陈聪 英文翻译文献初稿

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Elastic image matchingAbstractOne fundamental problem in image recognition is to establish the resemblance of two images. This can be done by searching the best pixel to pixel mapping taking into account monotonicity and continuity constraints. We show that this problem is NP-complete by reduction from 3-SAT, thus giving evidence that the known exponential time algorithms are justified, but approximation algorithms or simplifications are necessary.Keywords: Elastic image matching; Two-dimensional warping; NP-completeness 1. IntroductionIn image recognition, a common problem is to match two given images, e.g. when comparing an observed image to given references. In that pro-cess, elastic image matching, two-dimensional (2D-)warping (Uchida and Sakoe, 1998) or similar types of invariant methods (Keysers et al., 2000) can be used. For this purpose, we can define cost functions depending on the distortion introduced in the matching andsearch for the best matching with respect to a given cost function. In this paper, we show that it is an algorithmically hard problem to decide whether a matching between two images exists with costs below a given threshold. We show that the problem image matching is NP-complete by means of a reduction from 3-SAT, which is a common method of demonstrating a problem to be intrinsically hard (Garey and Johnson, 1979). This result shows the inherent computational difficulties in this type of image comparison, while interestingly the same problem is solvable for 1D sequences in polynomial time, e.g. the dynamic time warping problem in speech recognition (see e.g. Ney et al., 1992). This has the following implications: researchers who are interested in an exact solution to this problem cannot hope to find a polynomial time algorithm, unless P=NP. Furthermore, one can conclude that exponential time algorithms as presented and extended by Uchida and Sakoe (1998, 1999a,b, 2000a,b) may be justified for some image matching applications. On the other hand this shows that those interested in faster algorithms––e.g. for pattern recognition purposes––are right in searching for sub-optimal solutions. One method to do this is the restriction to local optimizations or linear approximations of global transformations as presented in (Keysers et al., 2000). Another possibility is to use heuristic approaches like simulated annealing or genetic algorithms to find an approximate solution. Furthermore, methods like beam search are promising candidates, as these are used successfully in speech recognition, although linguistic decoding is also an NP-complete problem (Casacuberta and de la Higuera, 1999). 2. Image matchingAmong the varieties of matching algorithms,we choose the one presented by Uchida and Sakoe(1998) as a starting point to formalize the problem image matching. Let the images be given as(without loss of generality) square grids of size M×M with gray values (respectively node labels)from a finite alphabet &={1，…，G}. To define thed：&×&→N , problem, two distance functions are needed,one acting on gray valuesg measuring the match in gray values, and one acting on displacement differences :Z×Z→N , measuring the distortion introduced by t he matching. For these distance ddfunctions we assume that they are monotonous functions (computable in polynomial time) of the commonly used squared Euclid-ean distance, i.ed g (g 1,g 2)=f 1(||g 1-g 2||²)and d d (z)=f 2(||z||²) monotonously increasing. Now we call the following optimization problem the image matching problem (let µ={1，…M} ).Instance: The pair( A ; B ) of two images A and B of size M×M .Solution: A mapping function f :µ×µ→µ×µ.Measure:c （A,B,f ）=),(),(j i f ij g B Ad ∑μμ⨯∈),(j i+∑⨯-⋅⋅⋅∈+-+μ}1,{1,),()))0,1(),(())0,1(),(((M j i d j i f j i f dμ⨯-⋅⋅⋅∈}1,{1,),(M j i +∑⋅⋅⋅⨯∈+-+1}-M ,{1,),()))1,0(),(())1,0(),(((μj i d j i f j i f d 1}-M ,{1,),(⋅⋅⋅⨯∈μj iGoal:min f c(A,B,f).In other words, the problem is to find the mapping from A onto B that minimizes the distance between the mapped gray values together with a measure for the distortion introduced by the mapping. Here, the distortion is measured by the deviation from the identity mapping in the two dimensions. The identity mapping fulfills f(i,j)=(i,j),and therefore ，f((i,j)+(x,y))=f(i,j)+(x,y)The corresponding decision problem is fixed by the followingQuestion:Given an instance of image matching and a cost c′, does there exist a ma pping f such that c(A,B,f)≤c′?In the definition of the problem some care must be taken concerning the distance functions. For example, if either one of the distance functions is a constant function, the problem is clearly in P (for d g constant, the minimum is given by the identity mapping and for d d constant, the minimum can be determined by sorting all possible matching for each pixel by gray value cost and mapping to one of the pixels with minimum cost). But these special cases are not those we are concerned with in image matching in general.We choose the matching problem of Uchida and Sakoe (1998) to complete the definition of the problem. Here, the mapping functions are restricted by continuity and monotonicity constraints: the deviations from the identity mapping may locally be at most one pixel (i.e. limited to the eight-neighborhood with squared Euclidean distance less than or equal to 2). This can be formalized in this approach bychoosing the functions f1,f2as e.g.f 1=id，f2(x)=step(x):=⎩⎨⎧.2,)10(,2,0>≤⋅xGxMM3. Reduction from 3-SAT3-SAT is a very well-known NP-complete problem (Garey and Johnson, 1979), where 3-SAT is defined as follows:Instance: Collection of clauses C={C1，···,CK} on a set of variables X={x1， (x)L}such that each ckconsists of 3 literals for k=1，···K .Each literal is a variable or the negation of a variable.Question:Is there a truth assignment for X which satisfies each clause ck, k=1，···K ?The dependency graph D（Ф）corresponding to an instance Ф of 3-SAT is defined to be the bipartite graph whose independent sets are formed by the set of clauses Cand the set of variables X .Two vert ices ck and x1are adjacent iff ckinvolvesx 1or-xL.Given any 3-SAT formula U, we show how to construct in polynomial time anequivalent image matching problem l（Ф）=（A(Ф),B(Ф)）; . The two images of l （Ф）are similar according to the cost function （i.e.f:c(A(Ф),B(Ф),f）≤0) iff the formulaФ is satisfiable. We perform the reduction from 3-SAT using the following steps:• From the formula Ф we construct the dependency graph D（Ф）.• The dependency graph D（Ф）is drawn in the plane.• The drawing of D（Ф）is refined to depict the logical behaviour of Ф , yielding two images（A(Ф),B(Ф)）.For this, we use three types of components: one component to represent variables of Ф , one component to represent clauses of Ф, and components which act as interfaces between the former two types. Before we give the formal reduction, we introduce these components.3.1. Basic componentsFor the reduction from 3-SAT we need five components from which we will construct the in-stances for image matching , given a Boolean formula in 3-DNF,respectively its graph. The five components are the building blocks needed for the graph drawing and will be introduced in the following, namely the representations of connectors,crossings, variables, and clauses. The connectors represent the edges and have two varieties, straight connectors and corner connectors. Each of the components consists of two parts, one for image A and one for image B , where blank pixels are considered to be of the‘background ’color.We will depict possible mappings in the following using arrows indicating the direction of displacement (where displacements within the eight-neighborhood of a pixel are the only cases considered). Blank squares represent mapping to the respective counterpart in the second image.For example, the following displacements of neighboring pixels can be used with zero cost:On the other hand, the following displacements result in costs greater than zero:Fig. 1 shows the first component, the straight connector component, which consists of a line of two different interchanging colors,here denoted by the two symbols◇and□. Given that the outside pixels are mapped to their respe ctive counterparts and the connector is continued infinitely, there are two possible ways in which the colored pixels can be mapped, namely to the left (i.e. f(2,j)=(2,j-1)) or to the right (i.e. f(2,j)=(2,j+1)),where the background pixels have different possibilities for the mapping, not influencing the main property of the connector. This property, which justifies the name ‘connector ’, is the following: It is not possible to find a mapping, which yields zero cost where the relative displacements of the connector pixels are not equal, i.e. one always has f(2,j)-(2,j)=f(2,j')-(2,j'),which can easily be observed by induction over j'.That is, given an initial displacement of one pixel (which will be ±1 in this context), the remaining end of the connector has the same displacement if overall costs of the mapping are zero. Given this property and the direction of a connector, which we define to be directed from variable to clause, wecan define the state of the connector as carrying the‘true’truth value, if the displacement is 1 pixel in the direction of the connector and as carrying the‘false’ truth value, if the displacement is -1 pixel in the direction of the connector. This property then ensures that the truth value transmitted by the connector cannot change at mappings of zero cost.Image A image Bmapping 1 mapping 2Fig. 1. The straight connector component with two possible zero cost mappings.For drawing of arbitrary graphs, clearly one also needs corners,which are represented in Fig. 2.By considering all possible displacements which guarantee overall cost zero, one can observe that the corner component also ensures the basic connector property. For example, consider the first depicted mapping, which has zero cost. On the other hand, the second mapping shows, that it is not possible to construct a zero cost mapping with both connectors‘leaving’the component. In that case, the pixel at the position marked‘? ’either has a conflict (that i s, introduces a cost greater than zero in the criterion function because of mapping mismatch) with the pixel above or to the right of it,if the same color is to be met and otherwise, a cost in the gray value mismatch term is introduced.image A image Bmapping 1 mapping 2Fig. 2. The corner connector component and two example mappings.Fig. 3 shows the variable component, in this case with two positive (to the left) and one negated output (to the right) leaving the component as connectors. Here, a fourth color is used, denoted by ·.This component has two possible mappings for thecolored pixels with zero cost, which map the vertical component of the source image to the left or the right vertical component in the target image, respectively. (In both cases the second vertical element in the target image is not a target of the mapping.) This ensures±1 pixel relative displacements at the entry to the connectors. This property again can be deducted by regarding all possible mappings of the two images.The property that follows (which is necessary for the use as variable) is that all zero cost mappings ensure that all positive connectors carry the same truth value,which is the opposite of the truth value for all the negated connectors. It is easy to see from this example how variable components for arbitrary numbers of positive and negated outputs can be constructed.image A image BImage C image DFig. 3. The variable component with two positive and one negated output and two possible mappings (for true and false truth value).Fig. 4 shows the most complex of the components, the clause component. This component consists of two parts. The first part is the horizontal connector with a 'bend' in it to the right.This part has the property that cost zero mappings are possible for all truth values of x and y with the exception of two 'false' values. This two input disjunction，can be extended to a three input dis-junction using the part in the lower left. If the z connector carries a 'false' truth value, this part can only be mapped one pixel downwards at zero cost.In that case the junction pixel (the fourth pixel in the third row) cannot be mapped upwards at zero cost and the 'two input clause' behaves as de-scribed above. On the other hand, if the z connector carries a 'true' truth value, this part can only be mapped one pixel upwards at zero cost,and the junction pixel can be mapped upwards,thus allowing both x and y to carry a 'false' truth value in a zero cost mapping. Thus there exists a zero cost mapping of the clause component iff at least one of the input connectors carries a truth value.image Aimage B mapping 1(true,true,false)mapping 2 (false,false,true,)Fig. 4. The clause component with three incoming connectors x, y , z and zero cost mappings forthe two cases(true,true,false)and (false, false, true).The described components are already sufficient to prove NP-completeness by reduction from planar 3-SAT (which is an NP-complete sub-problem of 3-SAT where the additional constraints on the instances is that the dependency graph is planar),but in order to derive a reduction from 3-SAT, we also include the possibility of crossing connectors.Fig. 5 shows the connector crossing, whose basic property is to allow zero cost mappings if the truth–values are consistently propagated. This is assured by a color change of the vertical connector and a 'flexible' middle part, which can be mapped to four different positions depending on the truth value distribution.image Aimage Bzero cost mappingFig. 5. The connector crossing component and one zero cost mapping.3.2. ReductionUsing the previously introduced components, we can now perform the reduction from 3-SAT to image matching .Proof of the claim that the image matching problem is NP-complete:Clearly, the image matching problem is in NP since, given a mapping f and two images A and B ,the computation of c（A,B,f）can be done in polynomial time. To prove NP-hardness, we construct a reduction from the 3-SAT problem. Given an instance of 3-SAT we construct two images A and B , for which a mapping of cost zero exists iff all the clauses can be satisfied.Given the dependency graph D ,we construct an embedding of the graph into a 2D pixel grid, placing the vertices on a large enough distance from each other (say100（K+L）² ).This can be done using well-known methods from graph drawing (see e.g.di Battista et al.,1999).From this image of the graph D we construct the two images A and B , using the components described above.Each vertex belonging to a variable is replaced with the respective parts of the variable component, having a number of leaving connectors equal to the number of incident edges under consideration of the positive or negative use in the respective clause. Each vertex belonging to a clause is replaced by the respective clause component,and each crossing of edges is replaced by the respective crossing component. Finally, all the edges are replaced with connectors and corner connectors, and the remaining pixels inside the rectangular hull of the construction are set to the background gray value. Clearly, the placement of the components can be done in such a way that all the components are at a large enough distance from each other, where the background pixels act as an 'insulation' against mapping of pixels, which do not belong to the same component. It can be easily seen, that the size of the constructed images is polynomial with respect to the number of vertices and edges of D and thus polynomial in the size of the instance of 3-SAT, at most in the order （K+L）².Furthermore, it can obviously be constructed in polynomial time, as the corresponding graph drawing algorithms are polynomial.Let there exist a truth assignment to the variables x1，…，xL, which satisfies allthe clauses c1，…，cK. We construct a mapping f , that satisfies c（f,A,B）=0 asfollows.For all pixels (i, j ) belonging to variable component l with A（i，j）not of the background color,set f（i，j）=（i，j-1）if xlis assigned the truth value 'true' , set f（i，j）=（i，j+1）, otherwise. For the remaining pixels of the variable component set A（i，j）=B（i，j），if f（i，j）=（i，j）, otherwise choose f（i，j）from{(i,j+1),(i+1,j+1),(i-1,j+1)}for xl'false' respectively from {(i,j-1),(i+1,j-1),(i-1,j-1)}for xl'true ',such that A（i，j）=B（f（i，j））. This assignment is always possible and has zero cost, as can be easily verified.For the pixels（i，j）belonging to (corner) connector components,the mapping function can only be extended in one way without the introduction of nonzero cost,starting from the connection with the variable component. This is ensured by thebasic connector property. By choosing f （i ，j ）=（i,j ）for all pixels of background color, we obtain a valid extension for the connectors. For the connector crossing components the extension is straight forward, although here ––as in the variable mapping ––some care must be taken with the assign ment of the background value pixels, but a zero cost assignment is always possible using the same scheme as presented for the variable mapping.It remains to be shown that the clause components can be mapped at zero cost, if at least one of the input connectors x , y , z carries a ' true' truth value.For a proof we regard alls even possibilities and construct a mapping for each case. In thedescription of the clause component it was already argued that this is possible,and due to space limitations we omit the formalization of the argument here.Finally, for all the pixels （i ，j ）not belonging to any of the components, we set f （i ，j ）=（i ，j ）thus arriving at a mapping function which has c （f ，A ，B ）=0。

基金管理外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：英文原文Is Money Really “Smart”? New Evidence on the Relation Between Mutual Fund Flows, Manager Behavior, and Performance PersistenceRuss WermersMutual fund returns strongly persist over multi-year periods—that is the central finding of this paper. Further, consumer and fund manager behavior both play a large role in explaining these longterm continuation patterns—consumers invest heavily in last-year’s winning funds, and managers of these winners invest these inflows in momentum stocks to continue to outperform other funds for at least two years following the ranking year. By contrast, managers of losing funds appear reluctant to sell their losing stocks to finance the purchase of new momentum stocks, perhaps due to a disposition effect. Thus, momentum continues to separate winning from losing managers for a much longer period than indicated by prior studies.Even more surprising is that persistence in winning fund returns is not entirely explained by momentum—we find strong evidence that flow-related buying, especially among growth-oriented funds, pushes up stock prices. Specifically, stocks that winning funds purchase in responseto persistent flows have returns that beat their size, book-to-market, and momentum benchmarks by two to three percent per year over a four-year period. Cross-sectional regressions indicate that these abnormal returns are strongly related to fund inflows, but not to the past performance of the funds—thus, casting some doubt on prior findings of persistent manager talent in picking stocks. Finally, at the style-adjusted net returns level, we find no persistence, consistent with the results of prior studies. On balance, we confirm that money is smart in chasing winning managers, but that a “copycat” s trategy of mimicking winning fund stock trades to take advantage of flow-related returns appears to be the smartest strategy.Eighty-eight million individuals now hold investments in U.S. mutual funds, with over 90 percent of the value of these investments being held in actively managed funds. Further, actively managed equity funds gain the lion’s share of consumer inflows—flows of net new money to equity funds (inflows minus outflows) totalled $309 billion in 2000, pushing the aggregate value of investments held by these funds to almost $4 trillion at year-end 2000. While the majority of individual investors apparently believe in the virtues of active management in general, many appear to hold even stronger beliefs concerning the talents of subgroups of fund managers—they appear to believe that, among the field of active managers, superior managers exist that can “beat the market” for long periods of time. In particular, Morningstar and Lipper compete vigorouslyfor the attention of these true believers by providing regular fund performance rankings, while popular publications such as Money Magazine routinely profile “star” mutual fund managers. In addition, investor dollars, while not very quick to abandon past losing funds, aggressively chase past winners (see, for example, Sirri and Tufano (1998)).Are these “performance-chasers” wasting their money and time, or is money “smart”? Several past papers have attempted to tackle this issue, with somewhat differing results. For example, Grinblatt and Titman (1989a, 1993) find that some mutual fund managers are able to consistently earn positive abnormal returns before fees and expenses, while Brown and Goetzmann (1995; BG) attribute persistence to inferior funds consistently earning negative abnormal returns. Gruber (1996) and Zheng (1999) examine persistence from the viewpoint of consumer money flows to funds, and find that money is “smart”—that is, money flows disproportionately to funds exhibiting superior future returns. However, the exact source of the smart money effect remains a puzzle—does smart money capture manager talent or, perhaps, simply momentum in stock returns?1 More recently, Carhart (1997) examines the persistence in net returns of U.S. mutual funds, controlling for the continuation attributable to priced equity styles (see, for example, Fama and French (1992, 1993, 1996), Jegadeesh and Titman (1993), Daniel andTitman (1997), and Moskowitz and Grinblatt (1999)). Carhart finds little evidence of superior funds that consistently outperform their style benchmarks—specifically, Carhart finds that funds in the highest net return decile (of the CRSP mutual fund database) during one year beat funds in the lowest decile by about 3.5 percent during the following year, almost all due to the one-year momentum effect documented by Jegadeesh and Titman (1993) and to the unexplained poor performance of funds in the lowest prior-year return decile.2 Thus, Carhart (1997) suggests that money is not very smart. Recent studies find somewhat more promising results than Carhart (1997). Chen, Jegadeesh, and Wermers (1999) find that stocks most actively purchased by funds beat those most actively sold by over two percent per year, while Bollen and Busse (2002) find evidence of persistence in quarterly fund performance. Wermers (2000) finds that, although the average style-adjusted net return of the average mutual fund is negative (consistent with Carhart’s study), high-turnover funds exhibit a net return that is significantly higher than low-turnover funds. In addition, these highturnover funds pick stocks well enough to cover their costs, even adjusting for style-based returns. This finding suggests that fund managers who trade more frequently have persistent stockpicking talents. All of these papers provide a more favorable view of the average actively managed fund than prior research, although none focus on the persistence issue with portfolio holdings data.This study examines the mutual fund persistence issue using both portfolio holdings and net returns data, allowing a more complete analysis of the issue than past studies. With these data, we develop measures that allow us to examine the roles of consumer inflows and fund manager behavior in the persistence of fund performance. Specifically, we decompose the returns and costs of each mutual fund into that attributable to (1) manager skills in picking stocks having returns that beat their style-based benchmarks (selectivity), (2) returns that are attributable to the characteristics (or style) of stockholdings, (3) trading costs, (4) expenses, and (5) costs that are associated with the daily liquidity offered by funds to the investing public (as documented by Edelen (1999)). Further, we construct holdings-based measures of momentum-investing behavior by the fund managers. Together, these measures allow an examination of the relation between flows, manager behavior, and performance persistence.In related work, Sirri and Tufano (1998) find that consumer flows react about as strongly to one-year lagged net returns as to any other fund characteristic. In addition, the model of Lynch and Musto (2002) predicts that performance repeats among winners (but not losers), while the model of Berk and Green (2002) predicts no persistence (or weak persistence) as consumer flows compete away any managerial talent. Consistent with Sirri and Tufano (1998), and to test the competing viewpoints of Lynchand Musto (2002) and Berk and Green (2002), we sort funds on their one-year lagged net returns for most tests in this paper. While other ways of sorting funds are attempted.DataWe merge two major mutual fund databases for our analysis of mutual fund performance. Details on the process of merging these databases is available in Wermers (2000). The first database contains quarterly portfolio holdings for all U.S. equity mutual funds existing at any time between January 1, 1975 and December 31, 1994; these data were purchased from Thomson/CDA of Rockville, Maryland. The CDA dataset lists the equity portion of each fund’s holdings (i.e., the shareholdings of each stock held by that fund) along with a listing of the total net assets under management and the self-declared investment objective at the beginning of each calendar quarter. CDA began collecting investment-objective information on June 30, 1980; we supplement these data with hand-collected investment objective data from January 1, 1975.The second mutual fund database is available from the Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) and is used by Carhart (1997). The CRSP database contains monthly data on net returns, as well as annual data on portfolio turnover and expense ratios for all mutual funds existing at any time between January 1, 1962 and December 31, 2000. Further details on the CRSP mutual fund database are available from CRSP.These two databases were merged to provide a complete record of the stockholdings of a given fund, along with the fund’s turnover, expense ratio, net returns, investment objective, and total net assets under management during the entire time that the fund existed during our the period of 1975 to 1994 (inclusive).5 Finally, stock prices and returns were obtained from the CRSP stock files.Performance-Decomposition Methodology In this study, we use several measures that quantify the ability of a mutual fund manager to choose stocks, as well as to generate superior performance at the net return level. These measures, in general, decompose the return of the stocks held by a mutual fund into several components in order to both benchmark the stock portfolio and to provide a performance attribution for the fund. The measures used to decompose fund returns include:1. the portfolio-weighted return on stocks currently held by the fund, in excess of returns (during the same time period) on matched control portfolios having the same style characteristics (selectivity)2. the portfolio-weighted return on control portfolios having the same characteristics as stocks currently held by the fund, in excess of time-series average returns on those control portfolios (style timing)3. the time-series average returns on control portfolios having the same characteristics as stocks currently held (style-based returns)4. the execution costs incurred by the fund5. the expense ratio charged by the fund6. the net returns to investors in the fund, in excess of the returns to an appropriate benchmark portfolio.The first three components of performance, which decompose the return on the stocks held by a given mutual fund before any trading costs or expenses are considered, are briefly described next. We estimate the execution costs of each mutual fund during each quarter by applying recent research on institutional trading costs to our stockholdings data—we also describe this procedure below. Data on expense ratios and net returns are obtained directly from the merged mutual fund database. Finally, we describe the Carhart (1997) regression-based performance measure, which we use to benchmark-adjust net returns.The Ferson-Schadt Measure Ferson and Schadt (FS, 1996) develop a conditional performance measure at the net returns level. In essence, this measure identifies a fund manager as providing value if the manager provides excess net returns that are significantly higher than the fund’s matched factor benchmarks, both unconditional and conditional. The conditional benchmarks control for any predictability of the factor return premia that is due to evolving public information. Managers, therefore, are only labeled as superior if they possess superior private information on stock prices, and not if they change factor loadings over time in response to public information. FS also find that these conditionalbenchmarks help to control for the response of consumer cashflows to mutual funds. For example, when public information indicates that the market return will be unusually high, consumers invest unusually high amounts of cash into mutual funds, which reduces the performance measure, “alpha,” from an unconditional model (such as the Carhart model). This reduction in alpha occurs because the unconditional model does not control for the negative market timing induced by the flows. Edelen (1999) provides further evidence of a negative impact of flows on measured fund performance. Using the FS model mitigates this flow-timing effect. The version of the FS model used in this paper starts with the unconditional Carhart four-factor model and adds a market factor that is conditioned on the five FS economic variables.Decomposing the Persistence in Mutual Fund ReturnsSirri and Tufano (1998) find that consumer flows react about as strongly to one-year lagged net returns as to any other fund characteristic. In addition, the model of Lynch and Musto (2002) predicts that performance repeats among winners (but not losers), while the model of Berk and Green (2002) predicts no persistence (or weak persistence) as consumer flows compete away any managerial talent. Consistent with Sirri and Tufano (1998), and to test the competing viewpoints of Lynch and Musto (2002) and Berk and Green (2002), we sort funds on their one-year lagged net returns for the majority of tests in the remainder ofthis paper. When appropriate, we provide results for other sorting approaches as well.中文译文资金真的是“聪明”吗？关于共同基金流动，经理行为和绩效持续性关系的新证据作者：Russ Wermers此外，基金的复苏在多年期间强烈持续- 这是本文的核心发现。

智能交通系统中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文:Traffic Assignment Forecast Model Research in ITS IntroductionThe intelligent transportation system (ITS) develops rapidly along with the city sustainable development, the digital city construction and the development of transportation. One of the main functions of the ITS is to improve transportation environment and alleviate the transportation jam, the most effective method to gain the aim is to forecast the traffic volume of the local network and the important nodes exactly with GIS function of path analysis and correlation mathematic methods, and this will lead a better planning of the traffic network. Traffic assignment forecast is an important phase of traffic volume forecast. It will assign the forecasted traffic to every way in the traffic sector. If the traffic volume of certain road is too big, which would bring on traffic jam, planners must consider the adoption of new roads or improving existing roads to alleviate the traffic congestion situation. This study attempts to present an improved traffic assignment forecast model, MPCC, based on analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of classic traffic assignment forecast models, and test the validity of the improved model in practice.1 Analysis of classic models1.1 Shortcut traffic assignmentShortcut traffic assignment is a static traffic assignment method. In this method, the traffic load impact in the vehicles’ travel is not considered, and the traffic impedance (travel time) is a constant. The traffic volume of every origination-destination couple will be assigned to the shortcut between the origination and destination, while the traffic volume of other roads in this sector is null. This assignment method has the advantage of simple calculation; however, uneven distribution of the traffic volume is its obvious shortcoming. Using this assignment method, the assignment traffic volume will be concentrated on the shortcut, which isobviously not realistic. However, shortcut traffic assignment is the basis of all theother traffic assignment methods.1.2 Multi-ways probability assignmentIn reality, travelers always want to choose the shortcut to the destination, whichis called the shortcut factor; however, as the complexity of the traffic network, thepath chosen may not necessarily be the shortcut, which is called the random factor.Although every traveler hopes to follow the shortcut, there are some whose choice isnot the shortcut in fact. The shorter the path is, the greater the probability of beingchosen is; the longer the path is, the smaller the probability of being chosen is.Therefore, the multi-ways probability assignment model is guided by the LOGIT model:∑---=n j ii i F F p 1)exp()exp(θθ (1)Where i p is the probability of the path section i; i F is the travel time of thepath section i; θ is the transport decision parameter, which is calculated by the followprinciple: firstly, calculate the i p with different θ (from 0 to 1), then find the θwhich makes i p the most proximate to the actual i p .The shortcut factor and the random factor is considered in multi-ways probabilityassignment, therefore, the assignment result is more reasonable, but the relationshipbetween traffic impedance and traffic load and road capacity is not considered in thismethod, which leads to the assignment result is imprecise in more crowded trafficnetwork. We attempt to improve the accuracy through integrating the several elements above in one model-MPCC.2 Multi-ways probability and capacity constraint model2.1 Rational path aggregateIn order to make the improved model more reasonable in the application, theconcept of rational path aggregate has been proposed. The rational path aggregate,which is the foundation of MPCC model, constrains the calculation scope. Rationalpath aggregate refers to the aggregate of paths between starts and ends of the trafficsector, defined by inner nodes ascertained by the following rules: the distancebetween the next inner node and the start can not be shorter than the distance betweenthe current one and the start; at the same time, the distance between the next innernode and the end can not be longer than the distance between the current one and theend. The multi-ways probability assignment model will be only used in the rationalpath aggregate to assign the forecast traffic volume, and this will greatly enhance theapplicability of this model.2.2 Model assumption1) Traffic impedance is not a constant. It is decided by the vehicle characteristicand the current traffic situation.2) The traffic impedance which travelers estimate is random and imprecise.3) Every traveler chooses the path from respective rational path aggregate.Based on the assumptions above, we can use the MPCC model to assign thetraffic volume in the sector of origination-destination couples.2.3 Calculation of path traffic impedanceActually, travelers have different understanding to path traffic impedance, butgenerally, the travel cost, which is mainly made up of forecast travel time, travellength and forecast travel outlay, is considered the traffic impedance. Eq. (2) displaysthis relationship. a a a a F L T C γβα++= (2)Where a C is the traffic impedance of the path section a; a T is the forecast traveltime of the path section a; a L is the travel length of the path section a; a F is theforecast travel outlay of the path section a; α, β, γ are the weight value of that threeelements which impact the traffic impedance. For a certain path section, there aredifferent α, β and γ value for different vehicles. We can get the weighted average of α,β and γ of each path section from the statistic percent of each type of vehicle in thepath section.2.4 Chosen probability in MPCCActually, travelers always want to follow the best path (broad sense shortcut), butbecause of the impact of random factor, travelers just can choose the path which is ofthe smallest traffic impedance they estimate by themselves. It is the key point ofMPCC. According to the random utility theory of economics, if traffic impedance is considered as the negativeutility, the chosen probability rs p of origination-destinationpoints couple (r, s) should follow LOGIT model:∑---=n j jrs rs bC bC p 1)exp()exp( (3) where rs p is the chosen probability of the pathsection (r, s);rs C is the traffic impedance of the path sect-ion (r, s); j C is the trafficimpedance of each path section in the forecast traffic sector; b reflects the travelers’cognition to the traffic impedance of paths in the traffic sector, which has reverseratio to its deviation. If b → ∞ , the deviation of understanding extent of trafficimpedance approaches to 0. In this case, all the travelers will follow the path whichis of the smallest traffic impedance, which equals to the assignment results withShortcut Traffic Assignment. Contrarily, if b → 0, travelers ’ understanding error approaches infinity. In this case, the paths travelers choose are scattered. There is anobjection that b is of dimension in Eq.(3). Because the deviation of b should beknown before, it is difficult to determine the value of b. Therefore, Eq.(3) is improvedas follows:∑---=n j OD j OD rsrs C bC C bC p 1)exp()exp(，∑-=n j j OD C n C 11（4） Where OD C is the average of the traffic impedance of all the as-signed paths; bwhich is of no dimension, just has relationship to the rational path aggregate, ratherthan the traffic impedance. According to actual observation, the range of b which is anexperience value is generally between 3.00 to 4.00. For the more crowded cityinternal roads, b is normally between 3.00 and 3.50.2.5 Flow of MPCCMPCC model combines the idea of multi-ways probability assignment anditerative capacity constraint traffic assignment.Firstly, we can get the geometric information of the road network and OD trafficvolume from related data. Then we determine the rational path aggregate with themethod which is explained in Section 2.1.Secondly, we can calculate the traffic impedance of each path section with Eq.(2),Fig.1 Flowchart of MPCC which is expatiated in Section 2.3.Thirdly, on the foundation of the traffic impedance of each path section, we cancalculate the respective forecast traffic volume of every path section with improvedLOGIT model (Eq.(4)) in Section 2.4, which is the key point of MPCC.Fourthly, through the calculation processabove, we can get the chosen probability andforecast traffic volume of each path section, but itis not the end. We must recalculate the trafficimpedance again in the new traffic volumesituation. As is shown in Fig.1, because of theconsideration of the relationship between trafficimpedance and traffic load, the traffic impedanceand forecast assignment traffic volume of everypath will be continually amended. Using therelationship model between average speed andtraffic volume, we can calculate the travel timeand the traffic impedance of certain path sect-ionunder different traffic volume situation. For theroads with different technical levels, therelationship models between average speeds totraffic volume are as follows: 1) Highway: 1082.049.179AN V = (5) 2) Level 1 Roads: 11433.084.155AN V = (6) 3) Level 2 Roads: 66.091.057.112AN V = (7) 4) Level 3 Roads: 3.132.01.99AN V = (8) 5) Level 4 Roads: 0988.05.70A N V =(9) Where V is the average speed of the path section; A N is the traffic volume of thepath section.At the end, we can repeat assigning traffic volume of path sections with themethod in previous step, which is the idea of iterative capacity constraint assignment,until the traffic volume of every path section is stable.译文智能交通交通量分配预测模型介绍随着城市的可持续化发展、数字化城市的建设以及交通运输业的发展，智能交通系统（ITS）的发展越来越快。

目录1译文 (1)2原文 (7)1参考文献译文绿色创想建筑商计划提供了节能解决方案与行业认可的新住房平均相比，绿色畅想建筑商计划旨在降低家用能源和水的想好，减少排放。

该项目创新性地结合了建筑科学和高品质的产品，在帮助建筑商和开发商建造舒适型住房的同时，降低房屋对环境的影响。

随着生活费用的不断上涨，悦来愈多的人开始考虑将环保技术纳入新住房当中。

与行业认可的新住房陪你冠军水瓶相比，依照GE绿色创想建筑商计划所建造的房屋每年客减少20%的能耗与室内用水量，并且使生活用气排放量减少20%。

对于一套面积为2500平方英尺的住房而言，该计划每年可使购房者减少600至1500美元的电费和水费。

自该计划于2007年5月启动以来，整个美国与加拿大的建筑商与开发商纷纷申请建造绿色创想式房屋，其中包括德州西斯顿峡谷们的社区开发商。

按照绿色畅想计划正在开发的首个峡谷么社区被称为Discovery Companies，预计将于2008年夏季开盘。

加拿大的Fi的零售税环保想象住房计划推出在2007年9月，GE加拿大与波尔多发展组织签订计划，决定在位于加拿大阿尔伯他省卡尔加里西部的社区Rocky View实施加拿大首个绿色创想建筑商计划。

这块地区60多年来，一直有当地的一个牧民家庭所有，长期以来除了放养家畜之外始终难以用于其他用途。

迫于地区发展的强大压力，这个家庭决定对这块土地进行开发。

当这家人了解到如何最邮箱的进行地产开发之后，开始认真考虑如何处理这篇土地。

其中，家庭价值、对环境的保护意识以及社区精神都称为了需要考虑的关键问题。

实施证明，将GE的绿色创想建筑商计划与波尔多发展组织的环境可持续发展战略相结合是非常成功的。

规划中的面积为1750英亩的混用型绿色创想建筑商和谐开发项目见那个进行客持续开发，其中包括关于有效实用土地的创新性环保计划。

竣工使，此开放项目将建筑起3500所住房和衣架保健中心、一个27洞国际高尔夫球场、一所学校和一篇商业用地。

参考文献英文范文参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。

下面是给大家整理的参考文献英文范文，供大家参阅!参考文献英文范文：英文参考文献标准格式一、参考文献的类型参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：--专著,著作[C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《***大学研究生学术论文集》[N]-- 报纸文章[J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的(如知网)，但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版[D]--学位论文：不区分硕士还是博士论文--报告：一般在标题中会有"关于****的报告"字样[S]-- 标准[P]--专利[A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章[Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字母"Z"标识，但这种情况非常少见常用的电子文献及载体类型标识：[DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online)[DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape)[M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM)[CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk)[J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online)[EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online)很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源二、参考文献的格式及举例1.期刊类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码.【举例】[1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6):107-109.[2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52.[3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 67.2.专著类【格式】[序号]作者.书名.出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码.【举例】[4] 刘国钧,王连成.图书馆史研究.北京:高等教育出版社,1979:15-18,31.[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature . London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.3.报纸类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次).【举例】[6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3).[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).4.论文集【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】[8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海:上海译文出版社,1979:12-17.[9] Spivak,G. "Can the Subaltern Speak?"[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.[10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher's knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman andJ.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78.5. 学位论文【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地:保存者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】[11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京:北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983:1-7.6.研究报告【格式】[序号]作者. 篇名.出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】[12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析.北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院, 1997:9-10.7.专利【格式】[序号]专利所有者.题名[P].国别:专利号,发布日期.【举例】[13] 姜锡洲.一种温热外敷药制备方案[P].中国专利:881056073, 1989 07 26.8.标准【格式】[序号]标准编号,标准名称[S].【举例】[14] GB/T 16159-1996, 汉语拼音正词法基本规则[S].9.条例【格式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期【举例】[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991-06-0510.电子文献【格式】[序号]主要责任者.电子文献题名.电子文献出处[电子文献及载体类型标识].或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期.【举例】[16] 王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL].http: ///pub/wml.txt/980810 2.html, 1998 08 16/1998 10 04.[17] 万锦.中国大学学报论文文摘(1983 1993).英文版[DB/CD]. 北京: 中国大百科全书出版社, 1996.11.各种未定义类型的文献【格式】[序号] 主要责任者.文献题名[Z].出版地:出版者, 出版年.特别说明：凡出现在"参考文献"项中的标点符号都失去了其原有意义，且其中所有标点必须是半角,如果你的输入法中有半角/全解转换,则换到半角状态就可以了,如果你的输入法中没有这一转换功能,直接关闭中文输入法,在英文输入状态下输入即可.其实，很多输入法(如目前比较流行的搜狐输入法)都提供了四种组合：(1)中文标点+ 全角：这时输入的标点是这样的，：【1】-(而这时，我没有找到哪个键可以输入/ 符号)也就是说，这些符号是一定不能出现在"参考文献"中的;(2) 中文标点+半角：这时输入的标点是这样的，：【1】-(这时，我还是没有找到哪个键可以输入/ 符号)也就是说，这些符号也不能出现在"参考文献"中的;上面列出的符号，中间没有任何的空格，你能看出它们有什么区别吗?我看只是-的宽度有一点点不同，其它都一样(3)英文标点+全角：这时输入的标点是这样的，.：[1]-/(4)英文标点+半角：这时输入的标点是这样的,.:[1]-/从这两项可以明显的看出，半角和全角其实最大的差别是所占的宽度不一样，这一点对于数字来说最为明显，而英文标点明显要比中文标点细小很多(也许因为英文中，标点的功能没有中文那么复杂，就是说英文中标点符号的能力没有中文那么强大)所以，很多人在写"参考文献" 时，总是觉得用英文标点+半角很不清楚，间距也太小，其实这点完全不用担心如果你觉得真的太小不好看，就用英文标点+全角吧而在[1] 之后，一般也都有一个空格对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：①作者姓名采用"姓在前名在后"原则，具体格式是：姓,名字的首字母. 如：Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & I.Gordon.②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature,English Weekly.三、注释注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明注释应置于本页页脚，前面用圈码①、②、③等标识参考文献英文范文：英文论文参考文献格式写法Learning Advice Centreyour in the author/date system) and, for law students or in dissertations, the numeric system. Different subject areas use slight variations of these systems (and other systems do exist) so you must consult your course/module handbook for clarification of the specific conventions that you are expected to use within your subject area(s).References need to appear in two places:1. within the body of your writing include: author‟s surname, year of publication and, if quoting, the exact page number from which the quote is taken;2. in the bibliography include at least: author‟s surname, initial(s), year of publication, title of text/chapter, edition, publisher & place of publication; see page 3 for specific details that apply to referencing different sources.There are two ways in which you can reference, or cite, another person's work: a) by paraphrasing; this shows you have fully interpreted what you have read - see Learning Skills Help Sheet on How to Paraphrase;1.1 References within the body of the text - Harvard Systemb) by quoting directly; follow with a comment to show relevance/understanding If the direct quotation is more than two lines, you should indent it as a separate paragraph e.g.: As Cottrell (2003, p.148) points out“Our views of what is „intelligent‟ can prevent us from developing our minds to their full potential. People who feel they are „not very bright‟ or „not very creative‟ probably will fulfil that estimation of themselves. On the other hand, positive thinking and constructive mental activity develop the mind.”Citing secondary sources:If you are referencing a work cited by the author of the text you are reading, you should cite the original work as being within a secondary source i.e. what what the writer of the book you are reading has read, using the following method: According to De Bono (1994, cited in Cottrell, 2003,p.148), “clever people are often hampered by their apparent intelligence in two ways:”they are good at arguing and defending their point of view; they indulge in negative criticism which is a quick, easy and dramatic way of proving someone wrong.Cont'd You can make an appointment with the Learning Advisor if you wish to receive more individual advice on your independent learning skills. Email or phone 020 7911 5000 ext. 2364.Learning Advice Centrereference appears as a footnote at the bottom of the page e.g.: There were many changes in the British diet in the period after 1870. Fruitbecame more common, especially in the form of fruit jam. Even the fish-and-chip shop dates from the same period.1 (Note: See bottom of this page for associated footnote.) To insert footnotes using Word, click on the placein your document where you want to insert thefootnote.Then click on the Insert menu, select Reference,then click on Footnote.Another window will then open that will allow you to format thefootnotes manually, if you require.Once the footnote has been inserted in the text and it appearsat the bottom of the page, click next to the number at the bottom to add the reference details: author surname, initial(s),publication year, title of work/article, page number, etc.Once you have referenced an author for the first time using the numeric system you do not have to repeat that same reference in full again. If the same work is referenced consecutively on the same page use: ibid. = (from the Latin „ibidem‟, meaning „the same‟) orop.cit. = (from the Latin „opere citado‟ meaning „in the work already cited‟) If the same work is referenced on another page, list the author‟s surname, initials and date of publication again followed by op.cit. and the page number.Different page numbers for the citations you use must be listed with each footnote (see example below).2Hobsbawm, H., (1990), The Eating Habits of the British People, p. 162 2 ibid., p. 1631Learning Advice Centre according toBooks Heinz, E., (2000), A History of Baked Beans, Arnold, London If there are two authors you must list both authors‟ names e.g.: Heinz, E., and McDonald, R., (2001), A History of Baked Beans, Arnold, London If there are more than two authors, name the first author followed by ‘et al’ (Latin meaning „and others‟) e.g.:Heinz, E., et al., (2002), The Bean and Other Legumes, Routledge, New York If the book has more than one edition, you must state which edition you have used e.g.:Heinz, E., and McDonald, R., (2006), A History of Baked Beans, (2nd Ed.), Arnold, LondonAn article in a book Johnson, S., (1998a), The Cornflake in History, In: Jennings, N., (Ed.) Food for Thought, Edinburgh University Press, UKJournal articles Johnson, S., (1998b), „Deconstructing the pre-millennial diet: Special K and postmodernism‟, Cultural Studies 11, 1:pp.32–44This means that an article by Sarah Johnson called „Deconstructing the pre-millennial diet: Special K and postmodernism‟ was published in the journal Cultural Studies, volume 11, number 1, on pages 32 to 44. This issue of the journal was published in 1998.Where you have referenced two or more separate works by the same author that were published in the same year, add alphabetical notation after the publication year in both the text and bibliography to distinguish between the works. (See examples above.)E-journal articles Jimenez, R., (2003), „Sex Differences in L2 Vocabulary Learning Strategies‟, International Journal of Applied Linguistics 13, 1, pp.54-77, [online], available from: [Accessed 13/10/2006]For e-journals/books you must state that it is an online resource, cite the URL and include the date you accessed it at the end in addition to including the journal volume/number and the publication year, as above.Learning Advice Centre acceptable title and state the date you accessed the site e.g.: Holmes, A., (2000), Greenpeace wins media war, [online], available from: [Accessed 25/10/2006].If you cannot find & state the author‟s name, use the name of the organisation, e.g.: BBC, (2007), Northern Ireland: The Troubles, [online], available from:[Accessed 30/04/2007].Newspaper articlesList the writer‟s surname and initial(s), year of publication, title of article, title of newspaper followed by the full date of publication, section of the paper and page number, e.g.: Ratner, C., (2000), „Magazine sparks love feud‟, The Independent, 10 October 2000, Thursday Review: p.14Reference to a ThesisList the surname, initials, year, title, type of thesis, name of institution submitted to: Smith, J., (2005), Linguistic Significance of Teenage Slang in the UK, (PhD), University of WestminsterTV ProgrammesFollowing the series title list the number and title of the episode, year, transmitting channel followed by the full date and time, if known, of transmission. Venice, Episode 4; Death, (2004), BBC 2, 12/12/2004Contributions in ProgrammesIndividual speakers or contributors to programmes should be referenced by name followed by year, programme title, channel and date of transmission e.g.: Brown, G., (2007), Live Treasury Questions, BBC Parliament, 29/03/2007 DVD/Video List the title, year of production, format, Director‟s name, production place and organisation, e.g.: Dogma, (1999), VHS, Directed by Kevin Smith, View AskewLearning Advice Centreo create a bibliographic list that can be imported into your word documentTo log in to RefWorks use your Athens username and password.NOTE: before you start to use RefWorks it is highly advisable that you either look at the guidance on the library home page or work through the online tutorials. RefWorks is not a tool that can be learned in 5 minutes and used as a last minute quick fix if you are behind on an assignment.Remember, as with any assignment, you should ensure that once you have imported your bibliography you edit and format it to match your departmental protocol; bibliographical information created using RefWorks may be formatted in an alternative way.References:Cottrell, S., (2003), Skills for Success; The Personal Development Planning Handbook, Palgrave Macmillan, UK Holland, M., (2006), Citing References, Academic Services, Bournemouth University,参考文献英文范文：英文参考文献格式英文文献采用“APA格式”：单一作者著作的书籍：姓，名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市：出版社.Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.两位作者以上合著的书籍：姓，名字首字母., & 姓，名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市：出版社. Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press.文集中的文章：Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books.期刊中的文章(非连续页码)：Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.期刊中的文章(连续页码)：姓，名字首字母.(年). 题目. 期刊名(斜体). 第几期，页码.Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.月刊杂志中的文章：Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.。

Environmental problems caused by Istanbul subway excavation and suggestionsfor remediation伊斯坦布尔地铁开挖引起的环境问题及补救建议Ibrahim Ocak Abstract：Many environmental problems caused by subway excavations have inevitably become an important point in city life. These problems can be categorized as transporting and stocking of excavated material, traffic jams, noise, vibrations, piles of dust mud and lack of supplies. Although these problems cause many difficulties,the most pressing for a big city like Istanbul is excava tion,since other listed difficulties result from it. Moreover, these problems are environmentally and regionally restricted to the period over which construction projects are underway and disappear when construction is finished. Currently, in Istanbul, there are nine subway construction projects in operation, covering approximately 73 km in length; over 200 km to be constructed in the near future. The amount of material excavated from ongoing construction projects covers approximately 12 million m3. In this study, problems—primarily, the problem with excavation waste(EW)—caused by subway excavation are analyzed and suggestions for remediation are offered.摘要：许多地铁开挖引起的环境问题不可避免地成为城市生活的重要部分。

毕业论文英文翻译文献随着全球化的发展，英语在全球的运用越来越广泛。

下文是店铺为大家整理的关于毕业论文英文翻译文献的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考! 毕业论文英文翻译文献(一)1. 谢天振主编. 《当代国外翻译理论导读》. 天津：南开大学出版社，2008.2. 包惠南、包昂. 《中国文化与汉英翻译》. 北京：外文出版社, 2004.3. 包惠南. 《文化语境与语言翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2001.4. 毕继万. 《世界文化史故事大系——英国卷》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2003.5. 蔡基刚. 《英汉汉英段落翻译与实践》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001.6. 蔡基刚. 《英汉写作对比研究》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001.7. 蔡基刚. 《英语写作与抽象名词表达》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2003.8. 曹雪芹、高鄂. 《红楼梦》.9. 陈定安. 《英汉比较与翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1991.10. 陈福康. 《中国译学理论史稿》(修订本). 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2000.11. 陈生保. 《英汉翻译津指》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998.12. 陈廷祐. 《英文汉译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2001.13. 陈望道. 《修辞学发凡》. 上海：上海教育出版社, 1979.14. 陈文伯. 《英汉翻译技法与练习》. 北京：世界知识出版社. 1998.15. 陈中绳、吴娟. 《英汉新词新义佳译》. 上海：上海翻译出版公司. 1990.16. 陈忠诚. 《词语翻译丛谈》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983.17. 程希岚. 《修辞学新编》. 吉林：吉林人民出版社, 1984.18. 程镇球. 《翻译论文集》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2002.19. 程镇球. 《翻译问题探索》. 北京：商务印书馆, 1980.20. 崔刚. 《广告英语》. 北京：北京理工大学出版社, 1993.21. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1990.22. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译讲评》. 北京：对外贸易教育出版社. 1989.23. 邓炎昌、刘润清. 《语言与文化——英汉语言文化对比》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1989.24. 丁树德. 《英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导》. 天津：天津大学出版社, 1996.25. 杜承南等，《中国当代翻译百论》. 重庆：重庆大学出版社, 1994.26. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集(1894-1948)》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984.27. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集(1949-1983)》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. .28. 范勇主编. 《新编汉英翻译教程》. 天津：南开大学出版社. 2006.29. 方梦之、马秉义(编选). 《汉译英实践与技巧》. 北京：旅游教育出版社. 1996.30. 方梦之. 《英语汉译实践与技巧》. 天津：天津科技翻译出版公司. 1994.31. 方梦之主编. 《译学辞典》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2004.32. 冯翠华. 《英语修辞大全》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1995.33. 冯庆华. 《文体与翻译》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2002.34. 冯庆华主编. 《文体翻译论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2002.35. 冯胜利. 《汉语的韵律、词法与句法》. 北京：北京大学出版社, 1997.36. 冯志杰. 《汉英科技翻译指要》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998.37. 耿占春. 《隐喻》. 北京：东方出版社, 1993.38. 郭建中. 《当代美国翻译理论》. 武汉：湖北教育出版社. 2000.39. 郭建中. 《文化与翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2000.40. 何炳威. 《容易误译的英语》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2002.41. 何刚强. 《现代英汉翻译操作》. 北京：北京大学出版社. 1998.42. 何刚强. 《现代英语表达与汉语对应》. 上海：复旦大学出版社. 1994.43. 何刚强. 《英汉口笔译技艺》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2003. 毕业论文英文翻译文献(二)1. 何自然、张达三、杨伟钧等译. 《现代英语语法教程》. 北京：商务印书馆, 1990.2. 何自然. 《语用学概论》. 长沙: 湖南教育出版社, 1988.3. 侯维瑞. 《英语语体》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 1988.4. 胡庚申. 《怎样起草与翻译合同协议》. 合肥：中国科技大学出版社, 1993.5. 胡曙中. 《英汉修辞比较研究》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 1993.6. 胡晓吉. 《实用英汉对比翻译》. 北京：中国人民大学出版社. 1990.7. 胡燕平，张容建. 《实用英汉翻译类典》. 重庆：重庆出版社, 1997.8. 胡裕树. 《现代汉语》. 上海：上海教育出版社, 1987.9. 胡兆云. 《美学理论视野中的文学翻译研究》(第2版). 北京：现代教育出版社. 2009.10. 胡兆云. 《语言接触与英汉借词研究》. 济南：山东大学出版社. 2001.11. 胡壮麟. 《语篇的衔接与连贯》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 1994.12. 胡壮麟. 《语言学教程》. 北京：北京大学出版社, 1988.13. 黄伯荣, 廖序东. 《现代汉语》. 兰州：甘肃人民出版社, 1981.14. 黄国文. 《语篇分析概要》. 长沙：湖南教育出版社, 1988.15. 黄龙. 《翻译技巧指导》. 沈阳：辽宁人民出版社, 1986.16. 黄任. 《英语修辞与写作》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 1996.17. 黄雨石. 《英汉文学翻译探索》. 西安：陕西人民出版社. 1988.18. 黄振定. 《翻译学：艺术论与科学论的统一》. 长沙：湖南教育出版社. 1998.19. 黄振定. 《翻译学的语言哲学基础》. 上海：上海交通大学出版社. 2007.20. 黄忠廉. 《变译理论》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2002.21. 贾尔斯英译. 《孙子兵法》. 长沙：湖南出版社, 1993.22. 贾文波. 《汉英时文翻译: 政治经济汉译英300句析》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1999.23. 贾玉新. 《跨文化交际学》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 1997.24. 金隄. 《等效翻译探索》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998.25. 金惠康. 《汉英跨文化交际翻译》. 贵阳：贵州教育出版社. 1998.26. 金惠康. 《跨文华交际翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2003.27. 金惠康. 《跨文华交际翻译续编》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2004.28. 金立鑫. 《语法的多视角研究》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2000.29. 居祖纯. 《新编汉英语篇翻译》. 北京：清华大学出版社, 2002.30. 柯平. 《对比语言学》. 南京：南京师范大学出版社, 1999.31. 孔慧怡. 《翻译·文学·文化》. 北京：北京大学出版社. 1999.32. 李定坤. 《汉英辞格对比与翻译》. 武汉：华中师范大学出版社, 1994.33. 李国南. 《辞格与词汇》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2002.34. 李国南. 《英汉修辞格对比研究》. 福州：福建人民出版社, 1999.35. 李明编著. 《英汉互动翻译教程》. 武汉：武汉大学出版社. 2006.36. 李瑞华(主编). 《英汉语言文化对比研究》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 1996.。

英语论文参考文献精选3篇英语论文参考文献精选1篇英文及其它语种的文献在前，中文文献在后，参照以下标准执行。

期刊论文Bolinger, D. 1965. The atomization of word meaning [J]. Language 41 (4): 555-573.朱永生，2006，名词化、动词化与语法隐喻[J]，《外语教学与研究》(2)：83-90。

论文集论文Bybee, J. 1994. The grammaticization of zero: Asymmetries in tense and aspect systems [A]. In W. Pagliuca (ed.). Perspectives on Grammaticalization [C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 235-254.文秋芳，2003a，英语学习者动机、观念、策略的变化规律与特点 [A]。

载文秋芳、王立非(编)，《英语学习策略实证研究》[C]。

西安：陕西师范大学出版社。

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网上文献Jiang, Yan. 2000. The Tao of verbal communication: An Elementary textbook on pragmatics and discourse analysis [OL]. (accessed 30/04/2006).王岳川，2004，当代传媒中的网络文化与电视批评[OL]， (2005年11月18日读取)。

专著Bloomfield, L. 1933. Language [M]. New York: Holt.吕叔湘、朱德熙，1952，《语法修辞讲话》[M]。

北京：中国青年出版社。

译著Nedjalkov, V. P. (ed.). 1983/1988. Typology of Resultative Constructions, trans. Bernard Comrie [C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.赵元任，1968/1980，《中国话的文法》(A Grammar of Spoken Chinese)[M]，丁邦新译。

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：超越边界的BIM文献、资料英文题目：BIM Beyond Boundaries文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：工程管理班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：BIM Beyond Boundaries文献、资料来源：Design Intelligence文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2012.12.10院（部）：管理工程学院专业：工程管理班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期：2015.2.10外文文献：BIM Beyond BoundariesSeptember 10, 2012 · by Randy DeutschAbstract: Opting for depth over breadth of expertise is a false choice that will lead individuals, organizations, the profession, and industry in the wrong direction.Keywords: BIM, expertise, anti-learning, master builderSeveral forces are converging to create an unprecedented and timely opportunity for organizations that have embraced building information modeling (BIM). These forces —including the rise of the expert, the growing complexity and speed of projects, and BIM’s increasing recognition as an enabler, catalyst, and facilitator of team collaboration — also present significant challenges that can be overcome with the right approach and mindset.At one time, being an expert meant knowing more than one’s competitors in a particular field. Firms that reinforced their expert culture hoarded information, which resulted in silos of expertise. Today, many firms are looking to hire people perceived as building and software technology experts, shortsightedly addressing today’s needs at the expense of tomorrow’s. While architects have always been trees with many branches, our current economic climate has discouraged them from being anything but palm trees: all trunk, no branches.And yet things change so quickly that those who went to bed experts are unlikely to wake up experts in the morning. Due to the speed and complexity of projects, we do not have time to acquire knowledge the old way — slowly, over time, through traditional means. Even when we supplement our book learning with conferences, webinars, and continuing education, it is impossible to keep up with the flow of new information in our industry.Expertise today is a much more social, fluid, and iterative process than it used to be. Being an expert is no longer about telling people what you know so much as understanding what questions to ask, who to ask, and applying knowledge flexibly and contextually to the specific situation at hand. Expertise has often been associated with teaching and mentoring. Today it’s more concerned with learning than knowing: less to do with continuing education and more with practicing and engaging in continuous education.Social media presents the would-be expert with both opportunities and challenges. Workingwith the understanding that somebody somewhere has already done what you are trying to do, design pr ofessionals, like agile technology experts, can find what they’re looking for by tapping into their networks and aggregating the responses. Conversely, due to the rise of social media, virtually all anyone has to do today to be considered a technology expert is to call themselves one. Because social networks allow people to proclaim themselves experts, it can be hard to know who to turn to, resulting in the rise of otherwise unnecessary certifications.An expert today is someone whose network, community, or team deems him or her so. Such acknowledgment from one’s community can be considered a form of social certification. To grow one’s professional reputation, expertise in BIM counter-intuitively requires unlearning, detachment, collaboration, and developing both deep skills and broad interests.BIM EXPERTISE REQUIRES UNLEARNINGAs we grow in our careers, we tend to focus more on people issues and less on technology. We also tend to cooperate conditionally, responding to the behavior of others. This has huge implications for design and construction professionals who might be naturally collaborative —through sharing knowledge, learning, mentoring, and teaching — but are otherwise conditioned and tempered by the culture of the firm where they work.Working in BIM provides an unprecedented opportunity to learn: how buildings go together, how projects are scheduled, cost implications of decisions, and impact on the environment. At the same time, there is a great deal we still need to unlearn with BIM. We can start by asking some questions: Which aspects of the traditional design process change with BIM and which stay the same? What knowledge, methods and strategies must be abandoned due to BIM and what is critical to keep? And perhaps most important: What, while learning to work in BIM, needs to be unlearned?While unlearning habits we picked up working in CAD would seem like a good place to start, there’s also a great deal we need to unlearn in order to return to our original sharing attitude and cooperative ways. These include bad habits we’ve acquired since we left the cocoon of school and embarked on the hard knocks of a career in architecture and construction, where we may have learned to be mistrustful, skeptical, competitive, secretive, and working independently in silos. In doing so, we’ve unlearned many of the critical natural habits, attitudes, and mindsets necessary to work effectively and collaboratively on integrated teams.BIM EXPERTISE REQUIRES DETACHMENTFrom Japanese martial arts there’s the concept o f shuhari: First learn, then detach, and finally transcend. As consultant Ian Rusk has explained, shu, ha, and ri are considered three phases of knowledge that one passes through in the study of an art. They can be described as the phases of traditional knowledge, breaking with tradition, and transcending it.Working in BIM, we need to address all three steps to meet our goals. Of the steps, the second (detachment, or breaking with tradition) is the most important. Detachment requires that we remain flexible and agile while learning, not holding on tightly to our ideas, agendas, or prejudices, so that we can move beyond them.BIM EXPERTISE REQUIRES COLLABORATIONWhile we as an industry have now lived with BIM for more than two decades, most firms have acquired and implemented the technology primarily as a visualization and coordination tool in the past several years. We appear to have reached a standstill in the software’s use, with many firm leaders wondering how to make the leap to more advanced uses. Further mastery of the application through traditional means won’t help us get there. If we are to achieve our personal, organizational, professional, and industry-wide goals of fully participating in public, community, creative, and economic life, something more needs to happen.Achieving higher levels of BIM use — including analysis, computation, and fabrication —requires skills and a mindset that allow us to work productively and effectively in a collaborative setting. Working with BIM enables but doesn’t n ecessarily lead to collaboration. We each have to decide whether or not to look beyond BIM as a tool and embrace it as a process. When recognized as a process, BIM can be a powerful catalyst and facilitator of team collaboration.BIM EXPERTISE REQUIRES DEPTH AND BREADTHIt would be a mistake to assume that expertise in BIM as a technology alone will lead to greater leadership opportunities on integrated teams. In this capacity, BIM requires attention to acquiring skills that, while easy to attain, can be overlooked if we focus primarily on the software tools.With BIM, technical expertise should not be considered more important than increasing one’s social intelligence, empathy, or the ability to relate well with others. Additionally, the conventional window for achieving technological expertise is too long. Better that one achieves ahigh level of BIM competency motivated by passion and curiosity. Having competency in one subject doesn’t preclude you from addressing others. In fact, it can be a determinant f or doing so.Being versatile flies in the face of current thinking that to succeed we should bolster our strengths over our weaknesses. The answer to Should I be a specialist or generalist? is yes. There must be people who can see the details as well as those who can see the big picture. One gift of the design professional is the rare (and underappreciated) ability to do both simultaneously. As with any hybrid —generalizing specialist or specializing generalist —one’s strength provides the confidence to contribute openly from many vantage points and perspectives.It is critical for “T-shaped” experts to reach out and make connections (the horizontal arm of the T) in all the areas they know little or nothing about from their base of technical competence (the vertical arm of the T). T-shaped experts have confidence because of their assurance that they know or do one thing well. Their confidence allows them to see as others see by means of — not through —what they know. Their expertise doesn’t color their p erception so much as provide a home base to venture from and return to with some assurance that they’ll maintain their bearings when venturing out across the table.Broad-minded design professionals often find themselves in the role of “anti-experts,” approaching challenges from the perspective of the outsider. To this Paula Scher of Pentagram said, “When I’m totally unqualified for a job, that’s when I do my best work.” Once we balance, own, and ultimately realize our expert and anti-expert selves, we (as a community, profession, and industry) will do our best work.WHAT DO WE DO NOW?Firms want to know how to optimize their work processes to become more efficient at what they do best, to remain competitive by leveraging the competitive advantage of BIM and integrated design. One of the ironies facing the industry is that in order to master BIM, don’t learn more BIM. Instead, do other things.What will bring about greater efficiencies and effectiveness, increase productivity and deliver value, is not additional technology knowledge but our ability to communicate, relate, work together, think like one another, have empathy, understand, and listen. If design professionals want to lead they will do so not by increasing their depth but by benefit of broader capabilities involving their reach.What do we do now? Go wide and deep. Go against common wisdom and fortify your soft skills, your reach and wingspan. To master BIM you have to transcend BIM.We need to develop both sides of ourselves in order to move beyon d our own and others’ biases and anticipate consequences for courses of action before they are acted upon. We need to develop the ability to put the project first, navigate iRooms and packed conference tables to get our ideas and points across, be able to read people for overt and subliminal responses, have the confidence to ask questions without feeling threatened and be asked questions without becoming defensive. It is as though we have placed so much emphasis on the bricks we’ve forgotten the mortar that allows us to communicate genuinely, to relate well with one another and integrate.Having to choose between depth and breadth is a false choice that heads our profession and industry in the wrong direction. Rather than focusing on one over the other, we need to develop simultaneously vertical deep skills and horizontal soft skills, to work on our strengths and weaknesses, to be expert and anti-expert, specialist and generalist, to design from evidence and from intuition, to be task- and people-oriented, to have mastery over one thing and be a jack-of-all-trades.As one blog commenter recently asserted, “In order to practice architecture well, you need to understand a lot of things that aren’t architecture.” BIM technology experts know one thing. To flourish and persevere, we need to know and do many things.Often overlooked in mutual mentoring of computer technology and building technology by senior and junior staff are basic people skills: listening, questioning, negotiating, collaborating, communicating. The concern is that the emerging design professional —adept at BIM tools while learning how buildings come together —won’t learn the necessary communication and people management skills to negotiate a table full of teammates on an integrated team. These skills need to be nurtured, mentored, and acquired as assuredly as computer and building technology skills. These skills require the same amount of deliberate practice and feedback as the mastery of technology skills. Developing complementary, collaborative skills is as critical as becoming competent with the technology. As Ernest Boyer anticipated, “The future belongs to the integrators.” And that future has arrived.Succeeding in practice today is a both/and, not an either/or, proposition. Design professionals must be both BIM technologist and building technologist. Those who accept thismodel will lead, persevere, and flourish in our new economy.Last year in Design Intelligence, Stephen Fiskum wrote, “One thing is certain: The solution to the current mal aise in our profession is not for us to go broader but to go deeper” (“Preparing for a New Practice Paradigm,” January/February 2010). This is a new world: By going wider and deeper we provide owners and our organizations with the most value and increased productivity. Working effectively and collaboratively in BIM will help us transcend our current state, bridge the gap, and cross over to more advanced uses.THE MULTIDISCIPLINARY MINDSETIt is not just that the integrated team is now multidisciplinary, but we each must become multidisciplinary. Doing so requires a multidisciplinary mindset. This entails empathy, a genuine appreciation for others’ ideas, seeing from many perspectives, and anticipating possible consequences to any course of action. An industry representative recently stated in a public forum, “I don’t want the architect to think like a structural engineer. I need for him to think like an architect!” To leverage our technology tools and work processes, being an architect today means that we thi nk like a structural engineer as well as a contractor and owner. Doing so doesn’t take away from architects’ role but increases their credibility by making them more effective and influential at what they do well.Working in BIM — inward focused, object-oriented, filling-in dialog boxes — discourages this mindset. It is a mistake to think that those who work in BIM are technicians and that a firm principal or senior designer who sees the big picture will mediate between the model and the world in which the model operates. Leaders must see to it that their teams look outward, keeping an eye on the model while seeing the horizon.THE TECHNOLOGY/SOCIAL CONTINUUMWorking in CAD, there are those who focus on drafting and those more adept at communication, negotiation, and persuasion. With BIM, technical understanding and people know-how must exist in each and every design professional.The majority of BIM-related literature has been focused on the technology, not on the people who use it. People issues and attitudes are the main impediment to the collaborative work processes enabled by the technology. Human issues, issues of communication and collaboration, firm culture, motivation, and workflow —all exacerbated by the advent of BIM into theworkplace — are an even greater challenge than the admittedly considerable software application and technical problems associated with BIM’s use.LEADING FROM THE MODELWorking in CAD, a senior team member would redline an emerging employee’s work. Leadership was decidedly top-down: Someone senior designed or detailed, and someone less senior drew it up. The problem was that the senior team member never knew whether the emerging employee understood what was being drawn.Working in BIM provides a completely different work flow — one we have yet to leverage fully. Because those on the front lines are not only the first to discover clashes and inconsistencies but also to visualize what something looks like and how it might function, BIM allows our emerging talent to lead the process —to learn on the job while recognizing their power from their privileged position of the first look in the model.The new leadership mandate in this process is for architects to lead from their involvement in the BIM environment. Leading from the model can be likened to leading from the middle in that BIM requires and even enables followership, and servant- and situational-leadership, as opposed to top-down or command-and-control. While leadership historically has been top-down, working in BIM and on integrated teams changes that. Leading in BIM and integrated design is more similar to followership, in which middle managers lead from within the organization. Thus with BIM, the top-down and bottom-up approaches converge, where leading from the middle becomes leading from the model.BIM AND THE MASTER BUILDER TEAMArchitects who find themselves on increasingly large teams must find a way to lead and regain their voice in the design and construction process. If architects learn how to design buildings that are optimized to give owners, contractors, and other team members what they need — of high quality, low cost, sooner, with less waste, while acquiring the mindsets, attitudes, and skills necessary to collaborate with others — then architects will be trusted, newly esteemed, and return to their desired leadership role. What is critical is not that we linearly help emerging professionals move from technical experts to leaders but to be technical experts and project, team, and process leaders at the same time. Expertise is cultivated by creating the right conditions for experts to flourish; people cannot be forced to learn and grow.。

人事管理系统开发和设计外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Dustin Marx. Personnel management system development and design [C]IEEE, 2015,3(1):11-20.英文原文Personnel management system development and designDustin MarxSummaryWith the rapid development of computer technology, computer applications in the popularity of business management, personnel management of enterprises using computers is imperative. For medium-sized enterprises, enterprises and efficient use of computer support to complete the daily affairs of labor and personnel management is to adapt to the modern enterprise system, encourage enterprises to labor and personnel management to scientific, standardized, a necessary condition; incomparable advantage of the computer to retrieve management rapid, easy to find, high reliability, large memory capacity, security and good, long life and low cost. These advantages can greatly improve the efficiency of personnel management, but also corporate scientific and standardized management, an important condition for integration with the world. Different companies have different human resources management system, which determines the different companiesneed different personnel management system.Choice of development toolsNow, the market can buy a lot of application development products, popular, and dozens. Currently the most popular in our market, the most used, most advanced development tools can be used as enterprise-level products:Microsoft's Visual BasicMicrosoft's Visual CBorland's DelphiJava, etc.In the current market, many application development tools for these, some stressed that the implementation of process flexibility and efficiency of language; and some emphasis on the visual application development tools to bring convenience and efficiency high, each with its own advantages and characteristics, but also to meet the needs of different users. However, the language of the flexibility and convenience tools are inextricably linked, and only a convenient tool, but did not support the language of flexibility, many specialized processing actions will need to spend several times the effort to deal with, so the efficiency of the original advertisedloss of a role in improving the advantage; the contrary, if the language only emphasizes the flexibility of process continued, but no convenient tool for co-ordination will make some verysimple interface, even if the deal moves, programmers will be a serious waste of valuable time.As the database system development, Visual Basic is an ideal choice. MIS database is an important enabling technology in the MIS development process, how to choose the database management is an important issue, at present, the database more products, each product has its own characteristics and scope, therefore, the choice of database should consider the characteristics of database applications and application, the system's database language used Visual Basic language, the development tool has many advantages:Visual Basic is a visual, object-oriented and event-driven article by the way of structured high-level programming, can be used to develop the type of Windows environment applications. It is easy to learn, efficient, and powerful, with professional development tools, Windows SDK comparable to, and application developers do not have the C / C + + Programming. In the Visual Basic environment, the use of event-driven programming mechanism, novel-to-use visual design tools, the use of Windows internal application program interface (API) functions, and dynamic-link library (DLL), Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE), Object Linking and Embedding (OLE), Open Data Access (ODBC) technology, can efficiently and quickly developed a Windows environment, powerful, rich graphical user interface application software system.In general, Visual Basic has the following characteristics:Visual Programming:Traditional programming language design program, are designed by writing code to the user interface, the interface design process do not see the actual display, run the program to be compiled can be observed. If you are not satisfied with the effect of the interface, but also return to the program changes. Sometimes, this programming - Compiler - Change the operation may be repeated several times, greatly affected the efficiency of software development. Visual Basic provides a visual design tool, the complexity of the Windows interface design "package" together, developers do not have a lot of interface design and write press the screen layout design, using system tools to draw on the screen various "parts", that is, graphical objects, and set the properties of these graphical objects. Visual Basic code automatically generated interface design, programmers need only write the part to achieve functionality of the program code, which can greatly improve the efficiency of program design.Object-oriented programmingVisual Basic support for future object-oriented programming, but it is the general object-oriented programming language (C + +) are not identical. In general object-oriented programming language, object code and data from the composition of an abstract concept; and Visual Basic isthe application of object-oriented programming methodology (OOP), the programs and data encapsulated as an object and should be given for each object the attributes of the object as something real. In the design of objects, without writing to establish and describe each object code, but with the tool to draw the interface, Visual Basic automatically generates the object code and package it. Each object is displayed graphically in the interface are visible. Structured programming languageVisual Basic is based on the BASIC language developed, high-level programming language with sentence structure, similar to the logic of natural language and human thinking. Visual Basic statements easy to understand, its editor supports color code, can automatically check for syntax errors, but also has powerful and flexible to use debugger and compiler.Visual Basic is an interpreted language, enter the code at the same time, decomposition of high-level language interpretation system will be translated into machine instructions the computer can recognize and judge each statement syntax error. Visual Basic procedures in the design process, you can always run the program, and in the whole process a good design, you can compile an executable file (. EXE), from the Visual Basic environment, directly in the Windows environments.Event-driven programming mechanismVisual Basic object through the event to perform the operation. Anobject may have multiple events, each event are available through a program to respond. For example, the command button is an object, when the user clicks the button, will generate a "click" (CLICK) event, but in the production of the event will execute a program used to implement the specified operation.In the design of large-scale applications using Visual Basic software, without creatinga clear beginning and end of the procedure, but the preparation of a number of small subroutines that process. These processes are aimed at different objects, an event triggered by the user to drive the completion of a particular function or procedure called by the generic event-driven process to perform the specified operation, so that programmers can easily and improve efficiency.Access to the databaseVisual Basic has a powerful database management features, the use of data control and database management window, you can directly create or deal with Microsoft Access database format, and provides powerful data storage and retrieval capabilities. At the same time, Visual Basic can also directly edit, and access to other external databases, such as DBASE, FoxPro, Paradox, etc. These database format can be edited and processed using Visual Basic.Visual Basic provides an open data connection, the ODBC functions,can be established through direct access or use the connection and operation of large-scale network database backend such as SQL Server, Oracle and so on. In the application, you can use structured query language SQL data standards, direct access to the server database and provides a simple object-oriented database instructions and multi-user database access locking mechanism and network programming SQL databasestechnology for stand-alone databases running on the SQL network interface to a distributed environment, fast and effective implementation of client / server (client / server) programs.Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE)Using Dynamic Data Exchange (Dynamic Data Exchange) technology, an application can dynamically link the data to another application, so that two completely different applications, establish a dynamic data link. When the original data changes, you can automatically update the linked data. Visual Basic provides the programming dynamic data exchange technology, the application program with other Windows applications to create dynamic data exchange between different applications to communicate. Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) to each application as an object (object), to link different objects (link) up, and then embedded (embed) an application, which can be a sound, image, image, animation, text and other information collection style technology is Microsoft'sstrategic corporate object technology, which the multiple applications into one, as each application for an object linking and embedding, is an application integration technology. Using OLE technology, you can easily build composite documents (compound document), this document from a number of different application objects, each object in the document and linked to the original application, and perform with the original application the same operation. Dynamic link library (DLL)Visual Basic is an advanced programming language, do not have low-level language functions, the operation of the access to the machine hardware is not easy to implement. But it could be dynamic link library technology will C / C + + or assembly language programs to Visual Basic applications, you can call the same function as the internal call functions written in other languages. In addition, the dynamic link library, you can call the Windows application program interface (API) function has the function to achieve SDK.Systems research and feasibility analysisResearchBefore the formal development of management information system is necessary for research, the need for mainly the following aspects.(1) To the user's request to conduct a feasibility analysis of the survey results confirm the feasibility of system development.(2) The staff of the new system not all systems researchers, somepeople process data for its function and no clear understanding of the method. They only work according to their business needs requests, system developers to conduct a detailed survey and analysis to confirm the user's requirements can be achieved through the existing computer technology to ensure the development of management information system functions and user submitted required match.(3) the existing business system may be a manual system, it could be used and the computer system, no matter the circumstances, the current system should be investigated in detail the specific circumstances of information processing, functional structure within the system in order to design a reasonable, good new system logic model for the design of the new system to lay the foundation to ensure the quality of the entire system development.In short, the current system is necessary to conduct a detailed investigation, a clear user needs, to ensure the development of new system functions consistent with the user's requirements and avoid a lot of manpower, material and financial resources, the development of the new system is the failure of the tragedy.Overview of Feasibility StudyFeasibility analysis is the user's requirements and system on the basis of research conducted on the development of new systems of social, technical, economic, management, analysis and development of newsystems come feasible, not feasible, need to modify , additional investment, the suspension of development, step by step and other programs and conclusions, and finally complete the feasibility analysis. Feasibility analysis of the general can be defined as: a feasibility analysis early in the construction of a project study and appraisal of the proposed project to conduct a comprehensive and integrated technical and economic capacity of the investigation to determine whether it is feasible.(1) the feasibility study stage of the work include the following:Objective analysis of whether the new system status and business development needs. ②social feasibility analysis:Social feasibility analysis mainly refers to the management information system development is consistent with national law, bad policy, whether we can achieve a good social system and docking.③technical feasibility analysis:Technical feasibility analysis is based on the new system aims to measure whether they have the required technology, including the number and level of system developers, hardware, software and other application technologies.④economic feasibility analysisEconomic feasibility analysis is mainly on the development of capital invested in new systems and systems put into use to compare the economic benefits to confirm whether the new system will bring someeconomic benefits companies.⑤management feasibility analysis:Management feasibility analysis is to analyze existing enterprise management system and whether the business leaders of modern management awareness and management.Technical feasibility analysisTechnical feasibility analysis includes four aspects: the current technology can support the new systems developed; the new system the number and level of developers, namely, human resources; hardware and software resources.(1) Technical Support:First, the target under the new system, considering the current technology can support the new systems developed. Technology must be discussed here has been widely used, not to be studied or are studying.(2) hardware resources:Development of management information system hardware resources needed to contain the following two aspects:System developers in the management of information systems development process needed computer equipment and related peripheral equipment; management information system used successfully, use the unit should have the computer equipment and related peripherals. Feasibility analysis of the hardware resources, the main consideration forthe host computer memory, the type, function, network capacity, security measures and the input / output devices, external storage and data communication networking equipment configuration, function, efficiency, compliance with system solutions and other indicators design requirements, but also consider the computer's performance / price ratio.(3) software resourcesFeasibility of software resources are the main consider the following to meet user requirements:①Select the operating system;②build system choice;③choice of database management system;④high-level programming language of choice;⑤character processing system selection;⑥application package choice.In the development of this system before, with the center's leadership and the close communication operators, seriously listen to their views and absorb their positive view of the development of the system to a large extent, has some advanced and reasonable .中文译文人事管理系统的开发和设计作者:Dustin Marx概要:随着计算机技术的飞速发展, 计算机在企业管理中应用的普及, 利用计算机实现企业人事管理势在必行。

毕业设计（论文)外文资料翻译系别：专业：班级:姓名：学号:外文出处:附件： 1. 原文; 2。

译文2013年03月附件一：A Rapidly Deployable Manipulator SystemChristiaan J。

J。

Paredis, H. Benjamin Brown，Pradeep K. KhoslaAbstract:A rapidly deployable manipulator system combines the flexibility of reconfigurable modular hardware with modular programming tools，allowing the user to rapidly create a manipulator which is custom-tailored for a given task. This article describes two main aspects of such a system，namely，the Reconfigurable Modular Manipulator System （RMMS)hardware and the corresponding control software。

1 IntroductionRobot manipulators can be easily reprogrammed to perform different tasks, yet the range of tasks that can be performed by a manipulator is limited by mechanicalstructure。

Forexample，a manipulator well-suited for precise movement across the top of a table would probably no be capable of lifting heavy objects in the vertical direction. Therefore，to perform a given task,one needs to choose a manipulator with an appropriate mechanical structure.We propose the concept of a rapidly deployable manipulator system to address the above mentioned shortcomings of fixed configuration manipulators。

英语类论文参考文献（3篇）英语类论文参考文献（3篇）英语类论文参考文献(一)[1] Kemmis.S&R.Mc Taggart. The Action Research Planne[M]. Geelong, Victoria; Deakin University Press, 1982.[2] Hustler. D, T. Cassidy & J. Cuff(eds.). Action Research in Classroom and Schools [C]. Inndon: Allen & Unwin, 1986.[4] Cohen, L.& Mansion, L. ResearchMethods in Education (4th ed.)[M]. London and New Youk: Routledge, 1994.[5] Richards, J. C.& C. Lockhart. Reflective Teaching in Second Language Calssrooms [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.[6]胡青球.行动研究:教学与科研紧密结合的桥梁式研究方法[J].山东外语教学, 2002 (5): 54-56.[7]李静纯.导读[A].华莱士.语言教师行动研究[M].北京:人民教育出版社, 2000.[8]王蔷.英语教师行动研究[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2002.[9]支永碧.从行动研究到行动教育[J].大连:外语与外语教学, 2008 (9): 28-33.[1]郭建中.当代美国翻译理论[M].武汉：湖北教育出版社，2000[2]王慧.论翻译教学中思维能力的培养[J].吉林省教育学院学报，2009(10)[3]白晓莉.大学英语翻译教学现状及对策分[J].读与写(教育教学刊)，2008(5)[4]刘宓庆.翻译教学：实务与理论[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2007[5]萧立明.英汉比较研究与翻译[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社，2002[6]何刚强.当代英汉互译指导与实践[M].上海:华东理工大学出版社，1997[7]程镇球.政治文章的翻译要讲政治[J].中国翻译，2003(3).[8]杨全红.简论汉英新词翻译[J].中国翻译，1999(3).Malley，J& A. Chamot. Learner Strategies in Second Language Acquisition [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1990Neil J. Anderson,《《第二语言阅读探索：问题与策略》》外语教学与研究出版社 2004郑敏.对语言学习策略分类框架的质疑[J ].外语与外语教学,200(12):33 - 35.英语类论文参考文献(二)[1] Aitchison, J. 1987. Words in the Mind: An Introduction to the Mental Lexicon [M]. Oxford: Basil lackwell.[2] Blakemore, D. 1992. Understanding Utterances [M]. Oxford: Blackwell.[3] Blakemore, D. 2002. Relevance and Linguistic Meaning: The Semantics and Pragmatics of Discourse Markers [M]. Cambridge: CUP.[4] Ellis, R. 1994. The Study of Second Language Acquisition [M]. Oxford: OUP.[5] Emmorey, K. D. & V. A. Fromkin. 1990. The mental lexicon[A]. In J. Frederick (ed.). Language:The Cambridge Survey: Psychological and Biological Aspects [C]. Newmeyer: CUP.[6] Garnham, A. 1985. Psycholinguistics:#from 英语类论文参考文献（3篇）来自end# Central T opics [M]. Cambridge: CUP.[7] Anderson , A. et al. 1999. Cross-linguistic evidence for the early acquisition of discourse markers as register variables [J]. Journal of Pragmatics (10): 1339-1351.[8] Wesche, M. & T. M. Paribakht. 1996. Assessing vocabulary knowledge: Depth vs. breadth [J].Canadian Modern LanguageReview (10): 13-40.[9] 丁言仁.2004.第二语言习得研究与英语学习 [M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.[10]束定芳，庄智象.1996.现代外语教学理论、方法与实践[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社.[11]文秋芳. 2001.英语学习的成功之路[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社.[12]陈新仁.2002.话语联系语与英语议论文写作:调查分析[J].外语教学与研究(5):350-354.[13]崔刚.1994.布鲁卡氏失语症实例研究[J].外语教学与研究(1):272-33.[14]桂诗春.2004.我国外语教学的新思考[J].外国语(4):229.[15]何安平，徐曼菲.2003.中国大学生英语口语Small Words的研究[J].外语教学与研究(6):446-452.[16]黄远振.2001.词的形态理据与词汇习得的相关性[J].外语教学与研究(6):430–435.[17]文秋芳.2002.编写英语专业教材的重要原则[J].外语界(1):7-21.[18]文秋芳.2003.频率作用与二语习得[J].外语教学与研究(2):151-154.英语类论文参考文献(三)文献类型标识：普通图书[M], 会议录[C], 汇编[G], 报纸[N], 期刊[J]学位论文[D], 报告[R]，标准[S]，专利[P]，数据库[DB]计算机程序[CP]，电子公告[EB] 磁带[MT]，磁盘[DK]光盘[CD]，联机网络[OL]专著类【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份.[1]何兆熊. 新编语用学概论[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2000.[2]Brown, P. & Levinson, S.C. Politeness: Universals in Language Usage [M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.期刊类[3]刘建达.中国学生英语语用能力的测试[J]. 外语教学与研究, 2006(4): 259-265.[4]Cameron, L. Confrontations or Complementarities? Metaphor in Language Use and Cognitive Metaphor Theory [J]. Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 2007(5): 107-135.报纸类[5]李大伦.经济全球化时代英语学习的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3).[6]French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China [N].Atlantic Weekly,1987-8-15(33).论文集[7]伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17.[8] Spivak,G. Can the Subaltern Speak? [A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, 271-313.学位论文[9]王淼.中初水平学习者在外语学习环境下的偶遇词汇学习[D]. 上海外国语大学，2004 .研究报告[10] 冯西桥.翻译研究的多维视角[R].北京：清华大学, 1997：9-10.。

本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)外文文献翻译原文及译文标题：The Research of the General Semantics in We-Media 作者：Feny Louis期刊：Communication and Linguistics Studies, 6(1):11-14年份：2017原文The Research of the General Semantics in We-MediaFeny LouisAbstractGeneral semantics is a theory of the relationship between language and life, although has declined, but many theoretical ideas of general semantics still have certain practical significance. The fragmentation characteristics of we-media language bring certain negative effect for mass communication, general semantics advocates language should reflect the objective reality scientifically and accurately, this has certain reference significance to solve the problems of language in we-media communication. But because of the complexity of the theoretical system of general semantics, the feasibility of general semantics should be studied first, take the essence, to its dregs, then apply it in the mass communicate practice creatively.Keywords: General Semantics, We-Media, Fragmentation1 IntroductionGeneral semantics is a branch of semantics, mainly research on the relationship between human language and the objective of life. On the basis of abstract theory of language, general semantics take the scientificand accurate expression of the objective reality very seriously. General semantics once was so advanced in the world, but declined rapidly in the late 1960s, then should consider whether its theory still has scientific factors and could be used to guide mass communication currently. We-media has became a typical example of new digital media with a rapid development in recent years, just as the amount of reading has shown a rapid growth in the most representative social networking software in China called We Chat (Figure1). Due to the limitations of propagation characteristics such as the length limit of micro-blog, we-media language formed a distinguishing feature of fragmentation, giving rise to a negative impact on accurate communication while bringing great convenience to the people. This paper will analyze the characteristics of we-media language and research the path of application of general semantics in we-media communication. 2 The Development and Decline of General Semantics General semantics mainly research on the relationship between human language and the objective of life, pursuing the meaning of scientific and accurate language expression. General semanticist think if everyone could act as a scientist in their use of language, it can guarantee the correct transmission of meaning then reduce misunderstanding and disputes between people. General semantics was born in the United States in the 1930s, flourished in the 1950s but began to decline rapidly in the late 1960s.Alfred Korzybski published "Science and sanity" with a subtitle of “An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics” in 1933 which laid the theoretical foundation of general semantics. Korzybski questioned the logic of language system since Aristotle, he pointed out that Aristotle's logic language only reflected the style and level of the ancient Greeks, but not the universal regulation of human thinking and language. At the same time Korzybski proposed the requirement to change the current structure of the language to a more scientific way which is the original point of the movement of general semantics. Stuart Chase published “The tyranny of words” in 1938 and paid great effort to promote the view of general semantics. After the impetus of the representative scholars and general semantics began to prevail in the 1950s and 1960s in the United States, there were hundreds of university teaching course in general semantics, and its theory was used in quite a lot areas such as news, economic, administration, law of different degree. Finally became a social movement with wide influence which beyond the academic category.General semantics scholars believe the source of misunderstanding, conflict, disaster is language, which can be recognized from the summary of their linguistic features. Firstly, human language is static while the objective reality is dynamic, language has a certain degree of stability but the world is changing all the time, so Trump in November 9, 2016 isdifferent from Trump in November 1, 2016. Secondly, human language is limited while the actual is infinite, human beings are impossible to describe the objects at all due to the limitations of language. Thirdly, human language is abstract and the world is concrete, when people describe things using abstract language, the listener get an image with a difference, namely “the map is not the field, language is not a thing”. People will use abstract nouns in the abstract process of reflecting the objective reality and abstract nouns are empty words, so the higher the degree of the abstract concept the danger degree is bigger, which is the reason why language will cause disaster to human society. In order to solve this problem, scholars of general semantics proposed the semantic analysis, hoping to eliminate the disputes in the process of communication by reforming language. But there were certain relativism color with its theoretical propositions, exaggerated the role of language to the society, ignored the important role of abstraction in human understanding. Due to the discipline system is a mixture of different theories of right or wrong, general semantics declined rapidly in the late 1960s, just as Laib Porter said, traditional general semantics is not suitable for the current situation in the United States and the 1968 world. Effects of general semantics is very small in China which is determined by the background of that time, Korzybski served as the principal responsible person of League of Nations, Chase advisory committee ofpresident Roosevelt, Hayakawa Ichii was a member of the house of Lords. Many representatives of the general semantics have important political identity, they strived to solve the political problems with their theory. Because general semantics was used by the United States as a tool of cold war, so the theory subjected a boycott in the socialist camp unanimously, there have been only a few works in Hong Kong and Taiwan about general semantics before China's reform and opening–up. Despite the drawbacks, this is not reason to deny that general semantics has a lot of reasonable opinions, the exploration for the establishment of language system which in line with the objective reality is worth learning.3 Linguistic Features of We-Media and Its Influence of Communication With the development of digital technology, a variety of new media developed rapidly in the world based on Web2.0 platform. In recent years, we-media exhibited a unique attraction and gathered a large number of users, “it refers to the private communicator which sending information to an unspecific majority or a specific individual in a modern, electronic way”. According to “the 39th China Internet development status survey report” released by the China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC), the scale of Internet users reached 0.731 billion in China as of 2016 December, mobile phone users reached 0.695 billion, and we-media user also got a tremendous growth (Figure 2). “The way in which information is generated and communicated is greatly changed inwe-media era”, which is beca use its strong interactivity bringing a lot of convenience to facilitate users to the disseminating and sharing information, so each person could release news whenever and wherever possible. With many new experiences, we-media makes exchanges become more flexible and diverse, but it also bring many negative effects at the same time such as more and more false news and spam which is decided by the transmission characteristics of we-media.Firstly, the amount of information released every time through we-media is relatively fewer than traditional media, low capacity information is difficult to express full details of the event comprehensively and objectively. We-media is often express an aspect of a thing or event which is hard to form full understanding of the objective truth, and easy to form misunderstanding or breed false news. Secondly, although the real name system has been implemented, users still have great information freedom in the world of we-media, lots of people tend to release irritating information in order to attract the attention of internet users to obtain a higher click rate. Sometimes they just intercept the most eye-catching part even quote out of context and without confirmation. Finally, there are significant individual characteristics with we-media, “traditional news production and communication methods are broken and personalized reading develops rapidly [8]”, most of the content is not describing an event or thing simply but expressing the publisher's feelings,the emotions attached to the expression of events is easily spread in Internet users which could cause irrational emotions. “The rise of we-media has greatly increased the fragmentation of information”, and the use of language in we-media communication showing a obvious fragmentation characteristics, because of the limit of length and the propagation characteristics, expression of we-media can not reflect the fact fully and comprehensively, what people see is usually a piece or segment of the fact with the publisher's subjective tendency. At the same time, the style of language will be scattered, more and more sentence which do not comply with the syntax specification become a popular trend. “At the same time, due to the grassroots and low threshold, language violence began on the Internet, and became a lethal tool that greatly affects the social stability”, So there is a fear that a new generation of children grown up with we-media will too lazy to think and use words carefully, in that case, the traditional culture is easy to form fault. Characteristic of fragmentation has become a recognized defect of we-media language and how to regulate it is an urgent task. 4 The Reference V alue of General Semantics to We-Media Language The theory of general semantics shows that “human form a ju dgment and evaluation of the world after the neural psychological process, the judgment and evaluation lead to the behaviors called thinking, communication, conversation, decision, conclusion, explanation, description, and so on.Language provides the means and environment which the evaluation process could occur and conduct, and the way to use language determines people's evaluation methods and the relationship between people with their own, and others, and around the world”. We-media has become a part of people's life and its language has become the means of us to describe non linguistic world. Since the fragmentation characteristics of we-media language will cause some negative impacts, it is an urgent task to overcome this influence and create a more objective and pure language environment, scientific composition of general semantics theory just can be used as reference. First of all, any people and things are not the same one with the passage of time according to general semantics, such as U.S. President Trump in November 9, 2016 is different from himself in November 8, 2016 because he was elected president of the United States. And general semantics indicates that identity cognition attitude would lead to deviation or mistake Judgment due to differences between things, which reminds we-media users to handle the relationship between language and reality in the view of development.Secondly, the non full principle of general semantics refers to the objective reality is not completely consistent with its language expression, because the reality of objects is with infinite diversity which is changing constantly, but language is always limited which is not possible to express the features of reality fully. General semantics scholars advocate orientingextension, reminding to pay attention to those omitted features. This guide people pay more attention to expressions which are far away from the actual, never accept and spread information by we-media without thinking, in order to improve the ability and consciousness to identify one-sided and exaggeration language. If everyone is able to be more rational, the use of language will be more scientific in we-media communication. Thirdly, general semantics indicated that language has an ability of self reflection, which could make a statement about another statement, the second statements is about the thirdly statement, and this is an infinitely cyclical process. In this case, the farther expression from the initial objective facts, the deviation is bigger, and the higher the level of abstraction of the concept, the degree of risk is greater in this process. The above analysis is very obvious in we-media, deviations of information are inevitable after forwarding and commenting. So communicator has to remain vigilant to abstract information, and pay attention to the accuracy degree of extension while using language in we-media.General semantic analysis emphasizes the diversification and individuality of the objective things, respect for each user's personality in the world of we-media. It has a certain practical significance to establish a scientific awareness of using language, cultivate the habit of civilized expression, improve the ability to distinguish the false information. 5 TheFeasibility of the Application of General Semantic in We-Media General semantics has positive significance to solve the negative impact caused by the fragmentation features of we-media language, but there still exist great difficulties to apply semantics theory widely in we-media communication. There are certain doubts with the feasibility of the application of general semantic in we-media because of the complexity of general semantics, then analyze the problem by compare two pairs of contradictions between general semantics theory and we-media communication.Firstly, there is a contradiction between the pursuit of scientific and rational of general semantics and the emotional appeal of we-media. General semantics scholars believe that “the most rational language is that of science, understanding of these words will be consistent no matter senator, Catholic, worker, capitalist [13]”. They pursue science language which is able to take pictures of reality, vague and abstract representation is not allowed. But as a personalized expression tool, lengthy reports and theoretical language is not suitable to we-media, the expression of life and feeling with certain emotions is better. General semantics ignore the fuzziness of language, and its just the origin of poetic, aesthetic feeling and expressiveness to a certain extent. In pursuit of science, general semantics has harmed poetry to a certain extent, however, this does not prevent the improvement of the vividness of language on the premise ofexact expression.Secondly, there is a contradiction between the semantic analysis and the simple characteristic of we-media language. General semantics scholars pointed out abstract process while language reflecting things is the main reason lead to misunderstanding, they presented five ways of expressing to limit the extension of things such as adding "etc." after words, coding for words, adding date tagging, adding conjunction operator and adding quotes. For example, what “Trump 2016.11.9” and “Trump 2016.11.1” used is the method of adding date tagging. Thes e methods can make the use of language more accurate but it is not consistent with people's free and easy habits of we-media. 6 Conclusion To sum up, there are still some unscientific factors which can't be a theoretical tool to guide the practice, at the same time, the contradictions between general semantics theory and practical use of we-media language determined it is difficult to apply the semantic analysis to we-media communication. But it is undeniable that general semantics has reference significance to create a more orderly media environment. “The development of the media industry often begins with technological changes”, in this context ，we-media language is an important tool for people to communicate rather than a source of misunderstandings and disputes. “As the influence grows，the social responsibility of we-media should also be highly concerned”, the form of we-media has beendeveloping continuously, language, pictures, video and other forms of media are more closely related, it also needs to improve the scientific level of language applications. So although there is a certain degree of difficulty to apply the scientific part of general semantics theory to practice, communicator still need to take its essence, to its dregs, optimizing the language of we-media communication with general semantics creatively.译文自媒体与普通语义学研究费尼·路易斯摘要普通语义学是有关语言与生活之间关系的一个理论，即使现在其意义有所下降，但是普通语义学的许多理论观点仍然具有一定的现实意义。

外文文献翻译原文Analysis of Con tin uous Prestressed Concrete BeamsChris BurgoyneMarch 26, 20051、IntroductionThis conference is devoted to the development of structural analysis rather than the strength of materials, but the effective use of prestressed concrete relies on an appropriate combination of structural analysis techniques with knowledge of the material behaviour. Design of prestressed concrete structures is usually left to specialists; the unwary will either make mistakes or spend inordinate time trying to extract a solution from the various equations.There are a number of fundamental differences between the behaviour of prestressed concrete and that of other materials. Structures are not unstressed when unloaded; the design space of feasible solutions is totally bounded；in hyperstatic structures, various states of self-stress can be induced by altering the cable profile, and all of these factors get influenced by creep and thermal effects. How were these problems recognised and how have they been tackled?Ever since the development of reinforced concrete by Hennebique at the end of the 19th century (Cusack 1984), it was recognised that steel and concrete could be more effectively combined if the steel was pretensioned, putting the concrete into compression. Cracking could be reduced, if not prevented altogether, which would increase stiffness and improve durability. Early attempts all failed because the initial prestress soon vanished, leaving the structure to be- have as though it was reinforced; good descriptions of these attempts are given by Leonhardt (1964) and Abeles (1964).It was Freyssineti’s observations of the sagging of the shallow arches on three bridges that he had just completed in 1927 over the River Allier near Vichy which led directly to prestressed concrete (Freyssinet 1956). Only the bridge at Boutiron survived WWII (Fig 1). Hitherto, it had been assumed that concrete had a Young’s modulus which remained fixed, but he recognised that the de- ferred strains due to creep explained why the prestress had been lost in the early trials. Freyssinet (Fig. 2) also correctly reasoned that high tensile steel had to be used, so that some prestress would remain after the creep had occurred, and alsothat high quality concrete should be used, since this minimised the total amount of creep. The history of Freyssineti’s early prestressed concrete work is written elsewhereFigure1:Boutiron Bridge,Vic h yFigure 2: Eugen FreyssinetAt about the same time work was underway on creep at the BRE laboratory in England ((Glanville 1930) and (1933)). It is debatable which man should be given credit for the discovery of creep but Freyssinet clearly gets the credit for successfully using the knowledge to prestress concrete.There are still problems associated with understanding how prestressed concrete works, partly because there is more than one way of thinking about it. These different philosophies are to some extent contradictory, and certainly confusing to the young engineer. It is also reflected, to a certain extent, in the various codes of practice.Permissible stress design philosophy sees prestressed concrete as a way of avoiding cracking by eliminating tensile stresses; the objective is for sufficient compression to remain after creep losses. Untensionedreinforcement, which attracts prestress due to creep, is anathema. This philosophy derives directly from Freyssinet’s logic and is primarily a working stress concept.Ultimate strength philosophy sees prestressing as a way of utilising high tensile steel as reinforcement. High strength steels have high elastic strain capacity, which could not be utilised when used as reinforcement; if the steel is pretensioned, much of that strain capacity is taken out before bonding the steel to the concrete. Structures designed this way are normally designed to be in compression everywhere under permanent loads, but allowed to crack under high live load. The idea derives directly from the work of Dischinger (1936) and his work on the bridge at Aue in 1939 (Schonberg and Fichter 1939), as well as that of Finsterwalder (1939). It is primarily an ultimate load concept. The idea of partial prestressing derives from these ideas.The Load-Balancing philosophy, introduced by T.Y. Lin, uses prestressing to counter the effect of the permanent loads (Lin 1963). The sag of the cables causes an upward force on the beam, which counteracts the load on the beam. Clearly, only one load can be balanced, but if this is taken as the total dead weight, then under that load the beam will perceive only the net axial prestress and will have no tendency to creep up or down.These three philosophies all have their champions, and heated debates take place between them as to which is the most fundamental.2、Section designFrom the outset it was recognised that prestressed concrete has to be checked at both the working load and the ultimate load. For steel structures, and those made from reinforced concrete, there is a fairly direct relationship between the load capacity under an allowable stress design, and that at the ultimate load under an ultimate strength design. Older codes were based on permissible stresses at the working load; new codes use moment capacities at the ultimate load. Different load factors are used in the two codes, but a structure which passes one code is likely to be acceptable under the other.For prestressed concrete, those ideas do not hold, since the structure is highly stressed, even when unloaded. A small increase of load can cause some stress limits to be breached, while a large increase in load might be needed to cross other limits. The designer has considerable freedom to vary both the working load and ultimate load capacities independently; both need to be checked.A designer normally has to check the tensile and compressive stresses, in both the top and bottom fibre of the section, for every load case. The critical sections are normally, but not always, the mid-span and the sections over piers but other sections may become critical ，when the cable profile has to be determined.The stresses at any position are made up of three components, one of which normally has a different sign from the other two; consistency of sign convention is essential.If P is the prestressing force and e its eccentricity, A and Z are the area of the cross-section and its elastic section modulus, while M is the applied moment, then where ft and fc are the permissible stresses in tension and compression.c e t f ZM Z P A P f ≤-+≤Thus, for any combination of P and M , the designer already has four in- equalities to deal with.The prestressing force differs over time, due to creep losses, and a designer isusually faced with at least three combinations of prestressing force and moment;• the applied moment at the time the prestress is first applied, before creep losses occur,• the maximum applied moment after creep losses, and• the minimum applied moment after creep losses.Figure 4: Gustave MagnelOther combinations may be needed in more complex cases. There are at least twelve inequalities that have to be satisfied at any cross-section, but since an I-section can be defined by six variables, and two are needed to define the prestress, the problem is over-specified and it is not immediately obvious which conditions are superfluous. In the hands of inexperienced engineers, the design process can be very long-winded. However, it is possible to separate out the design of the cross-section from the design of the prestress. By considering pairs of stress limits on the same fibre, but for different load cases, the effects of the prestress can be eliminated, leaving expressions of the form:rangestress e Perm issibl Range Mom entZ These inequalities, which can be evaluated exhaustively with little difficulty, allow the minimum size of the cross-section to be determined.Once a suitable cross-section has been found, the prestress can be designed using a construction due to Magnel (Fig.4). The stress limits can all be rearranged into the form:()M fZ PA Z e ++-≤1 By plotting these on a diagram of eccentricity versus the reciprocal of the prestressing force, a series of bound lines will be formed. Provided the inequalities (2) are satisfied, these bound lines will always leave a zone showing all feasible combinations of P and e. The most economical design, using the minimum prestress, usually lies on the right hand side of the diagram, where the design is limited by the permissible tensile stresses.Plotting the eccentricity on the vertical axis allows direct comparison with the crosssection, as shown in Fig. 5. Inequalities (3) make no reference to the physical dimensions of the structure, but these practical cover limits can be shown as wellA good designer knows how changes to the design and the loadings alter the Magnel diagram. Changing both the maximum andminimum bending moments, but keeping the range the same, raises and lowers the feasible region. If the moments become more sagging the feasible region gets lower in the beam.In general, as spans increase, the dead load moments increase in proportion to the live load. A stage will be reached where the economic point (A on Fig.5) moves outside the physical limits of the beam; Guyon (1951a) denoted the limiting condition as the critical span. Shorter spans will be governed by tensile stresses in the two extreme fibres, while longer spans will be governed by the limiting eccentricity and tensile stresses in the bottom fibre. However, it does not take a large increase in moment ，at which point compressive stresses will govern in the bottom fibre under maximum moment.Only when much longer spans are required, and the feasible region moves as far down as possible, does the structure become governed by compressive stresses in both fibres.3、Continuous beamsThe design of statically determinate beams is relatively straightforward; the engineer can work on the basis of the design of individual cross-sections, as outlined above. A number of complications arise when the structure is indeterminate which means that the designer has to consider, not only a critical section,but also the behaviour of the beam as a whole. These are due to the interaction of a number of factors, such as Creep, Temperature effects and Construction Sequence effects. It is the development of these ideas whichforms the core of this paper. The problems of continuity were addressed at a conference in London (Andrew and Witt 1951). The basic principles, and nomenclature, were already in use, but to modern eyes concentration on hand analysis techniques was unusual, and one of the principle concerns seems to have been the difficulty of estimating losses of prestressing force.3.1 Secondary MomentsA prestressing cable in a beam causes the structure to deflect. Unlike the statically determinate beam, where this motion is unrestrained, the movement causes a redistribution of the support reactions which in turn induces additional moments. These are often termed Secondary Moments, but they are not always small, or Parasitic Moments, but they are not always bad.Freyssinet’s bridge across the Marne at Luzancy, started in 1941 but not completed until 1946, is often thought of as a simply supported beam, but it was actually built as a two-hinged arch (Harris 1986), with support reactions adjusted by means of flat jacks and wedges which were later grouted-in (Fig.6). The same principles were applied in the later and larger beams built over the same river.Magnel built the first indeterminate beam bridge at Sclayn, in Belgium (Fig.7) in 1946. The cables are virtually straight, but he adjusted the deck profile so that the cables were close to the soffit near mid-span. Even with straight cables the sagging secondary momentsare large; about 50% of the hogging moment at the central support caused by dead and live load.The secondary moments cannot be found until the profile is known but the cablecannot be designed until the secondary moments are known. Guyon (1951b) introduced the concept of the concordant profile, which is a profile that causes no secondary moments; es and ep thus coincide. Any line of thrust is itself a concordant profile.The designer is then faced with a slightly simpler problem; a cable profile has to be chosen which not only satisfies the eccentricity limits (3) but is also concordant. That in itself is not a trivial operation, but is helped by the fact that the bending moment diagram that results from any load applied to a beam will itself be a concordant profile for a cable of constant force. Such loads are termed notional loads to distinguish them from the real loads on the structure. Superposition can be used to progressively build up a set of notional loads whose bending moment diagram gives the desired concordant profile.3.2 Temperature effectsTemperature variations apply to all structures but the effect on prestressed concrete beams can be more pronounced than in other structures. The temperature profile through the depth of a beam (Emerson 1973) can be split into three components for the purposes of calculation (Hambly 1991). The first causes a longitudinal expansion, which is normally released by the articulation of the structure; the second causes curvature which leads to deflection in all beams and reactant moments in continuous beams, while the third causes a set of self-equilibrating set of stresses across the cross-section.The reactant moments can be calculated and allowed-for, but it is the self- equilibrating stresses that cause the main problems for prestressed concrete beams. These beams normally have high thermal mass which means that daily temperature variations do not penetrate to the core of the structure. The result is a very non-uniform temperature distribution across the depth which in turn leads to significant self-equilibrating stresses. If the core of the structure is warm, while the surface is cool, such as at night, then quite large tensile stresses can be developed on the top and bottom surfaces. However, they only penetrate a very short distance into the concrete and the potential crack width is very small. It can be very expensive to overcome the tensile stress by changing the section or the prestress。

Criminal Law1.General IntroductionCriminal law is the body of the law that defines criminal offenses, regulates the apprehension, charging, and trial of suspected offenders,and fixes punishment for convicted persons. Substantive criminal law defines particular crimes, and procedural law establishes rules for the prosecution of crime. In a democratic society, it is the function of the legislative bodies to decide what behavior will be made criminal and what penalties will be attached to violations of the law.Capital punishment may be imposed in some jurisdictions for the most serious crimes. And physical or corporal punishment may still be imposed such as whipping or caning, although these punishments are prohibited in much of the world. A convict may be incarcerated in prison or jail and the length of incarceration may vary from a day to life.Criminal law is a reflection of the society that produce it. In an Islamic theocracy, such as Iran, criminal law will reflect the religious teachings of the Koran; in an Catholic country, it will reflect the tenets of Catholicism. In addition, criminal law will change to reflect changes in society, especially attitude changes. For instance, use of marijuana was once considered a serious crime with harsh penalties, whereas today the penalties in most states are relatively light. As severity of the penaltieswas reduced. As a society advances, its judgments about crime and punishment change.2.Elements of a CrimeObviously, different crimes require different behaviors, but there are common elements necessary for proving all crimes. First, the prohibited behavior designated as a crime must be clearly defined so that a reasonable person can be forewarned that engaging in that behavior is illegal. Second, the accused must be shown to have possessed the requisite intent to commit the crime. Third, the state must prove causation. Finally, the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the crime.(1) actus reusThe first element of crime is the actus reus.Actus is an act or action and reus is a person judicially accused of a crime. Therefore, actus reus is literally the action of a person accused of a crime. A criminal statute must clearly define exactly what act is deemed “guilty”---that is, the exact behavior that is being prohibited. That is done so that all persons are put on notice that if they perform the guilty act, they will be liable for criminal punishment. Unless the actus reus is clearly defined, one might not know whether or not on e’s behavior is illegal.Actus reus may be accomplished by an action, by threat of action,or exceptionally, by an omission to act, which is a legal duty to act. For example, the act of Cain striking Abel might suffice, or a parent’s failure to give to a young child also may provide the actus reus for a crime.Where the actus reus is a failure to act, there must be a duty of care. A duty can arise through contract, a voluntary undertaking, a blood relation, and occasionally through one’s official position. Duty also can arise from one’s own creation of a dangerous situation.(2)mens reaA second element of a crime is mens rea. Mens rea refers to an individual’s state of mind when a crime is committed. While actus reus is proven by physical or eyewitness evidence, mens rea is more difficult to ascertain. The jury must determine for itself whether the accused had the necessary intent to commit the act.A lower threshold of mens rea is satisfied when a defendant recognizes an act is dangerous but decides to commit it anyway. This is recklessness. For instance, if Cain tears a gas meter from a wall, and knows this will let flammable gas escape into a neighbor’s house, he could be liable for poisoning. Courts often consider whether the actor did recognise the danger, or alternatively ought to have recognized a danger (though he did not) is tantamount to erasing intent as a requirement. In this way, the importance of mens rea hasbeen reduced in some areas of the criminal law.Wrongfulness of intent also may vary the seriousness of an offense. A killing committed with specific intent to kill or with conscious recognition that death or serious bodily harm will result, would be murder, whereas a killing affected by reckless acts lacking such a consciousness could be manslaughter.(3)CausationThe next element is causation. Often the phrase “but for”is used to determine whether causation has occurred. For example, we might say “Cain caused Abel”, by which we really mean “Cain caused Abel’s death. ”In other words, ‘but for Cain’s act, Abel would still be alive.” Causation, then, means “but for” the actions of A, B would not have been harmed. In criminal law, causation is an element that must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt.(4) Proof beyond a Reasonable DoubtIn view of the fact that in criminal cases we are dealing with the life and liberty of the accused person, as well as the stigma accompanying conviction, the legal system places strong limits on the power of the state to convict a person of a crime. Criminal defendants are presumed innocent. The state must overcome this presumption of innocence by proving every element of the offense charged against the defendant beyond a reasonable doubt to thesatisfaction of all the jurors. This requirement is the primary way our system minimizes the risk of convicting an innocent person.The state must prove its case within a framework of procedural safeguards that are designed to protect the accused. The state’s failure to prove any material element of its case results in the accused being acquitted or found not guilty, even though he or she may actually have committed the crime charged.3. Strict LiabilityIn modern society, some crimes require no more mens rea, and they are known as strict liability offenses. For in stance, under the Road Traffic Act 1988 it is a strict liability offence to drive a vehicle with an alcohol concentration above the prescribed limit.Strict liability can be described as criminal or civil liability notwithstanding the lack mens rea or intent by the defendant. Not all crimes require specific intent, and the threshold of culpability required may be reduced. For example, it might be sufficient to show that a defendant acted negligently, rather than intentionally or recklessly.1. 概述刑法是规定什么试犯罪，有关犯罪嫌疑人之逮捕、起诉及审判，及对已决犯处以何种刑罚的部门法。

仓储系统控制技术中英文资料外文翻译文献一篇对于入库系统规划与控制的调查文献1我们提出了一个关于方法以及规划和仓储系统控制技术文献调查。

规划是指管理决策影响中期内（一个或多个个月），如库存管理和储存位分配。

控制是指经营决策a.ect短期（小时，天），如路由，排序，调度和订单批量。

在此之前的文献调查，我们展现了仓储系统介绍和仓库管理问题的分类。

说明1．1仓库的递增GUDEHUS与GRAVES,HAUSMAN,SCHWARZ通过把入库系统规划与控制作为一个新的研究主题而对此介绍构思。

入库系统的操作在文献中自始自终受到了相当大的关注。

入库系统的研究在70年代就得到了关注，这不足为奇，管理部门将眼光从生产力的提高转移到财产目录的消减，这是研究领域的一个新纪元。

信息系统的采用使得这个策略有了实施的可能，随着把制造业资源规划作为一个显著的范例，日本出现了一个新的管理哲学：及时生产（JIT）。

及时生产试图实现在短时间内用极小的一部分存货清单实现高产量的任务。

这个新的发展需要人们通过仓库在短期的回复期内频繁的运送低量货物到一个显著的宽广而多样化的储存保管单元(SKU's)中实现。

对于质量的关注，使得仓库负责人要从产品损坏的角度反复检查他们的仓库操作，在建立短而可靠的交易时期同时提升汇单采购的准确性。

当前在入库与分配后勤学的趋势中，是供应链管理与高效消费响应（ECR）。

供应链管理与高效消费响应负责小量存货清单供应链与贯穿于供应链的可靠短期响应机构的驱动。

所有的交付都是在供应链中销售额日趋下降的情况下促成的。

这样一个机构需要各个公司之间在供应链与当前销售信息的反馈中形成一个严密的合作。

现今，信息技术使得这些手段能够通过电子数据的交换（EDI）与类似基于MRP的企业资源规划（ERP）软件系统与仓库管理系统（WMS）实现。

新市场极大的影响着仓库的经营。

一方面，他们需要一个增长的生产力；另一方面，迅速变换的市场将金融风险强加于采用密集资本的高成果上，由此可能很难重新装配甚至需要摒弃入库设备。

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Construction stage safety civilization management1 Research content and purposeAt present China's production safety situation is still grim, especially the building area of the multiple casualties situation has not fundamentally reversed, construction safety is extremely stern; production safety foundation is weak, guarantee system and mechanism is not perfect; safety production supervision and management mechanism, team construction and supervision work also needs to be strengthened.With China's implementation of the "going out" strategy, the overseas engineering construction requirements of construction enterprises toward the safety and high quality fast and efficient direction, but the due to the overseas projects in surveying, design, competitive bidding system and construction exists some defects or mistakes, especially the construction environment and conditions for overseas and domestic different is formed many unsafe factors. Some governments of developed countries on safe and civilized construction management and supervision ineffective, at the same time, the security incident victimscompensation is relatively low, so as to project management are real will "safety first" self psychological suggestion and safe and civilized management psychological orientation proposed higher requirements. And in the preparation of the overseas project safety assurance program, sometimes due to lack of understanding in the engineering field, easy to cause the of dangerous source judgement is not accurate or not in place, and psychologically cannot accurately to ensure the safety of the positioning of the feasibility of the program.By exploring the harmful factors in the construction process and construction process was studied in unsafe, uncivilized between factors and employee of contradiction and the law of the unity of opposites, making better use of these rules to formulate a scientific, reasonable, effective all safe and civilized production tube system, to improve and perfect the measures of safety and technological civilization, to prevent and eliminate various harmful factors in the process of construction to the conversion of the casualty of a series of management work, to protect workers' safety and health, ensure safety in production. Due to the construction of the unsafe factor is relatively more, a little careless, it may occur accident. In recent years, occurred throughout the country in the construction work accidents and serious casualty statistics tells us that construction of the security situation is still very grim. However, construction safety problems with everything else, has its own objective law. It objectively resides in the entire construction activity. Since so, naturally, be it analysis to understand, master rules of it, take the organizational and technical measures to pre control, in order to achieve the purpose of construction safety. However, there are still many problems in the management of the security civilization.Therefore, we focus on the construction stage of the construction safety civilization management, the construction of the various aspects of the construction plan, the status quo of the safety and civilization management. Through the safety awareness of the management, the system of planning, to the project safety detailed analysis of the content. There are some unpredictable problems during the process of preparation, which is the main problem in the management of safety civilization.. Lay a good foundation for further implementation.. According to the occurrence of the settlement of the accident, there is no accident occurred, record the safety civilization management improvement measures, improve the safety and civilization management. As generally work arrangements properly was period of management is relatively lax, cross process serious and complicated, and safety problems inthis period is often risks and security alert frigidity, may not out of the big problem, but small problems and small risks constantly. So strengthen safety education and training, the unknown engineering safety civilization management summary, learning.Through the research on the safety civilization management of the construction stage, the danger identification, the risk assessment and the risk control of the modern safety civilization management are discussed in three aspects.. The aim is to better and more secure the work done. Do early work after the reduction of risk, and further strengthen the construction project risk management, and thus promote the faster development of China's construction projects.2 Status quo of safety civilization managementIn recent years, with the continuous improvement of the market economy and the common improvement of people's life, construction industry has become one of the fastest developing industries. The competition of the market is increasingly fierce, so that the benefit of the enterprise to compete in the target, so to the management to benefit has become the consensus of entrepreneurs. And safety is the premise of the benefit, because the safety results determine the size of the benefit. End over the years the party and the government attaches great importance to production safety work, determine the safety production policy of "safety first, prevention first", promulgated a series of production safety laws and regulations and standards, the purpose is to protect the safety and health of laborers, control and reduce all kinds of accidents, improve the level of safety management, promote the establishment of harmonious society.The construction industry is the risk of production activities, unsafe factors, is the accident prone industry. In recent years, the death rate of China's construction industry is the highest in all industries, after the mining industry, the loss is huge, distressing. Although the mandatory implementation of the construction enterprise safety production license system, strengthen the construction market access control, and to further strengthen the construction enterprise construction site safety inspections, but accidents still occur from time to time. I believe that the number of casualties mainly determined by the characteristics of the construction industry. The safety civilization management is a science, is a professional, policy, mass, and a very strong work. The safety civilization management of the enterprise is mainly embodied in the following aspects:(1) Safety awareness. Due to the leading enterprises for a long time the importance ofconstruction safety understanding does not reach the designated position, grasping safety formalism serious, disregard for workers in the production of the legitimate interests of labor and social security, is not equipped with the necessary labor protection supplies, arbitrary extension of working time, workers in the long run, the working state of the overload, high strength, will lead to accidents. In addition, the leadership of the security work seriously enough, the staff of the corresponding security awareness, it is easy to cause illegal command, illegal operations, violation of labor discipline and safety accidents caused by.(2) The weak base of security civilization management. The weak security and civilization management is mainly due to the weak safety consciousness of some people, the relationship between the safety and the speed, safety and the relationship between safety and benefit, security and stability.. The weak safety management is mainly reflected in the weak: first, the research work of building safety technology is weak, and the key technology of building safety production is relatively lagging behind. The wide application of safety scientific and technological achievements is lack of market-oriented policy guidance and economic incentive measures. Study on the construction of new technology, new products, new technology application and safety protection measures of synchronization; second, compared with the developed countries, our country security protection technology, protective equipment and machinery and equipment is still relatively backward. Standardization, stereotypes and industrialization degree is very low; three is the construction enterprise safety civilization management and construction team quality is generally low. The safety of the low quality of the cultural quality, safety and civilization management knowledge, safety and technical specifications, safety procedures, safety precautions and so on do not understand. Can't manage the construction team.(3) The construction safety laws and regulations system is not perfect. There are some limitations to implement its security responsibilities; terms of punishment for violations of the law is not specific enough, operability is not strong; laws and regulations are not perfect, there is a problem of duplication and overlapping management; safety rules and regulations of the responsibility is not clear, management objectives is not clear, resulting in production safety responsibility of implementation is not in place etc..(4) The mechanism of the construction safety supervision and production is not perfect. At present, the mechanism of the effective construction safety supervision and management inChina has not been formed, and there is a big gap compared with the international advanced security management mode.. The safety supervision mode and management means can't adapt to the growing scale of construction, and it is difficult to carry out the construction safety supervision work further.. Mainly in the following three aspects:Construction unit safety civilization management problemThe exploration, design, construction and supervision of the construction engineering to the entity or individual contractor who is not qualified or qualified or even illegal. Due to the layers of subcontracting, resulting in the construction management is not strict, security training is not in place and security investment or basic no. And it will also make lower profits, and contractors in order to pursue the maximal profit will reduce his all unnecessary amount of spending, leading to safety hazards and accidents continue to occur.Investigation, design, engineering supervision and other units of the major security issuesSurvey, design units not in accordance with the requirements were survey or design, or change the survey and design documents, laws, regulations and mandatory standards, to survey the design defects, can not guarantee the building and construction personnel safety engineering supervision units not to the construction unit safety technical measures or special construction safety program for careful review, in the engineering construction nor of construction units to implement security measures of supervision seriously, find the hidden accident, nor does it take decisive measures to be rectification and elimination; detection unit to produce a false report.Safety problem of construction unitWith the increasing investment in infrastructure, the construction enterprise access policy adjustment, making the number of construction enterprises continues to increase, the construction team continues to expand. Especially in recent years, the rapid development of individual construction industry, the construction enterprise has changed fundamentally. But because the construction unit is the main body and the core position in the construction safety activity, the construction safety problem is mainly in the construction unit body.2.1 Government laws and regulations(1) The lack of building safety and civilization management system for the market economyConstruction of China's investment system changes the original building a safe and civilized production management has not adapt to the current construction methods, so has been dominated by the government of safe and civilized management appeared many loopholes in management, coupled with the construction safety laws and regulations is not perfect, the low efficiency of government supervision, social supervision system is not perfect, resulting in a safe and civilized management is not in place, suited to the laws of market economy, legal and economic means parallel building a safe and civilized management system has not been formed. Therefore, the initiative construction safety civilization management initiative construction safety civilization management work first, early planning, early arrangement, do the whole process supervision and inspection. Before the construction we put the project in the province Shuangyou site as the target management, improving the safety management measures and system in the project, accomplish beforehand to prevent. Employees entering the construction site, the first production safety education and follow the operating rules of education; followed by a safety technical disclosure and each segment and sub engineering safety technical disclosure, so that all staff familiar with the rules and regulations, consciously abide by the safety regulations and operating rules, improve the sense of self-protection. Strengthen the intensity and extent of the supervision of the safety and civilization management objectives for effective control.(2) The law and regulations are more and more incomplete and the execution is not enoughOur country law "environment and health" is too weak. The emphasis on "environment and health" in the activity of architecture has become a common topic of international concern. The target system of engineering construction has been shifted from the traditional "cost - cost - quality - time - to - Project" system to "cost - quality - time - environment and health" system.. The international standard organization has also developed the environmental management system.(3) The functional changes of the management department are lagging behind and the management of the vacuum isWith the deepening of the reform of our political system, the reform of the national institution, the enterprise reform, the enterprise has gradually separated from the industry administrative management, and has become the independent action subject in the market.With this adaptation, Ministry of construction and local construction administrative departments to become the national construction safety special supervision of the performer, state production safety supervision and administration and the local production safety supervision and management institutions become discharger of the state production safety supervision functions.The unsafe state of the unsafe behavior and the unsafe state of the material are the direct cause of the accident, which are directly related to the management. So the management is the indirect cause of the accident.. The unsafe behavior of human can be reduced or even eliminated through safety education, safety production responsibility system and security mechanism. The unsafe state of the material can be controlled by improving the scientific and technological content of the safety, establishing the perfect equipment maintenance system, promoting the construction and safety of the civilization. To strengthen the safety inspection on the job site, we can find and stop the unsafe behavior and the unsafe state of the thing, so as to avoid the accident. One of the most common defect management system is not perfect, the responsibility is not clear, abiding by the law, the illegal command, safety education is not enough, punishment is not strict, safety technical measures are not comprehensive, security check enough.(4) The construction safety production management and professional construction safety production management separateAt present, China's construction safety civilization management is actually decentralized management, did not really do the industry management. This has formed the construction safety civilization management standard, the management pattern is different, the casualty statistics data distortion, the management work responsibility is not clear.Pay attention to safety behavior norms according to the laws of science organization construction, comply with construction safety rules and standards, as a code of conduct to organize the construction of construction site to be constrained, regulate their behavior from two aspects: one is to require managers to strictly implement the construction administrative departments of the state and local issued by the construction safety and civilized management regulations and standards the implementation of the management system of the enterprise, before the construction of the relevant technical requirements for the construction safety to the crew and workers in detail, and signed by both parties confirmed that security staff dailyinspections of implementation; two is to require the operation layer; safety protection for the outstanding construction site could cause accident.2.2 The characteristics of the construction safety civilization managementThe characteristics of construction are mainly determined by the characteristics of architectural products. Compared with other industrial products, building products is huge in size, complexity and diversity, overall hard, not easy to mobile, so that construction in addition to the basic characteristics of industrial production, but also has the following main features:(1) The fluidity of productionOne is the body construction with the buildings or structures located position change and the transfer of production sites; the second is in the process of the construction of a project construction personnel and all kinds of machinery, electrical equipment with the construction site and along the construction of the object up, down, left and right flow, continue to turn shift operation places.(2) The product form is diverseDue to the natural conditions and uses of the building, the structure, modeling and material of the building are also different, and the construction method will be changed, it is difficult to realize the standardization.(3) Construction technology complexConstruction often need according to the structure of the building for many types of work with the operation, multi unit (earthwork, civil engineering, hoisting, installation, transportation, etc.) cross tie construction, the supplies and equipment are different, thus the construction organization and construction technology management has a higher request. Most of the construction industry is still manual operation, easy to make people fatigue, attention dispersion, so improper operation or mistakes more prone to occur, Rong Yi lead to accidents security. This is manual labor and heavy manual labor and more.(4) Open and aloft operationsThe building product is huge, the production cycle is long, the construction is carried on frequently in the open air and the high place, is often influenced by the natural climate condition. According to the national standard "high job classification" provides that there are more than 90% of the construction of higher operations. The open operation of buildingsaccounts for about 70% of the total workload, and the impacts and hazards of natural conditions such as spring, summer, autumn and winter, and sunshine, wind, rain, snow and snow etc.(5) Low mechanizationAt present, the construction mechanization degree of our country is still very low, still depend on a lot of manual operation.. Construction machinery and machinery in the factory compared to the mechanical equipment is very different, its safety is much higher than the factory equipment, the probability of injury is naturally much higher. There are several aspects of the following features:A. Use of different environmental conditions;B. Operating object is different;C. Operating location and operator;Take the crane as an example to discuss the mechanization of safety civilization management.In our country, with the increase of the number of the heavy machinery, the proportion of the injury accidents in the total industrial accidents is also increasing year by year. The common accidents of hoisting machinery are: the hanging falls, the impact of extrusion, the accident, the electric shock accident, the body dump accident.. The total number of crane crashes accounted for about 33%, the impact of extrusion accounted for about 30%, electric shock accounted for about 10%, the accident accounted for about 8%, the body dumping accounts for about 5%. The total number of the total number of injuries from the accident of the highest percentage of falling accident analysis:A. Off the rope accidents: due to the load from a bundle of the hoisting rope shedding collapsibility casualties damage.B.Weight loss accident from heavy lifting rope or special sling from hook caused by prolapse.C. Broken rope accident: hoisting rope and hoisting rope broken down due to the weight loss accident.D. Hook broken accident: weight loss accident fracture caused by hook.E. Hoisting wire rope problem.2.3 The work content of the construction safety civilization managementConstruction enterprises to do a good job security construction should pay attention to do the following several work:(1)Thinking;(2) Establishment of a safety production management system;(3) Establishing the safety and professional bodies and with full-time safety technicians;(4) Ensure that the workers are safe and secure;(5) Take the targeted safety measures;Safety technical measures should be aimed at the engineering features, in depth investigation and study. Also do a good job of work safety technical disclosure.3 Security checkThe security check is found in time, eliminate hidden dangers of accidents, an effective way to nip in the bud. The construction product volume is huge, the height operation is high, and then combined with the construction period, the technology complex and other factors, to the construction production brings a lot of unsafe factors. Through the combination of leadership and mass security checks, can effectively find the problem, take measures to eliminate the accident before the occurrence of the accident. Safety inspection can also summarize the good experience of the exchange of safety production, establish a typical, to promote the level of safety and civilization management. Mobilize the masses for security checks, both to encourage the masses to participate in the enthusiasm of safety and civilization management, and can educate the masses to enhance awareness of the safety awareness of production, and consciously improve the safety of production. In addition, the safety inspection can often give the neglect of the safety of the idea of knocking the alarm, and promptly correct illegal command, illegal operations behavior.4 SummarySafety civilization management is a science, is a professional, policy, mass, and a very strong work. With the continuous development of the economy, the continuous improvement of people's living standards, employees in the construction industry and the whole society are on the construction process of safe and civilized management level proposed requirements more and more high, the traditional management mode has not adapted to the requirements of the times. It is now in need of scientific and modern enterprise security and civilization management mode, and continuously improve the level of safety civilization management, thereal safety civilization management work well. The scientific use of PDCA circulation method, the pair of leaders of all levels of safety education and construction plan possible accident, the implementation of safe and civilized management plan, make safe and civilized management is better in the construction of perfect embodiment. To inspect the construction process of the construction management plan, and find the problem that hidden and haven't met to solve, analyze and record, and put the security plan into the program. To reach a circular process. Therefore, as the construction enterprise, we should study the status quo of the construction industry safety civilization, establish the new idea of safety civilization management, and establish new accord with the.Construction safety management civilization is the first human management, to strengthen the safety education and training, continuously improve the quality of security business, enhance security awareness, and to take effective measures to regulate people's behavior, to implement standardized operation, in construction process due to the complexity of the construction site personnel, dynamic and frequent, in project management, to take admission to tertiary education and the change of production and construction, timely safety education; combination of production safety skills training, in order to enhance staff safety consciousness of responsibility and security capabilities.Through the safety civilization management education and training, strengthen the construction safety and the implementation of the guarantee. Safety education is the most effective method in the safety civilization management. Both time and greatly reduce the cost. On the construction enterprise personnel, from the leadership to the construction workers are admitted to the education and training, the whole aspect to strengthen safety awareness. A clear division of labor and management, the construction project without mistake, reduce the mistake. Building a safe and civilized management is a very complex system engineering, we must use of scientific management methods, management methods, the establishment of new safe and civilized management mode to improve worker safety execution. Only in this way, we can really make a safe and civilized management level to a new level.施工阶段的安全文明管理1.研究内容与目的目前我国的安全生产形势依然严峻，特别是建筑领域伤亡事故多发的状况尚未根本扭转，建筑施工安全极其严竣；安全生产基础比较薄弱，保障体系和机制不健全；安全生产监督管理机构、队伍建设以及监管工作还待加强。