a true description of the Queen’s role?
A. The Queen selects the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.
B. The Queen symbolizes the tradition and unity of the British state.
C. The Queen acts as a confidante to the Prime Minister.
D. The Queen is the temporal head of the Church of England
9. Which of the following is NOT a feature of the House of Lords?
A. Lords do not receive salaries and many do not attend Parliament sittings.
B. It consists of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.
C. The lords are expected to represent the interests of the public.
D. Most of the lords in the House of Lords are males.
10. Which of the following is NOT true about the electoral campaigns?
A. Big parties can buy time to broadcast their policies on the television.
B. There is a limit on the amount of money candidates can spend in their constituency campaign.
C. Candidates and their supporters go door-to-door persuading voters to vote for them.
D. Candidates criticize each other’s policies to show how good their own policies are.
11. Which of the following description about the Conservative party is NOT true?
A. It has been in power for an unusually long period of time.
B. It prefers policies that protect individual’s rights.
C. It receives a lot of the funding from big companies.
D. It is known as a party of high taxation levels.
12. Which of the following statements is NOT true about class system in the UK?
A. People of different classes tend to read different kinds of newspapers.
B. Class division is only decided by people’s income.
C. Though social advancement is possible, class affects a person’s life chances.
D. The way people speak may identify them as belonging to a particular class.
13. Which of the following is NOT a true description of the situation of ethnic minorities in the UK?
A. They are well represented in the British Parliament.
B. They are economically poorer than the white population.
C. They are treated unfairly by the justice system.
D. They are threatened by some racist groups.
14. Which of the following is NOT an effect of immigration on British society?
A. There is now a varied cuisine for people to choose from.
B. Class tension has increased.
C. New forms of popular music have emerged.
D. Different religious beliefs have been practiced actively.
15. Which of the following was NOT the reason for the relative economic decline since 1945?
A. Britain did not invest in modern equipment and new products.
B. Britain spent a high proportion of its national wealth on the military.
C. Britain had been heavily in debt to finance the war.
D. Britain had carried out the nationalization of the business.
16. Where is the best agricultural land in Britain?
A. In the southeast of England.
B. In the northeast of England.
C. In the southeast of Scotland.
D. In the northeast of Scotland.
17. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the hereditary aristocracy in the UK?
A. The noble titles can be inherited by the children.
B. They usually own historic houses in the country.
C. They are the richest people in the UK.
D. The senior members can be lords in the House of Lords.
18. In Britain, the great majority of parents send their children to _______.
A. private schools
B. independent schools.
C. state schools.
D. public schools.
19. If a student wants to go to university in Britain, he will take the examination called__________.
A. General Certificate of Education---Advanced.
B. General Certificate of Secondary Education.
C. the common entrance examination.
D. General National V ocational Qualifications.
20. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Open University?
A. It’s open to everybody.
B. It requires no formal educational qualifications.
C. No university degree is awarded.
D. University courses are followed through TV, radio, correspondence, etc.
21. Which of the following is NOT true about the British education system?
A. It’s run by the state.
B. It’s funded by the state.
C. It’s supervised by the state.
D. It’s dominated by the state.
22. Which countries are the permanent members of the UN Security Council?
A. France, China, Germany, Russia and Britain
B. The United States, France, Britain, Germany and Russia
C. China, Russia, France, Britain and the United States
D. China, Britain, France, the United States and Japan.
23. Which of the following is not involved in making the British foreign policy?
A. The Queen of Britain.
B. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
C. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet.
D. The Ministry of Defence and the Treasury.
24. Three of the following factors have contributed to B ritain’s special relationship with the United
States to a certain degree. Which is the exception?
A. Britain and the United States share the general ideas in many respects.
B. They have common interests in every respect.
C. They agree generally on how the world economy should be managed.
D. They have special links in culture.
25. Which of the following countries does not have nuclear weapons capabilities?
A. Britain.
B. The United States. C Italy. D. Russia.
26. Which of the following is NOT true about football in Britain?
A. Millions of people attend the FA games each season.
B. “Football hooligans” sometimes have violent clashes.
C. It was invented by the Scottish people.
D. It was once described as “beastly” violent.
27. Where is the international tennis championships held?
A. Wembley.
B. Wimbledon.
C. London
D. Edinburgh.
28. Which one of the following is NOT particularly British Christmas tradition?
A. Enjoying the Pantomime.
B. The Queen broadcasting her Christmas message.
C. Eating chocolate eggs.
D. Shopping on the Boxing Day.
29. Easter commemorates _____________.
A. the birth of Jesus Christ.
B. the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ.
C. the coming of spring.
D. the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ.
30. Whi ch celebration particularly happens on the Queen’s birthday?
A. Bonfires.
B. The Orange March.
C. Trooping the Colour.
D. Masquerades.
Part III. Fill in the blanks. (10%)
1.The full name of the United Kingdom is the _______________ and Northern Ireland.
2.In Britain, the official head of state is________ while the real centre of political life is in
the House of Commons.
3.The most important function of the Parliament is to __________.
4.The party which wins the majority seats in parliament forms the government and its party
leader becomes ____________.
5.There are three major parties in the UK: the Conservative party, __________ and the
Liberal Democratic party.
6.________, popularly known as “The Jewel in the Crown” of the British Empire, gained its
independence in 1947.
7.Since the discovery of oil and gas under the ________, Britain has gained a strong position
in the offshore oil industry.
8.Since 1945, the UK economy has experienced relative decline rather than decline.
9.Children in Britain must receive a full-time education legally from the ages of ______ and
sixteen.
10.The two oldest universities in Britain are Oxford and _________.
Part IV. Tell what you know about the following in your own words. (20%)
1.The Good Friday Agreement
2.The Bill of Rights of 1689
3.Relative decline of the UK economy
4.Privatisation in the 1980s
5.The Open University
英美社会与文化复习题 L Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements. The two main islands of the British Isles are Samuel Johnson's dictionary was influential in establishing a standard form of ___________ ? A. grammar B. handwriting C. spelling D. pronunciation At present, nearly ________ of the worlds population communicate in English. A. half B ? a quarter C. one third D. one fifth attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410. A. Norman B. Danish C. Celtic D. Germanic became the dominant religion in England? B. Anglo-Saxon Christianity D. Roman Christianity Westminster Abbey was built at the time of A. St. Augustine C ? William the Conqueror The _______ marked the establishment of feudalism in England. A ? Viking invasion B. signing of the Magna Carta C- Norman Conquest D ? Adoption of common law The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of . D. the House of Lancaster The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIIFs effort to A. divorce his wife B. break with Rome C. support the Protestants D. declare his supreme power over the church The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between ________ ? A ? Protestants and Puritans B. Royalists and Parliamentarians A. Great Britain and Ireland B. Great Britain and Scotland C. Great Britain and Wales D. Great Britain and England _______ is the capital city of Scotiand. A. Belfast B. Edinburgh According to a 2005 estimate, Britain now has a population of over A.160 B.600 C. 60 C. Aberdeen D. Cardiff million. D. 16 is the smallest. Among the four parts of the United Kingdom, A. England B. Scotland C. Wales Almost a quarter of the British population lives in ________ England. A. northeastern B. southeastern C. northwestern D. Northern Ireland D. southwestern English belongs to the _______ group of Indo-European family of languages. A. Celtic B. Indo-Iranian C. Germanic D ? Roman The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element of English. A. Danish and Finnish B. Dutch and German words to C. French and Italian D. Latin and Greek The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by the ______ B. Dutch C. German A. Norman influence. D. Danish The By the late 7th century, A. Celtic Christianity C ? Germanic Christianity B. Edward the Confessor D. Alfred the Great A. the House of Valois B. the House of York C ? the House of Tudor
西方文化概论 一、爱琴文明： 是指发源于克里特岛的米诺斯王国，在公元前17-15世纪达到鼎盛。文化学家与历史学家们通常把克里特文明以及后来出现的迈锡尼文明统称为爱琴文明。 二、荷马史诗： 是指古希腊时期荷马创作的《伊利亚特》和《奥德修纪》两部作品，作品将英雄传说与 神界故事糅杂在一起，向后人展现了一幅波澜 壮阔的画面。它表现了从氏族社会末期到奴隶 社会初期古希腊的社会生活以及古希腊人的英雄主义、集体主义精神和幸福在人间的入世精神、肯定人的力量和尊严的人文精神。 三：希腊神话“神人同形同性”反映了什么样的文化精神？ 四、希腊悲剧：它反映的文化精神是一种人文精神，其核心是自然崇拜和感觉主义。而自然崇拜和感觉主义特点典型地体现在对人的自然形体和现世生活的肯定和赞美之中，这是一种幸福在人间的入世精神和乐观主义精神（人定胜天）。肉体和与精神的原始和谐使整个希腊文化呈现出一种田园诗般纯净悠扬的意境。 希腊悲剧起源于酒神祭典仪式。它基本上取材于神话与传说，以古代的英雄故事作为主要内容。悲剧的主题反映的是悲剧主人公的个人意志与不可抗拒的客观必然性（“命运”）的紧张关系。代表作家是埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯和欧里庇德斯。 十三、如何从罗马兵制的变化认识罗马盛衰的历程？ 罗马帝国衰亡的一个至关重要的原因是军队性质的蜕变以及由此而导致的军事无政府状态。 早期：公民兵制，即成年公民在战时即士兵，非战时即解甲归田。这种兵制所构成的连队是非职业化的，具有很强的战斗力，因为他们是为了自己的利益和荣誉而战。 中期：公元前二世纪末，实行募兵制，罗马军团成为与生产相脱离的职业军队，士兵参军是为了财产而非国家和 荣誉，他们将自己的命运与将领联系 在一起。这种兵制动摇了共和国的根 基。 后期，雇佣兵制，罗马帝国时期，士 兵的构成是外族人和奴隶。这种士兵 主要为了统治罗马人而雇佣的，他们 掠夺是罗马人自己，罗马人从战争受 惠者变成战争的受害者。这种兵制导 致了罗马军队战斗力的锐减。 五、希腊悲剧的“命运”主题具有什 么深刻寓意？ “命运”是指某种不可 抗拒的客观必然性。悲剧中人与命运 的冲突没有善恶的明确区分和截然对 立，冲突双方处于一种原始的和谐状 态。相对于希腊人来说，“命运”是不 可理解的，因为它是一种感性世界背 后的抽象的本质或规律，它是处于感 性思维阶段的希腊人所难以企及的。 这种“命运”主题的基调是悲壮的、 崇高的。 六、如何理解希腊化时期东西方之间 的文化交流？ “希腊化”时代是亚历 山大帝国的一个文化后果。“希腊化” 一词的含义是指希腊文化在空间地域 上的扩展，它的直接结果就是希腊文 化向东方各地区的传播和渗透。在亚 历山大帝国瓦解后，处于埃及和东方 的托勒密和塞琉西王国继续推行“希 腊化”政策，在东方推行希腊的生活 方式和文化成果。“希腊化”的过程实 际上是一双向文化交流的过程，把希 腊与东方在文化上联系为一个相互融 通的整体，一方面，希腊文化向东方 渗透和扩张，另一方面，东方文化对 希腊以及后来的罗马又进行着反向渗 透，源于东方的君主专制主义和官僚 体制、奢侈放荡的享乐主义以及形形 色色的神秘主义和彼岸主义和宗教信 仰渗透到了西方，改变着西方文化的 面貌。 七、如何评价希腊化时期的文化精 神？ 从表面上看，希腊化时代 是希腊文化在地域上的推广和扩展， 但是从实质上看，希腊化时代却是希 腊文化精神的衰颓和没落。由于政治 的腐败、生活的腐朽、思想的衰竭， 希腊文化在此时期开始从崇高向平庸 和腐化堕落方向转化，政治上向东方 专制主义、官僚主义发展，神秘主义 和彼岸性宗教精神也渗透到希腊精神 之中。八、罗马英雄主义： 在罗马共和国时期，为了 国家利益和个人荣誉，不惜牺牲生命 的雄浑悲壮的英雄主义精神。 九、罗马文化的基本特点是什么？ 功利主义是整个罗马文 化的特点。共和其间，功利主义与国 家利益和个人荣誉联系在一起；帝国 期间它与阴谋与贪婪联系在一起，为 了私欲牺牲国家。 十、《民法大全》： 它是罗马查士丁尼时代 编纂的罗马法的总汇，后来成为中世 纪教会法的基本依据，它通过中世纪 继续对现代西方法律体系发生着深刻 的影响。 十一、功利主义： 是整个罗马文化的基本 特点。在罗马共和国时期，功利主义 与国家利益和个人荣誉联系在一起， 因此功利主义焕发出一种磅礴的气 势，是悲壮、崇高和理想化的。到了 罗马帝国时期，它与物欲主义联系在 一起，呈现出贪婪、麻木、阴险的特 征。 十二、罗马法的主要内容和范围包括 什么？ 从内容上看，罗马法涉及民法、商法、 刑法等诸多领域。罗马的民法体系又 分为人法、财产法和程序法等三个部 分。 从法律规范的范围来看，罗马法又可 分为公民法、万民法和自然法。 《民法大全》是罗马法的总汇。 十三、如何从罗马兵制的变化认识罗 马盛衰的历程？ 罗马帝国衰亡的一个至关重要的原因 是军队性质的蜕变以及由此而导致的 军事无政府状态。 早期：公民兵制，即成年公民在战时 即士兵，非战时即解甲归田。这种兵 制所构成的连队是非职业化的，具有 很强的战斗力，因为他们是为了自己 的利益和荣誉而战。 中期：公元前二世纪末，实行募兵制， 罗马军团成为与生产相脱离的职业军 1
1.The word "culture" is most commonly used in three basic senses: Excellence of taste in the fine arts and humanities, also known as high culture. An integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning. The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group. 2.Some historians believe the West originated in the northern and eastern Mediterranean with ancient Greece and ancient Rome. Over time, their associated empires grew first to the east and south, conquering and absorbing many older great civilizations; later, they grew to the north and west to include Western Europe. 3.Western culture is a term used to generally refer to most of the cultures of European origin and most of their descendants. 4.Foundations of Western Culture are: ancient Greece (concretely Greek philosophy), the Roman Empire (specifically Roman law), Catholic and Protestant Christianity. 5.Western culture originates from 2 ancient cultures: Hellenistic culture （ emphasizing rationality）and Hebraic culture （emphasizing virtue & discipline） 6. 3 most noted achievements of ancient Greeks: Mythology; Architecture; philosophy. 7.Greek Mythology, set of diverse traditional tales told by the ancient Greeks about the exploits of gods and heroes and their relations with ordinary mortals. 8.The Greek gods resembled human beings in their form and in their emotions. 9.The Olympians refers to the twelve major gods and godd esses dwelling on Mount Olympus. 10.Zeus is the god of gods, the god of sky, the supreme god, the father of both gods and men. 11.Hermes (Mercury) is god of physicians and thieves; messenger of gods. 12.Apollo is the sun god, the god of music, a god of prophecy. 13.Dionysus is god of wine and ecstasy. 14.Hephaestus is god of fire; celestial blacksmith. 15.Athena is the goddess of war, wisdom and handicraft. 16.Hera is queen of heaven and of the Olympians, the goddess of marriage and family, the protectress of married women and their legal children. 17.Poseid on is the god of sea, the protector of seamen, the god of earthquakes and tsunamis. 18.Had es is god of the und erworl d. 19.Two of the most important of the semi historical myths involve the search for the Golden Fleece and the quest that led to the Trojan War. 20.Aphrodite is the godd ess of l ove and beauty, the protectress of sailors. 21.Heracles is a divine hero, the son of Zeus and Alcmene, stepson of
英国足球文化
英国足球文化 体育文化是社会亚文化的一部分,英国足球文化的产生、发展受社会文化的整体制约,同时折射了社会文化的特征 1 引言 英格兰2018年和2022年世界杯申办形象大使贝克汉姆2009年12月3日在接受媒体采访时说:“足球渗透在我们的文化里,存在于我们的DNA之中。从我们降生到这世界上,足球就和我们在一起,永远不分离。” 从贝克汉姆这段话中,我们可以感受到足球与英国文化的紧密关系。这项现代运动起源于英国,在英国成长壮大,并传播到世界各地,成为当今世界第一大运动。体育文化是一种亚文化,与社会文化息息相关。英国足球运动的起源与发展植根于广泛的英国社会背景之中,渗透与折射着英国文化的特点。以往国内对英国足球与英国文化的研究非常少,仅有的一两篇文献或者没有全面论证英国足球与英国文化的密切关系,或者缺乏具体的实例和深入的论述。本研究在查阅大量文献资料的基础上,从以下几个方面阐述英国足球运动反映出的英国文化中的典型特点:绅士文化、民族国家、岛国心态与阶级意识,力求理论依据翔实,论据充分。 2 英国足球折射出的英国文化 2.1 绅士文化 绅士风度是英国民族文化的外在表现,绅士风度是英国社会各阶层在向上流社会看齐过程中,以贵族精神为基础,掺杂了各阶层的某些价值观念融合而成的。绅士的形象植根于中世纪的骑士精神。在中世纪,青年男子(往往出身贵族———
经济上才能支付得起成为骑士要满足的条件)要从小接受严格的训练,经过严格的程序才能成为骑士;骑士在受到召唤时要挺身而出,勇敢地为道义而战,率领、鼓励人们英勇顽强地奋战到底。与骑士精神紧密联系的历史事件是长达200年的十字军东征,英国军队挥舞红底金狮的旗帜以鼓舞士气,英格兰国王理查德一世因其骁勇善战而获得“狮心理查”称号。狮子在西方文化中也成为勇气、忠诚与高贵的象征。 英格兰足协的徽章“ThreeLions(三只狮子)”非常鲜明地体现了英国足球对骑士精神的继承:勇气、力量与自豪。狮子(lion)和狮心(lion2heart)是英国报纸描述足球运动员时常用的词。英国足球风格素以英勇、顽强、充满战斗精神著称。“在赛场上,英国球队运动员各个都如骑士般,体现着正直、英勇、公正、牺牲、荣誉的骑士的一些典型特征。他们跑动积极,拼抢凶猛,长传冲吊,与对手进行正面的‘交锋’,动作干脆粗犷”。欧洲大陆媒体对英国足球打法的评价是运动员勇往直前,讲求速度与拼搏,但不擅长(或不屑于)搞迂回,不讲求计谋。 绅士文化的内涵随着英国社会的发展发生着变化。大批海外殖民地建立以后,大英帝国的缔造者们意识到,仅有勇气和冒险精神不够。“大英帝国越是变成一种统治责任,……统治机构就越是感到需要保持英格兰人的‘纯洁性’。随着国外财富日积月累,国内开始强调道德规范”。维多利亚时代(1837—1901年)被公认为绅士文化发展到顶峰的时代。整个社会崇尚荣誉,讲究风度、外表举止和礼节,恪守公开竞赛、公平竞争的“费厄泼赖(fairplay)”的价值观念。 这些礼节与价值观念反映在当时的足球运动中。英国19世纪的报纸赛事报道上,对足球运动员一概冠以Mr.(先生)的称号。成立于1882年的克林西安俱
填空题 1.古罗马的最美的主管爱情的女神维纳斯源于希腊爱与美之神阿芙罗狄蒂。 2.公元前450年颁布的《十二铜表法》是罗马的第一个成文法，它是平民反 对贵族斗争取得的成果。 3.罗克起家的克马前三头同盟指靠镇压斯巴达克拉苏、凭借剿灭海盗和胜利 结束米特里达提战争的庞培和野心勃勃的没落贵族恺撒。 4.在临终之际，君士坦丁接受了基督教洗礼，成为罗马帝国的第一位基督教 皇帝。 5.公元313年，罗马皇帝颁布了《米兰赦令》，标志着基督教在罗马帝国获 得了合法地位。 6.公元476年，摇摇欲坠了三个世纪的西罗马帝国终于在日耳曼族的冲击之 下彻底瓦解。 7.1054年在东西教会的大分裂和1071年塞尔柱突阙人对耶路撒冷的占领， 而它们的结果就是历史上著名的十字军东征。 8.中世纪臭名昭著却又令人谈虎色变的宗教裁判所是基督教不宽容的暴虐态 度的“杰作”。 9.阿维农之囚是教会在中世纪所遭受的最沉重的打击和最难堪的耻辱，那段 时间教廷几乎沦为法国的一个行政机构。 10.欧洲三十年宗教战争最终以《威斯特伐利亚和约》的签订而结束，这个和 约至今仍然在影响着欧洲人的宗教生活。 11.1618—1648的战争结束后，随着人们对教义纷争和宗派冲突的兴趣日益 淡薄，宗教宽容开始逐渐成为新的时代特征。
12.麦哲伦船队完成了人类历史上第一次环球旅行，从而证明整个世界，至少 是南半球，在海洋上是相通的。 13.古罗马执政官屋大维使罗马进行了由共和国向帝国的转变。 14.公元前2世纪，罗马帝国亚历山大里亚的科学家托勒密在其著作《天文学 大成》提出“地心说”理论。 15.地理大发现与文艺复兴和宗教改革被称为西方中世纪文化和近代文化之间 的历史分水岭。 16.19世纪末，西方资本主义国家先后完成了第二次工业/产业革命而走向强 盛，英国垄断世界市场的霸主时代结束了。 17.16世纪，葡糖帝萄牙建立了强大的贸易帝国，主要包括南大西洋的蔗国和 印度洋的香料帝国。 18.重商主义是18世纪在欧洲受欢迎的政治经济体制。它建立在这样的信念 上：即一国的国力基于通过贸易顺差所获得的财富。 19.公元18世纪后，势力均衡的国际政治格局使得罗马时代的恺撒帝国在近 代西方完全失去了再生的土壤。 20.“看不见的手”是苏格兰经济学家、哲学家亚当斯密在其经济学著作《国富 论》提出的。 21.古罗马著名诗人维吉尔的史诗《埃涅阿斯记》，以文学形式重新塑造了罗马 的历史，将罗马的起源与荷马史诗中的特洛伊英雄联系在一起。 22.在西罗马帝国灭亡后的1000年时间里，基督教作为一种唯一的意识形态， 对塑造西方文化的基本特征起到了难以估量的重要作用。 23.西欧封建社会的基本经济单元是“小而全”的庄园。
《英美社会与文化》教学大纲 一、课程的任务和目的： 《英美社会与文化》是介绍英国社会和美国社会方方面面文化知识的一门课程。开设本课的目的在于使学生通过学习，了解英美国家的历史、政治、地理、社会、经济、教育等方面的情况及其文化传统，内容庞杂、信息量大。 培养学生正确分析有关英美等国问题的能力，并能以正确的眼光看待世界上所发生的问题，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性和宽容性，培养学生跨文化交际能力。培养学生成为热爱祖国、热爱社会主义、为国家繁荣发展而奋斗的人才。 同时，通过课文学习和各种实践，达到提高英语水平的目的。通过学习英美文化和中外文化的比较，让学生切身感受到成功的交际仅有语言是远远不够的，文化方面的学习有时所起的作用远远大于语言本身，文化积累必将为英语学习者未来的学习和工作打下坚实的基础。 二、课程主要内容： 主要包括英美两国的政治体制、政府形式、教育制度、新闻媒体、体育运动、节日假日、社会问题、科技成果、著名景区、流行文化等内容，目的在于开阔学生的视野，扩大他们的知识面，并注意借鉴最新研究成果，合理吸收最新知识，进一步增强其实用性。
第四章：英国政府 教学要求：通过教学使学生了解英国君主政体的形成过程和基本特点，议会的形式和职责，首相和内阁的产生过程，当代英国政府的内部构成，宪法和议会的历史由来，英国王室的作用，上下议院各自的职能。 教学重点：君权神授、内战、大宪章、大议会、1689年《权利法案》、内阁、首相、宪法、议会的权利与职能、君主的角色、上议院、下议院。 第六章：英国教育制度 教学要求：通过教学使学生了解英国教育制度历史上的不同发展阶段，当代基础教育制度的特点，高等教育制度的基本情况。 教学重点：英国教育制度的目的、教育与社会阶层的关系、教会对学校的影响、1944年教育法案、综合制中学、语法学校、国家课程、公立学校、GCSE、GCE-A、GNVQs、开放大学。 第九章：英国媒体
1.Western culture originates from two ancient cultures, _____________culture and _____________ culture. 2.Western culture is a term used to generally refer to most of the cultures of _____________origin and most of their descendants. 3.The foundations of Western Culture are _____________, _____________ and Catholic and Protestant Christianity. 4.Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are 3 great ancient Greek philosophers, _____________ is Plato’s mentor, _____________ is Plato’s student. 5.Western culture originates from the Hebraic-Christian culture that is undoubtedly embodied in and founded upon the _____________. 6.Christianity was the inheritor and the reformer of _____________. 7._____________is the collection of books written prior to the life of Jesus but accepted by Christians as scripture. 8.The Torah, or “Instruction”, is also known as the “Five Books” of _____________. 9.Christianity is a _____________ religion centered on the life and teachings of _____________ as presented in the New Testament. 10.Adherents of Christianity, known as Christians, believe that Jesus is the only begotten _____________ and _____________ (Christ) prophesied in the Hebrew Bible. 11.Christian theology claims that Jesus Christ is a_____________, the model of a _____________, the _____________of God, as well as an _____________of God, and most importantly _____________ of humanity who suffered, died, and was resurrected to bring about salvation from _____________. 12.Christians maintain that Jesus ascended into heaven, and most denominations teach that Jesus will return to judge _____________ and _____________, granting everlasting life to his _____________. 13.Christians call the message of Jesus Christ the _____________. 14.Following the Age of Discovery, through_____________and _____________, Christianity spread to the Americas and the rest of the world. 15.Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization at least since the _____________ century. 16.As of the early 21st century, Christianity has between 1.5 billion and 2.1 billion adherents, representing about _____________the world’s population and is the world’s largest religion. 17.Most Christian groups see God as the _____________ who created the
填空题 1．希腊神话中的美神是（阿佛洛狄忒），她在罗马神话中被称为（维纳斯）希腊神话中的三代神王分别是（乌兰诺斯）、（克洛诺斯）、（宙斯），希腊神话中的智慧女神是（雅典娜），美神是（阿佛洛狄忒），酒神是（狄奥尼索斯）2．关于希腊神话与传说的最著名的史诗是荷马的（伊利亚特）和（奥德修记），而对众神谱系进行系统性梳理的则是赫西俄德的（神谱） 希腊神话主要是（地中海）世界神话与北方印欧语世界神话融合的结果，在“黑暗时代“末期杂乱无章的希腊神话传说进行编撰整理工作的两位重要人物是荷马和（赫西俄德）希腊悲剧的命运主题典型地表现在（俄狄浦斯）杀父娶母的悲剧故事中。在希腊神话中，真正具有形而上学意义的决定性力量是潜藏在诸神背后的（命运） 3 以克洛诺斯为首的老一辈神族是（提坦）神族，以宙斯为首的新一代希腊神族是（奥林匹斯）神族；与希腊正统宗教相对立的希腊民间神秘祭叫做（奥尔弗斯）。4．西方的历史之父是（希罗多德），悲剧之父是（埃斯库罗斯），哲学之父是（泰勒斯），雅典民主制的杰出领袖是（伯里克利） 希腊最杰出的唯心主义哲学家是（柏拉图）。他的哲学体系通常被称为（理念论）/希腊最主要的唯物主义哲学家是（泰勒斯），他的哲学体系通常被称作（水本原说）；希腊哲学和科学思想的集大成者是（亚里士多德）。 雅典民主制的杰出领袖是（伯里克利），在希腊城邦时期因其思想的超越性而殉道、并且成为后来整个西方文化的“圣人”的是（苏格拉底） < 希腊宗教的基本特点主要表现为直观的自然崇拜和明朗的感觉主义，而整个希腊文化的个性特征就是（和谐之美） 与奥林匹斯神话相对应的希腊民间神秘祭叫做（奥尔弗斯） 柏拉图之后，对基督教神学思想影响最大的两个非基督教哲学家是（普罗提诺）和（斯多葛） 柏拉图关于（理念世界）与感觉世界二远对立的思想成为基督教神学的重要理论来源。 西方教会的著名教父（奥古斯丁）在《上帝之城》一书中为基督教的灵肉对立思想和修道运动奠定了理论基础。 在罗马的早期扩张中，罗马与它在地中海地区的头号劲敌（迦太基）进行了三次艰苦的战争，这些战争被称为（布匿）战争。 5．罗马历史上的“前三头同盟”是指（克拉苏）、（庞培）和（恺撒）为了共同对抗元老院而缔结的政治同盟。 《 罗马历史上的“后三头同盟“是指（屋大维）、（安东尼）和（雷必达）之间的同盟。 6．《圣经》中的“旧约”是指（摩西）在西乃上上代表全体犹太人与上帝订立的和约；“新约”则是指（耶稣）在十字架上代表全人类与上帝订立的和约。弥赛亚运动的末世论到（救赎说）的发展，是基督教最终摆脱犹太教而成为一种世界性宗教的重要标志。
哈工大 2013 年 春 季学期 大学英语社会与文化试题 (B) Part I True or False Questions (0.5 x 40 = 20 Points ) Directions: Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to what you have learned in the textbook. And write your answers on the Answer Sheet . 01. Most of Australia’s u nique plants and animals are imported form other continents. 02. Keats, Shelley and Byron brought the Romantic Movement to its height 03. Sinn Fein is a legal political party in Northern Ireland. Part II Multiple Choice Questions ( 0.5 x 50 = 25 points ) Directions: Choose the best answer to each statement or question according to the information you have got in the textbook. And Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. 01. How many counties are there in Northern Ireland? A. 26 B. 6 C. 32 D. 20 02. Which of the following is NOT an effect of immigration on British society? A. There is now a varied cuisine for people to choose from. B. Class tension has increased. C. New forms of popular music have emerged. D. Different religious beliefs have been practiced actively. 03. Which of the following is a privately funded university in Britain? A. The University of Cambridge. B. The University of Oxford. C. The University of Edinburgh. D. The University of Buckingham. Part III Filling in the Blanks (0.5 x 60 = 30 Points ) Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct answer according to the facts that you have learned in the textbook and you can select your answers from the following reference words. And write your answers on the Answer Sheet. 01. Shakespeare’s plays fall into three categories: , comedies and history plays. 02. Comprehensive schools provide a general education from subjects like literature and science to more practical subjects like cooking and carpentry. 03. Britain has one of the world’s oldest established newspaper industries. The Times , which began publishing in 1785, is Britain’s oldest newspaper.
第一章古希腊罗马文化 第一节 1、如何认识古希腊文明的时间跨度和空间范围？ （1）、地域范围： 古代希腊的概念是一个大希腊的概念，包括希腊本土、小亚细亚和西亚沿海地区、南意大利地区，甚至伊比利亚半岛和北非。 （2）、时间跨度： 古代希腊文化包括三个发展阶段： A、克里特－迈锡尼时代的文化（公元前26－前12世纪） 黑暗时代（公元前12－前8世纪） B、希腊城邦时代的文化（公元前8－前4世纪） C、希腊化时代的文化（公元前4－前2世纪） 2、赫西俄德的《神谱》具有什么文化学意义? 从文化学角度来看，赫西俄德的《神谱》具有两方面的重要意义：第一，它通过神系的生殖原则反映了一种朴素的宇宙起源论和自然演化观；第二，它蕴含着一种自我否定为动力的社会进化思想。 从第一方面来看，希腊神话的神谱不仅仅是神的家族史，同时也反映了希腊人的宇宙生成观，神的衍生和交替也就是自然过程的发生和演进。这种通过神系的生殖原则来说明宇宙起源和自然演化过程的神话思维图景，构成了哲学和科学产生之前人们唯一的世界观。 从第二方面来看，以内在的自我否定作为神系延续和发展的契机是希腊神话的又一个基本特征。这种维持神系更新和发展的自我否定机制使希腊神话表现出一种新陈代谢的社会进化思想，而在背后决定着诸神的兴衰泰否的就是那个不出场的“命运”。这种通过“命运”的“看不见之手”来实现神系更迭和自然进化的思想，构成了希腊神话中最深刻的思想，同时也成为整个西方文化在漫长的历史过程中不断实现自我否定和自我超越的形而上的动力。 第二节 1、希腊神话的“神人同形同性”特点反映了什么样的文化精神？ A：神人同形——希腊人的自然崇拜和感觉主义，崇尚完美的形体。 B：神人同性——神与人一样具有七情六欲、喜怒哀乐，像人一样会犯错，经常到人间来滋生是非、拈花惹草。
一、古希腊古罗马文化对西方的影响 古希腊罗马文化是一种重理性、重现实的文化，是一种入世、关注现实社会世俗生活的文化。古希腊文化是西方文化的源头，罗马文化使希腊文化世界化。 “言必称希腊”，希腊文化对西方文化的影响主要在七个方面：1、文学上创造了彪炳千古的古希腊神话，建立了体系完整的“神谱”。不仅为西方文学提供了许多母题和素材，而且影响着西方文化的核心精神。父子反目，主母反告，英雄史诗，悲剧等文学母题为西方文学提供了肥沃的土壤。古希腊史学是西方史学的源头，希罗多德的《历史》成为西方史学的开山之作，他创立的以史实为中心的历史叙述的形式为后世的历史叙述体奠定了基础，为编纂历史的通用体裁。修昔底德的《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》开创了成熟的“范例历史学”记载的先河，为后世的历史学家树立了光辉的榜样。 2、在政治体制上，古希腊的雅典民主制是后世西方的政治思想和制度的雏形，其民主政体的理论和实践为后来欧美资产阶级提供了思想基础。它实施的民主选举和轮流执政为西方所继承。 3、古希腊宗教是西方民主思想的启蒙者，古希腊宗教与古希腊神话密不可分，它强调万物有灵的“泛灵论”。古希腊宗教使人们拥有相当程度的思想自由和政治权利，促进了理性主义的萌芽，为孕育西方的民主革命提供了思想、理论上的准备。 4、古希腊的建筑形式是欧洲建筑艺术的源泉和宝库，对西方建筑有着深远而意义重大的影响，是西欧建筑的开拓者。如神庙、雅典卫城及立柱成为西方所特有的风格。 5、希腊文化对西方雕塑也产生重大影响，古希腊神话不仅为西方雕塑提供了素材，更丰富了西方雕塑的文化内涵和艺术价值，使得西方雕塑多关注神灵和人体。 6、古希腊留给西方哲学的遗产就是西方哲学的本身，古希腊哲学是西方哲学的发源地，开启了世界哲学研究的诸多领域，奠定了哲学派别的基础。诞生了一批伟大的哲学家苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里斯多德等，古典希腊哲学对以后西方各种唯物主义和唯心主义、辩证法和形而上学的思想都起到了启蒙的作用，并且奠定了人类对于自然、社会和思维认识的基础。 7、古希腊四大祭礼竞技赛会对西方体育竞技有深远影响，并且形成了体系较为完备的体育理论和体育精神。奥林匹克运动会至今仍受到世界上各个国家的重视。 罗马文化大多是对希腊文化的继承和发展，也有创新：1、创造了影响深远的拉丁文字母，从拉丁语中派生出葡萄牙语、西班牙语、法语、意大利语、罗马尼亚语等近代语言，是欧洲许多国家语言的源泉2、共和政体上，罗马开创了王权、贵族、民主三种政体的混合，为西方提出了丰富的政治理论和范例。3、在法律上建立了严密的法律体系《十二铜表法》。奠定了西方法律体系的基础，尤其是《民权大法》中规定的“公民的私有财产神圣不可侵犯”，成为后世西方法律中永恒的主题。4、古罗马建筑对后世的西方建筑有着深远的影响。罗马人的建筑多采用圆拱圆顶的营造方式，形成了凯旋门、长方形教堂、圆形运动场、竞技场、万神庙之类的建筑风格，同时对西方的道路网有一定的启示意义。5、古罗马文化对西方历史有重要意义，塔西佗《历史》客观主义写史原则促进了西方史学认识，凯撒《高卢战记》提供了西方历史的脉络。6、文学、哲学上大多继承希腊文化，也有发展。古罗马使希腊世界化孕育了西方的“世界精神”，是西方文学和哲学的源泉之一。 二、一个国家民族的文化和民族性格与其自身的历史传统息息相关，举实例分析 俄罗斯也是如此，在其民族国家历史发展进程中的几个关键时期发生的重大事件对其文明特征、民族性格的影响巨大。 在基辅罗斯时期，“罗斯受洗”引入的东正教和拜占庭文化，给其民族性格打上了深深的烙印。源自基督宗教的对人类的终极关怀推动了俄罗斯民族坚韧不拔、富有耐心、充满幻想
1.The term Western world, the West or the Occident can have multiple meanings dependent on its context. Some historians believe the West originated in the northern and eastern Mediterranean with _____ancient Greece_______ and _Ancient Rome___________. Over time, their associated empires grew first to the east and south, conquering and absorbing many older great civilizations; later, they grew to the north and west to include_Western Europe___________. 2.Since the Renaissance, the West evolved beyond the influence of the ancient Greeks, Romans and Muslims due to the_commercial___________, Scientific, and _industrial revolution___________, and the expansion of the ___christian_________ peoples of Western European empires, and particularly the globe-spanning empires of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Since the____age of discovery________ and _columbus___________, the notion of the West expanded to include _the Americas___________, though much of the Americas have considerable pre-Western cultural influence. __Australia__________ and _New Zealand___________ are considered part of Western culture due to their former status as _settler colonies ___________of Western Christian nations. 3.In the current political or economic context the term the "West" often includes developed ___oriental_________ nations in Asia, such as Israel, Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, and South Korea, that additionally have strong political and military ties to Western Europe, NATO or the United States. 4.Western culture or Western civilization is a term used to generally refer to most of the cultures of __European__________ origin and most of their descendants. It comprises the broad, geographically based, heritage of __social norms__________, __ethical values__________, __traditional custo ms__________ (such as religious beliefs) and specific artifacts and technologies as shared within the Western sphere of influence. 5.The origins of Western culture are often referred to as "three pillars": __ ancient Greece__________ (concretely Greek philosophy) ；the ancient Rome____________ (specifically Roman law)；Catholic____________ and Protestant Christianity____________. 1.Christianity is a ____ monotheistic _神论________ religion centered on the life and teachings of __ Jesus ___________ as presented in the New Testament. 2.Adherents of Christianity, known as Christians, believe that Jesus is the only begotten _ Son of God ____________ and __ the Messiah ___________ (Christ) prophesied in the Hebrew Bible. 3.Christian theology claims that Jesus Christ is a__ a teacher ___________, the model of a __ virtuous life ___________, the _revealer __启示者__________of God, as well as an _incarnation 化身____________of God, and most importantly _ the savior 救世主____________ of humanity who suffered, died, and was resurrected to bring about salvation from __ sin ___________. 4.Christians maintain that Jesus ascended into heaven, and most denominations教派teach that Jesus will return to judge __ the living ___________ and _ the dead ____________, granting everlasting 来世life to his _ followers ____________. 5.Christians call the message of Jesus Christ the Gospel福音，真理_____________. 6.Like Judaism and Islam, Christianity is classified as an __ Abrahamic _亚伯拉罕__________ religion. 7.Christianity began as a _ Jewish ___________sect in the eastern Mediterranean, quickly grew in size and influence over a few decades, and by the 4th century had become the dominant religion within the Roman Empire.