PART II FOCUS
The teacher is expected to help students appreciate the effects of using participles and absolutes in their writings
Participles
Getting to know participles
Reference for the excises
Reference for the Classroom Activities
1. Sentence b: handing (describing she)
Sentence c: wandering, picking (both describing friends) ;
Sentence d: made (used with had to indicate the past perfect tense)
Sentence e: surprised (describing Tigger) ;
Sentence f. filled (used with were to indicate the passive voice)
Sentence g. staring (describing Tigger)
Sentence h: left (describing nothing) ; checking (describing Roo)
Sentence i: looking (describing Pooh)
Sentence j. looking (describing Roo);
Sentence k. gone (used with have to indicate the present perfect tense)
Sentence l: picking (describing friends), fallen (describing raspberries)
Sentence m. waiting (used with was to indicate the present continuous tense)
2. a. smiling b. Reading
c. Swimming
d. competing
e. mentioned
f. Jumping, thrown, broken
g. published, informing h. Having, exhausted, relieved
Complex participle phrases
A. Present participles in different modes and aspects
*In this passive form, being is usually omitted, and then it becomes the past participle. Reference for the Classroom Activities
1. Refer to the above table for the meanings of the present participles.
2. a. The computer bought last week brings happiness to everyone in my family.
b. Being back in my hometown, I didn't know that my professor had assigned another 5,000-word paper.
c. Standing in front of the picture painted by a post-impressionist, many people pretended that they could understand it. / Many people stood in front of the picture painted by a post-impressionist, pretending that they could understand it.
d. Looking out of the window of the train, the boy was amused by the power lines dancing up and down in the air.
Extra Activities
Combine each of the following groups of sentences into one sentence using participles
a. She was born in a common family.
She was educated in an average college.
She is satisfied with her present life.
b. The students have finished their exams.
They feel greatly relieved.
As a result, they plan to play cards the whole night
c. Jimmy set his feet into the starting blocks.
He stared ahead intently.
d. Larry was sitting in a corner of the pub.
Larry held his head in his hands.
Larry was so depressed that even the best joke in the world couldn't cheer him up.
Suggested answers to the Extra Activities
a. Born in a common family and educated in an average college, she is satisfied with her present life.
b. Having finished their exams and feeling greatly relieved, the students plan to play cards the whole night.
c. Jimmy set his feet into the starting blocks, staring ahead intently.
d. Holding his head in his hands, Larry was sitting in a corner of the pub, so depressed that even the best joke in the world couldn't cheer him up.
B. Participles with conjunctions
Suggested answers to the question
Structure: They are all composed of a conjunction and a participle, and the noun in the main clause is the logical subject or object.
Meaning: Sentence a: time; Sentence b: concession; Sentence c: condition.
Reference for the Classroom Activities
1. a. Kate fell asleep when/while reading Bob's letter.
b. She started to chat with her friend after finishing / having finished her work.
c. Although having seen it a thousand and one times, the old man still watches the video from time to time.
d. Although closely watched by the guards, the prisoner plans to escap
e.
e. It is believed that if read many times, an article will naturally be understood.
f. If buying more, you can pay less.
2. Ask students to work on their own and write two sentences for each of the types.
Getting to know participles' functions
A. Creating concise sentences
Suggested answers to the questions
1. Yes.
2. There are two complete ideas in each sentence.
3. The relationship between the two complete ideas becomes closer from Sentence a through Sentence d. Sentence d has the closest relationship between the two ideas
4. Sentence d is the most efficient.
B. Producing more detailed sentences
Suggested answers to the question
In Group a, Sentence 2 is the best, in which the present participles describe live animated actions. In Group b, the best sentence is also Sentence 2, in which the
actions are simultaneous. In Group c, Sentence 3 is the best sentence in which the present participle and the past participle are combined most efficiently.
C. Establishing clearer logic
Reference for the Classroom Activities
1. a. Thinking about her kid at home, Judy made several mistakes in her work.
b. The car raced along the street, sending passers-by to run for shelter. / Racing along the street, the car sent passers-by to run for shelter.
c. Born in Guangzhou and educated in Nanjing, she is now working as a manager in Beijing.
d. Having been shocked and chased by a ferocious dog, the thief hid behind a dustbin, holding his breath for fear of being found.
e. The bomb blew up in the distance, shaking the ground slightly and making bursts of light on the dark horizon.
2. a. Hearing the news, I thought the world had ended for me.
b. I sat happily in my chair, reading a newspaper.
c. (correct)
d. Shocked at the sight of his teacher, the boy stood there dumbfounded.
e. Having lived there for twenty years, I know this place like the back of my hand.
3. Ask students to go over their writings, and pay attention to their use of the participles.
Absolutes
Getting to know absolutes
Suggested answers to the exercise
1. An absolute construction is a participle phrase whose logical subject is different from
the sentence subject.
2. A. determiner + n. + participle verb + other parts of the participle phrase
B. n. + participle verb+ other parts of the participle phrase
C. n. + other parts of the participle phrase
Reference for the Classroom Activities
Ask students to work on their own and write three sentences using different forms of absolute constructions.
Using absolutes with purpose
A. Adding descriptive details
Suggested answers to the exercise
You can get the following sentences:
a + b: The manager sat quietly in his office, his eyes closed, a cigarette burning his hand.
c + d: Sam walke
d slowly off th
e playground, his face streaked with tears, his leg bleeding.
What's more, participles and absolutes, although somewhat different, can be used together to create vivid descriptions. For example:
The girl sat nervously in her office, eyes closed, waiting for the telephone to ring.
The middle-aged man stood in the street corner, hands put in his pockets, eyeing every passer-by.
B. Indicating cause-effect relationships
In most cases, when the absolute is used for description, it is put at the end of the sentence; when it is used to suggest a cause-effect relationship, it is put at the beginning of the sentence.
Reference for the Classroom Activities
1. a. The boy leaned against a tree, hands in pockets.
b. He glared at his boss, his mouth shut, and his hands clenched.
c. The interviewee entered the office, her eyes fixed on her feet.
d. The rabbit stared at the approaching wolf, his four feet fixed to the ground, to frightened to mov
e.
e. The girl was enjoying her favorite song, her eyes shut, her head moving from side to side.
2. a. Two of my new bikes having got stolen here, I will never come to this place again.
b. Several flecks coming upon her face again, she doesn't want to meet her boyfriend today.
c. Its bottom torn open by a bomb, the ship sank slowly into the sea.
d. Its overseas advertisements being rather successful, the school has attracted many
foreign students.
e. The accountant being careless, I was given $1,000 more last month.
3. Ask students to look at their written work again, and see if they can combine some sentences by using absolutes. This can be done either as individual or group/pair work.
PART III GRAMMAR
Comma-Split Sentences
Suggested answers to the questions
1. There are two ideas in each sentence. The two ideas are connected by a comma.
2. No, the relationship is not clear. We can try to use some compound or subordinate conjunctions to clarify the relationship.
3. See the rules in the summary.
Reference for the Classroom Activities
a. I had no idea what I was getting into, and I did not really care.
b. You can't go home now since it is raining so heavily.
c. Seeing the escaping thief, the cop stopped his car, got off, and started to chase him
d. If you study hard, you will succeed.
e. When she said "Yes," he felt he was in heaven.
Now, ask students to summarize the rules against comma-split sentences Summary
1.When we use a comma to connect two separate ideas, or two independent
sentences, we commit a comma-split;
https://www.doczj.com/doc/da9200381.html,ma-split sentences are not acceptable because a comma is not strong enough
to indicate the relationship between two ideas;
https://www.doczj.com/doc/da9200381.html,ma-split sentences can be improved by clarifying the relationship between the
two ideas. Commonly used methods are:
1)using a comma and a conjunction like and, but, yet, etc.
2)turning one idea into a subordinate clause with if, when, although, because,
etc.
3)using participles and absolutes;
4)using punctuation marks that are strong enough, like colon(:) and semicolon
(:).
Fused Sentence
Suggested answers to the questions
1. Each sentence contains two ideas.
2. Yes, because the sentences are not clearly divided.
3. Strategies suggested to improve comma-split sentences can also be used to
improve fused sentences.
Reference for the Classroom Activities
a. In some part of China marriages are still arranged by parents. Consequently
money becomes more important than love.
b. Vegetables are good to your health. However, overeating them will also be harmful.
c. People watch TV for different reasons, so their judgement naturally differs.
d. These houses sell very well, because they enjoy first of all a very desirable location.
e. Nobody will completely love this kind of mass-produced food, but nobody will be unbearably put off, either.
Now, ask students to summarize the rules against fused sentences
Unit 1 . 1.1)The little boy was chicken-hearted. 2)That statesman is a respectable figure in the political arena. 3)We sat down by the oak tree ,enjoying the breeze coming from the lake. 4)We need to drink the milk before it sours. 5)The child had difficulty finding his way to school. 6)The young woman received a lot of flowers and gifts. 7)My father drew back the curtain a little lest I see him. 8)Our university can accommodate 4,000 students. 9)Social customs vary greatly from country to country. 3.1)experienced 2)elapsed 3)attempting 4)with 5)take up 6)made 7)endeavor 8)true 4.1)The state attorney said that the man would be prosecuted. 2)We suppose that a referee should be disinterested but not uninterested. 3)Tony can hit a ball farther than I can. 4)We must pursue this matter farther. 5)The principle behind our constitution are a principal reason for its astounding success. 6)All the band instruments except the tuba will be carried to the auditorium for the music contest. 7)The federal government comprises the legislative,judicial,and executive branches. 8)The whole region was struck by an economic disaster. 9)(correct) 10)He was awaked to the risk. 6.1)Sixty hours is the amount of work time I contracted for. 2)The jury is expected to reach its decision very quickly. 3)Each of the candidates for the position has exceptionally high qualifications. 4)Every boy and girl in the sixth grade was at fault.. 7)He is one of the students who plan to attend the speech contest. 8)The jury are to be isolated in individual hotel rooms each night during the trial. 9)Sam sprawled in the chair and knocked over one of the lamps which were on display. 10)The symptoms of mercury poisoning vary with each individual case. 11)He believes that athletics improves school morale. 12)Up goes the starter”s gun,and each of the runners becomes tense. 13)Either The Moning Post or The City News is a reliable sourse of news. 14)The first thing that catches your eye is the headlines. 15)She is one of the women who have made this country what it is.
Unit Two Optimism and Positive Thinking Enhance Your Language Awareness Words in Action ■ Working with Words and Expressions 1. In the box below are some of the words you have learned in this unit. Complete the following sentences with them. Change the form where necessary. ■ Answers: positive startled perspective harden shape address crises curse incredible 10) conversely 11) issue 12) response 13) prior 14) rare 15) accomplish 2. In the box below are some of the expressions you have learned in this unit. Do you understand their meanings? Do you know how to use them in the proper context? Now check for yourself by doing the blank-filling exercise. Change the form where necessary. ■ Answers: get the hang of have lived through makes a difference have no idea concerned with slipped over ran into in reverse mull over ■ I ncreasing Your Word Power 1. D ecide whether “do ”, “make ”or “take ”is needed to complete each of the following sentences. Change the verb form where necessary. ■ A nswers: does make take do make Take done taken making ))))))))) ))))))))) ))))))))) 10) took
第15课 重点内容：１．授受動詞 ２．授受補助動詞 ３．副助詞だけ ４．ほうがいい ５．～かもしれません ６．～にちがいない 一．授受动词 １．くれる、くださる 表示其他人将物给说话人。其中对象的“私に”可以省略 给（给我） 昨日王さんは日本語の本をくれました。 昨日先生は日本語の本をくださいました。 ２．やる、あげる、さしあげる 其中やる现在已停用，表示给动物何物。现在甚至有连给动物何物都用あげる。因为很多家庭把宠物当家庭成员看待。 あげる、さしあげる表示说话人给某人何物，其中动作的主体可以省略。 李さんにネクタイをあげました。 先生に宿題のノ—トをさしあげました。 庭鳥に食物をやる ３．もらう、いただく 表示从。。。那儿得到何物。。。用に或から表示动作的主体（に表示人，而から表示单位） お父さんに雑誌をもらいました。 さっき李さんに電話をもらいました。 先生に日本語の辞書をいただきました。 二．授受关系的补助动词 てあげる、てくれる、てもらう 这是由授受动词做补助动词的类型。其授受方向与普通授受物质一样。它 们成为补助动词后，表示相互地位对方做什么事情而不是相互给与物质。 ……てあげる我为别人做某一件事情，我做主语； ……てくれる别人为我做某一件事情，别人做主语； ……てもらう我接受别人为我做的某一件事情，我做主语。 这里还要注意： 当てあげる的对方比自己地位高时，有可能使用てさしあげる；对方比自己地位低，有可能使用てやる。
当てくれる的对方比自己地位高时，有可能使用てくださる。 当てもらう的对方比自己地位高时，有可能使用ていただく。 おばあさんが横おう断だん歩ほ道どう で困っていたので手を引いてあげた。 我看到一位老奶奶过马路很困难，就上去牵着她的手带她过了马路。 せっかくみんなの写真を撮ってあげようと思ったのにカメラを忘れてきてしまった 本来想得好好的，要给大家照张相，但却忘了带照相机了。 另外如果动作行为涉及到别人的身体的一部分或属于他所有的东西，或者是直接涉及到他本人时，不能使用?…てあげる?这一句型。 （误）おばあさんに手を引いてあげた (正)おばあさんの手を引いてあげた牵了老奶奶的手 （误）友達に荷物を持ってあげた (正)友達の荷物を持ってあげた替朋友拿了行李 鈴木さんが自転車を修理してくれた 誰もそのことを教えてくれなかった 私はタイ人の友達にタイ料理を教えてもらった 山本さんに香港映画のビデオを貸してもらった 向山本借了香港电影的录像带。 三．副助词だけ だけ【丈】 [副助]名詞、活用語の連体形、一部の助詞に付く。 １ 分量?程度?限度を表す。…ほど。…くらい。…かぎり。「走れる―走ってみよう」「どれ―の人が苦しんでいるか」 ２ 範囲を限定する意を表す。…ばかり。…のみ。「学校―でなく家庭での指導も大切だ」 ３ 慣用的に用いられ、種々の意を表す。 「…ば…だけ」「…たら…ただけ」の形で、一方の程度が高まるのに比例して、他方の事柄?状態の程度も高まる意を表す。…につれていっそう。「注意すればする―反抗する」「読書したら読書した―人生の深みが増す」 多く「…だけあって」「…だけのことはある」「…だけに」の形で、素質?能力?価値が相応に発揮される意を表す。「横綱―あって強い」「苦労した―のことはある」→だけに 「…だけでは」「…だけでも」の形で、限定された条件を表す。「口先―では実現できない」「名前―でも参加してほしい」→だけに 接在体言及用言、助动词等的连体形后面，表示限定，相当于汉语的“仅，制”等（用肯定的形式表示肯定的限定）。 試験の時にはペンだけを持ってきてください。 考试时只带笔来。 ほしいものだけを取ってください。 仅拿自己想要的东西。
1.段落解释： is a unit of thought composed of sentences,smaller units of thought,that relate to a single topic.Paragraph divisions serve two very useful functions 2.A good paragraph is composed 组成 in such a way that it has : idea with nothing in the paragraph not covered by the topic explores the main idea explicitly and concretely,with 3.第一个写作常识has sound internal structure.The qualities that indicate sound internal structure are unity,coherence,and completeness. 4.怎样做到内容一致An excellent way of achieving unity is by means of the topic sentence.Properly used,the topic sentence forces the writer to adhere to and to sustain the point he is trying to establish 5.标题句① the topic sentence properly used can achieve unity in the paragraph,which indicate the importance of the topic sentence;②the topic sentence 6.第二个写作常识 In short,a good topic sentence has a limited subject and a sharp focus,namely,a good topic sentence is not too general nor too narrow.A topic sentence that is too general requires much more than a paragraph to develop it.A topic sentence that is too narrow leaves little to be said in the rest of the coherence is connection and consistency.A coherent paragraph is one in which all the sentence are related logically and grammatically to make a whole that allows the reader to follow the writer’s train of thought step by step 8．第三个写作常识 Just as topic sentences help readers follow our ideas,other signals also help them understand what we have to say.When we write and when we revise,look for the areas that seem choppy or unconnected—that lack coherence.We can establish better coherence by using the following devices:pronoun reference,repetition ,and in a paragraph means that the topic is adequately developed by details,explanations,definitions,evidences,and the like,so that the reader is not left with only a fuzzy idea of what the writer means 1第四个写作常识：Development of the main idea, then, is like enlarging a photograph to make the details clearer. So, development in the paragraph is as important as unity and coherence between skillful development helps us to stick to our subject and focus and to keep up the sense of oneness. 2Inductive Pattern (归纳法概念)：In developing a paragraph by means of the inductive pattern of reasoning the writer presents particular instances of a like kind and leads them into valid generalization which serves as his topic sentence. 3Deductive Pattern (演绎法概念)：In developing a paragraph by means of the deductive pattern the writer begins with a generalization(the topic sentence) and proceeds with specific elaboration or application of the general idea. 4Inductive-deductive Pattern(归纳演绎法)：As the name indicates, in developing a paragraph by means of inductive-deductive pattern the writer first presents particular instances and a resulting generalization, then applies the generalization to a new instance.5第五个写作常识：Sequences of development are not independent of types of development. The most important sequences of development are general to particular, particular to general, climactic, chronological, and spatial. 6Climactic Sequence (层递顺序)：In a climactic sequence, the most intense or highest point of interest is saved for the final sentence, which may be, but is not necessarily, the topic sentence. 7.Chronological Sequence (时间顺序):A chronological sequence is one in which earlier things precede later things; items are listed in the order in which they occur in time. The most obvious use of a chronological sequence is in telling a story. 8Spatial Sequence (空间顺序)：A spatial sequence is used in descriptions of various types. It starts the reader at a particular point and then moves logically in some direction, from one place to another. 9第六个写作常识：The type of development is the way in which the main idea is supported-by details, definitions, statements of cause and effect, and so on. 10段落展开方式：Among the most important types of paragraph development are development by detail, comparison and contrast, process, classification and partition, cause and effect, definition, and mixed development.
Unit1 Working with words and expressions 1. 2. cloze Translation
Answers to Unit 2 Book 4 Unit Two Man and Technology Words in Action Working with Words and Expressions 1. 1) monitor 2) phenomenon 3) isolation 4) gradual 5) opponent 6) advent 7) genetic 8) consciously 9) extreme 10) nasty 11) boom 12) formal 13) soar 14) survey 15) Similarly 16) modify 17) rough 2. 1) at the same time 2) are stuck with 3) for certain 4) make no difference 5) on average 6) when it comes to 7) depends on 8) built into 9) come to mind 10) at work Increasing Your Word Power 1. Adjectives Nouns Adjectives
Nouns 1) technological technology 6) luxurious luxury 2) eternal eternity 7) leisurely leisure 3) miraculous miracle 8) subjective subject 4) relevant relevance 9) prosperous prosperity 5) analytical Analysis 10) innovative innovation 2. 2) multi-faith 3) multiform 4) multifunction 5) multi-ethnic 6) multilateral 7) multi-lingual 8) multimedia 9) multimillionaire 10) multinational 1) a multi-faith society 2) a multi-lingual secretary 3) a multimillionaire 4) a multinational motor-manufacturing corporation 5) a multifunction video camera
《基础写作教程》试题及答案 1、 下列选项中不属于表达方式的是 （ ） A 、叙述 B 、描写 C 、说明 D 、修辞 2、 下列选项中不属于写作活动的特点的是 （ ） A 、人文性 B 、计划性 C 、综合性 D 、实践性 3、文章体式的特点不包括 （ ） A 、规范性 B 、流变性 C 、综合性 D 、实践性 4、 影响写作活动的重要主体因素不包括 （ ） A 、年龄与阅历 B 、情感与情绪 C 、责任与道义 D 、素质与人格 5、写作活动中的“三环活动”不包括 （ ） A 、前写作 B 、写作 C 、后写作 D 、反思 1、散文的类型包括 （ ） A 、叙事散文 B 言情散文 C 、明理散文 D 、描写散文 2、散文的特征包括 （ ） A 、自我的定真性 B 、取材的真实性 C 、对象的广泛性 D 、表达的自由性 3、评论文可分为 （ ） A 社会评论 B 文艺评论 C 学术评论 D 思想评论 4、表达方式包括 （ ） A 叙述 B 描写 C 说明 D 议论 5写作活动的特点有 （ ） A 人文性 B 综合性 C 个体性 D 创造性 1.受体的心理特征包括：求知受益心理、 、 ____________ 、 一、单项选择题 (在下列每小题四个备选答案中选出一个正确答案，填入题干的括号中。每小题3分，共15分) 二、多项选择：（下列各题至少有两项是正确的，请选择，多选少选错选均不得分，每小题4分，共20分。） 三、填空题（本大题每空1分，共15分）
___________。 2.文章修辞大致分为___________、 ____________。 3.观察的类别有：实用观察、_____________ 、 _____________ 、 _____________。_ 4.调查研究的基本思路是___________ 、 _____________ 、 ______________。 5.学术短评的特点是____________ 、 ____________、 ___________。 6.立意是指________________ ___________________。 2. 修辞 3. 语体 1．科普文写作的主要特点是什么？（9分） 四、名词解释题(本大题共3小题,每小题7分,共21分) 五、简答题（本大题共3小题，共29分）
可编辑 The Answers to Unit 1 Enhance Your Language Awareness (I) Working with Words and Expressions 3. (1) fond of (2) is …related to (3) according to (4) To a certain degree (5) vice versa (6) no doubt (7) rid …of (8) cleared up (9) or else (10) at all costs (11) sure enough (12) let alone (13) similar to (14) It ' HBD use (15) in my opinion (16) was worth (II) Increasing Your Word Power 1. (1) c (2) d (3) b (4) b ⑸ 2. (1) obtain communicate (5) relevant (8) enjoyable (9) means (12) characters (13) astonished (2) confident (4) advantage (6) helpful (10) process (14) apparently ⑶ (7) extreme (11) particularly
2. ⑴ highly/very (2) quite/very quite/very/increasingly (4) quite/simply/very 3. 4. No Mistake especia l especially necessarily f necessary freque nt f freque ntly No Mistake easily f easy No Mistake in dividually f in dividual much f many high f highly appare ntly f appare nt remarkably f remarkable probable f probably No Mistake (III) Grammar Task 1: ⑴ would/should (2) should/would (3) might ⑷ would ⑸ must (6) can' (7) should would (8) must 可编辑
动词连用形+て土曜日に映画をみて、日曜日にテレビを見ます。 动词连用形+ています 田中さんは今、本を読んでいます。 ～てください電気をつけてください。 ～てからテレビを見てから、音楽を聞きます。 ～についてこの問題について検討しましょう。 けっして～ない決してそうではありません。 ～かどこかおいしい中華料理のお店へ行きたいですね。 だれか知っている人がいれば、教えてください。 朝、早く起きることはいいことです。 日曜日にテニスをするがく学生は８時に集合してください。 これは決していいことではないと思います。 ～つもり＋だ（です）わたしは日本へ行くつもりです。 ～にとって ～言うまでもない英語は言うまでもなく、日本語もできます。 留学が簡単なのはいいことです。 冬は雪が降ることが多いです。わたしは田中さんがそこ で雑誌を読んでいるのを 見ました。 ～ないわたしはそのこ とを何も知らない。忙 しくて日記を書かないこ ともある。 ～ことができますわた したちはインターネット で世界の情報を得ること ができます。杉本 さんは中国語を話すこと ができます。 ～（が）できる図書館 でも勉強できるので、学 生たちはよく利用してい ます。 ～たり（だり）～たり（だ り）日曜日はいつもプー ルで泳いだり、友達と遊 んだりして過しています。 ～ても（でも）インター ネットを使えば、図書館 に行かなくても、自宅で 資料を調べることができ ます。安くても買い ません。 ～ため（に）皆さんは自 分の将来のために勉強つ ています。雨のために行 きませんでした。 ～でもそれは子供でも できる問題です。明日 の運動会は、雨天でも決 行します。 スープーマーケットでは 何でも売っています。 常に漢字を書けば、上手 になります。6時に起 きれば、間に合います。 明日雨が降れば、遠足を やめましょう。 ～たがる王さんはアメ リカへ留学に行きたがっ ています。 ～ほしがります ～（る）ことがあります わたしは東京へ出張に行 くことがあります。 ～（た）ことがあります ～から用事があるから、 明日の会議には出席でき ません。 ～けれども少し寒いで すけれども、気持ちがい いです。 ～という ～あげる（やる、くれる、 もらう）どんな記念品を あげればいいですか。 毎日、猫にえさをやりま す。子供の誕生日には何 をやりますか。母はお小 遣いをくれました。お祖 父さんは毎年お年玉をく れます。給料をもらいま したか。 ～てやる、てあげる、て くれる、てもらう弟の 勉強を手伝ってやりまし た。何もしてあげませ んでした。この本を貸 してあげましょう。駅 まで送ってくれました。 いろいろとてつだってく れました。職員の皆さ んには、先に帰ってもら いました。中村さんに 絵を書いてもらいました。 ～だけこのプーレは夏 の間だけ開きます。で きるだけやってみます。
(1)这个婴儿还不会爬(crawl)，更不要说走了。(let alone) The baby can’t even crawl yet, let alone walk! (2)威尔声称谋杀案发生时他正在与一群朋友吃饭,但是我认为他在说谎。(claim, in one’s opinion） Will claimed he was dining with a group of friends at the time of the murder, but in my opinion he told a lie. (3)一定程度上阅读速度与阅读技巧密切相关；有了阅读技巧，你就可以更好地应对课外阅读了。(to a certain extent, relate …to …, cope with） To a certain extent the speed of reading is closely related to reading skills; and with reading skills you can cope with outside class reading better. (4)根据规则他俩都可以参加比赛。(according to） According to the regulation/rule, they both can play the game/participate in the game. (5)有些人想当然地认为日语(Japanese)中的每一个词在汉语中都有对应的词语。(assume, equivalent) Some people assume that there is a Chinese equivalent for every Japanese word. (6)我们已将所有的相关信息告知了警方。(relevant) We have passed all relevant information on to the police. (7)关于那件事你问我再多的问题也没用，因为我是不会回答你的。(it’s no use) There is no use asking me any more questions about that matter because I won't answer. (8)事先没有仔细阅读合同(contract)就签了名是吉姆的错误。(on one’s part) It was a mistake on Jim's part to sign the contract without reading it carefully. (9)他们拒绝向我们提供所需要的全部信息。(provide …with) They refused to provide us with all the information we need. (10) 这起事故与三年前发生的一起事故极为相似。(similar to) This accident is very similar to the one that happened three years ago. (11)这部影片是根据莎士比亚的戏剧改编的。(base on) The film is based on a play by Shakespeare (12)如果你的英语和电脑技能都掌握得好，那么你在谋职时就一定比别人更有优势。(have an advantage over) If you have a good command of English and computer skills, you will surely have an advantage over others in finding a job.
第14课 重点内容：１．動詞仮定形 ２．願望助動詞たがる ３．ほしがる ４．（る）ことがあります ５．（た）ことがあります ６．接続助詞から ７．接続助詞けれども ８．副助詞も（数量多い） ９．～という 一．用言假定形 （1）五段动词假定形 将词尾由う段变为え段，后续ば。 時間があれば旅行に行きたい。 如果有时间的话，就去旅行。 航空便で出せば早く着きます。（仮定条件→~になる/可能になる） 如果用航空寄出的话，可以早些时候到达。 20になれば選挙ができます。（仮定条件→になる/可能だ） （2）一段动词假定形 将最后一个假名る去掉，变为れ后续ば 図書館へ行って調べればすぐ分る。 到图书馆去一查就明白了。 早く起きれば間に合うと思う。 我想如果早起的话就来得及。 （3）サ变动词假定形 将する变为すれ后续ば 練習すれば上手になる。 如果练习的话，就会进步。 （4）カ变动词假定形 将来る变为くれ后续ば 冬が来れば北京では氷が張る。 一到冬天，北京就要结冰。 （5）形容词假定形 将い变为けれ后续ば 寒ければ帰りましょう （6）形容动词假定形 将だ（です）变为なら，后续ば（也可以省略ば） 静なら（ば）いいね 要是安静就好了。
二．たがる表示第三人称表露出来在外表或行为上的想法。例 田中さんはラジカセを買いたがっています。 李さんはこの仕事を引き受けたがっています。 「～たい」からの転成動詞「～たがる」の場合 さらに、日本語教育において、「～たい」からの転成動詞「～たがる」についての指導も重要となってきます。 陳さんはお酒を飲みたがっています。 ×陳さんはお酒が飲みたいです。→ 学習者がよくやる間違い。この第３人称の場合、「～たがる」を用いなければならない。 ?陳さんはお酒を飲みたがっています。→「飲みたがる」の対象語には「を」を用いる。「陳さんはお酒が飲みたがっています」とやる学習者がよくいます。 三．ほし‐が?る【欲しがる】 他五 ほしいとおもう。得たいと願う。また、ほしそうな様子をする。 “ほしい”和“ほしがる”时表示愿望的词（想要某种东西的欲望）。ほしい是形容词。一般表示说话人（第一人称）的欲望。第二人称使用时需要使用问句。想要的东西在句子中构成对象语，用“が”表示。ほしがる为他动词，当表示第三人称欲望时使用。想要的东西在句子中构成宾语，用“を”表示。其中“”表示现在的欲望。例 わたしは日本語の慣用語の辞書がほしいです。 友達は英語の辞書をほしがっていますがわたしはほしくありません。 誕生日に何がほしいですか 一週間ぐらいの休みがほしいですね。 山田さんは大きい家をほしがっています。 四．～ことがあります 「～ことがあります」接在动词现在时连体形后面，表示有时会有某种行为或情况，相当于汉语的「有时会。。。」。其否定式是「～ないことがあります」 この時計は進むことがあります 友達の家で食事をすることがあります あの子は朝顔を洗わないことがあります 五．～（た）ことがあります 接在动词过去式（た）后面，常用“~たことがある”的形式使用。表示经验。相当于汉语的“曾经。。。。过”。 この新聞を読んだ为ことがありますか。 看过这张报纸吗？ 名前は聞いたことがありますが会ったことがない。 名字听说过可是没有见过。 使用该惯用型时要注意。如： 夏休みは上海へ行ったことがあります。 去年大連へ行ったことがあります。 两句都具有“曾经去过”的含义。但当句中出现“限制特定时间”的语言，如：さっき、今朝、昨日、
Figures of speech 1 metaphor Metaphor involves a comparison between two or more unlike things which share at least one property on characteristic in common, but the comparison is implied or condensed 2 personification Writing about a nonhuman thing as if it were human 3 metonymy The substitution of the name of one thing for that of another 4 parallelism Employ the deliberate arrangement of a succession of parallel constitution to achieve emphasis 5 climax Climax is a rhetorical device which arranges a succession of thought according to the rate of significance or interesting like the steps of a ladder ascending events. 6 hyperbole Hyperbole is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis 7 simile makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. 8 irony achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. 9 analogy a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance. 10 understatement It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. To understand what the definition of the figure of speech and to analyze its function in a certain sentence
2. (1) obtain (2) confident (3) communicate (4) advantage (5) relevant (6) helpful (7) extreme (8) enjoyable (9) means (10) process (11) particularly (12) characters (13) astonished (14) apparently 3. (1) fond of (2) is…related to (3) according to (4) To a certain degree (5) vice versa (6) no doubt (7) rid… of (8) cleare d up (9) or else (10) at all costs (11) sure enough (12) let alone (13) similar to (14) It’s no use (15) in my opinion (16) was worth (II)Increasing Your Word Power 1. (1) c (2) d (3) b (4) b
(5) b (6) d
2. (1) highly/very (2) quite/very (3) quite/very/increasingly (4) quite/simply/very 3. 4.No Mistake especial→ especially necessarily → necessary frequent → frequently No Mistake ea sily → easy No Mistake i ndividually → individual m uch → many h igh → highly a pparently → apparent r emarkably → remarkable p robable → probably No Mistake (III)Grammar Task 1: (1)would/should (2) should/would (3) might (4) would