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第二章 词汇的选择与运用(学生)

第二章 词汇的选择与运用(学生)
第二章 词汇的选择与运用(学生)

第一章遣词

一.文章选词(注意感情色彩、搭配、词性、丰富)

二.高分词汇

(一)描述事实与现象的词汇

As is known to us, the problem of human population has long been a subject of discussion among the people of different countries of the world. More and more people have realized the significance of this problem.

As is known to us, the problem of human population has long been a subject of debate among the people of various countries of the world. A growing number of people have become aware the significance of this problem.

e.g. 1. It is well known to us all that the supermarket is playing __________ important role in our daily life. (越来越)

2. We can not ignore the fact that in recent years many cities are _______ with the problem of heavy traffic. (面临)

3. A growing number of people began to ____________ the oral ability in English study. (重视)

4. _________ people consider it very important to hold a spoken English test. (很多)

5. Recently, whether to choose a good university or a good major has provoked a ______. (争论)

6. The issue has been brought to public ______. (关注)

7. Dishonesty _______ more and more in our society. (出现)

8. A present, most people have _______ the importance of cooperation among co-workers. (越来越意识到)

(二)进行评论或表述观点的词汇

Some people think that some lucky numbers can bring them good luck. They think lucky numbers are important to their fortune. Yet many others don’t think so. They think that numbers have nothing to do with luck. I think the latter opinion is right. I think our society is very modern now. We mustn’t count on the so-called lucky numbers to fulfill our wishes.

Some people maintain that some lucky numbers can bring them good luck. They argue lucky numbers are important to their fortune. Yet many others have opposite ideas. They are of the

opinion that numbers have nothing to do with luck. I s ide with the latter opinion is right. I think our society is very modern now. we mustn’t count on the so-called lucky numbers to fulfill our wishes.

e.g. 1. They ______ that reading extensively can help to enlarge our view and grasp the knowledge in different fields. (认为)

2. Advertisement is something ______ in this information age. (重要的)

3. But there are still some people who are not ______ this kind of test at all. (不同意)

4. Most parents ______ the cross-national marriage. (不赞成)

5. A far as I am concerned, I _____ to enjoy the city life rather than live in the country. (喜欢)

6. The two-day weekend has produced lots of _____ effects. (好的)

(三)用于描述图表的词汇

Students tend to use computers more and more nowadays. This chart shows that the average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week has increased sharply. In 1990, the number was less than 2 hours; and in 1995, it increase to almost 4 hours; while in 2000, the number soared to 20 hours.

Students tend to use computers more and more nowadays. This chart suggests that the average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week has increased sharply. In 1990, the figure was less than 2 hours; and in 1995, it increase to almost 4 hours; while in 2000,

e.g. 1. The figures ______ that there is a tendency of decrease in the consumption of tobacco. (表明)

2. As the _____ show, nearly 2000 billion dollars are lost in tobacco every year. (数字)

(四)用于表示原因的词汇

There are many reasons for this trend. The first reason is that many people have the tendency of following the example of….

There are many factors contributing to for this trend. Firstly, this phenomenon attributes to

(五)用于表示列举的词汇

In fact, many ways can contribute to the solution of the problem. Firstly, one can get financial assistance from assistance from parents and relatives. This is the most common practice. Secondly, students can do some par-time jobs while studying. They can use the money they earn to pay their tuition. Thirdly, one can get loan from the bank.

In fact, many ways can contribute to the solution of the problem. To begin with, one can get financial assistance from assistance from parents and relatives. This is the most common practice. What’s more,students can do some par-time jobs while studying. They can use the money they earn to pay their tuition. In addition, one can get loan from the bank.

第二章、造句

一.基本句式:简单句,并列句,从句,倒装句

二.写正确句子(改错)

三.句式多样化

四.写作常用优秀句型

一.基本句式

1. 简单句(Simple Sentence)(略)

2. 并列句(Compound Sentences/Coordination)(并列句)

There are three ways to join the clauses to form a sentence: using a coordinating conjunction,

using a conjunctive adverb, or using a semicolon

I) Coordinating conjunction includes and, but, for, nor, or, yet, and so.

2) Conjunctive Adverbs: a Semicolon and a conjunctive adverb followed by a comma (,)

1.to add an idea: additionally, also, furthermore, in addition, moreover

2.to show time or sequence: earlier, later, meanwhile, first, next, then, later

3. to contrast: however, nevertheless, in contrast, on the other hand

4. to show an alternative: instead, otherwise

5. to provide an example: for example, for instance

6. to show a result: consequently, therefore, thus, as a result

7. to emphasize: in fact, indeed, certainly

3) Semicolon

e.g. 1.The ideal vacation would be both entertaining and educating; a trip across America is an ideal vacation.

2. Your term papers are due on May 1; no papers will be accepted after that date.

3. Marco Polo traveled to China; he also spent time in prison.

Exercise 1

Place a “C” in front of each compound sentence and an “s” in front of each simple sentence.

1.____ Charles Darwin was born in 1809 and dies in 188

2.

2.____ Darwin was an explorer, and he was a naturalist.

3.____ Darwin was an explorer and a naturalist.

4.____ My parents live in New York, but I live in San Francisco.

5.____ The prince must marry the princess, or the queen will die of sorrow.

6.____ Mr. Fox flew to London for his vacation; Mrs. Fox motored to the Rocky Mountains.

7.____ I love the game of baseball, yet I can’t play it well.

8.____ He is always in debt; nevertheless, he is always happy.

Exercise 2

Combine the two sentences into one compound sentence. Use a coma and conjunction to connect each pair.

1.I am studying computer science. My sister is majoring in communications.

2.Betsy put masking tape on her forehead at night. She wanted to stop wrinkles from forming.

3.Would you like to play chess tonight? Would you rather see a movie?

4.Most children chocolate candy. I think it tastes like chalk.

5.Sean and John look exactly alike. It is obvious that they are twins.

Exercise 3

Use the correct conjunctive adverb and the correct punctuation to complete each of the following sentences.

1. There is nothing more thrilling than an ocean cruise to Alaska ______ you should plan your trip there for the summer.

2. Alaska is wonderful place to visit _____ it is one of the last wilderness areas of the world.

3. Sailing around the Greek Islands is relaxing _____ the scenery is breathtaking beautiful.

4. There is nothing more exciting than seeing new places _____ every year millions tourists travel

to foreign countries.

5. First, you can visit France ____ you can tour the art centers in Italy.

6. You may not prefer to fly around the world ____ you may want to take a leisurely ocean cruise.

Exercise 4

Connect the following pairs of sentences by using the appropriate conjunctive adverb and punctuation. You need to determine the relationship between the two sentences first.

1. Hemingway had some peculiarities as a writer.

He always wrote standing up.

2. Hemingway was a gifted journalist, novelist, and short-story writer.

He was an active sportsman.

3. Hemingway’s room looked untidy at first glance.

He was a neat person at heart.

4. Hemingway was a sentimental man, keeping his possessions all around him.

He hardly ever threw anything away.

5. Hemingway always did a surprising amount of rewriting of his novels.

He wrote the ending of A Farewell to Arms 39 times.

Exercise 5

Identify the possible error in each of the following sentences and correct it.

1.It was close to 6 o’clock, I began to prepare dinner.

2.MY grandfather has a small field they grow vegetables there.

3.It was mid-June when we went to Florida; we spent the whole summer there.

4.On the way back to the hotel, we went to visit a lake.

5.The man bought a car, however, his wife didn’t know about it.

6.He picked the flowers, two hours later they died.

3. 从句(Complex Sentences)

1) 名词从句(Noun Clause)名词从句在句中起名词作用,它可用

A. 作宾语

e.g. Our teacher stated that science courses require a laboratory period.

Can you remember who made the error?

I do not know whether our projects are due next week.

B. 作主语

e.g. 1.That he will refuse the offer is unlikely.

2. What you are doing seems very difficult.

3. Whether he will come tomorrow or not is not known.

C. 作介词宾语

e.g. He only laughed at what we said.

D. 作表语

e.g. Raw material is what we are badly in need o

f.

E. 作同位语

e.g. The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.

F. 作宾语,用于一些仅作表语的形容词如glad, afraid, sure, confident, sorry, certain后

注意:1. 主语从句常用先行词it代替,作形式主语,而将主语从句置后。

e.g. 1. It is unlikely that he will refuse the offer.

2. It is not known whether he will come tomorrow or not.

2. 宾语从句常用先行词it代替,作形式宾语,而将宾语从句置后。

e.g. 1. We all thought it a pity that the conference should be canceled.

2. I took it for granted that they were not coming.

3. I’ll see to it that everything is ready in time.

2) 定语从句(Attributive Clause)

定语从句分为限制性和非限制性两种,后者仅提供附加信息,因此应用逗号与主句分隔。由关系代词who, which, that, whom, whose和关系副词where, when, why引导

Exercise 6

Combine the following pairs of sentences by using relative pronouns or relative adverbs.

1. That man seems very lonely.

His wife and family are away.

2. Dumas was a famous French novelist.

He wrote “The Three Musketeers”.

3. He is a reliable fellow.

I can trust him with anything.

4. Farmers depend on meteorologists.

They need meteorologists’ accurate forecasts for successful agricultural planning.

5. “Twelfth Night” is a famous comedy.

It was written by Shakespeare.

6. Sam Francisco, for example, has a very large “Chinatown”.

Thousands of Chinese people live in Chinatown.

7. One reason may be that they can find familiar food.

People like to live together with their own people for a reason.

8. The village was destroyed by an earthquake.

My mother was born in the village.

9. December 25 is the day.

Christians celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ on that day.

10. Words in English are often difficult for foreigners to pronounce.

They begin with the consonants “th”.

11. Foreigners also have difficulties with English spelling.

English spelling is not always logical.

12. The state of Nevada has very little agriculture.

Most of the state is desert land.

Exercise 7

Identify and correct the errors in the following sentences.

1. Two years ago, my friend Mary, who just go married. She worked as manager in a big company.

2. A boy from high school was the worst person in the class took another boy’s sweater.

3. My sister, whose living in Atlanta, writes to me every week.

4. I have found the book that I was looking for it.

5. There are many organizations which sole purpose is to help the mentally retarded children.

3) 状语从句(Adverbial Clause)

Exercise 8

Fill in the blanks with appropriate subordinating conjunctions.

1.Make a mark _____ you have any doubts or questions.

2.______ they are just beginners, they are doing quite a good job.

3.Let’s take the front seats _____ we may see more clearly.

4._____ we can’t get the necessary equipment, what should we do?

5.We’ll try to finish the work in t ime ______ we are short of manpower.

6.The project was completed earlier _____ we had expected.

7.He acted _____ nothing had happened.

8.She was ___ excited _____ she hardly go to sleep.

9.______ he came to see us, he would bring us some good news.

Exercise 9

Use subordinating conjunctions to combine the following pairs of simple sentences into complex sentences. Place a comma after a dependent statement when it starts the sentence.

1.I’m not going to Fred’s birthday party. I’ve heard it is going to be terrific.

2.The hurricane hit the coast. We crisscrossed our windows with strong tape.

3.They can speak two languages. Finding a job will be easy.

4.Melissa was very sad. She took a walk to cheer up.

5.I was late for work. The bus never showed up.

6.He said he loved her. He treated her terribly.

7.I will pick you up for school today. I have my brother’s car.

8.She listens to the soothing music. She falls asleep.

Exercise 10

Translate the Chinese parts of the following sentences into English and complete the sentence.

1. ______________ (假如经济不好转), the population of the state will continue to fall.

2. The house that they built near the beach burned down ______________(在他们搬进去之前).

3. ___________________(尽管医学界在心脏病研究方面正取得一定的进展), there is still a great deal to be learned.

4. The university won’t process your application _____________(直到你把托福成绩交给校方).

5. The woman whom we had expected to win the tennis match lost ________(因为她状态不佳).

4. 倒装句(Sentences of Inversion)

1. 下列副词或状语,为了强调,可以前置。这样句中主谓需倒装。

never seldom rarely not only in vain little often scarcely

many a time no sooner …than not until only + adverbial

2.当表示否定意义的副词或相当于副词的词语置于句首时,句中主谓需倒装。

3.句中谓语为“be + -ed/-ing”时,应将主语置be 后,构成倒装句。

4. 在虚拟语气中,如省略连接词“if”,将需用倒装。

Exercise 11

Put the following sentences into English, paying attention to inversion.

1.我们劝她放弃计划,她不听。

2.他声音那么大,连隔壁屋子里的人都听得见。

3.他一到达那里就生起病来。

4.在任何情况下我门不取消这次旅行。

5.对着天安门是人们英雄纪念碑。

6.如果他们不那样努力,也不会有这样的成就。

7.第一个不好,第二个也不好。

8.我经常听说他不可信赖。

9.只有在西安我们才能看到那么多的历史文物。

10.靠近学校是一所老的教堂。

四.写作常用优秀句型

1.由while引导的状语从句

Different people have different views on opportunity. Some people think that there are few opportunities in the world, while others argue that everybody will have some kind of opportunity along his life route.

When it comes to traveling, some of people will choose to go on a self-tour while others want to go on a package tour.

2. Those who…句型

Those who are in favor of the Internet claim that it has a lot of advantages.

Those who are opposed to the Internet hold that disadvantages are many.

3. 倒状句

Only when all of us join in the efforts of eliminating cheating at all level can we expect to have a cleaner society and a more beautiful future.

Only by planning his time carefully can he improve efficiency and make achievement.

Only in this way can we master the writing skills step by step.

4. 条件状语从句

He will make the right choice if he knows his goal in life and how to make decisions according to the goal.

5. 强调句

It is not the years in your life, but the life in your years that counts.

6. 反问句

Now that we can draw the conclusion that daydreaming is most beneficial, why not make good use of it to make life rich and rewarding?

7.结果状语从句

First and foremost, the overall planners have to come up with an overall development scheme so that all the later projects can be fitted into it under coherent consideration.

Failure is such a common matter that every one of us may meet it from time to time.

8.让步状语从句

Although we cannot say that it brings no unfavorable consequences, we can be sure to conclude that this practice is favorable on the whole.

To begin with, while it is true that you can do a lot of things with money, it doesn’t mean/follow that you can buy such things as love, friendship, health and happiness with money.

What’s more, many students lack self-control to such an extent that they chat for long hours even if they know it is harmful to both their mental and physical health.

No matter how responsible the teachers and how friendly the classmates are, you can only depend on yourself once you step into the examination room.

9.not (never)….until

For one thing, we can never wish people to be good to us until we become thoughtful and considerate.

We can never wish to realize our dream of a cleaner and more beautiful environment until all of us take actions to build, protect and take care of it.

10. There is no such thing as….

Taking all these factors into consideration, we may safely come to the conclusion that there is no such thing as destined fate in our life.

11. 包含的否定句

You can never be too good to your mother.

You can never be too careful when you drive a car.

Similarly, you can write a good research paper unless you concentrate on what you are doing and have a right attitude towards failure

12. 平行结构

For another, if a person is diligent and determined, he will realize his dream no matter how poor, humble or unlucky he may be.

In the second place, the strict discipline is most helpful to me in that it molds my temperament and shapes my character—it helps me to learn confidence and perseverance.

13. 谚语与名言A the famous saying (proverb) goes,….

Only if we get prepared can we seize the opportunities instead of letting them slip by, just as the famous saying goes, “opportunities are only for the prepared minds.”

14. 修辞

If life is a journey, we have nothing to regret so long as we put meaning into it.

Students cheat in examination to obtain high scores. Accountants make up false data to win trust and respect from stockholders. Even scientists copy others’articles or inventions to seize money or fame.

The past twenty years witness the fast development of the automobile industry along with national economy.

第三章、组段

一.段落的构成:主题句,扩展句,结论句

二.主题句:一般位于句首,不能太笼统也不能太具体

三.段落四要素:统一,完整,连贯,发展

四.段落的扩展

五.过渡词

六.段落中的常用巨型

七.段落翻译

Exercise 1

Determine which sentence is specific, which sentence is general, and which sentence can be used as topic sentence.

American food is tasteless and greasy because Americans use too many canned, frozen and prepackaged foods and because they fry everything in oil or butter.

American food is terrible.

American food is tasteless and greasy.

Exercise 2

Below are two paragraphs with several sentences. Determine which sentence is not related to the topic sentence.

1.Advertisements play important roles in the development of society. First of all, they convey

business information. Another use of advertisements is to make the public interested in what manufactures want to sell. Finally, every ten minutes a television program will be interrupted by commercials for a couple of minutes.

2.It is important for students to have some knowledge about the world outside the campus.

Knowledge without practical experience is like trying to walk on one leg. Activities outside the campus can keep a student’s studies based on practical reality. What’s more, maintaining contact with the world outside the campus helps the student become mature and responsible.

Voluntary social services, private teaching and surveys of factories or farms offer the student wide opportunities to get to know ordinary people live.

Exercise 3

Develop the following topic sentence into a paragraph.

The role of women in today’s society is changing. One reason is that ….Also, women ….Another reason is that ….Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women.

小学三年级语文“的地得”“量词”常用搭配汇总

小学三年级语文“的地得”“量词”常用搭配汇总满意地(点头)快活地(成长) 伤心地(哭泣)顺利地(打出) 亲切地(问)骄傲地(说) 兴奋地(唱歌)飞快地(跑) 甜甜地(笑)沉着地(操纵) 高兴地(唱、跳)静静地(想) 仔细地(听、算)惊奇地(问) 深情地(说、看)赞许地(点头) 悄悄地(走)紧紧地(握住) 轻轻地(说)呆呆地(望) 牢牢地(抓住)安稳地(睡) 叽叽喳喳地(唱)摇摇摆摆地(走) (高兴)地说(沉着)地操纵着 (大声)地回答(认真)地观看 (顺利)地完成(紧紧)地拥抱

(开心)地笑了(大口大口)地吃起来(满意)地点点头(奇怪)地问 (仔细)地看 (苦苦) 地等待 (快乐)地跳起舞来(悄悄)地低语(快乐)地成长(尽情)地游戏 (牢牢)地记(静静)地听 (慢慢)地走 2、的+名词 例:可爱的(小猴子) 满意的(笑容)快活的(孩子) 温柔的(妈妈)清澈的(河水) 奇怪的(石头)可爱的(小鸟) 高大的(树木)健康的(身体) 羡慕的(眼光)金黄的(谷子) 遥远的(地方)燃烧的(火把)

红红的(太阳)漂亮的(书包)巨大的(石头)勤劳的(人们)伤心的(孩子)伟大的(祖国)动听的(歌声)火红的(旗帜) 慈祥的(老人)难忘的(日子)寒冷的(冬天) 平静的( 心情) 和蔼可亲的(样子)机灵的(小鸟)宽阔的(大路)快乐的(日子) 热烈的(掌声) 出色的(表演) 美丽的(风景)绿色的(叶子)蓝蓝的(天空)安静的(教室)激动的(心情)著名的(画家)雪白的(被子)细长的(丝瓜)翠绿的(小草)特殊的(日子)清新的(空气)安静的(小院)茂盛的(树叶)长长的(小路)

大学生创业计划书(全面版)

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