奥地利中英文介绍

奥地利概况奥地利位于欧洲中部，北部与德国、捷克接壤，东部与斯洛伐克、匈牙利相邻，南部连接意大利、斯洛文尼亚，西部是瑞士和列支敦士登。

它是欧洲南北重要的交通要道，也是进入东欧的主要门户。

奥地利国土面积 83870平方公里，由 9个联邦州组成。

全国人口约 8百万，其中98%说德语。

约74%的奥地利人信仰天主教，5%信仰新教。

奥地利是山地之国，山地面积占 60％。

阿尔卑斯山脉从西向东南延伸横贯奥地利境内，西部和南部多山，最高山峰为大钟山（Grossglockner），海拔 3798米。

中部地区有众多的湖泊和沼泽，北部为丘陵，东部是潘诺尼亚平原。

蓝色的多瑙河是奥地利人民的母亲河，在奥地利境内全长 350公里。

奥地利以音乐和皇家传统文化闻名于世，其实，它的内涵远不止这些。

这里美景天成，历史文化传统深厚，人民好客淳朴，并勇于创新，堪称文化与自然交融之地的典范。

九个联邦州维也纳 Wien面积：415平方公里，人口：168万。

首都维也纳是统治奥地利长达 640年之久的哈布斯堡皇朝的古都，市内建筑新老相容，充满活力。

维也纳也是欧洲文化艺术的汇集之地、更是人们休闲度假和享受生活的地方。

维也纳森林和蓝色多瑙河为这座全球生活品质最高的城市提供了绝佳的自然环境。

拥有“音乐之都”美誉的维也纳是一个别具一格的欧洲魅力城市。

布尔艮兰州 Burgenland首府：艾森施塔特，面积：3965平方公里，人口：28万。

布尔艮兰州是奥地利最东部的一个联邦州，以温泉区和盛产葡萄酒而著称。

与匈牙利共享的诺伊希德尔湖是欧洲大陆唯一的草原湖泊，是稀有鸟类的栖息地。

位于州府艾森施塔特的爱斯特哈泽宫是奥地利最美的巴洛克宫殿之一。

著名的作曲家约瑟夫·海顿曾在这里生活和创作。

下奥地利州 Niederösterreichwww.niederoesterreich.at首府：圣珀尔腾，面积：19173平方公里，人口：160万。

下奥地利州环抱着维也纳，也是奥地利面积最大的联邦州。

奥地利维也纳简介
奥地利的维也纳（德语：Wien，英语：Vienna）是奥地利联邦首都及最大城市，位于欧洲中部，坐落在美丽的多瑙河畔。

作为奥地利九个联邦州之一，维也纳不仅是国家的政治、经济和文化中心，同时也是欧洲最重要的文化与艺术中心之一。

维也纳拥有悠久的历史，可以追溯到新石器时代，凯尔特人在公元前500年左右在此建立了定居点，并称之为“Vedunia”。

随着罗马帝国的扩张，维也纳在公元1世纪成为了抵御日耳曼部落的重要前线城市。

中世纪以来，尤其是哈布斯堡王朝时期，维也纳更是成为神圣罗马帝国以及后来奥地利帝国的核心城市，积累了丰富的历史文化遗产。

维也纳因其音乐传统而被誉为“世界音乐之都”，这里诞生了众多杰出的作曲家如莫扎特、贝多芬、海顿、施特劳斯父子等，为世界贡献了无数不朽的音乐作品。

同时，维也纳还是联合国总部的四个官方所在地之一，设有多个国际组织机构的总部，如石油输出国组织（OPEC）、国际原子能机构（IAEA）等。

此外，维也纳以其精美的建筑闻名于世，包括美泉宫、霍夫堡皇宫、史蒂芬大教堂、贝尔维第宫等。

城市规划和建筑设计展现了从巴洛克到现代主义等多种风格，使其获得“建筑之都”的美誉。

维也纳每年吸引着数百万游客前来体验其深厚的文化底蕴、优美的自然风光和高品质的生活质量。

走进音乐之国——奥地利一、国家简介：奥地利共和国位于欧洲中部，东邻匈牙利和斯洛伐克，西连瑞士和列支敦士登，南接意大利和斯洛文尼亚，北靠德国和捷克接壤，著名的多瑙河流经奥地利东北部，是中欧大陆从南到北、从西到东的交通枢纽。

奥地利气候宜人，属海洋性向大陆性过渡的温带阔叶林气候。

平均气温1月为-2℃，七月为19℃。

奥地利原为奥匈帝国，1918年成立共和国，二战后被苏、美、英、法四国占领，1945年4月成立第二共和国。

1955年10月重新获得独立，奥地利国民议会通过永久中立法，成为中立国。

全国面积83，858平方公里，约有821万人口，奥地利人口占90%之多，78%的居民信奉天主教，人均国内生产总值2.83万欧元，官方语言为德语。

二、音乐的国度：奥地利到处都流动着美妙的音乐，潺潺的小溪，葱葱的绿意，给音乐家提供了不少灵感。

音乐之国奥地利形状像一把小提琴。

谈起奥地利，无人不知其音乐和歌剧。

全世界几乎找不到另一个国度对音乐和戏剧如此推崇和普及。

从街头音乐演出到流行音乐会，从轻歌剧达到音乐喜剧，从大型交响乐到歌剧表演，应有尽有。

时至今日，仍保留着贝多芬、舒伯特、海顿、莫扎特、施特劳斯父子等享誉世界乐坛的大师们的故居与遗迹。

这些大师在两个世纪中为奥地利留下了丰厚的文化遗产，形成了独特的民族文化传统。

奥地利萨尔斯堡音乐节是世界上历史最悠久、水平最高的古典音乐节之一。

每年一度的维也纳新年音乐会可谓世界上最受欢迎和最有影响的音乐会。

世界上最豪华的国家歌剧院经常上演著名音乐大师创作的歌剧。

建于1869年的皇家歌剧院是世界最有名的歌剧院之一，维也纳爱乐乐团则是举世公认的交响乐团。

1、音乐之都——维也纳：奥地利首都维也纳，位于国境东北部阿尔卑斯山北麓多瑙河畔，风景优雅，让人流连忘返。

蓝色的多瑙河从市区静静流过，在“蓝色”的多瑙河畔，时时处处可闻熟悉的旋律；皇宫、国会大厦、市政厅、维也纳森林特色晚餐无不吸引着世界各地的音乐爱好者。

世界上主要国家，地区与城市（中英文对照）写在前面适用人群旨在做英语翻译的人。

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文档结构英语翻译必备资料：世界上主要国家，地区与城市（中英文对照）世界上的七大洲亚洲主要的国家和地区欧洲主要的国家和地区非洲主要的国家和地区美洲主要的国家和地区大洋洲主要的国家和地区亚洲主要的国家，地区及其城市欧洲主要的国家，地区及其城市非洲主要的国家，地区及其城市美洲主要的国家，地区及其城市大洋洲主要的国家，地区及其城市文档说明以下是截止到2009年5月世界主要国家和地区的前三大城市排名，前三大城市主要依据城市的人口、规模、经济、文化综合评出，许多国家和地区的前三大城市与上个世纪相比发生了变化，例如上世纪天津曾为中国的第三大城市，现今已被广州所取代，印度的第一大城市曾为加尔各答，但随着孟买城市的不断扩张和宝莱坞的兴盛，孟买已经成为印度无可厚非的第一大城市。

黑体为人均GDP大于15000美元的发达经济体英语翻译必备资料：世界上主要国家，地区与城市（中英文对照）世界上的七大洲：亚洲Asia欧洲Europe非洲Africa南美洲South America北美洲North America大洋洲Oceania南极洲Antarctica亚洲的主要国家和地区：中国China日本Japan韩国South Korea朝鲜North Korea印度India泰国Thailand越南Vietnam老挝Laos缅甸Myanmar蒙古Mongolia印尼Indonesia也门Yemen约旦Jordan伊朗Iran伊拉克Iraq以色列Israel土耳其Turkey阿联酋UAE叙利亚Syria菲律宾Philippines马来西亚Malaysia孟加拉国Bangladesh斯里兰卡Sri Lanka巴基斯坦Pakistan阿塞拜疆Azerbaijan沙特阿拉伯Saudi Arabia 哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan 乌兹别克斯坦Uzbekistan欧洲主要的国家和地区：英国United Kingdom法国France德国Germany希腊Greece挪威Norway瑞典Sweden瑞士Switzerland丹麦Denmark芬兰Finland波兰Poland荷兰Netherlands捷克Czech Republic俄罗斯Russia爱尔兰Ireland西班牙Spain意大利Italy葡萄牙Portugal匈牙利Hungary乌克兰Ukraine奥地利Austria比利时Belgium立陶宛Lithuania马其顿Macedonia白俄罗斯Belarus爱沙尼亚Estonia拉脱维亚Latvia斯洛伐克Slovakia克罗地亚Croatia塞尔维亚Serbia罗马尼亚Romania保加利亚Bulgaria阿尔巴尼亚Albania非洲主要的国家和地区：南非South Africa埃及Egypt加纳Ghana利比亚Libya突尼斯Tunisia摩洛哥Morocco肯尼亚Kenya安哥拉Angola赞比亚Zambia马拉维Malawi塞内加尔Senegal科特迪瓦Cote d’Ivoire尼日利亚Nigeria坦桑尼亚Tanzania津巴布韦Zimbabwe马达加斯加Madagascar阿尔及利亚Algeria美洲主要的国家和地区：美国USA巴西Brazil智利Chile古巴Cuba海地Haiti秘鲁Peru加拿大Canada墨西哥Mexico巴拿马Panama阿根廷Argentina乌拉圭Uruguay危地马拉Guatemala洪都拉斯Honduras尼加拉瓜Nicaragua多米尼加Dominican Republic波多黎各Puerto Rico委内瑞拉Venezuela哥伦比亚Colombia厄瓜多尔Ecuador玻利维亚Bolivia哥斯达黎加Costa Rica大洋洲主要的国家和地区：新西兰New Zealand澳大利亚Australia巴布亚新几内亚Papua NewGuinea亚洲主要国家，地区及其城市：中国China——第一大城市：上海Shanghai；第二大城市：北京Beijing；第三大城市：广州Guangzhou台湾Taiwan——第一大城市：台北Taiρei；第二大城市：高雄Kaohsiung；第三大城市：台中Taichung蒙古Mongolia——第一大城市：乌兰巴托Ulan Bator；第二大城市：达尔汗Darhan；第三大城市：鄂尔登特Erdenet朝鲜North Korea——第一大城市：平壤Pyongyang；第二大城市：咸兴Hamhung；第三大城市：清津Chongjin韩国South Korea——第一大城市：首尔Seoul；第二大城市：釜山Pusan；第三大城市：大丘Taegu 日本Japan——第一大城市：东京Tokyo；第二大城市：大阪Osaka；第三大城市：名古屋Nagoya 越南Vietnam——第一大城市：胡志明市（也称西贡）Ho Chi Minh City（Saigon）；第二大城市：河内Hanoi；第三大城市：海防Haiphong老挝Laos——第一大城市：万象Vientiane；第二大城市：沙湾拿吉Savannakhet；第三大城市：琅勃拉邦Luang Prabang泰国Thailand——第一大城市：曼谷Bangkok；第二大城市：清迈Chiang Mai；第三大城市：呵叻Nakhon Ratchasima缅甸Myanmar——第一大城市：仰光Yangon；第二大城市：曼德勒Mandalay；第三大城市：勃生Pathein马来西亚Malaysia——第一大城市：吉隆坡Kuala Lumpur；第二大城市：新山Johor Baharu；第三大城市：怡保Ipoh印尼Indonesia——第一大城市：雅加达Jakarta；第二大城市：泗水（也称苏腊巴亚）Surabaya；第三大城市：万隆Bandung菲律宾Philippines——第一大城市：马尼拉Manila；第二大城市：达沃Davao；第三大城市：宿务Cebu孟加拉国Bangladesh——第一大城市：达卡Dhaka；第二大城市：吉大港Chittagong；第三大城市：库尔纳Khulna印度India——第一大城市：孟买Mumbai；第二大城市：德里Delhi；第三大城市：加尔各答Calcutta 斯里兰卡Sri Lanka——第一大城市：科伦坡Colombo；第二大城市：康提Kandy；第三大城市：贾夫纳Jaffna巴基斯坦Pakistan——第一大城市：卡拉奇Karachi；第二大城市：拉合尔Lahore；第三大城市：费萨拉巴德Faisalabad哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan——第一大城市：阿拉木图Almaty；第二大城市：阿斯塔纳Astana；第三大城市：卡拉干达Qaraghandy乌兹别克斯坦Uzbekistan——第一大城市：塔什干Tashkent；第二大城市：撒马尔罕Samarkand；第三大城市：纳曼干Namangan伊朗Iran——第一大城市：德黑兰Tehran；第二大城市：马什哈德Mashhad；第三大城市：伊斯法罕Esfahan伊拉克Iraq——第一大城市：巴格达Baghdad；第二大城市：摩苏尔Mosul；第三大城市：巴士拉Basra沙特阿拉伯Saudi Arabia——第一大城市：利雅得Riyadh；第二大城市：吉达Jidda；第三大城市：麦加Mecca阿联酋UAE——第一大城市：阿布扎比Abu Dhabi；第二大城市：迪拜Dubai；第三大城市：沙迦Sharjah也门Yemen——第一大城市：萨那Sana；第二大城市：亚丁Aden；第三大城市：荷台达Hodeida 约旦Jordan——第一大城市：安曼Amman；第二大城市：扎尔卡Zarqa；第三大城市：伊尔比德Irbid以色列Israel——第一大城市：特拉维夫Tel Aviv；第二大城市：耶路撒冷Jerusalem；第三大城市：海法Haifa叙利亚Syria——第一大城市：大马士革Damascus；第二大城市：阿勒颇Aleppo；第三大城市：霍姆斯Homs阿塞拜疆Azerbaijan——第一大城市：巴库Baku；第二大城市：占贾Ganja；第三大城市：苏姆盖特Sumgait土耳其Turkey——第一大城市：伊斯坦布尔Istanbul；第二大城市：安卡拉Ankara；第三大城市：伊兹密尔Izmir欧洲主要国家，地区及其城市：挪威Norway——第一大城市：奥斯陆Oslo；第二大城市：卑尔根Bergen；第三大城市：特隆赫姆Trondheim瑞典Sweden——第一大城市：斯德哥尔摩Stockholm；第二大城市：哥德堡Goteborg；第三大城市：马尔默Malmo丹麦Denmark——第一大城市：哥本哈根Copenhagen；第二大城市：奥胡斯Arhus；第三大城市：欧登塞Odense芬兰Finland——第一大城市：赫尔辛基Helsinki；第二大城市：图尔库Turku；第三大城市：坦佩雷Tampere俄罗斯Russia——第一大城市：莫斯科Moscow；第二大城市：圣彼得堡St. Petersburg；第三大城市：叶卡捷琳堡Jekaterinburg爱沙尼亚Estonia——第一大城市：塔林Tallinn；第二大城市：塔尔图Tartu；第三大城市：纳尔瓦Narva拉脱维亚Latvia——第一大城市：里加Riga；第二大城市：陶格夫匹尔斯Daugavpils；第三大城市：利耶帕亚Liepaja立陶宛Lithuania——第一大城市：维尔纽斯Vilnius；第二大城市：考纳斯Kaunas；第三大城市：克莱佩达Klaipeda白俄罗斯Belarus——第一大城市：明斯克Minsk；第二大城市：戈梅利Gomel；第三大城市：莫吉廖夫Mogilev乌克兰Ukraine——第一大城市：基辅Kiev；第二大城市：哈尔科夫Kharkov；第三大城市：敖德萨Odessa波兰Poland——第一大城市：华沙Warsaw；第二大城市：罗兹Lodz；第三大城市：克拉科夫Krakow 捷克Czech Republic——第一大城市：布拉格Prague；第二大城市：布尔诺Brno；第三大城市：俄斯特拉发Ostrava斯洛伐克Slovakia——第一大城市：布拉迪斯拉发Bratislava；第二大城市：科希策Kosice；第三大城市：普雷绍夫Presov匈牙利Hungary——第一大城市：布达佩斯Budapest；第二大城市：德布勒森Debrecen；第三大城市：米什科尔茨Miskolc奥地利Austria——第一大城市：维也纳Vienna；第二大城市：格拉茨Graz；第三大城市：林茨Linz德国Germany——第一大城市：柏林Berlin；第二大城市：汉堡Hamburg；第三大城市：慕尼黑Munich瑞士Switzerland——第一大城市：苏黎世Zurich；第二大城市：日内瓦Geneva；第三大城市：巴塞尔Basel荷兰Netherlands——第一大城市：阿姆斯特丹Amsterdam；第二大城市：鹿特丹Rotterdam；第三大城市：海牙The Hague比利时Belgium——第一大城市：布鲁塞尔Brussels；第二大城市：安特卫普Antwerp；第三大城市：根特Gent法国France——第一大城市：巴黎Paris；第二大城市：马赛Marseilles；第三大城市：里昂Lyons 英国United Kingdom——第一大城市：伦敦London；第二大城市：伯明翰Birmingham；第三大城市：曼彻斯特Manchester爱尔兰Ireland——第一大城市：都柏林Dublin；第二大城市：科克Cork；第三大城市：戈尔韦Galway西班牙Spain——第一大城市：马德里Madrid；第二大城市：巴塞罗那Barcelona；第三大城市：巴伦西亚Valencia葡萄牙Portugal——第一大城市：里斯本Lisbon；第二大城市：波尔图Porto；第三大城市：科英布拉Coimbra意大利Italy——第一大城市：罗马Rome；第二大城市：米兰Milan；第三大城市：都灵Turin克罗地亚Croatia——第一大城市：萨格勒布Zagreb；第二大城市：斯普利特Split；第三大城市：里耶卡Rijeka塞尔维亚Serbia——第一大城市：贝尔格莱德Belgrade；第二大城市：诺维萨德Novi 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City；第二大城市：克萨尔特南戈Quetzaltenango；第三大城市：埃斯昆特拉Escuintla洪都拉斯Honduras——第一大城市：特古西加尔巴Tegucigalpa；第二大城市：圣佩德罗苏拉San Pedro Sula；第三大城市：拉塞瓦La Ceiba尼加拉瓜Nicaragua——第一大城市：马那瓜Managua；第二大城市：莱昂Leon；第三大城市：马萨亚Masaya哥斯达黎加Costa Rica——第一大城市：圣何塞San Jose；第二大城市：阿拉胡埃拉Alajuela；第三大城市：卡塔戈Cartago巴拿马Panama——第一大城市：巴拿马城Panama City；第二大城市：科隆Colon；第三大城市：戴维David古巴Cuba——第一大城市：哈瓦那Havana；第二大城市：圣地亚哥Santiago de Cuba；第三大城市：卡马圭Camaguey海地Haiti——第一大城市：太子港Port-au-Prince；第二大城市：海地角Cap-Haitien；第三大城市：戈纳伊夫Go{-屏-|-蔽-}s多米尼加Dominican Republic——第一大城市：圣多明各Santo Domingo；第二大城市：圣地亚哥Santiago；第三大城市：普拉塔港Puerto Plata波多黎各Puerto Rico——第一大城市：圣胡安San Juan；第二大城市：巴亚蒙Bayamon；第三大城市：蓬塞Ponce委内瑞拉Venezuela——第一大城市：加拉加斯Caracas；第二大城市：马拉开波Maracaibo；第三大城市：巴伦西亚Valencia哥伦比亚Colombia——第一大城市：圣菲波哥大Santa Fe de Bogota；第二大城市：卡利Cali；第三大城市：麦德林Medellin厄瓜多尔Ecuador——第一大城市：瓜亚基尔Guayaquil；第二大城市：基多Quito；第三大城市：昆卡Cuenca秘鲁Peru——第一大城市：利马Lima；第二大城市：阿雷基帕Arequipa；第三大城市：特鲁希略Trujillo玻利维亚Bolivia——第一大城市：拉巴斯La Paz；第二大城市：圣克鲁斯Santa Cruz；第三大城市：科恰班巴Cochabamba巴西Brazi l——第一大城市：圣保罗Sao Paulo；第二大城市：里约热内卢Rio de Janeiro；第三大城市：萨尔瓦多Salvador乌拉圭Uruguay——第一大城市：蒙得维的亚Montevideo；第二大城市：萨尔托Salto；第三大城市：派桑杜Paysandu阿根廷Argentina——第一大城市：布宜诺斯艾利斯Buenos Aires；第二大城市：科尔多瓦Cordoba；第三大城市：罗萨里奥Rosario智利Chile——第一大城市：圣地亚哥Santiago；第二大城市：瓦尔帕莱索Valparaiso；第三大城市：康塞普西翁Concepcion大洋洲主要国家，地区及其城市：澳大利亚Australia——第一大城市：悉尼Sydney；第二大城市：墨尔本Melbourne；第三大城市：布里斯班Brisbane巴布亚新几内亚Papua New Guinea——第一大城市：莫尔兹比港Port Moresby；第二大城市：莱城Lae；第三大城市：芒特哈根Mount Hagen新西兰New Zealand——第一大城市：奥克兰Auckland；第二大城市：惠灵顿Wellington；第三大城市：克赖斯特彻奇Christchurch补充知识：目前世界上公认的32个发达国家：亚洲（5国）：日本、韩国、新加坡、以色列、塞浦路斯欧洲（22国）：挪威、瑞典、丹麦、芬兰、冰岛、捷克、匈牙利、奥地利、德国、瑞士、荷兰、比利时、卢森堡、法国、英国、爱尔兰、西班牙、葡萄牙、意大利、马耳他、斯洛文尼亚、希腊大洋洲（2国）：澳大利亚、新西兰美洲（3国）：加拿大、美国、巴哈马其他发达经济体（不是国家）：香港、台湾、新喀里多尼亚、格陵兰、波多黎各、马提尼克石油富国：文莱、科威特、沙特阿拉伯、巴林、卡塔尔、阿联酋、阿曼。

奥地利简介概况奥地利位于欧洲中部，其南部临近意大利，西部临近德国，北部临近捷克和斯洛伐克，东部临近匈牙利，地理位置十分优越。

它是一个以汉译表示的拉丁语国家，位于北纬46.88度，东经14.99度。

奥地利的国土总面积约83880平方公里，其中土地面积为82781平方公里，湖泊和河流约为1100平方公里。

奥地利是一个多民族国家，共有十个民族：奥地利人、德国人、捷克人、斯洛伐克人、匈牙利人、意大利人、拉脱维亚人、泰国人、塞尔维亚人和克罗地亚人，各民族都有自己的语言。

其中，奥地利人及其语言拉丁语占主导，其他民族和语言均有官方承认。

奥地利的政治制度是联邦共和制，政府由总统、联邦政府、联邦立法议会和地方议会等9个组成部分组成。

总统的任期为六年，由两个总统选举投票组成，是奥地利最高行政权。

为了更好地维护国家安全，奥地利政府积极参与欧盟，加入全球利益联盟，投资多元化政策，减轻国家间孤立主义等。

作为欧洲政治稳定的核心，奥地利吸引众多外国投资，促进经济发展。

奥地利经济发达，拥有欧元作为国家货币，经济类型为混合经济，贸易自由化程度高，拥有全球十大竞争力经济体之一的经济结构，拥有全球最高的GDP总量。

东南部的工业化，农业多样化，北部地区自然资源丰富，西部的旅游业发达，服务业的发展也十分突出，使得全国经济建设取得重大进展。

奥地利气候温和，全国分布着许多湖泊和河流，大片葱郁的森林，丰富多彩的自然风光，这也使得它是一个旅游胜地。

此外，维也纳还被称为文化之都，拥有许多著名的建筑和艺术作品，如多个著名的艺术博物馆和文化场所，具有极高的文化和历史价值。

总而言之，奥地利是一个具有深厚历史文化底蕴，经济发达，政治稳定，气候宜人的国家。

它的伟大的历史使它成为欧洲著名的文化中心，也是值得我们去旅行的好地方。

奥地利地理之布尔诺城堡的地理背景Geographical Background of Brno Castle in Austria The Baroque and Gothic styles blend harmoniously within the walls of Brno Castle, a testament to both its rich historical legacy and geographical significance. Nestled atop a hill overlooking the vast Moravian plateau, it stands as a sentinel, guarding over the city of Brno for centuries.在布尔诺城堡的石墙之内，巴洛克风格和哥特式风格和谐交融，这既是对其丰富历史遗产的证明，也是对其地理意义的有力体现。

它坐落于一座小山上，俯瞰着辽阔的摩拉维亚高原，宛如一位卫士，数百年来守护着布尔诺这座城市。

Brno Castle's strategic location is not just an accident; rather, it was deliberately chosen due to its commanding view of the surrounding countryside and ease of access via major trade routes. This made it a prime target for fortifications throughout various epochs, from medieval kings seeking refuge from invaders to Habsburg emperors suppressing revolutionaries.布尔诺城堡之所以选址于此并非偶然，而是因为它能够俯瞰周围的乡村并且通过主要的贸易路线轻松抵达，因此成为了各个时代的重要防御目标。

奥地利历史之奥匈帝国的形成与解体The Formation and Dissolution of Austro-HungarianEmpire in Austrian HistoryThe Austro-Hungarian Empire, a geopolitical entity that once dominated the heart of Europe, was born out of intricate political alliances and ethnic complexities. Its existence spanned nearly half a century, marked by both moments of grandeur and eventual decline, culminating in its dissolution during the First World War. This essay delves into the fascinating tale of how this empire came to be and ultimately met its demise.奥匈帝国，这一曾主宰欧洲心脏的地缘政治实体，诞生于错综复杂的政治联盟和民族复杂性之中。

其存在跨越了近半个世纪的时间，既有过辉煌的瞬间，也最终走向了衰落，最终在第一次世界大战期间土崩瓦解。

本文旨在深入探讨这个帝国如何诞生以及最终走向消亡的引人入胜的故事。

In the late 19th century, Austria-Hungary emerged as a result of the dynastic union between the Habsburg monarchy of Austria and the Magyar nobility of Hungary. This marriage of convenience not only brought together two powerful ruling families but also cemented an alliance between disparate regions with diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds. It represented a delicate balance between competing nationalistic aspirations within the realm's multiethnic population.在19世纪末，随着哈布斯堡家族的奥地利君主制和马扎尔贵族的匈牙利之间的王朝联合，奥匈帝国应运而生。

AustriansFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchAustriansÖsterreicherMozart • Maria Theresa • Joseph Haydn • Marie AntoinetteErwin Schrödinger • Arnold SchwarzeneggerTotal populationOver 9 million people.[1][2][3]Regions with significant populationsAustria: ~8,000.000Italy (Province of Bolzano-Bozen): 300.000[4]Germany (Southern Germany): 230.000Switzerland: 40.000United States: 30.335South Africa: 20.204Australia: 15.000Brazil: 11.000Argentina: 11.000Canada: 8.000Hungary (Sopron ger.: Ödenburg): ?LanguagesGerman (Austrian German varieties)-absolute majority some autochtone minorities members also:Slovene, Croatian, Czech, Slovak, HungarianReligionRoman Catholic ca. 75 %, Protestant ca. 5 %, other or no religion (ca. 20 %)Related ethnic groupsGermanic people, Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians, Slovenes and Croatians[6] Austrians (German: Österreicher) are a nation and an ethnic grouporiginating from the Republic of Austria and its historical predecessor states (March of Austria, Archduchy of Austria, Austrian Empire, Austria-Hungary) who share a common Austrian culture and Austrian descent. Due to their common history and belonging to the Holy Roman Empire until 1806, German-speaking Austrians were historically regarded as Germans, but after the founding of a German national state, the German Empire in 1871, and after the events of World War II and Nazism, this has fallen out of fashion and is often considered offensive.Austrians have also been defined by their national citizenship, which had, in the course of Austrian history, varying relations to the above, for example referring to a native German-speaker of the one-time Habsburg empire, or in a wider sense to any citizen of any of the various lands of that empire that did not form the Hungarian half of Austria-Hungary. In the latter sense, the definition included many ethnic minoritiesand speakers of up to twelve different languages.HistoryMain article: History of Austria[edit] Ancient timesMain articles: Hallstatt culture, Noricum, and March of AustriaDuring the Migration Period, the Slavic tribe of the Carantanians migrated into the Alps in the wake of the expansion of their Avar overlords during the 7th century, mixed with the Celto-Romanic population, and established the realm of Carantania, which covered much of eastern and central Austrian territory. In the meantime, the Germanic tribe of the Bavarians had developed in the 5th and 6th century in the west of the country and in Bavaria, while what is today V orarlberg had been settled by the Alemans. Those groups mixed with the Rhaeto-Romanic population and pushed it up into the mountains.[edit] Medieval timesOver time the Bavarii and Alamanni were conquered by another Germanic people, the Franks, and were incorporated in their empire. The Frankish Empire eventually evolved into the Holy Roman Empire, a vast multi ethnical Empire mostly located in Central Europe. Eventually Vienna, Austria's capital, grew to become the secret capital of the Holy Roman Empire and a cultural centre for arts and science, music and fine cuisine.In 1278 the territory, by then corresponding roughly to what are now Upper and Lower Austria, passed to the House of Habsburg, with whose history it became closely associated until the early 20th century. Within a century the Habsburgs had added Carinthia, Styria, Carniola, and Tyrol to their rule, thus effectively controlling most of the territory of the modern Republic of Austria. Being ruled from the Duchy of Austria, the name of the duchy came to be informally applied to all these territories collectively, and hence their inhabitants also became known as Austrians.The Habsburgs greatly increased their political prestige and power with the acquisition of the lands of the crowns of Hungary and Bohemia in 1526. Hungary was more successful at retaining its cultural identity than Bohemia, which underwent a period of intense German colonisation, coupled with Germanization. However, the longer history under rule from Vienna, and some common German-speaking identity in lands such as Carinthia, Styria, or Tyrol, created a sense of Austrian identity. [edit] Early Modern TimesAlthough not formally a united state, the lands ruled by the Habsburgs would sometimes be known, at least to outsiders, by the name Austria. In reality they remained a disparate range of semi-autonomous states, most of which were part of the complex network of states that was the Holy Roman Empire (the imperial institutions of which were themselves controlled for much of their later existence by the Habsburgs). However, the second half of the 18th century saw an increasingly centralised state begin to develop under the regency of Maria Theresa of Austria and her son Joseph II. After the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon, the emperor Franz II formally founded the Austrian Empire in 1804 and became as Franz I the first Austrian emperor. For the first time the citizens of the various territories were nowcitizens of the one same state, while the other German-speaking states still cultivated their Kleinstaaterei and didn't succeed in forming a homogenous empire before 1871 when the German Empire was founded.A further major change resulted from a reorganisation of the empire in 1867 into a dual monarchy, with the Kingdom of Hungary gaining a considerable amount of political autonomy as one of the two halves. The other half remained a patchwork of states, broadly coterminous with the modern-day Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, and parts of Poland, Ukraine, Italy, and Croatia. These non-Hungarian lands, formally known as "the Kingdoms and States Represented in the Imperial Council" were sometimes known as Austria, for want of a better name. An alternative label in this context is Cisleithania.[edit] Modern times[edit] 19th-century nationalismFor more details on this topic, see Pan-Germanism.The Austrian lands had also been members of the Habsburg-dominated German Confederation since 1815. This split political personality also reflected a cultural uncertainty as to whether the German-speaking peoples under Austrian rule were Austrian, or German, or both. The developing sense of a German nationality had been accelerated massively as a consequence of the political turmoil and wars that engulfed Central Europe following the French Revolution and the rise to power of Napoleon Bonaparte. Although the years of peace after Napoleon's fall quickly saw German nationalism largely pushed out of the public political arena, the Revolutions of 1848 established it as a significant political issue for a period of over twenty years. Political debate centred on the nature of a possible future German state to replace the Confederation, and part of that debate concerned the issue of whether or not the Austrian lands had a place in the Germany polity.Habsburg influence over the German Confederation was rivalled by the increasingly powerful Prussian state. Political manoeuvering by the Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck resulted in military defeat of the Austrians in 1866 and the collapse of the Confederation, both effectively ending any future Austrian influence on German political events. The so-called Franco-Prussian War and the establishment of a German Empire, headed by Prussia and pointedly excluding any of the Austrian lands, diminished the influence of pan-Germanism in the Habsburg territories, and worked to reinforce the sense of a distinctively Austrian identity as the state turned away from Germany and turned its gaze towards the Balkan Peninsula.[edit] The 20th centuryThe last year of World War I saw the collapse of Habsburg authority throughout an increasingly greater part of its empire, and the military surrender in November 1918 finally brought with it the abdication of the last emperor. The creation of the Czecho-Slovak and South Slav states, full independence for a rump Hungary, and the post-war treaties imposed by the victorious Allies combined to see the newly-established Austrian republic both with the boundaries it has today, and a largely homogeneous German-speaking population. However, German-speaking communities were also left scattered throughout the other new states, as well as in thesouthern part of Tyrol which now found itself part of Italy.Initially the republic took the name German Austria, initially reflecting the republic being the German-speaking part of the old Austria and showing the popular desire to unite with the new German republic. This hope was to be dashed by the Treaty of Saint-Germain in 1919, and the new state changed its name to Republic of Austria on 21 October 1919.Desire for unity with Germany was motivated both by a sense of common national identity, and also by a fear that the new state, stripped of its one-time imperial possessions, and surrounded by potentially hostile nation-states, would not be economically viable.By 1938, with Nazi governments in control of both Berlin and Vienna, the country was annexed to Germany (Anschluss) as Ostmark. In 1942 the name was changed to the Danubian and Alpine Districts, thus eradicating any links with an Austrian national past[edit] Post World War IIThe end of World War II in 1945 saw the re-establishment of an independent Austria, although the Allied Powers remained in occupation until 1955.Austrians, wishing to distance themselves from the Third Reich, decided to develop a self-image unambiguously separate from its neighbour, basing itself on cultural achievements of the past and, though not without controversy, the centuries of Habsburgs rule.Unlike in the early 19th century, in 1987 only 6 percent of the Austrians identified themselves as "Germans". Indeed, being (mis)identified as one can cause resentment. In 1993 80 percent of the Austrians called Austria an independent nation and 12 percent said, it is growing to one.[8] [9] The logic of the existence of an independent Austrian state is no longer questioned as it was in the early years of its existence. Austria's history and geographical location has resulted in recent[weasel words] immigration from Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Romania, and Poland. As with neighbouring Germany, there has also been immigration from Turkey and former Yugoslav states such as Croatia and Serbia.[edit] CultureMain article: Austrian cultureCulture on the territory of what is today Austria can be traced back to around 1050 B.C. with the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures. However, a culture of Austria as we know it today began to take shape when the Austrian lands were part of the Holy Roman Empire, with the Privilegium Minus of 1156, which elevated Austria to the status of a Duchy, marking an important step in its development. Austrian culture has largely been influenced by its neighbours, Italy, Germany, Hungary and Bohemia. [edit] LanguageMain article: Austrian GermanFurther information: German languageAustrian German is a variety of the German language spoken in Austria. There is no unitary Austrian language, but a variety of High German dialects are spoken. Besides the Germanic languages discussed here, minority languages such as Slovenian,Croatian, and Hungarian are spoken in parts of the country.Ordinarily, the latter dialects are considered to belong either to the Central Austro-Bavarian or Southern Austro-Bavarian subgroups, with the latter encompassing the languages of the Tyrol, Carinthia, and Styria and the former including the dialects of Vienna, Upper Austria, and Lower Austria. The dialect spoken in V orarlberg is more closely related to Swiss German than it is to other Austrian dialects, so Austrians from outside V orarlberg can have difficulties understanding it.While strong forms of the various dialects are not normally comprehensible to most German speakers, there is virtually no communication barrier along the border between Austria and Germany, since people on both sides of the border speak very similarly. The Central Austro-Bavarian dialects are more intelligible to speakers of Standard German than the Southern Austro-Bavarian dialects of Tirol. Viennese, the Austro-Bavarian dialect of Vienna, is most frequently used in Germany for impersonations of the typical inhabitant of Austria.[edit] CuisineMain article: Austrian CuisineAustrian cuisine, which is often incorrectly equated with Viennese cuisine, is derived from the cuisine of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In addition to native regional traditions it has been influenced above all by Hungarian, Czech, Jewish, and Italian cuisines, from which both dishes and methods of food preparation have often been borrowed. Goulash is one example of this. Austrian cuisine is known primarily in the rest of the world for its pastries and sweets. In recent times a new regional cuisine has also developed which is centred on regional produce and employs modern and easy methods of preparation.[citation needed]。