第一章：计算机基础知识
CPU（Central processing Unit）中央处理器：主要用于数据的计算和控制
Pentium 奔腾
MMX（Multimedia Extension）多媒体扩展
CPU Clock Speed 时钟频率
Expansion-Bus speed 扩展总线速度
FPU （Float Point Unit）浮点运算单元
Pipeline 流水线
Super pipeline 超流水线
Superscalar 超标量
SSE是英语“因特网数据流单指令序列扩展”（Internet Streaming SIMD Extensions）的缩写
Memory 存储器
Main memory 主存储器。分为Read only memory和Random Access memory
Auxiliary memory 辅助存储器
ROM 只读存储器
RAM 随机存取存储器
EDO RAM（Extended Data Out）既扩展数据输出内存
SDRAM（Synchronous Dynamic）同步动态内存
DDR SDRAM（Double Data Rage）双倍数据速率内存
DR DRAM（Direct Rambus）接口动态随机存储器
内存条的接口类型：
1.SIMM接口内存条是Single In-line Memory Module的简写。
2.DIMM接口内存条是Dual In-line Memory Module的简写。
3.RIMM接口内存条是Rambus In-line Memory Module的简写。Power 电源，现在的计算机多用ATX电源，ATX电源支持远程开机、关机，以及自动开关机等功能。
Main board，Mother board，System board 主板是安装在主机机箱内的一块矩形电路板，上面有控制芯片组、BIOS芯片、各种输入输出接口、键盘和面板控制开关接口、指示灯插接件、扩充插槽及直流电源供电接插件等元件。
BIOS“Bassic Input/output system”意思是“基本输入/输出系统”Display Card；Video Card 显示卡适配器简称显卡，是连接主板与显示器的接口卡。它的作用是将主机的输出信息转换成字符、图形等信息并传送到显示器上显示。
Sound Card；Audio Controller 声卡，是计算机用来处理声音信息的接口卡
Hard Disk Driver，简称HDD，也叫硬盘。主要用于存放计算机操作系统、各种应用软件和数据文件，其存储容量是目前所有存储器中最大的。
光盘驱动器简称光驱，目前主要有两种。一种是Compact Disk Driver （紧密盘驱动器，简称CD Driver），它所使用的存储介质为普通CD；
另外一种是Digital Video Disk Driver（数字视频盘驱动器，简称DVD Driver），它所使用的存储介质为DVD。
Floppy Disk Driver，软盘驱动器简称FDD，用于读取软盘上的信息。Modem，调制调解器，是个人计算机上网的常用设备。
Keyboard 键盘
Mouse 鼠标
Monitor 显示器（有阴极射线管显示器CRT和液晶显示器LCD）
+
中考英语阅读理解模拟试题.附
详解03
Several years ago， a television reporter was talking to three of the most important people in America. One was a very rich banker， another owned one of the largest companies in the world， and the third owned many buildings in the center of New York.
The reporter was talking to them about being important.
“How do we know if someone is really important？” the reporter asked the banker. The banker thought for a few moments and then said，“I think anybody who is invited to the Whiter House to meet the President of the United States is really important.”
The reporter then turned to the owner of the very large company. “Do you agree with that？” she asked.
The man shook his head，“No. I think the President invites a lot of people to the White House. You‘d only be important if while you were visiting the President，there was a telephone call from the president of another country， and the President of the US said he was too busy to answer it.”
The reporter turned to the third man. “Do you think so？”
“No， I don‘t，” he said. “I don’t think that makes the visitor important. That makes the President important.”
“Then what would make the visitor important？” the reporter and the other two men asked.
“Oh， I think if the visitor to the White House was talking to the President and the phone rang， and the President picked up the receiver， listened and then said，‘It’s for you.‘”
根据以上短文内容，然后从每题所给的四个选项中选择最佳选项。
1. This story happened in _______.
A. England
B. America
C. Japan
D. Australia
2. There are _______ in this passage.
A. two men and two women
B. three men and one woman
C. three women and one man
D. four women
3. The banker thought _______.
A. he was really important because he was a rich banker
B. the visitor to the White House was really important
C. the visitor who met the President of the United States
D. the reporter was really important
4. The owner of the very large company thought _______.
A. she was really important because she owned one of the largest companies
B. the banker was really important
C. the owner of many buildings in the center of New York was really important
D. the visitor would be really important if while he was visiting the President，the President would not answer any telephone call
5. The owner of many buildings thought _______.
A. he was really important because he owned many buildings in the center of New York
B. the owner of the very large company was really important
C. the visitor was really important if he talking to the President and the President received a telephone call for the visitor
D. the person who worked in the White House was really important
「答案与解析」
1. 选B.从第1段的首句Several years ago， a television reporter was talking to three of the most important people in America.可以知道，这个故事发生在美国，所以选择B.
2. 选B.短文对三位嘉宾的人称代词用的都是he，由此可知，这三位嘉宾都是男士，而从第5段的she asked可以看出这个reporter是位女士，所以总共是three men and one woman，答案是B.
3. 选B.当the reporter问the banker 什么样的人才是重要的时，他回答说：I think anybody who is invited to the White House to meet the President of the United States is really important.所以答案选择B.
4. 选D.从第6段这位男士的回答我们很容易得出答案是D.
5. 选C.从最后一段可以知道the owner of many buildings的想法，就是当你在拜访总统时，总统却接到一个找你的电话，那么此时你就是一个很重要的人了。所以答案选择C.
Mr King works in a shop and drives a car for the manager. He drives carefully and can keep calm in time of danger. And he escaped from several accidents. The manager pays him more and the traffic policemen often speak highly of him.
Mr Baker， one of his friends， works in a factory outside the city. It‘s far from his house and he has to go to work by bus. As the traffic is crowded in the morning， sometimes he’s late for the work. His manager warns the young man that he will be sent away unless he gets to his office on time. He hopes to buy a car，but he hasn‘t enough money. He decides to buy an old one. He went to the flea （跳蚤） market and at last he chose a beautiful but cheap car. He said he wanted to have a trial （试验） drive， the seller agreed. He called Mr King and asked him to help him.
Mr King examined the car at first and then drove it away. It was five in the morning and there were few cars in the street. At first he drove slowly and it worked
well. Then he drove fast. And when he reached a crossing， the lights turned red. He tried to stop it， but he failed and nearly hit an old woman who was crossing the street. A policeman told him to stop， but the car went on until it hit a big tree by the road.
“Didn‘t you hear me？” the policeman asked angrily.
“Yes， I did， sir，” said Mr King，“Since it doesn‘t listen to me，can it obey you？”
根据以上短文内容，然后从每题所给的四个选项中选择最佳选项。
1. Mr King is paid more because he _______.
A. always drives very slowly
B. is not afraid of danger
C. had driven for years
D. drives very well
2. Mr Baker went to the flea market to _______.
A. buy a second-hand car
B. have a trial drive
C. choose a new car
D. sell his old car
3. Mr King tried to stop the car when _______.
A. he saw an old woman crossing the street
B. he saw a big tree
C. the traffic lights turned red
D. the policeman shouted angrily at him
4. Which of the following is true？
A. Mr King will be sent away if he keeps being late
B. Mr Baker can‘t afford to buy an old car
C. Mr King didn‘t hear the policeman
D. Something was wrong with the car
「答案与解析」
1. 选D.由句子He drives carefully and can keep calm in time of danger. And he escaped from several accidents.可知，Mr King drives very well，因此老板付给了他更多的薪水。答案选D.
2. 选A.Mr Baker因为交通拥挤而经常迟到，受到老板的责骂，所以He hopes to buy
a car. 但是他没有足够的钱，所以He decided to buy an old one，可见他去跳蚤市场是buy a second-hand car（想买一辆二手车），因此答案选A.
3. 选C.Mr King试车到了一个十字路口时，The light turned red，所以He tried to stop it，因此答案选C.
4. 选D.Mr King在交警的警告下也没有停住车，最后撞到了树上，他的解释是：It doesn ‘t listen to me（车不听我的话），可见车有问题，所以答案选D.
I will always remember my mother‘s last few days in this world.
On February 14th，2000，my class went on a field trip to the beach. I had so much fun. When we returned to school，my teacher told me to go to the headmaster ‘s office. When I got into the office，I saw a police officer. Suddenly I realized something was wrong. The police officer told me what had happened and we went to pick my sister up. After that，we went to the hospital and waited. Time went slowly. Finally，we got to see our mother. It was terrible.
On the next day，the headmaster came and told my two teachers what had happened.
I was taking a rest that day. I knew it had something to do with my mother. I kept thinking that she either died or had gotten better. How I wished that she had gotten better. When my teacher took me outside，my sister ran up to me. She started crying，“She‘s gone. Teresa，mommy’s gone. She‘s dead.” I couldn’t believe it. We jumped into the car and drove straight to the hospital. Most of my family were there. The silence was terrible. I knew I had to say goodbye.
Today when I look back，I still miss my mother very much，but I know that I will live. My mother was a strong mother，who had the biggest heart. My mother was an angel walking on the earth. I will always remember her as living. When someone is
asked who their hero （英雄） is，they usually say someone famous，like Michael Jordan or Britney Spears. When someone asks me who my hero is，I tell them，my mother. My mother lives every day. That is what makes her a true hero.
根据以上短文内容，然后从每题所给的四个选项中选择最佳选项。
1. Where was the writer when she learned her mother was very ill？
A. On the beach.
B. At the hospital.
C. At school.
D. At home.
2. Who brought the writer the bad news that her mother was ill？
A. Her sister.
B. The headmaster.
C. Her teacher.
D. The police officer.
3. What did the headmaster tell the two teachers on the next day？
A. Her mother had been very ill.
B. Her mother had been dead.
C. Her mother had gotten better.
D. Her sister came to see her.
4. From the last paragraph of the passage we know that _______.
A. the writer is afraid of her mother
B. the writer is proud of her mother
C. the writer feels sad about her mother
D. the writer feels sorry for her mother
5. The writer must think her mother is a _______ woman.
A. famous
B. free
C. rich
D. great
「答案与解析」
1. 选C.根据短文的第2段句子When we returned to school，my teacher told me to…可知，当我回到学校以后，才得知母亲生病的消息，即当作者得知母亲病重时，当时她is at school（在学校）。
2. 选D.根据第2段的句子The police officer told me what had happened and…可知，老师叫我去校长办公室，但真正告诉我发生了什么事的是the police officer.故答案选D.
3. 选B.在短文的第3段开头讲到了第二天发生的事。校长告诉我的两个老师发生了什么事，然后紧接着借妹妹之口：She‘s gone. Teresa，mommy’s gone. She‘s dead.使读者知道，校长告诉老师的事是My mother had been dead（我的母亲死了）。
4. 选B.在短文的最后一段，作
者反复提到这样的字眼：a strong
mother，had the biggest heart，
an angel，字里行间都充满着自豪
之情。故5. 选D.最后一段说母
亲有世界上最宽容的心，她是一位
strong母亲，她是一位真正的英
雄，这些都说明了在作者心中母亲
很great（伟大）。（2）
No.4 middle School
Kunming ,yunnan
April 2nd ,2004
Dear editor (编辑) ，
I live in a beautiful city . Many visitors come to my city . there are
so many colorful peacocks (孔雀) here .
The peacocks mostly live on the grass land of Dongfeng Square
They are given food freely by visitors . They usually throw food to
them , and don’t think about at all whether the food is right or not . Some of the peacocks became ill , some even died after eating the
bad food given by the visitors.
I’m sure most of the visitors who throw food to the peacocks really like the birds , but don’t realize (意识到) that they may be doing them harm (伤害).
The visitors should be told that what have done is very harmful to
the birds , and this kind of thing must be stopped from happening . Perhaps we can build some small shops beside Dongfeng Square to
sell peacock food . For us every person , it’s our duty to give more love to these beautiful birds and to look after them carefully.
Yours,
Sun Yan
()6.Many visitors come to the writer’s city to __________.
A. do some shopping
B. see beautiful peacocks
C. play on Dongfeng square
D. eat nice food
()7.Some peacocks became ill and died because some visitors ______; A. did’t give th em any food B. gave them too much food
C. threw them some bad food
D. loved them and played with them
()8.Some shops can be built beside Dongfeng Square so that they may _____________.
A.sell food for visitors
B. sell food for peacocks
C.make the square more beautiful
D.have the beautiful birds
()9.From the passage we know people should __________.
A. live and play with the birds
B. stop the birds from eating too much
C. give right food to the birds
D. give more food to the birds
()10.We can guess the writer of the letter, Sun Yan , may be a _____. A. visitor B. shopkeeper C.square keeper D. student
6-10：B C B C D
（3）
Every town in the United States has a post office . Some are very small , and you may also find them in the corner of a shop . Others are larger buildings . They are open five days a week and on
Saturday mornings . From Monday through Friday they are usually open from 8:30 to 4:30 .
If you know how much the postage (邮资) is for your letter , you can
buy stamps at any window. In some post offices you can buy stamps from machines . Stamps are sold many different prices , from one cent (美分) to many dollars . If you are not sure how much postage is for
you letter , you may ask the man or the woman in the post office for help . he or she will give you the stamps you need . If you are sending your letter far away , you should use airmail envelopes (航空信封) . Remember that postage will be more expensive for a letter to be sent outside the country.
At a post office you can also buy postcards . A postcard is cheaper than a letter . Usually the price of postage for a postcard is about
half that of a letter . The postcards that you buy at a post office do not have pictures . However ,also they are not to be sent outside the country .
Letters are an easy and cheap way to keep in touch with people in many different countries .
()11.The passage tell us that we can find ________ easily in the United States of America.
A. post office s
https://www.doczj.com/doc/d59429621.html,rge buildings
C.small shops
D.different banks
()12.The post offices in the United States are open _________.
A.seven hours a day
B.six hours a day
C.five hours a day
D.eight hours a day
()13.If you are not sure how much postage is for your letter ,you can____.
A. go and buy stamps from the machine in the post officesend a cheap postcard instead of your letter
B. get in touch with somebody you know in the post office
C.ask the man or the woman in the post office for help
()14.The price of postage for ________ is more expensive.
A.a beautiful postcard
B.a letter written on envelope
C.a letter by airmail
D.a postcard with pictures
()15.The passage tells us something about ________ in the USA
A.the post
B.the postage
C.letters
D.postcards
11-15 A D D C A
（4）
Long, long ago there was a very foolish thief. Do you know what he did one day? When he wanted to steal(偷) the bell on his neighbour’s door, he walked up to the door, took hold of(抓住) the bell and pulled hard. The bell made a very loud noise. The thief was afraid and went home.
Then he sat down to think, “I must do something about the noise,” he said. He thought and thought. At last he had an idea. “Ah, I’ll put some cotton in my ears. Then I won’t be able to hear the noise.” The next day he went to the door of his neighbour, and took hold of the bell. This time he pulled even harder. The bell rang loudly, but the thief did not hear anything. With another hard pull he got the bell out. Just then the neighbour came running out.
“Steal my bell? I’ll teach you a lesson(教训),” the angry man shouted. And he hit the thief on the nose.
The foolish thief did not know how the neighbour found out he was stealing the bell. “Why did he come out just then?” he wondered (感到疑惑).
( )16. The thief was trying to get .
A. his neighbour
B. his neighbour’s doorbell
C. some cotton
D. a door with a bell on it
( )17. The thief put some cotton in his ears. He thought it would be for him to steal the doorbell.
A. safe
B. difficult
C. dangerous
D. easy
( )18. The neighbour ran out probably(很可能) because .
A. he knew his doorbell was being stolen
B. he thought someone was eager (渴望的) to visit him
C. he realized (意识到) something strange happened
D. Both B and C
( )19. The neighbour hit the thief to .
A. give him lessons
B. punish (惩罚) him for stealing
C. help him with the bell
D. be his teacher
( )20. Which of the following is TRUE?
A. The thief understood why he was hit on the nose.
B. The thief knew why the neighbour came out.
C. The thi ef thought the neighbour couldn’t hear the noise the bell made.
D. The thief didn’t want to know why the neighbour ran out.
16-20 B A D B C
（5）
A farmer was put in prison(监狱). One day, he got a letter from his wife.
“I am worried about out farm,” she wrote. “It’s time to plant potatoes ,
but I can’t do all the digging(挖) by myself.”
The farmer thought over and then had an idea. He wrote to his wife,“Don’t dig
the fields. This id where my gold(金子) is. Don’t plant potatoes until I comehome.
A few days later, the farmer got anther letter from his wife. It said, “Two days
ago, about ten prison guards(监狱看守) came to our fields. It looked as if they were looking for something. They have dug our field.”
The farmer wrote to his wife at once. “Now you can plant our potatoes,” he wrote.
( )21.The farmer was put in prison ________.
A. because he had done something wrong
B. because he had a lot of gold in the fields
C. The writer didn’t say anything about why the farmer was put in prison
D. For nothing
( )22.The farmer’s wife was much worried about _____ .
A. her husband
B. their farm
C. planting potatoes
D. herself
( )23.The farmer told his wife __ first.
A. not to dig the fields
B. to dig the fields
C. to ask the prison guards for help
D. to find the gold in the fields
( )24.Why did the prison guards dig the farmer’s fields ?________.
A. They wanted to help the farmer
B. Their leader ordered them to do so
C. The farmer asked them to do so
D. They wanted to find out the gold
( )25.Why did the farmer ask his wife to plant potatoes at once ? Because _____.
A. their fields had been dug
B. the gold was found out
C. the prison guards asked him to do so
D. the prison guards were digging the fields
21—25 C B A D A
（6）
An owl is a bird with very large eyes. Those eyes make the owl look clever. The owl can not move its eyes freely as people can. It can only look straight ahead (朝前). If it wants to look at both sides, it must turn its neck.
Owls see better at night than during the day. At night they look for food. They eat mice and insects.
Owls make a strange noise because the owls sleep most of the day. They usually give their cries at ni ght. The cry sounds like “Whoo! Whoo!”. This strange sound sometimes frightens people at night.
26. An owl looks clever because it can look straight ahead.
27. An owl looks for food at night because it sees better at night than during the day.
28. An owl lives on all kinds of birds.
29. The cry of an owl is frightening.
30. Man must not kill owls because they are helpful to people.
26-30 B A B A A
（7）
Coffee has become the most popular American drink. Today people in the United States drink more coffee than people in any of the other countries. People drink coffee at breakfast, at lunch, at dinner and between meals. They drink hot coffee or coffee with ice in it. They drink it at work and at home. They eat coffee ice-cream and coffee candy. Coffee is black and very strong. Different people like to drink it in different ways. Some people like coffee with cream or sugar in it. Other people like coffee with both cream and sugar in it. In all ways it is served. Coffee has become an international drink.
31. Coffee is an ____________ drink.
A . interesting B. international C. ice-cream D. American
32. Different people like to drink coffee ____________.
A. at work or at home
B. in different ways
C. with cream or sugar
D. between meals
33. Today Americans drink ____________ coffee than people in any of the other countries.
A. as much as
B. less
C. more
D. most
34. “Coffee is black and very strong.” The word STRONG here means ____________.
A.坚固的
B.淡的
C.清的
D.浓的
35. ____________ is the most popular American drink.
A. Black tea
B. Coffee
C. Water with ice
D. Whisky
31-35 B B C D B
（8）
Computers are useful machines. They can help people a lot in their everyday life. For example, they can help people save much time, and they can help people work out many problems they can’t do easily. Our country asks everyone to learn to use computers except the old people.
Today more and more families own computers. Parents buy computers for their children.
They hope computers can help them improve (提高) their studies in school. Yet many of the children use computers to play games, to watch video or to sing Karaoke, instead of studying. So many teachers and parents complain (抱怨) that computers can not help children to study but make them fall behind. So computers are locked by parents in the boxes.
In some other countries, even some scientists hate computers. They say computers let millions of people lost their jobs or bring them a lot of trouble.
Will computers really bring trouble to people or can they bring people happiness? It will be decided by people themselves.
36. Why do we say the computer is a useful machine? Because _______________.
A. our country asks us to learn it
B. it can help us a lot
C. we can use it to play games
D．it can help us to find jobs
37. What do many teachers and parents complain about? _______________.
A. Their students and children use computers to play games.
B. Computers let them lost their jobs.
C. Computers make the students and children fall behind.
D. Computers bring people a lot of trouble.
38. In this passage we know computers _______________.
A. also bring us trouble
B. bring us happiness only
C. are hated by people
D. are bad for people’s health
39. Can computers really help children to study? _______________.
A. Yes, they can.
B. It’s hard to say
C. No, they can’t.
D. Of course not.
40. How do you understand the last sentence of this passage? I think it means _______.
A. computers are used by people
B. people can live well without computers
C. one must decide how to use computers
D. computers are strange machines
36-40 B C A A C
（9）
Once upon a time there lived an old man. He had three sons. One day, he called them together and said, "Sons, I will die soon. To my oldest son I give half my camels, to my second, one-third(三分之一), and to my youngest, one-ninth (九分之一)." Soon after that he died.
Now, the old man had seventeen camels, and the three brothers didn't know how to do as their father said. They thought a long time about the problem, and it seemed that they must either kill some of the camels and cut them into pieces, or disobey their father. At last they went to their father's old friend and asked for his advice. As soon as he heard their story, he said, "I will help you. I was a good friend of your father's. I am old. I have only one camel, but take it-it is yours."
The three sons thanked the old man and took his camel. Now they found it was easy to do as their father wished, The oldest took half- that was nine camels; the second took
one-third, that was six; and the youngest took one-ninth, that was two.
After each had got his camels, they found that there was still a camel there. So, to show their thanks to their father's friend, they gave the camel back to him
41. "Once upon a time" means " ________".
A. long long ago
B. not very long ago
C. at once
D. sometimes
42. The meaning of "disobey" in the second paragraph is" ________".
A. 服从
B. 违背
C. 听从
D. 嘲笑
43. The meaning of "asked for his advice" in the second paragraph is " ________".
A. 向他请教
B. 问他数量
C. 批评他
D. 劝告他
44. The second old man ________the three brothers.
A. was good to
B. was not good to
C. didn't like
D. cheated(哄骗)
45. Both the two old men in the story were ________.
A. foolish
B. clever
C. poor
D. rich
41-45 A B A A B
（10）
Tom lived by himself a long way from town. He hardly went to town, but one day he went into town to buy a few things. After he bought them, he went into a restaurant and sat down at a table. When he looked around, he saw some old people put glasses on before reading their newspapers. So after lunch he decided to go to a shop to buy himself one pair, too. He walked along the road, and soon found a shop.
The man in the shop let him try on a lot of glasses, but Tom always said, "No, I can't read with these."
The man became puzzled (迷惑的) , and he said, "Excuse me, but can you read?" "No, of course I can't!" Tom said angrily. "If I could read before, do you think I would come here to buy your glasses?"
46. Tom lived ______.
A. with his family
B. near town
C. in the country
D. in town
47. Tom didn't go to town______.
A. never
B. often
C. sometimes
D. sometime
48. Why did Tom decide to buy a pair of glasses?
A. Because he thought if he bought them, he could read.
B. Because they were very bright.
C. Because they were cheap.
D. Because he could read newspaper.
49. Tom went to the shop to ______.
A. have a rest
B. have dinner
C. wear glasses
D. buy a pair of glasses
46-49 C B A D
(11)
We know mosquitoes very well. Mosquitoes fly everywhere. They can be found almost all over the world, and there are more than 2,500 kinds of them.
No one likes the mosquito. But the mosquito may decide if she loves you. She? Yes, she. The male mosquito doesn’t bite! Only the female mosquito bites because sh e needs blood to lay eggs. She is always looking for things or people she wants to bite. If she likes what she finds, she bites. But if she doesn’t like your blood, she will turn to someone else for more delicious blood. Next time a mosquito bites you, just remember you are chosen. You’re different from the others!
If the mosquito likes you, she lands on your body without letting you know. She bites you so quickly and quietly that you may not feel anything different. After she bites, you will have an itch(痒) on your body because she puts something from her mouth together with your blood. When the itch begins, she has flown away.
And then what happens? Well, after her delicious dinner, the mosquito feels tired. She wants to find a place to have a good rest. There, in a tree or on a wall, she begins to lay eggs, hundreds of eggs.
( )51.All the people don’t like mosquitoes.
( )52.All mosquitoes like to bite people for blood.
( )53.If a mosquito wants to bite you, it means she is very tired.
( )54.The mosquito bites you too quickly and quietly to let you know.
( )55.The itch begins after the mosquito flies away.
51-55 FFFTT
(12)
Do you know why different animals or pests(昆虫) have their special colours? Colours in them seem to be used mainly to protect themselves.
Some birds like eating locusts(蝗虫), but birds cannot easily catch them. Why? It is because locusts change their colours together with the change of the colours of crops(庄稼). When crops are green, locusts look green. But as the harvest (收获)time comes, locusts change to the same brown colour as crops have. Some other pests with different colours from plants are easily found and eaten by others. So they have to hide themselves for lives and appear only at night.
If you study the animal life, you’ll find the main use of colouring is to protect themselves. Bears, lions and other animals move quietly through forests. They cannot be easily seen by hunters. This is because they have the colours much like the trees.
Have you ever found an even more strange act? A kind of fish in the sea can send out a kind of very black liquid(液体) when it faces danger. While the liquid spreads over(散开), its enemies(敌人) cannot find it. And it immediately swims away. So it has lived up to now though it is not strong at all.
( )56.From the passage we learn that locusts________.
A. are small animals
B. are easily found by birds
C. are dangerous to their enemies
D. change their colours to protect themselves
( )57.How can pests with different colours from plants keep out of danger?
A. They run away quickly.
B. They have the colours much like their enemies.
C. They hide themselves by day and appear at night.
D. They have to move quietly.
( )58.Bears and lions can keep safe because________.
A. they have the colours much like the trees
B. they move quietly
C. they like brown and grey colours
D. they live in forests
( )59.Why can the kind of fish live up to now?
A. Because it is very big and strong.
第一章第一篇sectiong Two variables u(t) and i(t) are the most basic concepts in an electric circuit, they characterize the various relationships in an electric circuitu(t)和i(t)这两个变量是电路中最基本的两个变量，它们刻划了电路的各种关系。 Charge and Current The concept of electric charge is the underlying principle for explaining all electrical phenomena. Also, the most basic quantity in an electric circuit is the electric charge. Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter consists, measured in coulombs (C). 电荷和电流电荷的概念是用来解释所有电气现象的基本概念。也即，电路中最基本的量是电荷。电荷是构成物质的原子微粒的电气属性，它是以库仑为单位来度量的。 We know from elementary physics that all matter is made of fundamental building blocks known as atoms and that each atom consists of electrons, protons, and neutrons. We also know that the charge e on an electron is negative and equal in magnitude to 1.60210×10-19C, while a proton carries a positive charge of the same magnitude as the electron. The presence of equal numbers of protons and electrons leaves an atom neutrally charged. 我们从基础物理得知一切物质是由被称为原子的基本构造
修订版《语言学纲要》第五章语义和语用答案 第五章语义和语用 一、名词解释 基本词汇——基本词汇就是人们自古至今常用的，用来表达日常事物现象的，并成为构成新词基础的那一部分词。基本词汇里的词是语言词汇的核心。 多义词——一个词有多个意义，它们概括反映相互有联系的几类现实现象。如“跑”就具有“两只脚或四条腿迅速前进”、“逃走”、〈方〉“走”、“为某种事务而奔走”、“物体离开了应该在的位置”、“液体因挥发而损耗”等六项互相有联系但又各不相同的意义，是多义词。 反义词——语言中有很多意义相反的词，叫做反义词。反义词，是现实现象中矛盾的或对立的现象在语言中的反映。分相对反义词和绝对反义词两种。具有反义关系的两个词之间只需要有一个义项相对或相反就可以了。 施事——自主性动作、行为的主动发出者。 焦点——人们之所以要说话，是为了向对方传递他们所不知道的信息，也即新信息。从信息的角度看，句子中的新信息是说话者所传递信息的重点所在，是说话者认为受话者不知道因此希望受话者特别关注的部分。这就是句子的“焦点”。 情态——情态是体现“说话者对所言的主观看法”的范畴。主要表达“必然性”、“可能性”、“必要性”等方面。 语气——语气是表达“句子的言语交际作用”的范畴，指的是句子所携带的反映说话人使用句子的目的和说话人情绪的意义，包括陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹等 言语行为——人们说出的话不仅仅是人类经验的映像(句义)，也不仅仅是特定说话者对人类经验的具体认知，它还是一种社会行为。像打人、吃饭等其他社会行为一样，“说话”这种社会行为也有对行为者之外的事物(特别是受话者)或行为者自身产生某种效力的
目标，也有因行为而引发实际变化的效果。简而言之，言语交际行为本身也构成新的人类经验，与现实世界中的其他人、物、现象、事件有着“行为—效力”的关联。这些是语言在另一层次上的意义。从这一视角对语言意义的关注称为言语行为研究。 二、填空 、( 一般性 ) 、( 模糊性 )、( 全民性)是词义概括性的三个重要的表现形式。、多义词有多项意义，最初的那个意义叫(本义)，离开上下文人们就能知道的那项意义叫( 中心意义)。汉语中的“老”有“年纪大”、“经常”、“陈旧的”等意义，其中，“年纪大”是( 本义 )，其余的是(派生意义)。 三、分析题 、指出下列同义词的意义差别 父亲——爸爸语体色体不同，父亲是书面语体，爸爸是口语语体 得到——获得感情色彩不同，“得到”是中性词，，“获得”是通过努力得到好的结果，是褒义词。 眼红——嫉妒语体色体不同，嫉妒是书面语体，眼红是口语语体 秘密——绝密词义轻重不同，秘密轻，绝密重。 3、收集汉语“烹调类”单音节动词，用一组语义特征描写它们的词义。 蒸、煮、烹、煎、烤、烘、煨、炸、煸、爆 、试分析下列句子的语义结构。
《英语词汇学》（课程代码：00832）试卷结构 Chapter 5 Word Meaning(词的意义) Reference(所指关系) is the relationship between language and the world. Concept(概念)，which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition n.认识；知识；认识能力, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. Sense(语义)denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference) Motivation (词义理据)account for the connection between the linguistic(word) symbol and its meaning. Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据) words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises. Morphological motivation(形态理据)compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined. 很多合成词和派生词都是这类， Semantic motivation(语义理据)refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.( 由字面义派生出来的引申 义) Etymological motivation (词源理据) the meaning of many words often relate words the history of the word explain the meaning of the word. associative meaning 关联意义 Lexical meaning 词汇意义 Types of Meaning conceptual /denotative meaning 词义的分类概念意义 Grammatical meaning 语法意义directly to their origins. In other connotative meaning 内涵意义 stylistic meaning 文体意义 affective meaning 感情意义 collocative meaning 搭配意义 Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships. Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning( 外延意义 ), is the meaning given in the dictionary and
英语词汇学 (English Lexicology) 课程编号：05100290课程性质：专业选修课 总学分：2 总学时：36 一课程目的及要求： 英语语言文学专业必修课或选修课。英语词汇学是一门以当代语言学多种理论为指导，全面深入研究英语词汇的专业课程。英语词汇学课程重在揭示现代英语词汇的普遍规律，侧重分析研究现代英语词汇现象，兼顾英语词汇的纵向演变和发展。 本课程旨在帮助英语专业高年级学习者强化英语词汇知识，系统地了解现代英语词汇的过去和现状，把握英语词汇学习与使用的规则和特点。既要培养学生理解语言现象和分析语言问题的理论水平，又要提高学生运用英语的实际能力。二、课程主要内容： 英语词汇学导言（词汇学的性质、重要性、学习方法） 词的基本知识（词和词汇的定义与区别，声音与意义和拼写之间的关系，词汇划分的基本原则及各类词的主要特点） 英语词汇的形成与发展（英语的亲属关系，英语词汇形成和发展的三个时期及其特点，现代英语词汇发展的趋势和方式） 英语构词法I （词的个构成成分，各成分之间的区别，对词进行结构分析）英语构词法II （现代英语主要构词法，这些构词法在英语词汇发展中的地位） 词的意义（了解“意义”的不同含义，词义的理据，几种常见意义） 语义关系和语义场（词与词之间的几种主要语义关系，它们的概念和特点）词义的演变（词义变化的必然性，词义变化的主要方式，词义变化的原因）词义与语境（两种不同的语境，语境对词义的重要作用） 英语习语（英语习语的概念、范畴、特点及其分类原则，习语的作用） 英语词典（不同类型词典的形式、内容、范围及特点） 三、教学方式 以讲解为主，在教学过程中采用研究型教学方式，在讲授基本的词汇学概念和原理之后引导学生进行课堂讨论，课后查阅资料，收集语料，描写语言和分析语言等活动，同时指定阅读材料并作课堂汇报。 四、主要教学参考书： 教材：自编 参考书目： 1. 陆国强：《现代英语词汇学》，上海外语教育出版社，1999 2. 汪榕培、卢晓娟：《英语词汇学教程》，上海外语教育出版社，1997 3. 张维友：《英语词汇学》，外语教学与研究出版社，2000 4. 张韵斐，周锡卿：《现代英语词汇学概论》，北京师范大学出版社，1988 5. 张永言，《词汇学简论》，华中工学院出版社，1982 6．拉耶芙斯卡娅，《英语词汇学引论》，商务印书馆，1960
注：电气工程及其自动化专业英语翻译 1~7面 班级：1002班 学号：20 姓名：王定瑞 PART 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC ENGINEERING Chapter 1 Circuit Fundamentals 第1部分的电气工程基础 第1章电路原理 Electrostatic Charges 静电荷 Protons and electrons are parts of atoms that make up all things in our world. The positive charge of a proton is similar to the negative charge of an electron. However, a positive charge is the opposite of a negative charge. These charges are called electrostatic charges. Each charged particle is surrounded by an electrostatic field. 质子和电子部件的原子构成一切事物在我们的世界。正电荷的质子是类似于负电荷的电子。然而,一个正电荷的反面是一个负电荷。这些指控被称为静电荷。每个带电粒子周围是一个静电场。 The effect that electrostatic charges have on each other is very important. They either repel (move away) or attract (come together) each other. It is said that like charges repel and unlike charges attract. 这个效应,静电指控对方是非常重要的。他们要么排斥(离开)或吸引(一起)每个其他。据说,同种电荷排斥和异种电荷吸引。 The atoms of some materials can be made to gain or lose electrons. The material then becomes charged. One way to do this is to rub a glass rod with a piece of silk cloth. The glass rod loses electrons ( - ) , so it now has a positive ( + ) charge. The silk cloth pulls electrons ( - ) away from the glass. Since the silk cloth gains new electrons, it now has a negative ( - ) charge. Another way to charge a material is to rub a rubber rod with fur. 原子的一些材料可以获得或失去电子。材料然后变成带电。一个办法是摩擦玻璃棒用一块丝绸。玻璃棒失去电子(-),所以它现在有了一个积极的(+)费用。丝绸布拉电子(-)远离玻璃。因为丝绸布获得新电子, 现在有一个负(-)费用。另一种方式收取材料是磨橡胶棒带毛皮。 It is also possible to charge other materials because some materials are charged when they are brought close to another charged object. If a charged rubber rod is touched against another material, the second material may become charged. 2 Remember that materials are charged due to the movement of electrons and protons. Also, remember that when an atom loses electrons ( - ), it becomes positive ( + ). These facts are very important in the study of electronics. 也有可能收取其他材料,因为一些材料费用当他们带来了接近另一个带电物体。如果一个带电橡胶棒是感动与另一个材料,第二材料可能成为带电。2记住材料被指控由于电子和质子的运动。同时,也要记住,当一个原子失去电子(-),它成为积极的(+)。这些事实是非常重要的在学习电子产品。 Charged materials affect each other due to lines of force. These imaginary lines cannot be seen. However, they exert a force in all directions around a charged material. Their force is similar to the force of gravity around the earth. This force is called a gravitational field. 带电材料互相影响由于力线。这些假想的线不能被看到。然而,他们施加一个力向四面八方围绕一个带电材料。他们的力量是类似于重力围绕地球。这个力称为引力场。 Most people have observed the effect of static electricity. Whenever objects become charged, it is due to static electricity. A common example of static electricity is lightning. Lightning is caused by a difference in charge ( + and - ) between the earth's surface and the clouds during a storm. The arc produced by lightning is the movement of charges between the earth and the clouds. Another common
Chapter 1 1.1 What Is a Word 词的概念：A word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters. （一个词可以被定义为一组有意义的字母） 词包含以下几点： ① a minimal free form of a language.一门语言中最小的形式 ② a sound unity.一个声音统一体 ③ a unit of meaning.一个意义单位 ④ a form that can function alone in a sentence.能在句子中起独立作用的一个形式 A word is a free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.词是一门语言中具有一定的声音，意义和句法功能的最小形式 Words can be simple and complex.词可以是简单的也可以是复杂的 1.2 Sound and Meaning 声音与意义之间的关系：This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary,and there is no logical relationship between the sound and the actual thing and idea itself .The relationship between them is conventional. 这种象征性的联系几乎总是任意的，声音与实际的事物和观念本身没有逻辑关系。他们之间的关系是约定俗成的。 1.3 Sound and Form 读音与拼写不一致的原因：①The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language. ②The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. ③Some of the differences were created by the early scribes. ①英语字母表是从罗马人那里采用的，罗马人没有一个单独的字母来代表语言中的每个 声音。 ②这些年来，发音的变化比拼写的变化更快。 ③有些差异是由早期的抄写员造成的。
现代英语词汇学(课后总结中文)
第一章 一个词可以被定义为一个基本单位的言论和作为一个最低的自由形式。它是一个统一的声音和意义，帽子能够执行一个给定的句法功能，所有的话在一个语言的共同组成的词汇。英语的历史发展表明，英语是一个沉重的借用者，它采用了几乎所有已知语言的词汇，尤其是拉丁语、法语和希腊语。第一次世界大战的英语词汇?拉里扩大的速度比以前快后渣土。对了一天英语词汇快速增长的根本原因是科学技术进步的标志，社会经济、政治和文化的变化?宝在英语母语国家的发生，和其他国家的语言和文化的强烈影响， 由于在历史发展过程中出现大规模借贷，英语词汇极其丰富和异质。词汇量从旧英语的50000个增加到了60000个，增加到了世界上最大的一百万个单词。 尽管外来词在本土词汇上占优势，但后者却是英语词汇中最熟悉、最有用的部分。前者增加了灵活性和语言资源?丰满。 英语词汇包含不同种类的词汇。可根据不同的?租金标准分类。词汇可以根据其来源分类为母语反借词。通过使用水平，词可以分为普通（或流行〉词文学的话口语词、俚语和术语。一个词的状态不是固定不变的，而是不断变化的。技术术语可能会很流行，而流行词可以用作专门术语。一些俚语也成为常用词或俗语词可以分为实
词和虚词前有独立的词汇意义，后者，在大多数情况下，没有词汇本身的含义，作为语法信号显示内容之间的连接词。虚词比内容词少得多，但使用频率更高。 第二章 词是由语素构成的，语素是英语最有意义的单位，既有音也有义。一位是任何一个рЬешеMOR的变体形式。 语素111ay被归类为自由或束缚，自由语素是一个可以成为一个独立的COM?完整的话语，而粘着语素不能单独存在；它必须出现至少一个其他语素自由或束缚。 语素可以分为根和根进行affixies，在а?ягогс?意义的重要组成部分，根可以免费或黏着语素 自由根可以独立成为单词，并为语言的形成提供基础。在现代英语中，词根虽然不能用词来表示，也不能用词来构成新词。 词缀是粘着语素。因为它们只在添加到其他语素时才使用。?词缀分类分为屈折词缀和派生词缀，前者涉及到语法，派生词缀分为前缀和就够了，这是重新?相关词形成的根，前缀和后缀的圆弧和单词构成的积木，对语素水平的话可以Ъб分为简单，复杂的复合词，根据数量和他们的COM?构成语素的类型。 语素是重要的。该房屋亲?过程因为两最核心的产出性词汇- lormation过程、复合和词缀，
Lecture 4 讲授题目：Morphological Structure of English Words 所属章节：《现代英语词汇学概论》之第2章 计划学时：2 periods 教学方法：传统讲授法 参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》 教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生对词的 形态结构、词的构成要素—词素、词干、词根有基本的了解和认识。 ?教学重点： 1) Morpheme; 2) Types of morphemes. 教学难点： 1) Concept of morpheme; 2) Morpheme、stem 、root. Lecture 4 Before we actually deal with the means of word-formation, we need to analyze the morphological structure of words and gain a working knowledge of the different word-forming elements which are to be used to create new words. Morphological Structure of English Words 1. Morpheme (词素/语素/形位) It seems to be generally agreed that a word is the smallest unit of a language that stands a lone to communicate meaning. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. Look at the following items: Morphological Structure of English Words ? yes yes ? unhappiness un-happi-ness ? horses horse-s ? talking talk-ing Yes has no internal grammatical structure. We could
第一章第一篇sectiong Twovariables u(t)and i(t)arethemostbasicconceptsinanelectriccircuit,theych aracterizethevariousrelationshipsinanelectriccircuitu(t)和i(t)这两个变量是电路中最基本的两个变量，它们刻划了电路的各种关系。 ChargeandCurrent ×10 ed. 于1.602100×10-12C，而质子所带的正电量在数值上与电子相等。质子和电子数量相同使得原子呈现电中性。 Weconsidertheflowofelectriccharges.Auniquefeatureofelectricchargeorelect ricityisthefactthatitismobile;thatis,itcanbetransferredfromoneplacetoano ther,whereitcanbeconvertedtoanotherformofenergy让我们来考虑一下电荷的流
动。电荷或电的特性是其运动的特性，也就是，它可以从一个地方被移送到另一个地方，在此它可以被转换成另外一种形式的能量。Whenaconductingwireisconnectedtoabattery(asourceofelectromotiveforce),th echargesarecompelledtomove;positivechargesmoveinonedirectionwhilenegativ echargesmoveintheoppositedirection.Thismotionofchargescreateselectriccur ～ 上时( 于是电流就是电荷的时率，它是以安培为单位来度量的。从数学上来说，电流i、电荷q以及时间t之间的关系是： Thechargetransferredbetweentime t0and t isobtainedbyintegratingbothsidesofE q.(1-1).Weobtain从时间t0到时间t所移送的电荷可由方程（1－1）两边积分求得。我们算得：
第五章常用词汇以及表达方式的翻译（二） 本章教学目标：掌握常用法律英语词汇以及表达方式的基本译法。 课堂讲练： 一、“FOR THE PURPOSE(S) OF----― 1、可翻译为“为---目的“（汉译英法律文本中多见） 例1、（1）、Whoever, for the purpose of illegal possession, uses one of the following means during signing or performing a contract to obtain property and goods of the opposite party by fraud, -----, is to be sentenced to ----. （2）、This law is enacted for the purpose of protecting the legal rights and interests of the parties to contracts, maintaining the socio-economic order---. 注意，这种用法是我国法律英译文本的译法，在原文是英文的法律文本当中，要表达“为—目的“或”出于—目的“而使用“FOR THE PURPOSE(S) OF----―比较少见，一般使用“FOR”或者“IN ORDER TO”。 （3）、This contract is entered into by and between Party A and Party B as follows in order to arrange the matters in respect of the loan provided by Party A to Party B for the purchase of the target goods. 小结：之所以建议用“FOR”或者“IN ORDER TO”，是因为“FOR THE PURPOSE(S) OF----―在英语法律文本中的用法已经不作“为—目的”讲。 2、译为“就---而言”，或“为了施行或实施—” 例2、（1）、For the purpose of subsection (3), permission shall be in the form of a thirty (30) business day prior notice in writing ---- （2）、For the purpose of this law, ―invention –creation ―means inventions ,utility models and designs.‖ 小结：该短语的恰当译法是“就---而言”，或“为施行---（法律条款名），尤其在其后跟法规编号时，最好可译为“就该（法规编号，比如第几条、款、章）而言”。 二、“PROVIDE THAT“ “PROVIDE THAT“means: ―on condition that, if‖ 1) Provided that there is no opposition in writing by both Parties hereto at the expiration of its duration, this Contract shall be renewed automatically for one year. 2) Provided that you make adequate monetary compensation.，we shall waive our title to this land. 1、较少用法：放在句首，引导条件从句，与“IF”、“WHERE”等引导的条件从句无异。 例3、（1）、Provided that the rent in respect of the aforesaid premises is not paid in advance as stipulated by Clause 1 hereof, the tenant shall be deemed to be in arrears with the rent. （2）、Provided that the offeree makes an acceptance beyond the time limit for acceptance, it shall constitute a new offer unless the offeror notifies the offeree in time that the acceptance is effective. 2、放在某句之后，以分号与主句隔开，表示与之前陈述相反的“例外”，相当于“with the exception of “，但不能译成“---以外，---除外”，而译成“但，但是“。法律英语中称为”但书“。 1)、The Licensee shall not be entitled to start any action for the infringement on the Licensed Trademark ;provided that the Licensor may, at its own discretion and cost, prosecute or otherwise to stop or prevent such actual or threatened infringement 2）、The interest rate applicable to each loan hereunder shall be the interest rate stipulated herein; provided that we have the right, in the manner as we deem appropriate, to adjust it from to time to the extent permitted by the applicable laws or regulations. 小结：“PROVIDE THAT“作为但书使用的场合远远多于其作为”如果“讲时使用的场合。对于作为“如果”来讲，正式的词很多，有‘WHERE“，”IN THE EVENT THAT“等，而要表示“但是”，“BUT”在法律英语中一般不用，而是“HOWEVER‘和“PROVIDE THAT“，这导致作为但书讲时，“PROVIDE
Lecture 5 讲授题目：Word Formation Ⅰ 所属章节：《现代英语词汇学概论》之第3章 计划学时：4 periods 教学方法：传统讲授法 参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》 教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生对英语的构词法有初步了解，尤其是产出新词最多的三种主要构词法：词缀法、复合法、转类法。 教学重点：1) Affixation; 2) Compounding; 3) Conversion. 教学难点：The above-mentioned word-formations. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation. There is a variety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion. According to Pyles and Algeo (1982), words produced through affixation constitute 30% to 40% of the total number of new words; compounding yields 28% to 30% of all the new words; conversion gives us 26% of the new vocabulary. The rest of new words come form shortening including clipping and
第一章word 1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 第三章formation 1 1. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 2. Allomorph --- Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are know as allomorphs. 3. Free morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes which are independent of other morphemes. 4. Bound Morphemes--- They are morphemes which cannot occur as separate words. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. 7. Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as inflectional morphemes. 8. Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word. 11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12. Stem--- a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 第四章formation 2 1. Affixation --- affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. 2. Prefixation --- is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Suffixation--- is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. 3. Compounding（Compositon）-- is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. 4. Conversion-- is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. 5. Blending-- is the formation of new words by combined by parts of two words or a word plus a plus a part of another word. 6. Clipping- is the formation of new words by shortening a longer word by cutting a
English Lexicology Chapter 1 1.5 Classification of words 词的分类 依据不同的划分标准，可将英语词汇划分为不同的类别。 首先，根据使用频率（use frequency），可将英语词汇划分为： 1.5.1 Basic word stock & nonbasic word stock Basic word stock is the most important part and the foundation of English vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language (语言的共核). 基本词汇是全民族活动共同的和基本的核心词汇，是语言中使用得最多、生活中最必需、意义最明确、生命力最强的词汇。 基本词汇所占比例不大，但在日常交际中使用频率却很高。 基本词汇的六大特征Six characteristics （1）All national character. The most important feature. denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us. （2）stability （3）productivity （4）polysemy （5）collocability 全民性、稳定性、能产性、多义性、可搭配性 但是，数词、代词、助动词、介词、连词等并不具备全部五种特征。 Though numerals and pronouns enjoy nation-wide use, they are semantically monosemous, with low productivity and collocability. 不属于基本词汇的7种词（words do not belong to the common core of the language）（p14）: 1.terminology术语 2.jargon行话 3.slang俚语 4.argot黑话